Growth comparison of breast-fed and formula-fed infants

Growth during infancy was analyzed using data from a study in which groups of infants were fed breast-milk or one of three formulas: Good Start, Isomil, or Similac. After adjustments for size at birth and parental stature, growth was within the normal range for all feeding groups and there were few significant differences in growth between those fed different formulas. There was, however, some evidence that Similac was associated with larger gains in weight and that those fed breast-milk or Isomil had lower weights at ages older than two months. Additionally, at six months, recumbent length tended to be smaller in the Isomil group of boys and in both the Isomil and Similac groups of girls and larger in the Good Start groups of boys and girls.

Obesity in children and adolescents: development of predictive equations and their application to epidemiologic studies

Epidemiological studies of body fatness cannot be based on laboratory measures. One alternative is to analyze values related to body composition such as skinfold thicknesses, but it is better to apply an equation that accurately predicts a body composition variable. If an equation is to be developed, the choice of the dependent variable affects the selection of the independent variables to be tested for inclusion. The validation group should have a wide distribution of values for the dependent and independent variables. To develop an equation that works well on validation and with other groups, all possible sub-set regression should be applied, multicollinearity examined, and ridge and robust regression used if these are needed. An equation chosen from the literature should have been developed and tested by appropriate methods and it should be validated against data from a sub-group of the study sample.

Equations for predicting stature in white and black elderly individuals

In an anthropometric nutritional assessment, elderly individuals are frequently unable to assume the positions needed for many measurements. This is especially true for stature, which is affected by mobility and skeletal deformities, and as a result measurements may be unreliable and inaccurate. An alternative is to use a surrogate value of stature. We developed predictive equations using data from elderly subjects in Cycle I of the National Health Examination Survey (NHES). The developed equations were cross-validated using two separate independent and more contemporary samples of elderly White men and women. The possible predictor variables were knee height and buttocks-knee length in the men and knee height and age in the women. For both the men and the women, the majority of the variance in stature was accounted for by knee height. Selected equation models were cross-validated, and a single equation was recommended for each elderly group that included knee height rather than buttocks-knee length as predictor variables. This selection was based upon the performance of the equations, and also upon the practical ease of collecting the possible predictor variables. Included with the recommended equations are the RMSEs and the standard error for predicting stature for an individual (SEI). The successful application of the recommended equations with two recent sets of elderly persons indicates the current utility of the recommended equations in White elderly Americans.

The sit-up test: an alternate clinical test for evaluating pediatric torticollis

The sit-up test, a new evaluation method for differentiating between ocular and orthopaedic torticollis, was evaluated against the monocular occlusion test, using results of three-step testing for standardization. The study group consisted of 31 patients with torticollis between the ages of 4 and 12.5 years. Subjects were selected based only on their ability to cooperate with three-step testing. Three-step testing identified 27 of the 31 patients as having ocular torticollis, with the remaining 4 having an orthopaedic etiology. Sit-up testing correctly identified all 27 ocular torticollis patients, with no false positives or false negatives. Monocular occlusion testing detected at best 22 (81.4%) of the ocular torticollis patients, with no false positives.

Effects of dexamethasone on pulmonary function following extubation

Dexamethasone is often given to intubated neonates to facilitate successful extubation. To study the effects of dexamethasone on pulmonary function immediately following extubation, we conducted a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in 51 infants. All infants had been intubated for a minimum of 3 days but no more than 30 days. Mean weight at extubation was 2.41 kg in treated infants, 2.25 kg in control infants. When infants were deemed ready for extubation, dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg/dose or an equal volume of normal saline was given in three doses 8 hours apart. The final dose was given 1 hour before extubation. Esophageal pressure, air flow integrated to tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate, and heart rate were measured before extubation, immediately following extubation, and every 20 minutes for 80 minutes. Total pulmonary resistance (RTP), dynamic lung compliance (CL), and minute ventilation (VE) were calculated. Forty-two infants completed the study; 19 infants received dexamethasone and 23 received placebo. There was no difference between the two groups in gestational age, weight at study, or length of intubation. Vt, RTP, VE, and CL were not significantly different between the two groups over time; however, RTP increased over time in the placebo group. Heart rate was significantly lower in the dexamethasone group. We conclude that dexamethasone appears to have limited effect on pulmonary function immediately following extubation in the population studied. Further studies should evaluate the drug effect beginning at least 1 hour after extubation.

