651
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Hopkins H, González IJ, Polley SD, Angutoko P, Ategeka J, Asiimwe C, Agaba B, Kyabayinze DJ, Sutherland CJ, Perkins MD, Bell D. Highly sensitive detection of malaria parasitemia in a malaria-endemic setting: performance of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification kit in a remote clinic in Uganda. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:645-52. [PMID: 23633405 PMCID: PMC3719898 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current malaria diagnostic tests, including microscopy and antigen-detecting rapid tests, cannot reliably detect low-density infections. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are highly sensitive but remain too complex for field deployment. A new commercial molecular assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was assessed for field use. METHODS Malaria LAMP (Eiken Chemical, Japan) was evaluated for samples from 272 outpatients at a rural Ugandan clinic and compared with expert microscopy, nested PCR, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Two technicians performed the assay after 3 days of training, using 2 alternative blood sample-preparation methods and visual interpretation of results by fluorescence assay. RESULTS Compared with 3-well nested PCR, the sensitivity of both LAMP and single-well nested PCR was 90%; the microscopy sensitivity was 51%. For samples with a Plasmodium falciparum qPCR titer of ≥ 2 parasites/µL, LAMP sensitivity was 97.8% (95% confidence interval, 93.7%-99.5%). Most false-negative LAMP results involved samples with parasitemia levels detectable by 3-well nested PCR but very low or undetectable by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS Malaria LAMP in a remote Ugandan clinic achieved sensitivity similar to that of single-well nested PCR in a United Kingdom reference laboratory. LAMP dramatically lowers the detection threshold achievable in malaria-endemic settings, providing a new tool for diagnosis, surveillance, and screening in elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hopkins
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
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652
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Marquis-Nicholson R, Prosser D, Love JM, Love DR. Gene Dosage Analysis in a Clinical Environment: Gene-Targeted Microarrays as the Platform-of-Choice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:51-62. [PMID: 27605180 PMCID: PMC5003480 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays2020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of gene deletion and duplication in the aetiology of disease has become increasingly evident over the last decade. In addition to the classical deletion/duplication disorders diagnosed using molecular techniques, such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Type 1A, the significance of partial or whole gene deletions in the pathogenesis of a large number single-gene disorders is becoming more apparent. A variety of dosage analysis methods are available to the diagnostic laboratory but the widespread application of many of these techniques is limited by the expense of the kits/reagents and restrictive targeting to a particular gene or portion of a gene. These limitations are particularly important in the context of a small diagnostic laboratory with modest sample throughput. We have developed a gene-targeted, custom-designed comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) array that allows twelve clinical samples to be interrogated simultaneously for exonic deletions/duplications within any gene (or panel of genes) on the array. We report here on the use of the array in the analysis of a series of clinical samples processed by our laboratory over a twelve-month period. The array has proven itself to be robust, flexible and highly suited to the diagnostic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Marquis-Nicholson
- Diagnostic Genetics, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland 1148, New Zealand.
| | - Debra Prosser
- Diagnostic Genetics, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland 1148, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer M Love
- Diagnostic Genetics, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland 1148, New Zealand.
| | - Donald R Love
- Diagnostic Genetics, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland 1148, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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653
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Xirogianni A, Tsolia M, Voyiatzi A, Sioumala M, Makri A, Argyropoulou A, Paniara O, Markoulatos P, Kourea-Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G. Diagnosis of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections with the Use of Multiplex PCR Assays. Diagnostics (Basel) 2013; 3:222-31. [PMID: 26835676 PMCID: PMC4665534 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics3020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of respiratory infections by molecular techniques provides important information about the epidemiology of respiratory disease, especially during the post-vaccination era. The objective of the present study was the detection of bacterial pathogens directly in clinical samples from patients with upper and lower respiratory tract infections using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays developed in our laboratory. Clinical samples taken over a three-year period (2007–2009) and obtained from 349 patients (adults (n = 66); children (n = 283)) with signs and symptoms of certain upper or lower respiratory tract infections, consisted of: bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL, n = 83), pleural fluids (n = 29), and middle-ear aspirates (n = 237). Overall, 212 samples (61%) were confirmed by culture and/or PCR. Among the positive samples, Streptococcus pneumoniae (mainly serotype 3) was predominant (104/212; 49.0%), followed by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) 59/212; 27.8%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (47/212; 22%). Haemophilus influenzae type b was detected in only three samples. The underlying microbiology of respiratory infections is gradually changing in response to various selective pressures, such as vaccine use and antibiotic consumption. The application of multiplex PCR (mPCR) assays is particularly useful since it successfully identified the microorganisms implicated in acute otitis media or lower respiratory tract infections in nearly 75% of patients with a positive result compared to conventional cultures. Non-culture identification of the implicated pneumococcal serotypes is also an important issue for monitoring pneumococcal infections in the era of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Xirogianni
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, National School of Public Health, 196, Alexandras Avenue, Athens 11521, Greece.
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou str, Larissa 41221, Greece.
