Effects of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast supplementation on blood attributes, antioxidant status and gene expression of cytokines in vaccinated dairy cows

This study was done to assess the effects of hydrolyzed yeast on blood cells counts, antioxidant status and gene expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines of vaccinated dairy cows. Twenty Holstein lactating dairy cows were randomly divided into four groups received basal diet without (control) and with 10, 20 and 30 g/d/head of hydrolyzed yeast. Cows were vaccinated against foot and mouth disease virus at day 10 and blood samples were taken 10 days after. Cows received hydrolyzed yeast at doses of 20 and 30 g/d/head had the lowest and those in the control group had the highest malondialdehyde concentration. Cows received hydrolyzed yeast at dose of 20 g/d/head had the highest lymphocyte and the lowest neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. IL-1β and TNF-α downregulated and INF-γ up-regulated in cows received different doses of hydrolyzed yeast. The lowest expression of IL-1β and TNF-α and the highest expression of INF-γ was for cows received hydrolyzed yeast at dose of 20 g/d/head. The highest titers against foot and mouth disease virus were for cows received hydrolyzed yeast at dose of 20 g/d/head and the lowest titer was for the control group. Supplementation of 20 g/d/head hydrolyzed yeast recommended in vaccinated cows.

Effect of live yeast supplementation on energy partitioning and ruminal fermentation characteristics of steers fed a grower-type diet in heat-stress conditions

The objective of this trial was to determine the influence of live yeast supplementation (LY), environmental condition (ENV), and their interaction (TRT) on energy partitioning, nitrogen metabolism, and ruminal fermentation dynamics of steers receiving a grower-type diet. The effects of LY and ENV were investigated using a 2 × 2 crossover design that spanned five periods. Eight Angus-crossbred steers were randomly split into pairs and housed in four outdoor pens outfitted with an individualized feeding system. Animals were limit-fed a grower diet (DIET) at 1.2% shrunk body weight (SBW) with no live yeast supplementation (NOY) or a grower diet top-dressed with 10 g LY/d for 14 d (1.2 × 1012 CFU/d). On days 13 and 14, animals were subjected to one of two ENV conditions, thermoneutral (TN; 18.4 ± 1.1 °C, 57.6 ± 2.8% relative humidity [RH]) or heat stress (HS; 33.8 ± 0.6 °C, 55.7 ± 2.7% RH), in two side-by-side, single-stall open-circuit, indirect respiration calorimetry chambers. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Carryover effects were examined and removed from the model if not significant. Gross (GE), digestible, metabolizable, heat, and retained energies were not influenced by DIET, ENV, or TRT (P ≥ 0.202). Gaseous energy, as a percentage of GE, tended to increase during HS (P = 0.097). The only carryover effect in the study was for oxygen consumption (P = 0.031), which could be attributed to the tendency of NOY (P = 0.068) to have greater oxygen consumption. DIET, ENV, or TRT (P ≥ 0.154) had no effects on total animal methane or carbon dioxide emissions. Similarly, DIET, ENV, or TRT (P ≥ 0.157) did not affect ruminal pH, redox, protozoa enumeration, ruminal ammonia concentrations, and acetate-to-propionate ratio. Propionate concentrations were the greatest in animals in TN conditions receiving LY (P = 0.034) compared to the other TRT. This effect is mirrored by TN-LY tending to have greater acetate concentrations (P = 0.076) and total VFA concentrations (P = 0.065). Butyrate concentrations tended to be greater for animals fed LY (P = 0.09). There was a tendency for LY to have elevated numbers of Fusobacterium necrophorum (P = 0.053). Although this study lacked effects of LY on energy partitioning, nitrogen metabolism, and some ruminal parameters during HS, further research should be completed to understand if LY is a plausible mitigation technique to enhance beef animals' performance in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.

