451
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Pacelli A, Greenman J, Cawthorne C, Smith G. Imaging COX-2 expression in cancer using PET/SPECT radioligands: current status and future directions. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:317-22. [PMID: 24470172 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 as a driving force in early tumourigenesis and the current interest in the combination of COX-2 inhibitors with standard therapy in clinical trials creates an urgent need to establish clinically relevant diagnostic tests for COX-2 expression. Molecular imaging using small-molecule probes radiolabelled for both positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) offers the potential to meet this need, providing a minimally invasive readout for the whole disease burden. This review summarises current approaches to the radiolabelling of small-molecule COX-2 inhibitors and their analogues for PET and SPECT imaging, and gives an overview of their biological evaluation and likely success of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pacelli
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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452
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Zhang ZH, Zhang LM, Luo G, Zhang S, Chen H, Zhou J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel podophyllotoxin analogs as antitumor agents. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2014; 16:527-534. [PMID: 24824554 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.913578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 4β N-indole-substituted podophyllotoxin derivatives were synthesized. Nine target compounds were evaluated against human cancer cell lines (HeLa, K562, and K562/A02) using MTT assay including three imine derivatives 8, 9, and 10 in vitro. The result showed that the three compounds had higher antitumor activity than their reduced forms. Among them, compounds 8, 9, 11, and 16 were superior to the positive control VP-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Heng Zhang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics , School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
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453
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Abstract
An interest in the schweinfurthins, natural stilbenes with significant antiproliferative activity, has prompted efforts to prepare a set of indole analogues. To approach the desired compounds through a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation, new indole derivatives bearing a phosphonomethyl substituent in the B-ring were required. The parent indole system with the necessary substitution pattern was obtained through Stobbe condensation and cyclization. A prenyl substituent was incorporated at the C3 position of a 4,6-disubstituted indole through a highly regioselective electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, while metalation and alkylation provided the C2-prenylated indole. After introduction of the phosphonate group through classical reactions, the new indole phosphonates were found to undergo the desired condensation with nonracemic aldehydes representing the schweinfurthin left half. This approach provides facile access to new heteroaromatic analogues of the natural schweinfurthins and should be applicable to many other natural stilbenes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Kodet
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294
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454
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Shasaltaneh MD, Moosavi-Nejad Z, Gharavi S, Fooladi J. Cane molasses as a source of precursors in the bioproduction of tryptophan by Bacillus subtilis. Iran J Microbiol 2013; 5:285-92. [PMID: 24475338 PMCID: PMC3895569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The essential amino acid L-tryptophan can be produced by a condensation reaction between indole and L-serine, catalyzed by B. subtilis with tryptophan synthase activity. Application of the tryptophan is widespread in the biotechnology domain and is sometimes added to feed products as a food fortifier. MATERIALS AND METHODS The optimum concentration of the Iranian cane molasses was determined by measuring the amount of biomass after growth in 1 to 30 g/mL of molasses. The maximum amount of biomass was obtained in 10 g/mL molasses. Chromatographic methods, TLC and HPLC, were used to assay the amount of tryptophan produced in the presence of precursors of tryptophan production (indole and serine) and/or molasses. RESULTS Our results indicate the importance of the Iranian cane molasses not only as carbon source, but also as a source of precursors for tryptophan production. CONCLUSION This report evaluates the potential of cane molasses as an economical source for tryptophan production by B. subtilis, hence eliminating the requirement for additional serine and indole as precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Moosavi-Nejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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455
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Rossy C, Fouquet E, Felpin FX. Practical synthesis of indoles and benzofurans in water using a heterogeneous bimetallic catalyst. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1426-31. [PMID: 23946838 PMCID: PMC3740569 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the preparation of indoles, azaindoles and benzofurans in pure water by using a new heterogeneous Pd–Cu/C catalyst through a cascade Sonogashira alkynylation–cyclization sequence. Details of the optimization studies and the substrate scope are discussed. This procedure allows the preparation of heterocycles with good yields and is tolerant to a wide variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybille Rossy
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5255, ISM, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France ; Université de Nantes, UFR Sciences et Techniques, UMR CNRS 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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456