[The effects of dachengqi decoction, shaogan decoction, emodin and sennoside on the histamine level of intestinal mucosa in intestinally obstructed rats]

The experimental intestinal obstruction model was made by partly ligating the ileum in rat. The histamine levels of obstruction groups (8.14 +/- 2.28 micrograms/g) were obviously lower than those of control groups (P < 0.01). After administration of Dachengqi decoction, Shaogan decoction, emodin and sennoside, the levels of histamine were significantly higher than those of obstruction groups, but there were no significant differences as compared with control groups.

[Modification and expression of insecticidal protein structural gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai 7-29]

The regulative region (181bp) and the fifth toxic active domain (217bp) were removed from the insecticidal protein gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai 7-29. After the synthesis of the adaptor (15bp) that contains initiation codon (ATG) and the PCR synthesis of the fifth toxic active domain (229bp) that contains stop codon (TAA), were inserted into on 5' truncated and 3' truncated of the coding fod N-terminal peptid's DNA fragment, that to become a modified structural gene. The modified structural gene can be play initiatic translation-function and stop translation-function during translation of insecticidal protein. The insecticidal protein was determined by western blotting, showed the expression of modified structural gene in Escherichia coli JM 103. The bioassay of insecticidal proteins showed the 3' truncated and 5' truncated of insecticidal gene was higher toxic active than the 3' truncated of insecticidal gene in Escherichia coli JM 103.

Serial changes in blood pressure from adolescence into adulthood

High blood pressure is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease outcomes in adulthood. Furthermore, numerous longitudinal studies of blood pressure in childhood with length of follow-up from 1 to 17 years indicate that blood pressure levels track over the short term. This study addresses the question of the predictive value of childhood blood pressure readings for adult levels, using repeated blood pressure determinations from a sample of 501 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study, an ongoing cohort study in southwestern Ohio that began in 1929. A damped autoregressive model indicated tracking correlations from 0.39 (4-year intervals) to 0.24 (20 years) for systolic pressure and 0.37 (4 years) to 0.20 (20 years) for diastolic pressure. These results indicate that tracking of blood pressure persists from age 13 years to age 40 years, which translates into moderate levels of relative risk for adult hypertension (diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg) for adolescents with high normal blood pressure. The estimated relative risks of hypertension at age 35 for white 15-year-olds with a true mean diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg were 1.9 for males and 2.6 for females, relative to 15-year-olds with a true diastolic pressure of 60 mmHg.

[The relation between the seed germination and seedling development of Bletilla striata and Mycena osmundicola etc. fungi]

This paper reports the effects of Mycena osmundicola etc. fungi on the seed germination and seedling growth of Bletilla striata. The results showed that B. striata seeds are easily germinated under normal conditions and belong to a special type among Orchidaceae. Fungi promote cotyledon differentiation and growth, as well as rhizoid formation of B. striata protocorms after seeds are sown with fungi. A liquid extract mixture enhanced the percentage of seed germination, and carbinol extract notably accelerated differentiation and growth of the protocorm's cotyledon after seeds were incubated with the liquid extract of Mycena osmundicola-culture products.

[Determination of sugar components in wild and cultured sclerotia of Grifola umbellata (pers. ex Fr.) Pilat at different ages]

Our determination indicates that in both wild and cultured sclerotia of Grifola umbellata the contents of reducing sugar decrease with the growing years; the contents of Polysaccharide peak in the second year of growth; the contents of protein increase with the growing years; the contents of fat reaches maximum in the first year of growth; in cultured sclerotia ergosterol becomes highest in contents when the plant is two years old, while in wild sclerotia it remains lowest.