Evaluation of a Yeast Hydrolysate from a Novel Strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Mycotoxin Mitigation using In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Mycotoxicoses in animals are caused by exposure to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds. Disease risk is managed using dietary adsorbing agents which reduce oral bioavailability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of three selected yeast products as mycotoxin binders using in vitro and in vivo models. Their capacity to adsorb deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA) was evaluated using an in vitro model designed to simulate the pH conditions during gastric passage in a monogastric animal. Results showed that only one product, an enzymatic yeast hydrolysate (YHY) of a novel strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, adsorbed about 45% of DON in solution. Next, we determined the effect of YHY on oral absorption of a DON, ZEA, and OTA mixture using a toxicokinetic model in swine. Toxicokinetic modeling of the plasma concentration-time profiles of DON, OTA, and zearalenone-glucuronide (ZEA-GlcA) showed that YHY tended to reduce the maximal plasma concentration of OTA by 17%. YHY did not reduce oral bioavailability of OTA, DON, and ZEA-GlcA. Within the context of this experiment, and despite some positive indications from both the in vitro and in vivo models employed, we conclude that the YHY prototype was not an effective agent for multiple mycotoxin adsorption.

Fish Oil, Se Yeast, and Micronutrient-Enriched Nutrition as Adjuvant Treatment during Target Therapy in a Murine Model of Lung Cancer

Despite the effectiveness of primary treatment modalities for cancer, the side effects of treatments, medication resistance, and the deterioration of cachexia after disease progression lead to poor prognosis. A supportive treatment modality to overcome these limitations would be considered a major breakthrough. Here, we used two different target drugs to demonstrate whether a nutraceutical formula (fish oil, Se yeast, and micronutrient-enriched nutrition; NuF) can interfere with cancer cachexia and improve drug efficacy. After Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor injection, the C57BL/6 mice were orally administered targeted therapy drugs Iressa and Sutent alone or combined with NuF for 27 days. Sutent administration effectively inhibited tumor size but increased the number of lung metastases in the long term. Sutent combined with NuF had no significant difference in tumor weight and metastasis compare with Sutent alone. However, NuF slightly attenuated metastases number in lung may via mesenchymal marker N-cadherin suppression. NuF otherwise increased epithelial-like marker E-cadherin expression and induce NO-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in tumor cells, thereby strengthening the ability of the targeted therapy drug Iressa for inhibiting tumor progression. Our results demonstrate that NuF can promote the anticancer effect of lung cancer to targeted therapy, especially in Iressa, by inhibiting HIF-1α and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inducing the apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, NuF attenuates cancer-related cachectic symptoms by inhibiting systemic oxidative stress.

Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of yeast hydrolysates for hepatocytes of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

An in-vitro study was carried out to examine the effects of yeast hydrolysate (YH) on antioxidant capacity and innate immunity of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) hepatocytes. Fish primary hepatocytes were seeded at a density of 3 × 10⁵ cells mL^-1 in 6-well tissue culture plates and treated with two different media including: 1) DMEM/F12 medium (control), and 2) YH medium [DMEM/F12 + 0.1 g L^-1 YH]. After incubation for 24 h, the culture medium and primary hepatocytes were collected for subsequent analyses. The results showed no significant (P > 0.05) effect of YH on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and urea nitrogen (UN) concentration in the conditioned medium. However, significantly (P < 0.05) higher ALT and AST activities were found in YH treated hepatocytes compared to control. Moreover, YH supplementation led to significant enhancement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alternative complement pathway (ACH50) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the conditioned medium. Furthermore, YH application upregulated the expression of SOD, CAT and NOX2 genes and downregulated mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2 and Bach1 in hepatocytes. Also, markedly higher lysozyme activity and albumin concentration were found in the conditioned medium of YH group compared to the control. Additionally, expression of immune-related genes such as antimicrobial peptides 1 (Leap 1) and Leap 2 were significantly upregulated by YH application. Down-regulated expression of NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2), Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and BTB and CNC homolog 1 (Bach1) were observed in YH treated hepatocytes. To conclude, YH supplementation improved antioxidant capacity and innate immunity of blunt snout bream hepatocytes.

