Intestinal brush border membrane Na+/glucose cotransporter functions in situ as a homotetramer

The functional unit molecular size of the intestinal brush border membrane-bound Na+/glucose cotransporter was determined by radiation inactivation. Purified brush border membrane vesicles preserved in cryoprotectant buffer were irradiated (-135 degrees C) with high-energy electrons from a 13-MeV (1 eV = 1.602 x 10(-19) J) linear accelerator at doses from 0 to 70 Mrad (1 rad = 0.01 Gy). After each dose, the cotransporter was investigated with respect to (i) Na(+)-dependent transport activity and (ii) immunologic blot analysis with antibodies against the cloned rabbit intestinal cotransporter. Increasing radiation decreased the maximal Na(+)-dependent cotransporter activity Jmax without affecting apparent Km. The size of the transporting functional unit was 290 +/- 5 kDa. Immunologic blot analysis of brush border membranes gave a single band of Mr 70,000, which decreased in intensity with increased radiation dose and gave a target size of 66 +/- 11 kDa. We conclude that activity of the intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter in situ in the brush border membrane requires the simultaneous presence of four intact, independent, identical subunits arranged as a homotetramer.

Microinjection of p34cdc2 kinase induces marked changes in cell shape, cytoskeletal organization, and chromatin structure in mammalian fibroblasts

We have examined the effects of elevating the intracellular levels of p34cdc2 kinase by microinjection into living mammalian cells. These studies reveal rapid and dramatic changes in cell shape with cells becoming round and losing the bulk of their cell-substratum contact. Such effects were induced at all times in the cell cycle except at S phase and were fully reversible at S phase or mitosis. Similar results were obtained with the homogeneous catalytic subunit of p34cdc2 kinase or p34cdc2 kinase associated with cyclin B. These alterations were accompanied by a marked reduction in interphase microtubules without the spindle formation, actin microfilament redistribution, and premature chromatin condensation. Although these changes closely mimic the events occurring during early phases of mitosis, p34cdc2 kinase-injected cells were not induced to pass further into division. These data provide detailed evidence that p34cdc2 kinase plays a major prerequisite role in the rearrangement of cellular structures associated with mammalian cell mitosis.

Bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on mechanical ventilation. Utilization of metered-dose inhalers

Bronchodilators are used widely in the acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although their effectiveness is not clearly established. We used three bronchodilators in 20 patients with COPD who were being mechanically ventilated. Two of the bronchodilators, ipratropium bromide and salbutamol, were administered from metered-dose inhalers (MDI) through an adapter to the endotracheal tube, and the third, aminophylline, was administered in the form of intravenous infusion. Before administering each drug, peak airway pressure, end-inspiratory pressure, resistive pressure, and auto positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP) were measured, and inspiratory resistance (Rins) and compliance were calculated. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were also recorded, and arterial pH and blood gas determinations were made. These measurements were repeated 60 min after the administration of aminophylline, 15 and 60 min after administering salbutamol, and 30 and 60 min after administering ipratropium bromide. With these three drugs, airway pressures were reduced, as well as auto-PEEP and Rins, with respect to basal values (p less than 0.05). The changes in compliance were only significant with salbutamol (p less than 0.05). HR was only significantly modified with aminophylline (p less than 0.05). No blood gas change was observed with any of the three drugs. It can be concluded that: (1) the three drugs used in this study were equally effective in producing significant bronchodilation in patients on mechanical ventilation for severe acute exacerbation of COPD; (2) the administration of bronchodilators by MDI in intubated patients through a special adapter was as effective as the intravenous administration of aminophylline.

ras-induced c-fos expression and proliferation in living rat fibroblasts involves C-kinase activation and the serum response element pathway