Simplified limbal incision for extraocular rectus muscle surgery

We describe a limbal incision for extraocular muscle surgery which involves only one incision to the conjunctival-Tenon's layer instead of the three separate incisions required in the standard limbal approach. Based on the 316 extraocular muscle operations in which we have used this one-snip procedure, we conclude that it is simpler and faster than the standard limbal incision, and that it provides good surgical exposure and probably less tissue damage.

Analgesia produced by pituitary ACTH and dopaminergic transmission in the arcuate

Analgesia (NAA) caused by nonacupuncture point (abdominal muscle) stimulation after lesioning the analgesia inhibitory system (AIS) or treating the subject with proglumide was abolished by hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy. The final sector of the NAA afferent pathway from the nonacupuncture point to the pituitary gland and the initial sector of the descending pain inhibitory system were found in the anterior and posterior arcuate nucleus (A-HARN and P-HARN), respectively. Analgesia caused by ACTH microinjected into the P-HARN disappeared after denervation of the A-HARN, but that caused by dopamine did not. Firing rates of P-HARN neurons were increased by nonacupuncture point simulation (NAPS) after lesion of the AIS or treatment with proglumide. The NAPS responsive neurons also responded to ultramicroinjected dopamine, but not to ultramicroinjected ACTH. Both NAA and NAPS responsive neuron activity that were abolished by hypophysectomy were restored by concurrent application of NAPS and intraperitoneal ACTH. Reduction of sodium ions due to adrenalectomy was found to abolish NAA. It was concluded that NAA production involves dopaminergic transmission in the HARN and ACTH acting presynaptically on this transmission.

[Studies on the effects of fungi on the course of seed germination of Dendrobium lohohens and Dendrobium candidum]

This paper reports the results of studies on the effects of fungi isolated from the protocorms of Orchidaceae on the course of seed germination of D. lohohens and D. candidum. The experiments revealed that these fungi could promote seed germination: the seed germination rate of D. lohohens was 20%, that of D. candidum was 64%, and that of control was zero. The changes of cell ultrastructure in the course of fungus-infected seed germination of D. candidum was also studied. After hyphae of M. osmundicola penetrate the embryo from the suspensor, organelles of embryonic cells infected with fungi will disappear. When the hyphae wall is thickened and enclosed by the embryo's, the hyphae will be digested and used as the source of nutrition for seed germination. Also, the metabolism of cells without infection, but adjacent to those cells penetrated by hyphae is enhanced.

[Da cheng qi tang on 45Ca content of the isolated colon smooth muscle from experimental colon obstruction rats]

Da Cheng Qi Tang (DCQT) is a classical prescription of Chinese medicine for treatment of acute intestinal obstruction. In this paper, the isolated colon smooth muscle from normal and experimental colon obstruction (CO) rats were used to study the effect of DCQT on 45Ca content. The results showed that the 45Ca content on isolated colon smooth muscle (microns/g wet tissue, mean +/- S) was 0.043 +/- 0.009 in the normal and 0.057 +/- 0.012 in those treated by DCQT respectively. The content of 45Ca in CO was higher than the normal, DCQT can reduce the content of 45Ca in CO. It is known that the higher level of intracellular CA++ is related to the formation and the development of acute intestinal obstruction. The inhibitory effect of DCQT on 45Ca content may play an important role in the treatment of acute colon obstruction.

[Effects of fungi and its liquid extract on seed germination of Dendrobium hancockii Rolf]

The experiment revealed that several species of fungi isolated from the protocorms of Orchidaceae notable promote the seed germination of Dendrobium hancockii. The seed germination rate amounts to over 20% when the seeds are incubated with fungi, but zero without incubation. Seed germination rate ranges from 40 to 70% when the incubation is affected in liquid extract of the cultural products of fungi, but the growth of protocorms and seedlings of Dendrobium hancockii is slower in liquid extract of fungi than on mycolia.