Fecal bacterial community of finishing beef steers fed ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast

Our previous study suggested that supplementation of high-grain diets with ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast (ADY) may potentially reduce manure pathogen excretion by feedlot cattle. We hypothesized that feeding ruminally protected ADY might change the fecal bacterial community of finishing cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding ruminally protected and non-protected ADY to finishing beef steers on their fecal bacterial community. Fresh fecal samples were collected on day 56 from 50 steers fed one of five treatments: 1) control (no monensin, tylosin, or ADY), 2) antibiotics (ANT, 330 mg monensin + 110 mg tylosin·steer-1d-1), 3) ADY (1.5 g·steer-1d-1), 4) encapsulated ADY (EDY; 3 g·steer-1d-1), and 5) a mixture of ADY and EDY (MDY; 1.5 g ADY + 3 g EDY·steer-1d-1). Bacterial DNA was extracted from fecal samples and sequenced using a MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. A total number of 2,128,772 high-quality V4 16S rRNA sequences from 50 fecal samples were analyzed, and 1,424 operational taxonomic units (OTU) were detected based on 97% nucleotide sequence identity among reads, with 769 OTU shared across the five treatments. Alpha diversity indices, including species observed, Chao estimate, abundance-based coverage estimator, Shannon, Simpson, and coverage, did not differ among treatments, and principal coordinate analysis revealed a high similarity among treatments without independent distribution. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were dominant phyla in the fecal bacterial community for all treatments, with a tendency (P < 0.10) for greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes but lesser Firmicutes with ANT, EDY, and MDY compared with control steers. Prevotella was the dominant genus in all treatments and steers supplemented with ANT, EDY, and MDY had greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella than control steers, but lesser (P < 0.03) relative abundance of Oscillospira. No differences between ADY and control were observed for the aforementioned variables. Fecal starch contents were not different among treatments, but the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, as well as Prevotella at genera level, tended (P < 0.06) to be positively correlated to fecal starch content. We conclude that supplementing ruminally protected or non-protected ADY or ANT had no effect on diversity and richness of fecal bacteria of finishing beef cattle, whereas feeding protected ADY or ANT to finishing beef steers altered the dominant fecal bacteria at phylum and genus levels. Therefore, supplementation of ruminally protected ADY may potentially improve intestinal health by stimulating the relative abundance of Prevotella.

Effects of Selenium-Enriched Yeast Improved Aflatoxin B1-Induced Changes in Growth Performance, Antioxidation Capacity, IL-2 and IFN-γ Contents, and Gene Expression in Mice

Sixty Kunming mice were randomly assigned into three groups. Mice in a control group were fed a basal diet, while mice in AFB1 group and AFB1-Se group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 250 μg/kg AFB1 or the basal diet supplemented with 250 μg/kg AFB1 and 0.2 mg/kg selenium as selenium-enriched yeast, respectively. On day 30 of the experiment, growth performance, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in liver, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) contents in serum, and cytochrome P3a11 (Cyp3a11), IL-2, IFN-γ, and GSH-Px1 mRNA levels in liver were determined. The results showed that final weights, weight gains, T-AOC levels, GSH-Px1, and IFN-γ mRNA levels in AFB1-Se group and control group were higher or significantly higher than those in AFB1 group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), respectively. Body length gains in AFB1 group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the AFB1-Se and control groups (P > 0.05). IL-2 contents and liver IL-2 mRNA levels in AFB1-Se group were significantly higher than those in the AFB1 group and control group (P < 0.01), and IL-2 contents in the control group were also significantly higher than those in the AFB1 group (P < 0.01). IFN-γ contents in AFB1-Se group and AFB1 group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.01), while IFN-γ contents in AFB1-Se group were significantly lower than those in AFB1 group (P < 0.01). Cyp3a11 mRNA levels in AFB1-Se group and AFB1 group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The results indicated that selenium-enriched yeast could partly reduce the toxicity induced by AFB1 in mice, including improving growth performance, antioxidation capacity, IL-2 and IFN-γ contents, and enhancing IL-2, IFN-γ, and GSH-Px1 mRNA levels.