We have examined the early events involved in the proliferative activation of quiescent rat embryo fibroblasts by microinjection of oncogenic ras protein. Cells injected with ras show a transient expression of c-fos after 30-60 min visualized by immunofluorescence in the nucleus. This c-fos expression can be specifically suppressed by coinjection of a double-stranded oligonucleotide which corresponds to the serum response element (SRE) present in the c-fos promoter, implying that ras utilizes a pathway which activates the binding of serum response factor(s) (SRF) to SRE to induce c-fos transcription. Inhibition of this pathway also abolished ras-induced DNA synthesis indicating that the proliferative induction by ras requires expression of SRE-regulated genes. Both c-fos induction and DNA synthesis were prevented when ras oncoprotein was injected into quiescent cells together with either antibodies against calcium phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C-kinase) or a synthetic peptide that specifically inhibits C-kinase. These data demonstrate the involvement of both functional C-kinase and the SRE pathway in the activation of quiescent cells by ras and suggest a potential relationship in their mechanism of action.

Psychiatric disorders of abused women at a shelter

Thirty physically abused women were randomly selected from the population of a local women's shelter and evaluated by psychiatric interview and psychiatric rating scales. High prevalences of major depression disorder (37%) and PTSD (47%) were determined. Furthermore, these disorders were found to be positively associated. These results suggest the need for immediate availability of psychiatric services at such shelters along with further study of their populations and possible intervention strategies.

Combination of selegiline and controlled release levodopa in the treatment of fluctuations of clinical disability in parkinsonian patients

Thirteen parkinsonians with a long duration of the disease and long-term dopa therapy, seven of them showing severe on-off oscillations and 6 an "end-of-dose impairment", were treated with a controlled release (HBS) preparation of L-DOPA/benserazide for more than 3 years. Thereafter, selegiline was added in a progressively increasing dosage up to a maximum of 10 mg/day during 4 months, with the aim of a) further improving the long-term results and b) reducing the doses of the new formula of L-DOPA. A significant decrease of early morning parkinsonism and reduction of motor disability throughout the day were observed; "wearing-off" cases showed better results compared with those presenting "on-off" oscillations. A mean reduction of 20% in the doses of levodopa was achieved. Likewise, a mild reduction of dyskinesias and a mild-moderate enhancement of dystonias were recorded. Only one patient did not tolerate selegiline and two others received lower doses due to side-effects. Selegiline was capable of enhancing the antiparkinsonian effect of the new formula of L-DOPA, while allowing a reduction of the doses administered. It must also be emphasized that such improvement was achieved in complicated patients, most of whom showed some deterioration of response in the late stages of long-term sustained-release levodopa treatment.

Inhibition of the Na+/glucose cotransporter functional lysyl residues by 4-(4-methoxy-3-sulfophenyl)-2,6-bis(4-sulfophenyl)pyryl ium

Pyrylium salts react exclusively with the epsilon-amino group of lysyl moieties and display a degree of selectivity exceeding all other known amino group reagents. This study represents the first use of a pyrylium salt in positively identifying the functional role of lysyl residues in a biologically active molecule, the Na+/glucose cotransporter protein. We synthesized a hydrophilic pyrylium salt, 4-(4-methoxy-3-sulfophenyl)-2,6-bis(4-sulfophenyl)pyryliu m perchlorate, which formed a stable pyridinium cation upon reaction with N alpha-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester. This pyrylium inhibited Na+/glucose cotransporter activity in purified brush border membranes, in a concentration-dependent manner. The data unequivocally establish that critical lysyl residues are responsible for the activity of the membrane-bound glucose cotransporter protein.