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Zhang Y, Yang P, Chou CJ, Liu C, Wang X, Xu W. Development of N-Hydroxycinnamamide-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Indole-Containing Cap Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:235-238. [PMID: 23493449 DOI: 10.1021/ml300366t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of histone deacetylase inhibitors combining N-hydroxycinnamamide bioactive fragment and indole bioactive fragment was designed and synthesized. Several compounds (17c, 17g, 17h, 17j and 17k) exhibited comparable even superior total HDACs inhibitory activity and in vitro antiproliferative activities relative to the approved drug SAHA. A representative compound 17a with moderate HDACs inhibition was progressed to isoform selectivity profile, western blot analysis and in vivo antitumor assay. Although HDACs isoform selectivity of 17a was similar to that of SAHA, our western blot results indicated that intracellular effects of 17a at 1 μM were class I selective. It was noteworthy that the effect on histone H4 acetylation of SAHA decreased with time while the effect on histone H4 acetylation of 17a maintained even increased. Most importantly, compound 17a exhibited promising in vivo antitumor activity in a U937 xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Penghui Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - C. James Chou
- Department of Drug Discovery
and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South
Carolina, 29425, United States United States
| | - Chunxi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School
of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Ji’nan,
Shandong, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejian Wang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Biomedical Industry Park Management Office, Weifang,
Shandong, 261205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, People’s Republic of China
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457
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Agarwal PK, Dathi MD, Saifuddin M, Kundu B. Engineering of indole-based tethered biheterocyclic alkaloid meridianin into β-carboline-derived tetracyclic polyheterocycles via amino functionalization/6-endo cationic π-cyclization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1901-8. [PMID: 23209529 PMCID: PMC3511029 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A mild, efficient and versatile method has been developed for the construction of a functionalized natural product, meridianin, and its post conversion to pyrimido-β-carboline by cationic π- cyclization. The strategy involves the introduction of an amino group at the C-5 of the pyrimidine ring and utilizing the nucleophilictiy of the C-2 in the indole ring to facilitate cationic π-cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar Agarwal
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, 226001, India,
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458
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Maity S, Zheng N. A visible-light-mediated oxidative C-N bond formation/aromatization cascade: photocatalytic preparation of N-aryl indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9562-6. [PMID: 22915489 PMCID: PMC3522995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoles: A joint effort of light and air We have developed a mild aerobic oxidation protocol using visible light photocatalysis to synthesize structurally diverse N -arylindoles. The procedure employs 4 mol% [Ru(bpz)3](PF6)2, 18W LED light, and is performed open to the atmosphere. Readily prepared o -stryryl anilines are converted to a variety of indoles via a cascade sequence composed of oxidation of anilines, C-N bond formation, and aromatization. A 1,2-carbon shift can be also incorporated into this cascade event to further extend the substrate scope of the method. bpz = 2, 2′-Bipyrazine
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 (USA), Fax: (+) 479-575-4601
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 (USA), Fax: (+) 479-575-4601
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459
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Ding Z, Yoshikai N. C2-Alkylation of N-pyrimidyl indole with vinylsilane via cobalt-catalyzed C-H bond activation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1536-42. [PMID: 23019489 PMCID: PMC3458779 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct C2-alkylation of an indole bearing a readily removable N-pyrimidyl group with a vinylsilane was achieved by using a cobalt catalyst generated in situ from CoBr(2), bathocuproine, and cyclohexylmagnesium bromide. The reaction allows coupling between a series of N-pyrimidylindoles and vinylsilanes at a mild reaction temperature of 60 °C, affording the corresponding alkylated indoles in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ding
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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460
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Hashim H, Mughrabi FF, Ameen M, Khaledi H, Ali HM. Cytoprotective effect of benzyl N'-(5-chloro-indol-3-yl-methylidene)-hydrazinecarbodithioate against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Molecules 2012; 17:9306-20. [PMID: 22864239 PMCID: PMC6268369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indolic compounds have attracted a lot of attention due to their interesting biological properties. The present study was performed to evaluate the subacute toxicity and anti-ulcer activity of BClHC against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Experimental animal groups were orally pre-treated with different doses of BClHC (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) in 10% Tween 20 solution (vehicle). Blank and ulcer control groups were pre-treated with vehicle. The positive group was orally pretreated with 20 mg/kg omeprazole. After one hour, all groups received absolute ethanol (5 mL/kg) to generate gastric mucosal injury except the blank control group which was administered the vehicle solution. After an additional hour, all rats were sacrificed, and the ulcer areas of the gastric walls determined. Grossly, the ulcer control group exhibited severe mucosal injury, whereas pre-treatment with either derivative or omeprazole resulted in significant protection of gastric mucosal injury. Flattening of gastric mucosal folds was also observed in rats pretreated with BClHC. Histological studies of the gastric wall of ulcer control group revealed severe damage of gastric mucosa, along with edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer compared to rats pre-treated with either BClHC or omeprazole where there were marked gastric protection along with reduction or absence of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer. Subacute toxicity study with a higher dose of derivative (5 g/kg) did not manifest any toxicological signs in rats. In conclusions, the present finding suggests that benzyl N'-(5-chloroindol-3-ylmethylidene)hydrazinecarbodithioate promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in ulcer areas, reduction of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harita Hashim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, University Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia.