Supplementation with live yeast increases rate and extent of in vitro fermentation of nondigested feed ingredients by fecal microbiota

Two studies were conducted to investigate the effect of live yeast (LY) on the in vitro fermentation characteristics of wheat, barley, corn, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). In Study 1, LY yeast was added directly to in vitro fermentations inoculated with feces from lactating sows, whereas as in study 2, feces collected from lactating sows fed LY as a daily supplement was used. Selected feedstuffs were digested and the residue added to separate replicated (n = 3) fermentation reactions. Study 1 was conducted in two blocks, whereas study 2 was conducted using feces collected after a period of 3 (Exp. 1) or 4 wk (Exp. 2) of LY supplementation. Accumulated gas produced over 72 h was modeled for each substrate and the kinetics parameters compared between LY and control groups. The molar ratio of the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced in vitro were also compared at 12 and 72 h of incubation. In study 1, in vitro addition of yeast increased (P < 0.001) the rate of gas production (Rmax). However, a yeast × substrate effect (P < 0.05) observed for total gas accumulated (A), time to half asymptote (B), and time required to reach maximum rate of fermentation (Tmax) suggested that yeast-mediated increases in extent and rate of fermentation varied by substrate. Greater total gas production was observed only for corn and SBM, associated with greater B and Tmax. Supplementation with LY appeared to increase A and Rmax although with variation between experiments and substrates. In Exp. 1, LY decreased (P < 0.05) B and Tmax. However, a yeast × substrate effect (P < 0.05) was observed for only A (for wheat, barley, corn, and corn DDGS) and Rmax (wheat, barley, corn, and wheat DDGS). In Exp. 2, LY increased (P < 0.0001) A and decreased B. However, an interaction (P < 0.05) with substrates was observed for Rmax (except SBM) and Tmax. With exception of the DDGS samples, LY supplementation increased (P < 0.05) VFA production at 12 and 72 h of incubation. Yeast increased (P < 0.05) the molar ratios of acetic acid and branch-chain fatty acids at 12 h of incubation; however, this response was more variable by substrate at 72 h. In conclusion, LY supplementation increased the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation of a variety of substrates prepared from common feedstuffs. Greater effects were observed when LY was fed to sows than added directly in vitro, suggesting effects on fermentation were not mediated directly.

Selenium-Rich Yeast Protects Against Aluminum-Induced Renal Inflammation and Ionic Disturbances

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of SeY (selenium-rich yeast) against Al (aluminum)-induced inflammation and ionic imbalances. Male Kunming mice were treated with Al (10 mg/kg) and/or SeY (0.1 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 28 days. The degree of inflammation was assessed by mRNA expression of inflammatory biomarkers. Ionic disorders were assessed by determining the Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ content, as well as the alteration in ATP-modifying enzymes (ATPases), including Na⁺K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase, and the mRNA levels of ATPase's subunits in kidney. It was observed here that SeY exhibited a significant protective effect on the kidney against the Al-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory and downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, a significant effect of Al on the Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ levels in kidney was observed, and Al was observed to decrease the activities of Na⁺K⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase, and Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase. The mRNA expression of the Na⁺K⁺-ATPase subunits and Ca²⁺-ATPase subunits was regulated significantly by Al. Notably, SeY modulated the Al-induced alterations of ion concentrations, ATPase activity, and mRNA expression of their subunits. These results suggest that SeY prevents renal toxicity caused by Al via regulation of inflammatory responses, ATPase activities, and transcription of their subunits.