Modulation of vimentin containing intermediate filament distribution and phosphorylation in living fibroblasts by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Microinjection of the purified catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) into living rat embryo fibroblasts leads to dramatic changes in vimentin intermediate filament (IF) organization, involving the collapse of the filaments into tight bundles. In some cell types, this rearrangement of the IF proceeds further, leading to an apparent loss of filament integrity, resulting in a punctate staining pattern throughout the cytoplasm. Both these types of IF rearrangement are fully reversible, and similar to structural changes previously described for IF during mitosis. As shown by electron microscopy, in rat embryo fibroblasts these changes in IF structure do not involve the loss of the 10-nM filament structure but instead correspond to the bundling together of 25 or more individual filaments. Metabolic pulse labeling of injected cells reveals that accompanying these changes in IF organization is a dramatic increase in vimentin phosphorylation which appears maximal when the IF are fully rearranged. However, this increase in IF phosphorylation is not accompanied by any significant increase in soluble vimentin. Analysis of the sites of phosphorylation on vimentin from injected cells by either V8 protease cleavage, or two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping, revealed increased de novo phosphorylation of two vimentin phosphopeptides after microinjection of A-kinase. These data strongly suggest that the site-specific phosphorylation of vimentin by A-kinase is responsible for the dynamic changes in IF organization observed after injection of the kinase into living cells, and may be involved in similar rearrangement of the IF previously described during mitosis or after heat shock.

Demonstration of sugar residues in the ultimobranchial tubule and thyroid C-cells of the rat using peroxidase labelled lectins

The distribution of various sugars, that contribute to the composition of the carbohydrate components of the glycoprotein in the ultimobranchial tubule and the thyroid C-cells has been studied, using eight peroxidase-labelled lectins (Dolichos biblorus, Glycine max, Bauhinia purpurea, Helix pomatia, Arachis hipogaea, Ulex europaeus I, Limax flavus and Sophora japonica). The results obtained seem to show that there are receptors for Dolichos biflorus, Glycine max, Bauhinia purpurea, Helix pomatia, Arachis hipogaea, Ulex europaeus I and Limax flavus in the ultimobranchial tubule, suggesting the existence of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, L-fucose and sialic acid. However, the C-cells show only a positive reaction with Ulex europaeus I indicating the existence of fucosyl residues in those cells. All these findings support the contention that the ultimobranchial body might contribute decisively not only to the formation of C-cells but also, partially, to the constitution of certain follicular cells.

A ten-laboratory study of lomefloxacin (NY-198 or SC 47111) antimicrobial activity in Argentina

The antimicrobial activity of a new fluoro-quinolone, lomefloxacin (NY-198, SC47111), was evaluated by standardized susceptibility testing methods at ten laboratories in Argentina. Lomefloxacin was found to be the most active drug against 1,316 recent clinical isolates compared directly to norfloxacin, co-trimoxazole, and gentamicin. Only 1.4% of Enterobacteriaceae were lomefloxacin-resistant (MIC greater than 4 micrograms/ml), and the lomefloxacin MIC90 for all staphylococci was 2 micrograms/ml, including methicillin-resistant isolates. Streptococci, enterococci, and some Pseudomonads (9% resistance) were less susceptible to lomefloxacin. Lomefloxacin was the most active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains compared to penicillin, cefuroxime, and spectinomycin. Among the tested Mycobacteria, only the nontuberculosis, slow growers had lomefloxacin MICs of greater than 4 micrograms/ml.

The beta-carboline derivatives ZK 93426 and FG 7142 fail to precipitate abstinence signs in diazepam-dependent cats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of different benzodiazepine recognition site antagonists (Ro 15-1788 and ZK 93426) and inverse agonists (Ro 15-4513, FG 7142 and CGS 8216) to induce abstinence signs in diazepam-dependent cats. Different groups of cats were challenged with each of the benzodiazepine recognition site ligands under investigation 24 hours after the last dose of chronic treatment with diazepam (7 mg/kg, IP at 8.00 a.m. and 8.00 p.m. for 21 consecutive days). The benzodiazepine derivatives Ro 15-4513 and Ro 15-1788 precipitated an abstinence syndrome within minutes after IP administration. The pyrazoloquinoline derivative CGS 8216 also induced withdrawal signs that were less severe and had a longer latency than those elicited by Ro 15-4513 and Ro 15-1788. Abstinence signs included tremors, increased muscle tone, irritability, fear, arched-back posture, pupillary dilation and vocalizations. On the other hand, the beta-carboline derivatives ZK 93426 and FG 7142 failed to precipitate abstinence signs in diazepam-dependent cats when given at doses that prevented the acute effects of diazepam. Our results demonstrate that the ability to induce withdrawal signs in diazepam-dependent cats depends on the chemical structure of the challenge drug (i.e., benzodiazepine or pyrazoloquinoline), since beta-carboline antagonists like ZK 93426 and partial inverse agonists like FG 7142 lack this property.