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461
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Knepper K, Vanderheiden S, Bräse S. Synthesis of diverse indole libraries on polystyrene resin - Scope and limitations of an organometallic reaction on solid supports. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1191-9. [PMID: 23019447 PMCID: PMC3458737 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of diverse substituted indole structures on solid supports is described. The immobilization of nitrobenzoic acid onto Merrifield resin and the subsequent treatment with alkenyl Grignard reagents delivered indole carboxylates bound to solid supports. In contrast to results in the liquid phase, ortho,ortho-unsubstituted nitroarenes also delivered indole moieties in good yields. Subsequent palladium-catalyzed reactions (Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira, Stille) delivered, after cleavage, the desired molecules in moderate to good yields over four steps. The scope and limitations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Knepper
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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462
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Hassam M, Basson AE, Liotta DC, Morris L, van Otterlo WAL, Pelly SC. Novel Cyclopropyl- Indole Derivatives as HIV Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:470-5. [PMID: 24900496 DOI: 10.1021/ml3000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV pandemic represents one of the most serious diseases to face mankind in both a social and economic context, with many developing nations being the worst afflicted. Due to ongoing resistance issues associated with the disease, the design and synthesis of anti-HIV agents presents a constant challenge for medicinal chemists. Utilizing molecular modeling, we have designed a series of novel cyclopropyl indole derivatives as HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and carried out their preparation. These compounds facilitate a double hydrogen bonding interaction to Lys101 and efficiently occupy the hydrophobic pockets in the regions of Tyr181/188 and Val179. Several of these compounds inhibited HIV replication as effectively as nevirapine when tested in a phenotypic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassam
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Adriaan E. Basson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Willem A. L. van Otterlo
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Stephen C. Pelly
- Department
of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
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463
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Medley JW, Movassaghi M. A concise and versatile double-cyclization strategy for the highly stereoselective synthesis and arylative dimerization of Aspidosperma alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4572-6. [PMID: 22411850 PMCID: PMC3401055 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan William Medley
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA), Homepage: http://web.mit.edu/movassag/www/index.htm
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA), Homepage: http://web.mit.edu/movassag/www/index.htm
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464
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Kishore J. Isolation, identification & characterization of Proteus penneri--a missed rare pathogen. Indian J Med Res 2012; 135:341-5. [PMID: 22561620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Indole negative Proteus species are invariably incorrectly identified as P. mirabilis, missing isolates of Proteus penneri. P. penneri is an invasive pathogen capable of causing major infectious diseases still seldom reported in individual cases. We report here the isolation, differentiation, characterization and typing of P. penneri from patients with different clinical infections. METHODS Urine, pus and body fluids collected from patients in intensive care units, wards and out patients departments of a tertiary health care institute from north India were cultured. A total of 61 indole negative Proteus isolates were subjected to extended biochemical tests to differentiate and identify P. penneri from P. mirabilis including failure to produce ornithine decarboxylase (by 0% strains of P. penneri and 100% strains of P. mirabilis) besides P. penneri being uniformly salicin negative, non-utilizer of citrate but ferments sucrose and maltose. Antibiograms and Dienes phenomenon were performed to characterize and type P. penneri isolates besides screening for β-lactamase production. RESULTS Eight isolates of P. penneri were identified; four from urine, three from abdominal drain-fluid and one from diabetic foot ulcer. P. penneri was isolated as the sole pathogen in all patients having underlying disease; post-operatively. Swarming was not seen in the first strain on primary isolation and was poor in strain-4. All eight isolates were biochemically homologous but multi-drug resistant (MDR) with resistance to 6-8 drugs (up to 12). β-lactamase production was seen in three of five isolates while Dienes phenomenon found four distinct types and discriminated strains differing in resistance even with a single drug. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS A few additional biochemical tests identified P. penneri isolates; it infected patients with underlying disease and strains were MDR and heterogenous.