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Thevon & Levadeias str, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Aliki Voyiatzi
- Penteli's Children's Hospital, Microbiology Laboratory, 8 Ippokratous str., Penteli, Attiki 15236, Greece.
| | - Maria Sioumala
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, National School of Public Health, 196, Alexandras Avenue, Athens 11521, Greece.
| | - Antonia Makri
- Penteli's Children's Hospital, Microbiology Laboratory, 8 Ippokratous str., Penteli, Attiki 15236, Greece.
| | - Athina Argyropoulou
- "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Microbiology Laboratory, 45-47 Ipsilantou Str, Athens 10676, Greece.
| | - Olga Paniara
- "Evaggelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Microbiology Laboratory, 45-47 Ipsilantou Str, Athens 10676, Greece.
| | - Panayotis Markoulatos
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou str, Larissa 41221, Greece.
| | - Jenny Kourea-Kremastinou
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, National School of Public Health, 196, Alexandras Avenue, Athens 11521, Greece.
| | - Georgina Tzanakaki
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, National School of Public Health, 196, Alexandras Avenue, Athens 11521, Greece.
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654
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Bettencourt C, López-Sendón JL, García-Caldentey J, Rizzu P, Bakker IMC, Shomroni O, Quintáns B, Dávila JR, Bevova MR, Sobrido MJ, Heutink P, de Yébenes JG. Exome sequencing is a useful diagnostic tool for complicated forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Clin Genet 2013; 85:154-8. [PMID: 23438842 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias constitute a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases encompassing pure and complicated forms, for which at least 52 loci and 31 causative genes have been identified. Although mutations in the SPAST gene explain approximately 40% of the pure autosomal dominant forms, molecular diagnosis can be challenging for the sporadic and recessive forms, which are often complicated and clinically overlap with a broad number of movement disorders. The validity of exome sequencing as a routine diagnostic approach in the movement disorder clinic needs to be assessed. The main goal of this study was to explore the usefulness of an exome analysis for the diagnosis of a complicated form of spastic paraplegia. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in two Spanish siblings with a neurodegenerative syndrome including upper and lower motor neuron, ocular and cerebellar signs. Exome sequencing revealed that both patients carry a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 15 of the SPG11 gene (c.2678G>A; p.W893X), which was not found in 584 Spanish control chromosomes. After many years of follow-up and multiple time-consuming genetic testing, we were able to diagnose these patients by making use of whole-exome sequencing, showing that this is a cost-efficient diagnostic tool for the movement disorder specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bettencourt
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center of Research in Natural Resources (CIRN) and Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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655
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Abstract
This case report describes the clinical and histopathologic features, including molecular confirmation, of fungal keratitis after intrastromal corneal ring segments placement for keratoconus. A 52-year-old woman underwent insertion of Intacs(®) corneal implants for treatment of keratoconus. Extrusion of the implants was noted 5 months post insertion and replaced. Three months later, monocular infiltrates and an epithelial defect were observed. The Intacs were removed and the infiltrates were treated with ofloxacin and prednisolone acetate. Microbial cultures and stains were negative. The patient demonstrated flares and exacerbation one month later. Mycoplasma and/or fungus were suspected and treated without improvement. Therapeutic keratoplasty was performed 10 months following initial placement of the corneal ring implants. The keratectomy specimen was analyzed by light microscopy and a panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay. A histopathologic diagnosis of Candida parapsilosis keratitis was made and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. One year postoperatively, a systemic workup of the patient was done with no signs of recurrence. This rare report of fungal keratitis following Intacs insertion is the first reported case of C. parapsilosis complicating Intacs implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A John Kanellopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Medical School, New York City, NY
| | - Ramon L Font
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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656
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Abstract
Taenia solium, T. saginata, and T. asiatica are taeniid tapeworms that cause taeniasis in humans and cysticercosis in intermediate host animals. Taeniases remain an important public health concerns in the world. Molecular diagnostic methods using PCR assays have been developed for rapid and accurate detection of human infecting taeniid tapeworms, including the use of sequence-specific DNA probes, PCR-RFLP, and multiplex PCR. More recently, DNA diagnosis using PCR based on histopathological specimens such as 10% formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and stained sections mounted on slides has been applied to cestode infections. The mitochondrial gene sequence is believed to be a very useful molecular marker for not only studying evolutionary relationships among distantly related taxa, but also for investigating the phylo-biogeography of closely related species. The complete sequence of the human Taenia tapeworms mitochondrial genomes were determined, and its organization and structure were compared to other human-tropic Taenia tapeworms for which complete mitochondrial sequence data were available. The multiplex PCR assay with the Ta4978F, Ts5058F, Tso7421F, and Rev7915 primers will be useful for differential diagnosis, molecular characterization, and epidemiological surveys of human Taenia tapeworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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657
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Bonatto N, Nogaroto V, Svidnicki PV, Milléo FQ, Grassiolli S, Almeida MC, Vicari MR, Artoni RF. Variants of the HNF1α gene: A molecular approach concerning diabetic patients from southern Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:737-40. [PMID: 23271932 PMCID: PMC3526079 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) presents monogenic inheritance and mutation factors which have already been identified in six different genes. Given the wide molecular variation present in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α gene (HNF1α) MODY3, the aim of this study was to amplify and sequence the coding regions of this gene in seven patients from the Campos Gerais region, Paraná State, Brazil, presenting clinical MODY3 features. Besides the synonymous variations, A15A, L17L, Q141Q, G288G and T515T, two missense mutations, I27L and A98V, were also detected. Clinical and laboratory data obtained from patients were compared with the molecular findings, including the I27L polymorphism that was revealed in some overweight/obese diabetic patients of this study, this corroborating with the literature. We found certain DNA variations that could explain the hyperglycemic phenotype of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naieli Bonatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nogaroto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo V. Svidnicki