Mucinous metaplasia to neoplastic lesions in endometrial samples with cytohistologic correlation

Seven cases of endometrial mucinous metaplasia and five of well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were studied. Cytologic specimens were obtained by Isaacs endometrial sampler, avoiding endocervical contamination. The histologic diagnosis between the intermediate type of mucinous metaplasia and the well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma posed no problems. DNA analyses of the histologic samples showed a euploid pattern in benign and intermediate types of metaplasia, while well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma showed a hyperdiploid pattern. The cytologic diagnosis of benign mucinous metaplasia should be suggested in the presence of abundant mucinous cells in endometrial samples in the absence of nuclear abnormalities.

Viral antigen distribution in the central nervous system of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Distribution of viral antigens in the central nervous system of 25 cattle with a persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was studied. Using a polyclonal antiserum produced in pigs and the direct immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase technique, BVDV antigen was located exclusively in neurons. Predilection sites for viral persistence were cerebral cortex and hippocampus; in other areas of brain and spinal cord, viral antigens were in single neurons or small groups of neurons. There was no morphological evidence of cellular alteration due to viral persistence. Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrations were in affected nervous tissue. It is concluded that the central nervous system is an important location for persistence of BVDV.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty as best treatment in stenosis of vascular access for hemodialysis

We show the results of treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on 38 occasions for vascular access for hemodialysis. Our study includes 22 patients with A-V internal fistulas (Cimino type), 1 autologous saphenous vein shunt and 7 synthetic polytetrafluoro-ethylene shunts. Twenty patients have had a follow-up period over 24 months. Four patients required a second and 2 of them a third transluminal dilatation. Only on two occasions were complications related to the technique. The microscopic findings of the venous wall after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are shown.

Role of the proline residues on the immunogenic properties of a P. falciparum circumsporozoite peptide linked to a carrier protein

The circumsporozoite (CS) protein of P. falciparum contains an immunodominant epitope, NADP, that is repeated 37 times in the native molecule. The presence of proline in the coat proteins of the Plasmodium parasite at various developmental stages and strains is a frequent occurrence. In this study we evaluate the influence of substitution of proline residues by glycine on the immunogenic behavior of two tandemly repeated peptides linked via glutaraldehyde to a protein carrier: The (NANP)4 P. falciparum circumsporozoite peptide and its glycine-substitute analog, (NANG)4. The results obtained show that the (NANP)4 induces antibodies which recognize the peptide free in solution, bound on a solid phase, and linked to a carrier protein. It has been previously reported that such antibodies recognize the antigenic sites of the peptide in the native protein on the surface of the sporozoite. Antibodies raised against (NANG)4 in the same experimental conditions as (NANP)4, cannot recognize the peptide free in solution or bound to the solid phase. However, these antibodies can react with the peptide when it is linked to a protein carrier. The coupling of a glycine-containing analog to a carrier results in a significant shift in its conformation, allowing it to be recognized by the antibodies.