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465
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Mésangeau C, Amata E, Alsharif W, Seminerio MJ, Robson MJ, Matsumoto RR, Poupaert JH, McCurdy CR. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of indole-based sigma receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5154-61. [PMID: 21899931 PMCID: PMC3272488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel indole-based analogs were prepared and their affinities for sigma receptors were determined using in vitro radioligand binding assays. The results of this study identified several compounds with nanomolar sigma-2 affinity and significant selectivity over sigma-1 receptors. In particular, 2-(4-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)indol-1-yl)butyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (9f) was found to display high affinity at sigma-2 receptors with good selectivity (σ-1/σ-2 = 395). The pharmacological binding profile for this compound was established with other relevant non-sigma sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Mésangeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Emanuele Amata
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Walid Alsharif
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Michael J. Seminerio
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - Matthew J. Robson
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - Rae R. Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - Jacques H. Poupaert
- Université Catholique de Louvain, 74 Avenue Emmanuel Mounier, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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466
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (USA)
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467
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Daly S, Hayden K, Malik I, Porch N, Tang H, Rogelj S, Frolova L, Lepthien K, Kornienko A, Magedov IV. Unprecedented C-2 arylation of indole with diazonium salts: Syntheses of 2,3-disubstituted indoles and their antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4720-3. [PMID: 21752646 PMCID: PMC3233240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel reaction of indole with aryldiazonium salts leading to the formation of 2-aryl-3-(arylazo)indoles was discovered. The products were found to possess potent anti-MRSA and anti-LLVRE activities. The SAR studies indicate that the potentially metabolically labile azo functionality can be replaced with ether oxygen and thioether sulfur atoms without any loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Daly
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Kathryn Hayden
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Indranil Malik
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Nikki Porch
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Snezna Rogelj
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Liliya Frolova
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Katrina Lepthien
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Igor V. Magedov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
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468
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Abstract
Novel routes to the naturally occurring indole alkaloid cycloclavine and its unnatural C(5)-epimer are described. Key features include the rapid construction of the heterocyclic core segments by two Diels-Alder reactions. An indole annulation was accomplished by a late-stage intramolecular Diels-Alder furan cycloaddition, and a methylenecyclopropane dienophile was used for a stereoselective intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition to give the cyclopropa[c]indoline building block present in cycloclavine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip R. Petronijevic
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260, U.S.A
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260, U.S.A
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469
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van der Niet T, Hansen DM, Johnson SD. Carrion mimicry in a South African orchid: flowers attract a narrow subset of the fly assemblage on animal carcasses. Ann Bot 2011; 107:981-92. [PMID: 21402538 PMCID: PMC3080630 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although pollination of plants that attract flies by resembling their carrion brood and food sites has been reported in several angiosperm families, there has been very little work done on the level of specificity in carrion mimicry systems and the importance of plant cues in mediating such specialization. Specificity may be expected, as carrion-frequenting flies often exploit different niches, which has been interpreted as avoidance of interspecific competition. Interactions between the orchid Satyrium pumilum and a local assemblage of carrion flies were investigated, and the functional significance of floral traits, especially scent, tested. Pollination success and the incidence of pollinator-mediated self-pollination were measured and these were compared with values for orchids with sexual- and food-deceptive pollination systems. METHODS AND KEY RESULTS Observations of insect visitation to animal carcasses and to flowers showed that the local assemblage of carrion flies was dominated by blow flies (Calliphoridae), house flies (Muscidae) and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), but flowers of the orchid were pollinated exclusively by flesh flies, with a strong bias towards females that sometimes deposited live larvae on flowers. A trend towards similar partitioning of fly taxa was found in an experiment that tested the effect of large versus small carrion quantities on fly attraction. GC-MS analysis showed that floral scent is dominated by oligosulfides, 2-heptanone, p-cresol and indole, compounds that also dominate carrion scent. Flesh flies did not distinguish between floral and carrion scent in a choice experiment using olfactory cues only, which also showed that scent alone is responsible for fly attraction. Pollination success was relatively high (31·5 % of flowers), but tracking of stained pollinia also revealed that a relatively high percentage (46 %) of pollen deposited on stigmas originates from the same plant. CONCLUSIONS Satyrium pumilum selectively attracts flesh flies, probably because its relatively weak scent resembles that of the small carrion on which these flies predominate. In this way, the plants exploit a specific subset of the insect assemblage associated with carrion. Pollination rates and levels of self-pollination were high compared with those in other deceptive orchids and it is therefore unlikely that this mimicry system evolved to promote outcrossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotheüs van der Niet