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio Q. Milléo
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Hospital Vicentino da Sociedade Beneficente São Camilo, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Mara C. Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R. Vicari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto F. Artoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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658
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Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification techniques are commonly used currently to diagnose viral diseases and manage patients with this kind of illnesses. These techniques have had a rapid but unconventional route of development during the last 30 years, with the discovery and introduction of several assays in clinical diagnosis. The increase in the number of commercially available methods has facilitated the use of this technology in the majority of laboratories worldwide. This technology has reduced the use of some other techniques such as viral culture based methods and serological assays in the clinical virology laboratory. Moreover, nucleic acid amplification techniques are now the methods of reference and also the most useful assays for the diagnosis in several diseases. The introduction of these techniques and their automation provides new opportunities for the clinical laboratory to affect patient care. The main objectives in performing nucleic acid tests in this field are to provide timely results useful for high-quality patient care at a reasonable cost, because rapid results are associated with improvements in patients care. The use of amplification techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction or nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for virus detection, genotyping and quantification have some advantages like high sensitivity and reproducibility, as well as a broad dynamic range. This review is an up-to-date of the main nucleic acid techniques and their clinical applications, and special challenges and opportunities that these techniques currently provide for the clinical virology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cobo
- Microbiology Unit (Biotechnology Area), Hospital de Poniente. Ctra de Almerimar S/N, El Ejido 04700, Almería, Spain
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659
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Abstract
In the setting of infectious disease emergencies, rapid and accurate identification of the causative agent is critical to optimizing antimicrobial therapy in a timely manner. It is clearly evident that the age of molecular diagnostics is now upon us, with real-time PCR becoming the standard of diagnosis for many infectious disease emergencies in either monoplex or multiplex format. Other molecular techniques such as whole or partial genome sequencing, microarrays, broad-range PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and molecular typing are also being used. However, for most small clinical laboratories, implementation of these advanced molecular techniques is not feasible owing to the high cost of instrumentation and reagents. If these tests are not available in-house, samples can be sent to national reference laboratories (eg, Mayo Medical Laboratories and Quest Diagnostics) for real-time PCR assays that can be completed in 1 day. It is anticipated that over time commercial real-time PCR tests and instrumentation will become more standardized and affordable, allowing individual laboratories to conduct tests locally, thus further reducing turnaround time. Although real-time PCR has been proved to expand our diagnostic capability, it must be stressed that such molecular methodology constitutes only an additional tool in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in emergency situations. Phenotypic methodologies (staining, cultures, biochemical tests, and serology) still play a critical role in identifying, confirming, and providing antibiotic susceptibility testing for many microbial pathogens. As multiplex assays become increasingly available, there will be even greater temptation for taking a “shotgun” approach to diagnostic testing. These new technologies will not substitute for a proper history and physical examination leading to a thoughtful differential diagnosis. None the less, these new molecular tests increase the capability of the diagnostician to rapidly identify the microbiological etiology of an infection. An added advantage of rapid diagnostic tests often not emphasized is the capability to rule out certain diagnoses for which unnecessary antimicrobial therapy may otherwise be instituted and/or continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel K Krishna
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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660
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Ye W. Development of PrimeTime-Real-Time PCR for Species Identification of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952) in North Carolina. J Nematol 2012; 44:284-290. [PMID: 23481469 PMCID: PMC3547338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is an obligate, sedentary parasite that is a major pathogen of soybean and accounts for an estimated 1 billion dollars in production losses annually in the United States of America. This paper describes the development of a real-time PCR method for rapid, sensitive, species-specific and accurate identification of SCN alone or on mixed populations with other nematodes in North Carolina. The 83-bp DNA fragment of PrimeTime-real-time PCR was designed based on a 477-bp-SCN-SCAR marker previously proved to be SCN-specific. A total of 44 populations including cyst forming nematodes (Heterodera glycines, H. fici, H. schachtii, H. trifolii, Cactodera weissi, Globodera tabacum, Meloidodera floridensis and other unidentified cyst nematodes) and non-cyst forming nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci, Meloidogyne incognita and Xiphinema chambersi) were tested in this study, all SCN populations are tested positive and non-SCN populations negative. This assay for the detection and identification has been successfully applied for testing a single SCN cyst, a 2(nd)-stage-SCN juvenile, a single SCN egg, up to ten SCN cysts, a 10-fold dilution of a single 2(nd)-stage-SCN juvenile and 20-fold dilution of one SCN cyst. The assay is not SCN-race specific. It gave an accurate positive result when SCN is mixed with other cyst species. Also, nematode universal primers/probes for real-time PCR amplification as a nematode endogenous control to detect the presence of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were employed in this assay, so that a SCN-negative sample can be tested to exclude false negative. This method will be very useful for a broad range of research programs as well as the regulatory response and management of SCN in North Carolina and other region of the southeastern U.S.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Ye