A combined therapeutic protocol for aseptic nonunion of the humeral shaft: a report of 25 cases

Twenty-five patients with aseptic nonunion of the humeral shaft, treated by a combined therapeutic procedure, are reported. The initial treatment of these 21 closed and four open fractures had been nonoperative in 21 patients and surgical in four. Seven further open procedures had been performed in four of these patients, also undergoing failure. The time period between the fracture and our treatment averaged 13 months (range, 6-46 months). A uniform therapeutic protocol, consisting of decortication, internal fixation with a broad, straight DCP ASIF plate and autologous cancellous bone grafting, was performed in all cases, supplemented with the use of surgical cement in one. Radiologic healing was achieved primarily in 24 patients in periods averaging 6 months and after renewal of the protocol in one patient. Followup averaged 35 months (range, 8-69 months): results were good in 21 patients.

Alexithymic characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled study

Forty rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients diagnosed by rigid criteria were evaluated for alexithymic characteristics using the Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire (BIQ) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). 40 healthy subjects matched with RA patients on sociodemographic variables served as controls. RA patients scored significantly higher on the BIQ and TAS compared to controls. The two scales correlated in the expected direction. Using the TAS cutoff score of 74 and above, 11 RA patients (27.5%) were identified as alexithymic. RA patients with greater functional impairment showed significantly higher alexithymia scores.

Lymphorrhea as postoperative complication of living donor nephrectomy: a case report

We report a case of lymphorrhea after living donor nephrectomy. Clinically the donor presented with an increased flow of a liquid characteristic of lymph, which was treated successfully with iodinated povidone. The possible pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the development of lymphocele following renal transplantation are discussed.

Evidence for auditory temporal distinctiveness: modality effects in order and frequency judgments

Two new, long-lasting phenomena involving modality of stimulus presentation are documented. In one series of experiments we investigated effects of modality of presentation on order judgments. Order judgments for auditory words were more accurate than order judgments for visual words at both the beginning and the end of lists, and the auditory advantage increased with the temporal separation of the successive items. A second series of experiments investigated effects of modality on estimates of presentation frequency. Frequency estimates of repeated auditory words exceeded frequency estimates of repeated visual words. The auditory advantage increased with frequency of presentation, and this advantage was not affected by the retention interval. These various effects were taken as support for a temporal coding assumption, that auditory presentation produces a more accurate encoding of time of presentation than does visual presentation.

Neonatal rat brain astroglial dipeptidyl peptidase II activity regulation by cations and anions

Astrocytic glial cells from neonatal rat brains were grown in primary culture. Dipeptidyl peptidase II (DPP-II) enzyme activity was measured in cells disrupted by nonionic detergent. The rate of enzyme activity was measured in the presence of various ions, under isosmotic conditions adjusted using mannitol and NaCl. DPP-II activity was not affected by the candidate metal co-factors (2 mM) Co2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, nor by the metal chelators EDTA and o-phenanthroline. However, selected cations (50 mM Cl- salts) significantly inhibited DPP-II activity compared to Na+ control; the relative inhibition ranking was Rb+ less than K+ less than Zn2+ less than Hg2+. Many test anions (50 mM Na+ salts) also inhibited DPP-II activity compared to Cl- control: SO4(2-) less than NO3- less than F- less than SO3(2-). Surprisingly, the anion S2O3(2-) was the only test agent which strongly stimulated activity. The data are consistent with the concept that specific ion species interact with the glial DPP-II enzyme to affect catalytic activity.

Regulation of actin microfilament integrity in living nonmuscle cells by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the myosin light chain kinase

Microinjection of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) into living fibroblasts or the treatment of these cells with agents that elevate the intracellular cAMP level caused marked alterations in cell morphology including a rounded phenotype and a complete loss of actin microfilament bundles. These effects were transient and fully reversible. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the changes in phosphoproteins from cells injected with A-kinase. These experiments showed that accompanying the disassembly of actin microfilaments, phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) increased and concomitantly, the phosphorylation of myosin P-light chain decreased. Moreover, inhibiting MLCK activity via microinjection of affinity-purified antibodies specific to native MLCK caused a complete loss of microfilament bundle integrity and a decrease in myosin P-light chain phosphorylation, similar to that seen after injection of A-kinase. These data support the idea that A-kinase may regulate microfilament integrity through the phosphorylation and inhibition of MLCK activity in nonmuscle cells.