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
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470
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Abstract
A variety of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria produce large quantities of indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. Biosynthesis of indole is well-studied, and while carbon sources and amino acids are important environmental cues for indole production in Escherichia coli, other environmental factors affecting indole production for this strain are less clear. This study demonstrates that the environmental cue pH is an important factor for indole production that further controls biofilm formation of E. coli. Moreover, E. coli produced a higher level of extracellular indole in the presence of the antibiotics ampicillin and kanamycin, and the increased indole enhanced cell survival during antibiotic stress. Additionally, we found here that temperature is another important factor for indole production; E. coli produces and accumulates a large amount of indole at 50 °C, even at low cell densities. Overall, our results suggest that indole is a stable biological compound, and E. coli may utilize indole to protect itself against other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hiep Han
- School of Display & Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeonsangbuk-do 712-749, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Display & Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeonsangbuk-do 712-749, Korea
| | - Moo Hwan Cho
- School of Display & Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeonsangbuk-do 712-749, Korea
| | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 220 Jack E. Brown Building, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Display & Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeonsangbuk-do 712-749, Korea
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471
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Abstract
Various dipyrroles possess important motifs for construction of pyrrole-containing pigments. A series of 1,2-dipyrrolylethynes (4a-d) has been efficiently synthesized using an improved one-pot double Sonagashira coupling from trimethylsilylethyne and various 2-iodopyrroles. The resulting 1,2-dipyrrolylethynes were further transformed into novel indolyl-, ethenyl- and carboranyl-dipyrroles (5-7) using the Larock indole synthesis, stereoselective catalytic hydrogenation, or B(10)H(14). Indolyl-dipyrroles were found to selectively bind fluoride ions using one pyrrolic and the indolyl NHs, whereas the carboranyl- and ethenyl-dipyrroles are potentially valuable precursors for the synthesis of porphyrin isomers and expanded pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary K. Tanui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Erhong Hao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids and Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Moses I. Ihachi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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472
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Venkateswaran A, Reddy YT, Sonar VN, Muthusamy V, Crooks PA, Freeman ML, Sekhar KR. Antiangiogenic properties of substituted (Z)-(±)-2-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ol/one analogs and their derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7323-6. [PMID: 21055930 PMCID: PMC3001633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past half century research efforts have defined a critical role for angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis. We previously reported that inhibition of a novel target, ENOX1, by a (Z)-2-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene) quinuclidin-3-ol, suppressed tumor angiogenesis. The present study was undertaken in order to establish structure-activity relationships for quinuclidine analogs. The angiogenesis inhibiting activity of a series of substituted (Z)-(±)-2-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ols (1a-1k), (Z)-2-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ones (2a-2h), (Z)-(±)-2-(1H/N-methyl-indol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ols (3a-3b), and substituted (Z)-(±)-2-(N-benzenesulfonylindol-3-yl-methylene)quinuclidin-3-ols and their derivatives (4a-4d) that incorporate a variety of substituents in both the indole and N-benzyl moieties was evaluated using Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) subjected to in vitro cell migration scratch assays, tubule formation in Matrigel, cell viability and proliferation assays. In total, 25 different analogs were evaluated. Based on in vitro cell migration scratch assays, eight analogs were identified as potent angiogenesis inhibitors at 10 μM, a concentration that was determined to be nontoxic by colony formation assay. In addition, this approach identified a potent antiangiogenic ENOX1 inhibitor, analog 4b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amudhan Venkateswaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Y. Thirupathi Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Vijaykumar N. Sonar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Venkatraj Muthusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Konjeti R. Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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473
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Shen L, Ji HF. Theoretical study on reactions of triplet excited state thioxanthone with indole. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4284-9. [PMID: 20057945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a theoretical study on the deactivation of triplet excited (T1) state thioxanthone (TX) by indole (INH) was performed, based on density functional theory calculations. Three feasible pathways, namely direct electron transfer from INH to T1 state TX, electron transfer followed by proton transfer from INH.+ to TX.−, and H-atom transfer from nitrogen of INH to keto oxygen of T1 state TX, were proposed theoretically to be involved in T1 state TX deactivation by INH.