- Nematologist, Section Chief, Nematode Assay Section, Agronomic Division, North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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661
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Sakurai A, Shibasaki F. Updated values for molecular diagnosis for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Viruses 2012; 4:1235-57. [PMID: 23012622 PMCID: PMC3446759 DOI: 10.3390/v4081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 strain pose a pandemic threat. H5N1 strain virus is extremely lethal and contagious for poultry. Even though mortality is 59% in infected humans, these viruses do not spread efficiently between humans. In 1997, an outbreak of H5N1 strain with human cases occurred in Hong Kong. This event highlighted the need for rapid identification and subtyping of influenza A viruses (IAV), not only to facilitate surveillance of the pandemic potential of avian IAV, but also to improve the control and treatment of infected patients. Molecular diagnosis has played a key role in the detection and typing of IAV in recent years, spurred by rapid advances in technologies for detection and characterization of viral RNAs and proteins. Such technologies, which include immunochromatography, quantitative real-time PCR, super high-speed real-time PCR, and isothermal DNA amplification, are expected to contribute to faster and easier diagnosis and typing of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Medical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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662
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Robinson M, Schache A, Sloan P, Thavaraj S. HPV specific testing: a requirement for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 6 Suppl 1:S83-90. [PMID: 22782227 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is now recommended as part of the work up for patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and those patients with cervical lymph node metastasis of unknown origin. The laboratory testing strategy should accurately assess the presence or absence of oncogenic HPV infection in routinely collected tumour samples that are subject to standard fixation protocols, alcohol-fixed cytological preparations and formalin-fixed tissue samples. The HPV status should correlate with biologically relevant outcome measures such as overall, disease-specific and disease-free survival. Whilst increased expression of p16 by immunohistochemistry is considered to be a surrogate marker of oncogenic HPV infection and is a validated independent prognostic biomarker, only HPV specific tests provide definitive evidence of the aetiological agent. We provide an overview of HPV testing in OPSCC, justifying the use of HPV specific tests. We examine the analytical accuracy of HPV specific tests against the 'reference' test--high risk HPV mRNA in fresh tissue--and contrast this with the performance of p16 immunohistochemistry as a stand alone test. We highlight the added value of HPV specific tests in prognostication, clinical trial design, and population-based disease surveillance. We consider that HPV specific testing is the starting point for developing increasingly informative biomarker panels in the context of 'stratified medicine'. We briefly frame test information in the context of disclosure of HPV status to patients. We conclude that only a testing strategy that includes HPV specific tests can deliver more effective care for patients with OPSCC. The international head and neck oncology community should work together to clearly define the minimum requirements for assigning a diagnosis of HPV-related OPSCC in order to ensure consistent reporting of this emerging and increasingly prevalent disease.
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663
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Gille J, Wallstabe S, Schulz AP, Paech A, Gerlach U. Is non-union of tibial shaft fractures due to nonculturable bacterial pathogens? A clinical investigation using PCR and culture techniques. J Orthop Surg Res 2012; 7:20. [PMID: 22607715 PMCID: PMC3489544 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-union continues to be one of the orthopedist's greatest challenges. Despite effective culture methods, the detection of low-grade infection in patients with non-union following tibial fracture still presents a challenge. We investigated whether "aseptic" tibial non-union can be the result of an unrecognized infection. METHODS A total of 23 patients with non-union following tibial shaft fractures without clinical signs of infection were investigated. Intraoperative biopsy samples obtained from the non-union site were examined by means of routine culture methods and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of 16 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Control subjects included 12 patients with tibial shaft fractures. RESULTS 23 patients (8 women and 15 men; mean age: 47.4 years) were included into this study. Preoperative C-reactive protein levels (mean: 20.8 mg/l) and WBC counts (mean: 8,359/μl) in the study group were not significantly higher than in the control group. None of the samples of non-union routine cultures yielded microorganism growth. Bacterial isolates were found by conventional culturing methods in only 1 case of an open fracture from the control group. In this case, PCR yielded negative results. 16 S rRNA was detected in tissue specimens from 2 patients (8.7%) with non-union. The analysis of these variable species-specific sequences enabled the identification of specific microorganisms (1x Methylobacterium species, 1x Staphylococcus species). Both PCR-positive patients were culture-negative. CONCLUSIONS The combination of microbiological culture and broad-range PCR seems to substantially add to the number of microbiological diagnoses obtained and may improve the clinician's ability to tailor therapy to the individual patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Gille
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Steffen Wallstabe
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Sportsmedicine, BG-Traumahospital Hamburg, Hamburg, 21033, Germany
| | - Arndt-Peter Schulz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Andreas Paech
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Ulf Gerlach
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Sportsmedicine, BG-Traumahospital Hamburg, Hamburg, 21033, Germany
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664