Human intestinal brush border angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and its inhibition by antihypertensive Ramipril

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been identified as a prominent brush border membrane-bound enzyme of human jejunum. In this study, we purified brush border membrane vesicles enriched in ACE, and characterized the ACE with regard to (a) its stability in the membrane, (b) substrate hydrolysis kinetics compared with pulmonary endothelial ACE, and (c) pharmacologic interaction with Ramipril. These investigations resulted in the following findings. The uninhibited enzyme is stable in native membranes in vitro, with a half-life of 195 +/- 7 h. Kinetic analysis of ACE hydrolysis activity revealed the presence of a single enzyme species, which yielded a high Vmax and displayed a Km similar to purified ACE from lung endothelium. Brush border ACE was inhibited by Ramipril, one of the most specific and potent orally administered ACE inhibitors indicated for hypertension. We determined the brush border ACE value of IC50 = 3 X 10(-9) M Ramipril-diacid, which is the same value for serum and lung ACE. Brush border ACE remains 100% inhibited by 10 microM Ramipril during at least 8 days in vitro. The data indicate that ACE is a prominent jejunal brush border enzyme that behaves pharmacologically and kinetically like its peripheral circulation counterpart. This study suggests that high doses of orally administered ACE inhibitors may affect intestinal epithelial function.

Angiotensin converting enzyme in brush-border membranes of avian small intestine

Angiotensin converting enzyme activity was identified in brush-border membranes purified from the small intestinal epithelium of the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula. Angiotensin converting enzyme was enriched 20-fold in the membrane preparation, compared with intestinal epithelial cell scrapes, and was coenriched with the brush-border markers, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N. The kinetics of hydrolysis of N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-phenylalanylglycylglycine (FAPGG) gave a Vmax of 907 +/− 41 units g-1 and a Km of 55 +/− 6 mumol l-1. The avian intestinal angiotensin converting enzyme was inhibited by the antihypertensive drug, Ramipril, with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1 nmol l-1. In the light of previous studies on angiotensin converting enzyme in mammalian epithelia, these results may implicate a physiological role for angiotensin converting enzyme in regulating electrolyte and fluid uptake in bird small intestines.

Ramipril inhibition of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) small intestinal brush border membrane angiotensin converting enzyme

1. Rabbit small intestinal brush border membranes possessed prominent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity. 2. Intestinal ACE was located on the lumen surface, as verified by ACE co-enrichment with brush border membrane marker enzymes. 3. Hydrolysis kinetics of rabbit intestinal ACE were comparable to the lung, utilizing the substrate (N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-phenylalanylglycylglycine; the Vmax = 543 +/- 51 mumol/min/g and Km = 0.62 +/- 0.09 mmol/l. 4. Intestinal brush border ACE activity was strongly inhibited by the antihypertensive drug Ramipril, which yielded an IC50 value of 5 nmol/l; the ACE activity remained completely inhibited during 15 days after a single dose of 10 mumol/l Ramipril.

Epileptic psychosis: a retrospective study

The files of 60 cases who received a diagnosis of epileptic psychosis in the period 1980-1985 were reviewed. Unclassifiable psychosis and paranoid hallucinatory states were the most common presentations. Except for the gap between onset of epilepsy and psychosis, there were no other predictors of type of psychosis. Shorter psychotic episodes tended to be characterised by pressure of speech, inappropriate affect, generalised epilepsy and more past episodes. Memory deficits were more often associated with a longer gap between onset of epilepsy and psychosis, and the presence of hallucinations.