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474
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Abstract
The use of a rhodium(II) carboxylate catalyst enables the mild and stereoselective formation of carbazoles from biaryl azides. Intramolecular competition experiments of triaryl azides suggested the source of the selectivity. A primary intramolecular kinetic isotope effect was not observed, and correlation of the product ratios with Hammett sigma(+) values produced a plot with two intersecting lines with opposite rho values. These data suggest that electronic donation by the biaryl pi-system accelerates the formation of rhodium nitrenoid and that C-N bond formation occurs through a 4pi-electron-5-atom electrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
| | - Kathleen J. Richert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
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475
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Scettri A, Villano R, Acocella MR. Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole with chalcones catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids. Molecules 2009; 14:3030-6. [PMID: 19701143 PMCID: PMC6255435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14083030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of indole with chalcones, to give Michael-type adducts, was found to occur with good efficiency (up to 98% yield) and moderate enantioselectivity (up to 52% e.e.) in the presence of a chiral BINOL-based phosphoric acid. Furthermore, the alkylation products can be obtained in much higher e.e.s after one only crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo Scettri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-mail: (A.S.)
| | - Rosaria Villano
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-CNR Trav. La Crucca3, Reg. Baldinca 07040, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy; E-mail: (R.V.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Acocella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-mail: (A.S.)
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476
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Abstract
The reaction of methyl indole-2-carboxylates and arynes affords a very efficient, high yielding synthesis of a novel indole-indolone ring system, which tolerates considerable functionality, is broad in scope and proceeds under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C. Rogness
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - Richard C. Larock
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
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477
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Mahesh M, Murphy JA, LeStrat F, Wessel HP. Reduction of arenediazonium salts by tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE): efficient formation of products derived from aryl radicals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:1. [PMID: 19259337 PMCID: PMC2649425 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE 1), has been exploited for the first time as a mild reagent for the reduction of arenediazonium salts to aryl radical intermediates through a single electron transfer (SET) pathway. Cyclization of the aryl radicals produced in this way led, in appropriate substrates, to syntheses of indolines and indoles. Cascade radical cyclizations of aryl radicals derived from arenediazonium salts are also reported. The relative ease of removal of the oxidized by-products of TDAE from the reaction mixture makes the methodology synthetically attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Mahesh
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Franck LeStrat
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Hans Peter Wessel
- Pharma Research, Discovery Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
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478
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Algul O, Kaessler A, Apcin Y, Yilmaz A, Jose J. Comparative studies on conventional and microwave synthesis of some benzimidazole, benzothiazole and indole derivatives and testing on inhibition of hyaluronidase. Molecules 2008; 13:736-48. [PMID: 18463575 PMCID: PMC6245189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized twelve 2-substituted benzimidazole, benzothiazole and indole derivatives using on both microwave irradiation and conventional heating methods. The microwave method was observed to be more beneficial as it provides an increase of yield from 3% to 113% and a 95 to 98 % reduction in time. All compounds were tested by a stains-all assay at pH 7 and by a Morgan-Elson assay at pH 3.5 for hyaluronidase inhibitory activity at a concentration of 100 microM. The most potent compound was 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylindole (12) with an IC(50) value of 107 microM at both pH 7 and 3.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oztekin Algul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin 33169, Turkey; Tel: (+90) 532 414 01 99; Fax: (+90) 324 341 30 22; E-mails: (Akin Yilmaz); (Yagmur Apcin)
| | - Andre Kaessler
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; E-mails: (Andre Kaessler); (Joachim Jose)
| | - Yagmur Apcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin 33169, Turkey; Tel: (+90) 532 414 01 99; Fax: (+90) 324 341 30 22; E-mails: (Akin Yilmaz); (Yagmur Apcin)