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Stuppia L, Antonucci I, Palka G, Gatta V. Use of the MLPA assay in the molecular diagnosis of gene copy number alterations in human genetic diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3245-3276. [PMID: 22489151 PMCID: PMC3317712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) assay is a recently developed technique able to evidence variations in the copy number of several human genes. Due to this ability, MLPA can be used in the molecular diagnosis of several genetic diseases whose pathogenesis is related to the presence of deletions or duplications of specific genes. Moreover, MLPA assay can also be used in the molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases characterized by the presence of abnormal DNA methylation. Due to the large number of genes that can be analyzed by a single technique, MLPA assay represents the gold standard for molecular analysis of all pathologies derived from the presence of gene copy number variation. In this review, the main applications of the MLPA technique for the molecular diagnosis of human diseases are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Giandomenico Palka
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
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665
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Cotar AI, Badescu D, Oprea M, Dinu S, Banu O, Dobreanu D, Dobreanu M, Ionac A, Flonta M, Straut M. Q fever endocarditis in Romania: the first cases confirmed by direct sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:9504-13. [PMID: 22272146 PMCID: PMC3257143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12129504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious, life-threatening disease with highly variable clinical signs, making its diagnostic a real challenge. A diagnosis is readily made if blood cultures are positive, but in 2.5 to 31% of all infective endocarditis cases, routine blood cultures are negative. In such situations, alternative diagnostic approaches are necessary. Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella spp. are the etiological agents of blood culture-negative endocarditis (BCNE) most frequently identified by serology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of molecular assays, as complementary methods to the conventional serologic methods for the rapid confirmatory diagnostic of Q fever endocarditis in patients with BCNE. Currently, detection of C. burnetii by culture or an antiphase I IgG antibody titers >800 represents a major Duke criterion for defining IE, while a titers of >800 for IgG antibodies to either B. henselae or B. quintana is used for the diagnosis of endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. We used indirect immunofluorescence assays for the detection of IgG titers for C. burnetii, B. henselae and B. quintana in 57 serum samples from patients with clinical suspicion of IE. Thirty three samples originated from BCNE patients, whereas 24 were tested before obtaining the blood cultures results, which finally were positive. The results of serologic testing showed that nine out of 33 BCNE cases exhibited antiphase I C. burnetii IgG antibody titer >800, whereas none has IgG for B. henselae or B. quintana. Subsequently, we used nested-PCR assay for the amplification of C. burnetii DNA in the nine positive serum samples, and we obtained positive PCR results for all analyzed cases. Afterwards we used the DNA sequencing of amplicons for the repetitive element associated to htpAB gene to confirm the results of nested-PCR. The results of sequencing allowed us to confirm that C. burnetii is the causative microorganism responsible for BCNE. In conclusion, the nested PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing is a reliable and accurate method when applied to serum samples, and it may be used as an additional test to the serological methods for the confirmatory diagnosis of BCNE cases determined by C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Ioana Cotar
- National Institute for Research in Microbiology and Immunology, Cantacuzino, Spl. Independentei 103, 050096, Bucharest, Romania; E-Mails: (D.B.); (M.O.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +40-021-306-9127; Fax: +40-021-306-9307
| | - Daniela Badescu
- National Institute for Research in Microbiology and Immunology, Cantacuzino, Spl. Independentei 103, 050096, Bucharest, Romania; E-Mails: (D.B.); (M.O.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Mihaela Oprea
- National Institute for Research in Microbiology and Immunology, Cantacuzino, Spl. Independentei 103, 050096, Bucharest, Romania; E-Mails: (D.B.); (M.O.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Sorin Dinu
- National Institute for Research in Microbiology and Immunology, Cantacuzino, Spl. Independentei 103, 050096, Bucharest, Romania; E-Mails: (D.B.); (M.O.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Otilia Banu
- Institute for Emergency Cardiovascular Diseases Prof. C.C. Iliescu, Sos. Fundeni 258, 022328, Bucharest, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Dan Dobreanu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplant Targu Mures, Str. Gheorghe Marinescu 50, 540136, Targu Mures, Mures, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Minodora Dobreanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Targu Mures, Str. Gheorghe Marinescu 38, 540139, Targu Mures, Mures, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Adina Ionac
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, Str. Gheorghe Adam, 13A, 300310, Timişoara, Timis, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Mirela Flonta
- Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases Cluj-Napoca, Str. Iuliu Moldovan 23, 400348, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Monica Straut
- National Institute for Research in Microbiology and Immunology, Cantacuzino, Spl. Independentei 103, 050096, Bucharest, Romania; E-Mails: (D.B.); (M.O.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
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666
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Barzon L, Lavezzo E, Militello V, Toppo S, Palù G. Applications of next-generation sequencing technologies to diagnostic virology. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7861-84. [PMID: 22174638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel DNA sequencing techniques, referred to as “next-generation” sequencing (NGS), provide high speed and throughput that can produce an enormous volume of sequences with many possible applications in research and diagnostic settings. In this article, we provide an overview of the many applications of NGS in diagnostic virology. NGS techniques have been used for high-throughput whole viral genome sequencing, such as sequencing of new influenza viruses, for detection of viral genome variability and evolution within the host, such as investigation of human immunodeficiency virus and human hepatitis C virus quasispecies, and monitoring of low-abundance antiviral drug-resistance mutations. NGS techniques have been applied to metagenomics-based strategies for the detection of unexpected disease-associated viruses and for the discovery of novel human viruses, including cancer-related viruses. Finally, the human virome in healthy and disease conditions has been described by NGS-based metagenomics.