Immobilizing yeast β-glucan on zinc-layered hydroxide nanoparticle improves innate immune response in fish leukocytes

Nanoparticle-based delivery technologies have played a central role in a wide variety of applications, including cell therapy, gene transformation, and cellular delivery of molecular dyes. This work synthesized via ionic exchange a nanoparticle consisting of zinc-layered hydroxychloride coupled with yeast β-glucan (ZG), whose cellular immune response was evaluated using fish spleen leukocytes. Leukocytes from the marine Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) were stimulated with zinc-layered hydroxychloride (ZHC) coupled with yeast β-glucan (GLU) and challenged with live Vibrio parahaemolyticus after 24 h. Structural characterization of this yeast glucan by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated structures containing (1-6)-branched (1-3)-β-D-glucan. The ZHC and ZG were characterized with X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of the immunological study showed that ZHC, GLU or ZG were safe for leukocytes because cell viability was higher than 80% compared with DMSO or V. parahaemolyticus exposure. The ZG or GLU treatments enhanced nitric oxide production, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities. Induction of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-17) genes was more pronounced in ZG or GLU treatments compared to the other groups. Based on the results, ZHC nanoparticles can be used as a delivery carrier of yeast β-glucan for enhancing immunity in fish and have great potential application in the aquaculture industry.

Effects of dietary yeast culture on growth performance, immune response and disease resistance of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio CAS Ⅲ)

A 50-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the partial replacement of fishmeal by yeast culture (YC) on growth performance, immune response and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in gibel carp CAS Ⅲ (Carassius auratus gibelio). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets including a basal diet (the control diet containing 10% fish meal, D0) and three yeast culture diets (substituting 20%, 40%, 60% of the fishmeal in the basal diet, D20, D40 and D60, respectively) were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to quadruplicate fish groups (average initial body weight: 28.70 ± 0.03 g) reared in a recirculating system. After the growth trial, bacterial challenge test was conducted. The results showed that no noteworthy variations in feed intake, growth performance and morphology indices were found among groups (P > 0.05). YC Supplemented diet exerted little significant influence on plasma parameters including triglyceride, glucose, creatinine, total protein and urea nitrogen compared with the control group (P > 0.05). No obvious variations were found in activities of plasma lysozyme, IgM, MPO and SOD before challenge test among dietary treatments (P > 0.05), whereas considerable higher value of the foresaid indicators was discovered in D40 after bacteria challenge (P < 0.05). Transcriptional levels of Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in spleen after challenge were significantly up-regulated in D40 compared with D0 (P < 0.05). Cumulative survival rate in D40 and D60 were significantly higher than those in D0 and D20 (P < 0.05). Taken together, yeast culture could be a suitable fishmeal alternative in diets of gibel carp and dietary inclusion of 4 g YC per 100 g diet enhanced the immunity and disease resistance of gibel carp partly via TLR2 pathway.

Effectiveness of a Sugar-Yeast Monitor and a Chemical Lure for Detecting Bed Bugs

Effective bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) monitors have been actively sought in the past few years to help detect bed bugs and measure the effectiveness of treatments. Most of the available active monitors are either expensive or ineffective. We designed a simple and affordable active bed bug monitor that uses sugar-yeast fermentation and an experimental chemical lure to detect bed bugs. The sugar-yeast mixture released carbon dioxide at a similar rate (average 405.1 ml/min) as dry ice (average 397.0 ml/min) during the first 8 h after activation. In naturally infested apartments, the sugar-yeast monitor containing an experimental chemical lure (nonanal, L-lactic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, and spearmint oil) was equally effective as the dry ice monitor containing the same lure in trapping bed bugs. Placing one sugar-yeast monitor per apartment for 1-d was equally effective as 11-d placement of 6-18 Climbup insect interceptors (a commonly used bed bug monitor) under furniture legs for trapping bed bugs. When carbon dioxide was present, pair-wise comparisons showed the experimental lure increased trap catch by 7.2 times. This sugar-yeast monitor with a chemical lure is an affordable and effective tool for monitoring bed bugs. This monitor is especially useful for monitoring bed bugs where a human host is not present.