Preferred postoperative alignment after congenital esotropia surgery

A total of 117 patients with congenital esotropia who underwent muscle surgery were included in our study and were followed for a minimum of three years. Only those patients who were orthotropic or were within +/- 10 prism diopters (PD) of orthotropia six months postoperatively were included. Of the 117 patients, 101 patients (86%) remained orthotropic or within +/- 10 PD of orthotropia three years postoperatively, but 13 patients (11%) developed consecutive exotropia (greater than 10 PD). Five years after surgery, 17 of 68 patients (25%) had consecutive exotropia (greater than 10 PD). Our study demonstrates that despite satisfactory postoperative alignment, there is a steady progression towards exotropic drift over long-term follow-up. Our study also suggests that a preferred alignment shortly after congenital esotropia surgery is within 10 PD of esotropia since all of the patients who had consecutive exotropia (greater than 10 PD) were either orthotropic or exotropic (less than or equal to 10 PD) six months after surgery.

A modified extracapsular cataract extraction for pediatric cataracts

We present a modified procedure of extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with a small central posterior capsulectomy for pediatric cataracts that is designed to eliminate posterior capsule opacification and to keep open the option of later secondary implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. Of 76 study eyes in which the procedure was performed only three developed posterior capsule opacification. All seven control eyes that had standard ECCE with the posterior capsule left intact developed secondary membranes shortly after surgery.

[Determination of primary metabolic products of fungi promoting seed germination of Gastrodia elata Bl. and other Orchidaceae medicinal plants]

The contents of amino acids, protein, water-soluble sugar, reducing sugar and microelements in seven strains of seed-germination-promoting fungi were determined. It was found that the contents of primary products were different in these fungi. In the light of physiological characteristics of seed germination, the action mechanism of the products in promoting seed germination was discussed.

Visual acuity measurements by swept spatial frequency visual-evoked-cortical potentials (VECPs): clinical application in children with various visual disorders

Previous studies have indicated that visual acuities of normal infants can be estimated with good accuracy using swept spatial frequency visual-evoked-potentials (VECPs). In this report we describe acuity measurements obtained with this technique from 304 examinations performed on 135 children having various visual disorders. When possible, two or more different stimulation frequencies (8, 12, 15 or 24 contrast reversals/sec) were used in each patient, and three to eight sweep VECPs were obtained from each patient under each simulation and recording condition. High correlation coefficients (0.94 - 0.96) between the acuity estimated on each patient from either the single sweep giving the best visual acuity (BSS) or from vector averages (VeA) of the EEG data obtained from several sweeps confirmed previous findings in normal infants. We also found high correlation coefficients among BSS recorded at different temporal frequencies (0.79-0.97) and among comparisons of BSS or VeA acuity to optotype visual acuity (0.6-0.89). Children with clinically undetectable optokinetic responses showed lower visual acuity estimated by BSS than those who demonstrated optokinetic nystagmus. We conclude that the sweep VECP is a valid method, giving estimates of acuity which correlate well with optotype acuity and correspond well to other clinical findings, and that it can be useful in the clinical management of nonverbal patients.

Simultaneous surgery for bilateral congenital cataracts

In about one third of patients congenital cataracts are bilateral. If the cataracts are dense, and the patient an infant, bilateral simultaneous cataract removal reduces anesthetic risk, hospital stay, and cost and allows earlier optical correction. This study represents a retrospective survey of 32 eyes (16 cases) with simultaneous surgery for bilateral congenital cataracts. Bilateral simultaneous surgery can be performed to avoid a second general anesthesia in infants who have bilateral dense congenital cataracts.

Weight and recumbent length from 1 to 12 mo of age: reference data for 1-mo increments

Serial data from 504 infants were used to develop reference data for 1-mo increments in weight and recumbent length by fitting a family of three-parameter mathematical functions to the serial data for each individual. The percentiles for status and for increments tended to be larger for the boys than for the girls except for the lower percentiles of increments for weight after 9-10 mo and for recumbent length after 8-9 mo. These data can be used to assess growth in white or black infants whether they are breast-fed or formula-fed. These new data will allow earlier evaluation of growth velocity than the reference data for 3- and 6-mo increments that were available previously. This can lead to the earlier initiation of diagnostic procedures and treatment. The present data should be useful also in research studies.

Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the N-terminal coding region of the Spodoptera-active delta-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai 7.29

The nucleotide sequence of a 2711bp DNA segment which contains the N-terminal coding sequence and the 5' flanking region of a crystal protein gene (bta) from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai 7.29 has been determined. The coding region encodes an 824 amino-acid polypeptide corresponding to a carboxy-terminally truncated delta-endotoxin specifically active against the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the bta gene with that of the 4.5, 5.3 and 6.6 kb classes of lepidopteran-active delta-endotoxins revealed that the Bta sequence contains a very high level of amino acid substitutions in the N-terminal part of the protoxin molecule. The substitutions are grouped in several highly variable segments separated by highly conserved regions. These conserved domains are also present in the dipteran- and coleopteran-active delta-endotoxins. The control region of the bta gene shows considerable DNA identity with the control regions of the other lepidopteran-active genes. Deletions of the 3' region of the gene were carried out and the toxic fraction of the bta delta-endotoxin was identified with the N-terminal half of the molecule.

Reference data for head circumference and 1-month increments from 1 to 12 months of age

Serial head circumference measurements in 462 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study were used to develop reference data for ages 1 to 12 months. We used a three-parameter mathematical function to model the serial head circumference data for each individual and estimated head circumference at 1-month intervals. Reference data for selected percentiles of head circumference status and 1-month increments were calculated from the estimated head circumferences. These reference data are presented in tables and charts for use in testing hypotheses about group differences or to monitor changes within individuals.

Prediction of body weight for the nonambulatory elderly from anthropometry

Body weight is one of the most important measurements in assessing nutritional status. Weight is also an important variable in equations that are needed to predict caloric expenditure and in indexes of body composition. Equations to predict the body weight of nonambulatory elderly persons with known errors should make use of body measurements that are indexes of the actual constituents of body composition and that can be collected regardless of an elderly person's level of mobility. The study samples consisted of a validation sample of 228 ambulatory white elderly persons, a cross-validation sample, and a clinical-validation sample of nonambulatory white elderly persons. Equations to predict body weight in the validation sample were derived from recumbent measures of arm and calf circumferences, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, and knee height. The accuracy, sensitivity, and validity of the equations were independently tested in the cross-validation sample; mean signed differences in actual and predicted weight ranged from 0.1 to 1.8 kg. In the clinical-validation sample, the mean differences were larger. Prediction equations are presented using two, three, and four body measurements to allow the selection of an equation based upon those measurements that are possible to collect from a nonambulatory person on an individual basis.

An interactive computer program for the analysis of growth curves

An interactive FORTRAN program, MUDIFT, is presented. This program was designed to perform a multivariate distribution-free significance test for the comparison of growth curves. Such a test, not assuming functional forms of individual growth, has proved useful when the variety of observed growth curves was too broad to be represented by the family of growth functions and when there were incomplete observations. A numerical example illustrates the use of MUDIFT to analyze serial data pertaining to the measurable solid tumors in 20 mice treated with liposome incorporated muramyltripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine and a control group of 30 mice. The tumor volumes were recorded weekly for 10 weeks following initial entry into the research protocol. The test hypothesis was whether the tumors grew slower in the treated group than in the control group. The test statistic, an asympotically chi 2 statistic, was 7.312 with df = 2, which was significant at alpha = 0.05.

Therapy of autochthonous skin cancers in mice with intravenously injected liposomes containing muramyltripeptide

Liposomes containing the immunomodulator muramyltripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE) or free saline were injected i.v. into BALB/c mice with autochthonous skin cancers induced by chronic exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. Treatment with liposomes containing MTP-PE produced significant retardation in the growth of the primary autochthonous skin cancers and significantly prolonged survival of the treated mice as compared with the saline-treated controls. Since ultraviolet-irradiated mice have a defect in immunological recognition of their autochthonous tumors, the therapeutic effects of liposomes containing MTP-PE are very encouraging. These results suggest that liposomes containing MTP-PE could be used for the treatment of patients with skin cancer or other malignant diseases.