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667
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Mitatha S, Moongfangklang N, Jalil MA, Suwanpayak N, Ali J, Yupapin PP. Multi-access drug delivery network and stability. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1757-64. [PMID: 21980238 PMCID: PMC3184935 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel design of a multi-drug delivery network and diagnosis using a molecular network is proposed. By using a pair of tweezers to generate the intense optical vortices within the PANDA ring resonator, the required molecules (drug volumes) can be trapped and moved dynamically within the molecular bus networks, in which the required drug delivery targets can be achieved within the network. The advantage of the proposed system is that the diagnostic method can be used within a tiny system (thin film device or circuit), which is available as an embedded device for diagnostic use in patients. In practice, the large molecular networks such as ring, star, and bus networks can be integrated to form a large drug delivery system. The channel spacing of the trapped volumes (molecules) within the bus molecular networks can be provided by using the appropriate free spectrum range, which is analyzed and discussed in the terms of crosstalk effects. In this work, crosstalk effects of about 0.1% are noted, which can be neglected and does not affect the network stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitatha
- Hybrid Computing Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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668
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Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB, Soloviev IV, Iourov IY. Molecular cytogenetic diagnosis and somatic genome variations. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:440-6. [PMID: 21358989 PMCID: PMC3018725 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793176010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human molecular cytogenetics integrates the knowledge on chromosome and genome organization at the molecular and cellular levels in health and disease. Molecular cytogenetic diagnosis is an integral part of current genomic medicine and is the standard of care in medical genetics and cytogenetics, reproductive medicine, pediatrics, neuropsychiatry and oncology. Regardless numerous advances in this field made throughout the last two decades, researchers and practitioners who apply molecular cytogenetic techniques may encounter several problems that are extremely difficult to solve. One of them is undoubtedly the occurrence of somatic genome and chromosome variations, leading to genomic and chromosomal mosaicism, which are related but not limited to technological and evaluative limitations as well as multiplicity of interpretations. More dramatically, current biomedical literature almost lacks descriptions, guidelines or solutions of these problems. The present article overviews all these problems and gathers those exclusive data acquired from studies of genome and chromosome instability that is relevant to identification and interpretations of this fairly common cause of somatic genomic variations and chromosomal mosaicism. Although the way to define pathogenic value of all the intercellular variations of the human genome is far from being completely understood, it is possible to propose recommendations on molecular cytogenetic diagnosis and management of somatic genome variations in clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Vorsanova
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii
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BERARDO A, MUSUMECI O, TOSCANO A. Cardiological manifestations of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. Acta Myol 2011; 30:9-15. [PMID: 21842587 PMCID: PMC3185833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorders (MRCD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that share the involvement of the cellular bioenergetic machinery due to molecular defects affecting the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). Clinically, they usually involve multiple tissues although they tend to mainly affect nervous system and skeletal muscle. Cardiological manifestations are frequent and include hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathies and heart conduction defects, being part of adult or infantile multisystemic mitochondrial disorders or, less frequently, presenting as isolated clinical condition. The aim of this review is to update the cardiological manifestations in both adult and infantile mitochondrial disorders going briefly over mitochondrial genetics. Cardiac involvement is a common feature associated with early and late onset forms of MRCD. In particular cases, these conditions should be considered into the diagnostic algorithm of idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Physicians strictly related with this disorders need to be aware of heart complications and therefore periodical cardiological examinations should be performed in such patients. Finally, therapeutic strategies are suggested to treat cardiac disorders in MRCD
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. TOSCANO
- Address for correspondence: Antonio Toscano, UOC di Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino",
via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Mitatha S, Moongfangklang N, Jalil MA, Suwanpayak N, Saktioto T, Ali J, Yupapin PP. Proposal for Alzheimer's diagnosis using molecular buffer and bus network. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1209-16. [PMID: 21822383 PMCID: PMC3148847 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel design of an optical trapping tool for tangle protein (tau tangles, β-amyloid plaques) and molecular motor storage and delivery using a PANDA ring resonator is proposed. The optical vortices can be generated and controlled to form the trapping tools in the same way as the optical tweezers. In theory, the trapping force is formed by the combination between the gradient field and scattering photons, and is reviewed. By using the intense optical vortices generated within the PANDA ring resonator, the required molecular volumes can be trapped and moved dynamically within the molecular buffer and bus network. The tangle protein and molecular motor can transport and connect to the required destinations, enabling availability for Alzheimer's diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitatha
- Hybrid Computing Research Laboratory, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Moongfangklang