Response of lactating cows to live yeast supplementation during summer

Dairy cows experiencing heat stress have reduced intake and increased reliance on glucose, making feeding strategies capable of improving diet digestibility plausible for improving postrumen nutrient flow and performance. The effect of yeast on digestion and performance of lactating cows during the warm summer months of southeastern Brazil was evaluated. Cows were individually fed in tie stalls and temperature-humidity index was above 68 during 75.6% of the experiment. Twenty-eight Holstein cows (207±87 d in milk) received a standard diet for 14 d and then a treatment for 70 d, in a covariate-adjusted, randomized block design with repeated measures over time. Treatments were yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or control. Yeast was top dressed to the diet in the morning, equivalent to 25×10(10) cfu of live cells and 5×10(10) cfu of dead cells. The diet contained corn silage (37.7%), Tifton silage (7.1%), raw soybeans (4.1%), soybean meal (16.5%), finely ground corn (20.7%), and citrus pulp (11.9%). Yeast increased milk (26.7 vs. 25.4 kg/d) and solids yield (3.06 vs. 2.92 kg/d), especially lactose. Response in milk yield was consistent over time and started at d 5. The daily intake of digestible OM, total-tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary allantoin excretion, chewing pattern throughout the day, and dry matter intake did not respond to yeast. A trend was observed for increased plasma glucose with yeast (62.9 vs. 57.3mg/dL), lowered respiratory frequency (48 vs. 56 breaths/min), and increased plasma niacin content (1.31 vs. 1.22 µg/mL), though cows had similar rectal temperature. Ruminal lactate and butyrate as proportions of ruminal organic acids were reduced by yeast, but no effects on other organic acids, ruminal pH, or protozoa content were detected. Plasma urea N over 24h was increased by yeast. On d 72 to 74, citrus pulp was abruptly replaced with finely ground corn to induce acidosis. The increased load of starch increased dry matter intake between 0700 and 1300 h, jugular blood partial pressure of CO2, HCO3-, and base excess, and decreased blood pH for both treatments. The yeast treatment had a higher blood pH compared with the control, 7.34, and 7.31, respectively. Yeast supplementation improved lactation performance of dairy cows under heat stress. Improvement in lactation performance apparently involved the regulation of body homeothermia, rather than improved digestibility.

Effects of methionine chelate- or yeast proteinate-based supplement of copper, iron, manganese and zinc on broiler growth performance, their distribution in the tibia and excretion into the environment

A straight-run flock of 1-day-old Cobb 400 chicks (n = 432) was distributed into four treatment groups (9 replicate pens in each group, 12 birds in a pen) for a 38-day feeding trial evaluating the effects of a methionine chelate (Met-TM)- or a yeast proteinate (Yeast-TM)-based supplement of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) on growth performance, bone criteria and some metabolic indices in commercial broiler chickens. The diets were either not supplemented with any trace elements at all (negative control, NC) or supplemented with an inorganic (sulphate) trace element premix (inorganic TM (ITM), 1 g/kg feed), the Met-TM (1 g/kg feed) and the Yeast-TM (0.5 g/kg feed). Body weight, feed conversion ratio and dressed meat yield at 38 days were better in the Yeast-TM-supplemented group as compared with the NC, ITM and Met-TM groups (p < 0.01). The birds supplemented with Met-TM and Yeast-TM consumed less feed than the NC and ITM-supplemented group (p < 0.001). Supplementation of trace elements irrespective of source increased the total ash content in the tibia (p < 0.001). However, concentration of Cu was lower in the Met-TM and Yeast-TM groups compared with the NC and the ITM groups (p < 0.05) although that of Fe, Mn and Zn was not affected at all by the dietary treatments. Total protein concentration in serum increased when either Met-TM or Yeast-TM was supplemented (p < 0.05) to the birds. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity, however, increased when the trace elements from either inorganic or organic sources were supplemented (p < 0.05). Compared with the ITM-supplemented group, excretion of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn was lower in the birds supplemented with Met-TM or Yeast-TM, especially in the latter group (p < 0.05). The present experiment revealed that supplementation of broilers with methionine chelates or yeast proteinate forms of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn improved body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and markedly reduced excretion of the said trace elements. The study revealed that it may be possible to improve broiler performance and reduce excretion of critical trace elements into the environment by complete replacement of inorganic trace minerals from their dietary regime and replacing the same with methionine chelate or yeast proteinate forms.