[Rapid differentiation of the 0:3 and 0:9 serovars of Yersinia enterocolitica by certain bacteriophages]

The sensitivity of some phenotypes of Yersinia to 7 phages isolated from lysogenic strains of Y. frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii and Y. intermedia was investigated. Among the strains involved in human pathology in Europe, Y. enterocolitica serovar O:3 was sensitive to 7 phages tested, while serovar O:9 was sensitive to all but one phage. Strains isolated from the environment, considered as non-pathogenic, were much less susceptible to the 7 phages. Based on these results, a new phage typing system which differentiates Y. enterocolitica O:3 and O:9 from the other Yersinia is proposed.

Differential gallbladder contractility in fundal adenomyomatosis: demonstration by cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy

The cholecystokinin cholescintigraphic findings of fundal adenomyomatosis in a 29-yr-old male with severe post-prandial pain are presented. Planar cholescintigraphy demonstrated a trilobed gallbladder contour. Following the administration of 0.02 micrograms/kg of cholecystokinin at maximal gallbladder filling, fundal dyskinesia was observed. Regional gallbladder ejection fractions were: whole gallbladder, 43%; proximal two-thirds of the gallbladder, 70%; and gallbladder fundus, 32%. First harmonic Fourier phase and amplitude images demonstrated: (a) decreased fundal amplitude values, and (b) a phase shift of the pixels in the gallbladder fundus.

Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in Uruguayan population by breath hydrogen test (H2)

This study of 200 Uruguayans between 0 and 86 years old was designed to determine the prevalence of lactose malabsorption. Lactose intolerance is defined as a clinical syndrome of abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, and bloating after the ingestion of a standard lactose tolerance test dose (2 g of lactose per kilogram of body weight or 50 g/m2 of body surface area, maximum 50 g in a 20% water solution). Lactose malabsorption refers to the state in which dietary lactose remains unhydrolyzed and subsequently unabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; symptoms may or may not result from lactose malabsorption. The technique of breath hydrogen (H2) was used after ingestion of 2 g/kg body weight to a maximum of 50 g in a 20% solution. There was no lactose malabsorption in children younger than 5 years old. The prevalence increases progressively after the age of 5, and in adolescence the percentage of malabsorption is similar to that in adults, who show 65% lactose malabsorption, with 25% asymptomatic and 40% intolerant. In 109 white adults, the prevalence of lactose malabsorption is 63%, with 24% asymptomatic and 39% intolerant. In 11 black adults, lactose malabsorption is 82%, with 27% asymptomatic and 55% intolerant. The difference between white and black adults is statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The H2 test is simple, reliable, noninvasive, and appropriate to study large populations.

Regulation of membrane turnover by ras proteins

Because ras oncogenes mediate abnormal cellular growth, ras proteins have been presumed to play a role primarily in growth control. The biological function of ras proteins may, however, prove to be much more diverse: ras proteins may be involved in cellular functions that control endocytosis and/or exocytosis.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-II activity in cultured astroglial cells from neonatal rat brain

Astrocytic glial cells in primary culture from neonatal rat brain possess prominent dipeptidyl peptidase-II activity. This enzyme has been previously isolated and purified from whole brain tissue. The glial enzyme characteristically hydrolyzed glycyl-proline-p-nitroanilide (GPN) substrate to release glycyl-proline dipeptide plus p-nitroaniline products. At the enzyme's optimal pH of 5.4, the activities of other tested amino exopeptidases were virtually zero. At pH greater than 8, activity was less than 2% of the activity at pH 5.4, which suggested a paucity of the related enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV. No competitive inhibition was observed for glycine, proline nor their permuted dipeptides. Glial dipeptidyl peptidase-II activity was strongly inhibited by Hg2+, while other redox sulfhydryl agents were ineffective. Tested cations did not affect activity, except K+ which was mildly inhibitory. Chelating agents were not inhibitory. Of the peptidase inhibitors tested, only phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and puromycin were partially inhibitory. We suggest that dipeptidyl peptidase-II may play a role in glial processing of brain peptides which possess an N-terminal penultimate proline residue.