| | - Akin Yilmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin 33169, Turkey; Tel: (+90) 532 414 01 99; Fax: (+90) 324 341 30 22; E-mails: (Akin Yilmaz); (Yagmur Apcin)
| | - Joachim Jose
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; E-mails: (Andre Kaessler); (Joachim Jose)
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479
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Abstract
Oxidative fluorination of several protected tryptophans 8b-g with Selectfluor proceeded smoothly in aqueous media to give a diastereomeric mixture of the corresponding 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g. Attempted deprotection of the 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g under various conditions did not afford 3-(3-fluorooxindol-3-yl)-l-alanine (6). Reaction of the suitably protected tryptophan derivative 16 with Selectfluor produced the fluorinated product 17. Simultaneous cleavage of all protective groups of 17 under acidic conditions successfully gave the target compound 6 in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Bin Yin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Meixiang Jin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshio Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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480
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Abstract
A biomimetic total synthesis of the fungal metabolite marcfortine C utilizing an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction is described. In addition, a key stereoselective oxaziridine-mediated oxidation/pinacol rearrangement of indole 24 was used to complete the total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Greshock
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Alan W. Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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481
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Adachi H, Palaniappan KK, Ivanov AA, Bergman N, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Structure-activity relationships of 2,N(6),5'-substituted adenosine derivatives with potent activity at the A2B adenosine receptor. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1810-27. [PMID: 17378544 PMCID: PMC3405160 DOI: 10.1021/jm061278q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
2, N6, and 5'-substituted adenosine derivatives were synthesized via alkylation of 2-oxypurine nucleosides leading to 2-arylalkylether derivatives. 2-(3-(Indolyl)ethyloxy)adenosine 17 was examined in both binding and cAMP assays and found to be a potent agonist of the human A2BAR. Simplification, altered connectivity, and mimicking of the indole ring of 17 failed to maintain A2BAR potency. Introduction of N6-ethyl or N6-guanidino substitution, shown to favor A2BAR potency, failed to enhance potency in the 2-(3-(indolyl)ethyloxy)adenosine series. Indole 5' '- or 6' '-halo substitution was favored at the A2BAR, but a 5'-N-ethylcarboxyamide did not further enhance potency. 2-(3' '-(6' '-Bromoindolyl)ethyloxy)adenosine 28 displayed an A2BAR EC50 value of 128 nM, that is, more potent than the parent 17 (299 nM) and similar to 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (140 nM). Compound 28 was a full agonist at A2B and A2AARs and a low efficacy partial agonist at A1 and A3ARs. Thus, we have identified and optimized 2-(2-arylethyl)oxo moieties in AR agonists that enhance A2BAR potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayamitsu Adachi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krishnan K. Palaniappan
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrei A. Ivanov
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathaniel Bergman
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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482
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Sears RB, Carpenter RA, Whitlock CR. A general synthesis of tris- indole derivatives as potential iron chelators. Molecules 2005; 10:488-91. [PMID: 18007320 PMCID: PMC6147660 DOI: 10.3390/10020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a novel route for the synthesis of a new class of compounds is described. The first tripodal, tris-indole amines are prepared by straightforward routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine R. Whitlock
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, P. O. Box 8064, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA. Tel. (+1) 912 681-5682, Fax (+1) 912 681-0699
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483
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Naef A, Roy BA, Kaiser R, Honegger R. Insect-mediated reproduction of systemic infections by Puccinia arrhenatheri on Berberis vulgaris. New Phytol 2002; 154:717-730. [PMID: 33873461 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