Chromium, selenium, and zinc multimineral enriched yeast supplementation ameliorates diabetes symptom in streptozocin-induced mice

Chromium, selenium, and zinc malnutrition has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic mellitus. This study aims to investigate the effects of novel multiminerals-enriched yeast (MMEY) which are minerals supplementation containing elevated levels of chromium, selenium, and zinc simultaneously in a diabetic animal model. Streptozocin-induced diabetic male Balb/c mice (n = 80) were randomly divided into diabetes control group and three treatment groups. They were administrated oral gavages with low, medium, or high doses of MMEY, respectively. Meanwhile, healthy male Balb/c mice (n = 40) of the same body weight were randomly assigned into normal control group and high dose of MMEY control group. After 8 weeks duration of treatment, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Serum glucose concentrations, lipid profiles, oxidative/antioxidant, and immunity status were determined. No significant adverse effects were observed in the high-dose MMEY control group. Treatment of the diabetic mice with medium- or high-dose MMEY significantly decreased serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, MMEY ameliorated the pathological damage of the pancreatic islets, elevated the thymus or spleen coefficient, and increased the expressions of interleukin-2 and -4 in spleen lymphocytes compared with unsupplemented diabetic mice. In conclusion, these results indicate that supplemental MMEY inhibits hyperglycemia, abates oxidative stress, modulates disorders of lipid metabolism, and reduces the impairment of immune function in diabetic mice; especially notable are the protective effects of medium doses of MMEY on the islet cells of diabetic mice.

Effects of dietary yeast autolysate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content, egg yolk fatty acid composition and humoral immune response of laying hens

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary yeast autolysate on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content, egg yolk fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation of egg yolk, some blood parameters and humoral immune response of laying hens during a 16 week period. A total of 225 Hyline Brown laying hens, 22 weeks of age, were allocated equally to one control group and four treatment groups. Yeast autolysate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, InteWall) was used at levels of 1, 2, 3 and 4 g kg(-1) in the diets of the first, second, third and fourth treatment groups respectively.

RESULTS

Dietary treatments did not significantly affect body weight, feed intake and egg traits. Yeast autolysate supplementation increased egg production (P < 0.001) and egg weight (P < 0.001) and improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05). Yeast autolysate at levels of 2, 3 and 4 g kg(-1) decreased egg yolk cholesterol level as mg g(-1) yolk (P < 0.01) and blood serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride (P < 0.05) and increased antibody titres to sheep red blood cells (P < 0.01). Total saturated fatty acids and the ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids increased (P < 0.01) and total monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001) decreased with yeast autolysate supplementation.

CONCLUSION

Dietary yeast autolysate at levels of 2, 3 and 4 g kg(-1) had beneficial effects on performance, egg cholesterol content and humoral immune response. It is concluded that 2 g kg(-1) yeast autolysate will be enough to have beneficial effects in laying hens.

[Using dietary supplement containing dietary fiber, fermented wine yeasts, vitamins and minerals, under the influence of dust-gas mixture. The experiments on laboratory animals]

In chronic experiment in rats pro for show, what of food biologically active "Rekitsen-RD", promotes increase of efficiency of mechanisms of detoxication, antioxidant activity and immune protection of an organism.

[Development of new sinbiotic product with high contents bifidobacteria]

The article informs about influence of gum arabic, baker's yeast extract, solids-non-fat and mixture of gum arabic and insoluble wheat fibres (Equacia) on the amount of bifidobacteria in the milk.