- Hybrid Computing Research Laboratory, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - MA Jalil
- Ibnu Sina Institute of Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - N Suwanpayak
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Research Alliance (N’SERA), Advanced Research Center for Photonics, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Saktioto
- Institute of Advanced Photonics Science, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - J Ali
- Institute of Advanced Photonics Science, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - PP Yupapin
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Research Alliance (N’SERA), Advanced Research Center for Photonics, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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671
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Kabahuma RI, Ouyang X, Du LL, Yan D, Hutchin T, Ramsay M, Penn C, Liu XZ. Absence of GJB2 gene mutations, the GJB6 deletion (GJB6-D13S1830) and four common mitochondrial mutations in nonsyndromic genetic hearing loss in a South African population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:611-7. [PMID: 21392827 PMCID: PMC4303037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of mutations in the GJB2 gene, the GJB6-D13S1830 deletion and the four common mitochondrial mutations (A1555G, A3243G, A7511C and A7445G) in a South African population. METHODS Using single-strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing for screening GJB2 mutation; Multiplex PCR Amplification for GJB6-D13S1830 deletion and Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for the four common mtDNA mutations. We screened 182 hearing impaired students to determine the frequency of these mutations in the population. RESULTS None of the reported disease causing mutations in GJB2 nor any novel pathogenic mutations in the coding region were detected, in contrast to the findings among Caucasians. The GJB6-D13S1830 deletion and the mitochondrial mutations were not observed in this group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GJB2 may not be a significant deafness gene among sub-Saharan Africans, pointing to other unidentified genes as responsible for nonsyndromic hearing loss in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary I. Kabahuma
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Polokwane/Mankweng Hospital Complex, Polokwane, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Xiaomei Ouyang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Li Lin Du
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tim Hutchin
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Corresponding author at: Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, PO Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa. Tel.: +27 011 489 9214; fax: +27 011 498 9226. (M. Ramsay)
| | - Claire Penn
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Xue-Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Tel.: +1 305 243 5695; fax: +1 305 243 4925. (X.-Z. Liu)
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672
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Dutra RL, Pieri PDC, Teixeira ACD, Honjo RS, Bertola DR, Kim CA. Detection of deletions at 7q11.23 in Williams-Beuren syndrome by polymorphic markers. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:959-64. [PMID: 21808859 PMCID: PMC3129970 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS; OMIM 194050) is caused by a hemizygous contiguous gene microdeletion at 7q11.23. Supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation, overfriendliness, and ocular and renal abnormalities comprise typical symptoms in WBS. Although fluorescence in situ hybridization is widely used for diagnostic confirmation, microsatellite DNA markers are considered highly informative and easily manageable. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the microsatellite markers for the diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome, to determine the size and parental origin of microdeletion, compare the clinical characteristics between patients with different sizes of the deletion and parental origin. METHODS We studied 97 patients with clinical diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome using five microsatellite markers: D7S1870, D7S489, D7S613, D7S2476 and D7S489_A. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Using five markers together, the result was informative in all patients. The most informative marker was D7S1870 (78.4%), followed by D7S613 (75.3%), D7S489 (70.1%) and D7S2476 (62.9%). The microdeletion was present in 84 (86.6%) patients and absent in 13 (13.4%) patients. Maternal deletions were found in 52.4% of patients and paternal deletions in 47.6% of patients. The observed size of deletions was 1.55 Mb in 76/ 84 patients (90.5%) and 1.84 Mb in 8/84 patients (9.5%). SVAS as well as ocular and urinary abnormalities were more frequent in the patients with a deletion. There were no clinical differences in relation to either the size or parental origin of the deletion. CONCLUSION Using these five selected microsatellite markers was informative in all patients, thus can be considered an alternative method for molecular diagnosis in Williams-Beuren syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lelis Dutra
- Instituto da Criança, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
A variety of genetic and molecular alterations underlie the development and progression of colorectal neoplasia (CRN). Most of these cancers arise sporadically due to multiple somatic mutations and genetic instability. Genetic instability includes chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI), which is observed in most hereditary non-polyposis colon cancers (HNPCCs) and accounts for a small proportion of sporadic CRN. Although many biomarkers have been used in the diagnosis and prediction of the clinical outcomes of CRNs, no single marker has established value. New markers and genes associated with the development and progression of CRNs are being discovered at an accelerated rate. CRN is a heterogeneous disease, especially with respect to the anatomic location of the tumor, race/ethnicity differences, and genetic and dietary interactions that influence its development and progression and act as confounders. Hence, efforts related to biomarker discovery should focus on identification of individual differences based on tumor stage, tumor anatomic location, and race/ethnicity; on the discovery of molecules (genes, mRNA transcripts, and proteins) relevant to these differences; and on development of therapeutic approaches to target these molecules in developing personalized medicine. Such strategies have the potential of reducing the personal and socio-economic burden of CRNs. Here, we systematically review molecular and other pathologic features as they relate to the development, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, progression, and prevention of CRNs, especially colorectal cancers (CRCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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674