• Witches' brooms on Berberis vulgaris are induced by a systemically infecting rust fungus, Puccinia arrhenatheri. These witches' brooms bear yellow discolored leaves on which the fungus exposes its gametes in a sugary nectar. During the spermatial stage of the fungus the infected leaves emit a strong, flowery scent. • An exclusion-experiment was used to evaluate whether fungal reproductive success, defined by the ability of the fungus to produce aeciospores, depended on gamete transfer by insects. To determine whether insects were attracted to the infected leaves, and if so, why, visitation to infected and uninfected leaves was quantified and volatiles produced by leaves, infected leaves and flowers were analyzed. • The production of aeciospores was significantly higher on witches' brooms with insect visitation. Visitation rates were higher and visits were longer on witches' brooms than on uninfected branches. A wide diversity of visitors, mainly Diptera and Hymenoptera, was observed. The volatiles emitted by infected leaves were composed of sweet floral fragrances and insect pheromones. • Our results suggest that sexual reproduction of the pathogen requires out-crossing by insects and that infected leaves attract insects by floral mimicry (bright yellow color and the production of sugary nectar and volatiles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Naef
- Plant Pathology group, Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bitty A Roy
- Biology Department, 1210 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1210, USA
| | - Roman Kaiser
- Givaudan Dübendorf Ltd, Fragrance Research, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rosmarie Honegger
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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484
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Neves-Petersen MT, Gryczynski Z, Lakowicz J, Fojan P, Pedersen S, Petersen E, Bjørn Petersen S. High probability of disrupting a disulphide bridge mediated by an endogenous excited tryptophan residue. Protein Sci 2002; 11:588-600. [PMID: 11847281 PMCID: PMC2373466 DOI: 10.1110/ps.06002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2001] [Revised: 11/08/2001] [Accepted: 11/27/2001] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that ultraviolet (UV) radiation may reduce or even abolish the biological activity of proteins and enzymes. UV light, as a component of sunlight, is illuminating all light-exposed parts of living organisms, partly composed of proteins and enzymes. Although a considerable amount of empirical evidence for UV damage has been compiled, no deeper understanding of this important phenomenon has yet emerged. The present paper presents a detailed analysis of a classical example of UV-induced changes in three-dimensional structure and activity of a model enzyme, cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi. The effect of illumination duration and power has been investigated. A photon-induced mechanism responsible for structural and functional changes is proposed. Tryptophan excitation energy disrupts a neighboring disulphide bridge, which in turn leads to altered biological activity and stability. The loss of the disulphide bridge has a pronounced effect on the fluorescence quantum yield, which has been monitored as a function of illumination power. A general theoretical model for slow two-state chemical exchange is formulated, which allows for calculation of both the mean number of photons involved in the process and the ratio between the quantum yields of the two states. It is clear from the present data that the likelihood for UV damage of proteins is directly proportional to the intensity of the UV radiation. Consistent with the loss of the disulphide bridge, a complex pH-dependent change in the fluorescence lifetimes is observed. Earlier studies in this laboratory indicate that proteins are prone to such UV-induced radiation damage because tryptophan residues typically are located as next spatial neighbors to disulphide bridges. We believe that these observations may have far-reaching implications for protein stability and for assessing the true risks involved in increasing UV radiation loads on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Neves-Petersen
- The Biostructure and Protein Engineering Group, Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9000, Denmark
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485
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Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine which microsomal cytochrome P450 isozyme(s) were responsible for the microsomal oxidation of indole to indoxyl, an important intermediate in the information of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate. Indole was incubated together with an NADPH-generating system and rat liver microsomes. Formation of indigo, an auto-oxidation product of indoxyl, was used to determine the indole-3-hydroxylation activity. Apparent Km and Vmax values of 0.85 mM and 1152 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) were calculated for the formation of indoxyl from indole using rat liver microsomes. The effects of various potential inducers and inhibitors on the metabolism of indole to indoxyl by rat liver microsomes were studied to elucidate the enzymes responsible for metabolism. Studies with general and isozyme-specific P450 inhibitors demostrated that P450 enzymes and not FMO are responsible for the formation of indoxyl. In the induction studies, rate of indoxyl formation in the microsomes from untreated vs induced rats correlated nearly exactly with the CYP2E1 activity (4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylation). These results suggests that CYP2E1 is the major isoform for the microsomal oxidation of indole to indoxyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Banoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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