Influence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chromium (Cr)- enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and blood markers of oxidative stress in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (median duration: 3.0 yr). Thirty-six subjects (9 men, 27 women; mean age: 61.3 yr; mean body mass index: 34.33 kg/m2) were supplemented with 400 microg Cr/d as Cr-enriched yeast (n = 19) or placebo (n = 17) for 12 wk in a randomized, double-blind study. The most interesting results were obtained by comparison of the change in the placebo group to the change in the Cr group. The Cr group showed a significantly greater increase in serum Cr compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Supplementation with Cr-enriched yeast was associated with a significant decrease in fasting serum glucose compared to placebo (p < 0.01). Blood markers of oxidative stress glutathione peroxidase activity and levels of reduced glutathione were essentially unchanged in the Cr group after 12 wk, but decreased significantly in the placebo group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Serum HbA1c and glycated protein (fructosamine) were essentially unchanged in the Cr group, whereas HbA1c tended to increase in the placebo group (from 6.94% to 7.11%). Fasting serum insulin decreased in both groups, with a greater tendency in the Cr group (-16.5% vs -9.5%). These data suggest that supplementation of well-controlled type 2 diabetics with Cr-enriched yeast is safe and can result in improvements in blood glucose variables and oxidative stress.

Production of interleukin-1 activity of Kupffer cells from mice treated with the acidic mannan fraction of baker's yeast

We investigated the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity by Kupffer cells (KC) from mice treated with a neutral mannan fraction (WNM) or an acidic mannan fraction (WAM025) from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in vivo and in vitro. The mice administered WAM025 showed an increase in the number of KC and the IL-1 production compared with mice administered WNM. In an in vitro stimulation assay using KC from a normal mouse, it was also found that WAM025 displayed an increase in IL-1 production. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate completely inhibited the production of IL-1 by KC from the mice administered WAM025.

Mode of action of plasmolysed yeast on lymphocytes under microgravity stress

A newly developed device to simulate microgravity for space biological investigations under laboratory conditions allowed us to apply a reproducible environmental stress on immunologically active cells. Cell proliferation, soluble IL-2 receptor in the culture supernatant, lymphocyte surface activation markers like CD25 (IL-2R), CD69 and HLA-Dr were the endpoints measured. Untreated donor lymphocyte reactions under microgravity were compared to the same cells treated with an immunomodulator from herbal plasmolysed yeast (Bio-Strath Food Supplement). The main finding is the enhancement of the proliferation inhibition under microgravitational stress by the herbal plasmolysed yeast.

[A growth supplement for "fastidious germs"]

A growth supplement for "fastidious germs" was produced at the Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Infections of "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine. This supplement was studied by computerized optic spectrophotometry, and chemical composition was determined. The efficacy of this supplement for the culture of Haemophilus influenzae type b, was evidenced using 100 strains, and it was proven that it can be used in concentrations raging from 1 to 10%.

The effect of dietary active dry yeast supplement on performance of sows during gestation-lactation and their pigs

Thirty crossbred sows and their pigs were evaluated through two parities to determine any reproductive or growth performance effects of an active dry yeast supplement added to corn-soybean meal diets. Sow reproductive performance from d 93 of gestation through d 21 of lactation and sow milk composition were evaluated. Pig growth performance was measured from birth to 28 d after weaning. Active dry yeast was added at 0, 1, or .2% of the sow gestation diet, 0, .15, or .3% of the sow lactation diet, 0, .2, or .4% of the pig prestarter diet, 1 wk before and 1 wk after weaning, and 0, .125, or .25% during the last 3 wk in the nursery. The yeast source consisted of a concentrate of live yeast cells of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain containing more than 15 x 10(9) live cells/g. Sow body weight at d 93 of gestation, at farrowing, and at d 21 of lactation did not differ (P > .10) among treatment groups. Milk from sows fed active dry yeast contained higher amounts of total solids (P < .05), crude protein (P < .10), and gamma globulin (P < .06) than milk from sows fed the control diet. Sow feed intake during lactation was not affected (P > .10) by treatment, nor were there differences in litter size at birth, litter birth weight, or litter weight at d 21 after farrowing. Active dry yeast supplementation to the sow and pig diets resulted in improved postweaning pig daily gain (P < .05) and gain-to-feed ratio (P < .05) but did not affect (P > .10) feed intake. Based on these data, active dry yeast supplement during late gestation, lactation, and before and after weaning does not alter litter weight at birth or weaning but does increase gamma globulin content of sow's milk and improves postweaning rate and efficiency of weight gain of pigs.