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da Silva SEL, Bonetti AM, Petrocelli A, Ferrari HF, Luvizotto MCR, Cardoso TC. Epidemiological aspects of astrovirus and coronavirus in poults in the South Eastern Region of Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:465-9. [PMID: 24031353 PMCID: PMC3769739 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822009000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of Turkey Coronavirus (TCoV) and Astrovirus (TAstV-2) prevalence was carried out from February to December during 2006 year in semiarid region of Brazil, from a turkey producer area, localized in South Eastern of Brazil. To asses the risk factor related to clinical material, climatic condition and type of RT-PCR applied, cloacal swabs (CS), faeces, sera, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus (TH) and spleen (SP) and ileum-caeca region were collected from 30-day-old poults suffering of enteritis episode characterized as poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS). The PEMS clinical features were characterized by watery to foamy faeces, light brown-yellow in colour and low mortality rate. Meteorological data (rainfall and relative humidity) observed during along the study presented monthly average temperature ranging from 39.3 and 31.2ºC, precipitation in rainy season from 40 to 270.3 mm/month, and no rain during dry season. Simplex RT-PCR gave odds ratio (OR) values suggesting that ileum-caeca region is at higher chance (OR=1.9; p=0.9741) to have both viral RNA than faeces (OR=1.5; p=0.7319). However, multiplex RT-PCR showed 3.98 (p=0.89982) more chance to give positive results in faeces than CS at dry season. The major risk factors seem to be low rate of humidity and high temperatures at winter, probably responsible for spread, easily, the TCoV and TAstv-2 among the flocks. The positive results of both virus suggested that they can play an important role in enteric disorders, associated to low humidity and high temperatures frequently found in tropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E L da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular , Uberlândia, MG , Brasil
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Sajja HK, East MP, Mao H, Wang AY, Nie S, Yang L. Development of multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and noninvasive imaging of therapeutic effect. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2009; 6:43-51. [PMID: 19275541 PMCID: PMC3108242 DOI: 10.2174/157016309787581066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive development. Nanometer-sized particles offer novel structural, optical and electronic properties that are not attainable with individual molecules or bulk solids. Advances in nanomedicine can be made by engineering biodegradable nanoparticles such as magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, polymers, dendrimers and liposomes that are capable of targeted delivery of both imaging agents and anticancer drugs. This leads toward the concept and possibility of personalized medicine for the potential of early detection of cancer lesions, determination of molecular signatures of the tumor by noninvasive imaging and, most importantly, molecular targeted cancer therapy. Increasing evidence suggests that the nanoparticles, whose surface contains a targeting molecule that binds to receptors highly expressed in tumor cells, can serve as cancer image contrast agents to increase sensitivity and specificity in tumor detection. In comparison with other small molecule contrast agents, the advantage of using nanoparticles is their large surface area and the possibility of surface modifications for further conjugation or encapsulation of large amounts of therapeutic agents. Targeted nanoparticles ferry large doses of therapeutic agents into malignant cells while sparing the normal healthy cells. Such multifunctional nanodevices hold the promise of significant improvement of current clinical management of cancer patients. This review explores the development of nanoparticles for enabling and improving the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, the potential of nanomedicine, and the development of novel and more effective diagnostic and screening techniques to extend the limits of molecular diagnostics providing point-of-care diagnosis and more personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Sajja
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Surgery and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Room C-4088, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; Tel: 404-778-4269; Fax: 404-778-5530;
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Okay TS, Yamamoto L, Oliveira LC, Manuli ER, Andrade Junior HFD, Del Negro GMB. Significant performance variation among PCR systems in diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis in São Paulo, Brazil: analysis of 467 amniotic fluid samples. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:171-6. [PMID: 19330240 PMCID: PMC2666456 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Performance variation among PCR systems in detecting Toxoplasma gondii has been extensively reported and associated with target genes, primer composition, amplification parameters, treatment during pregnancy, host genetic susceptibility and genotypes of different parasites according to geographical characteristics. PATIENTS A total of 467 amniotic fluid samples from T. gondii IgM- and IgG-positive Brazilian pregnant women being treated for 1 to 6 weeks at the time of amniocentesis (gestational ages of 14 to 25 weeks). METHODS One nested-B1-PCR and three one-round amplification systems targeted to rDNA, AF146527 and the B1 gene were employed. RESULTS Of the 467 samples, 189 (40.47%) were positive for one-round amplifications: 120 (63.49%) for the B1 gene, 24 (12.69%) for AF146527, 45 (23.80%) for both AF146527 and the B1 gene, and none for rDNA. Fifty previously negative one-round PCR samples were chosen by computer-assisted randomization analysis and re-tested (nested-B1-PCR), during which nine additional cases were detected (9/50 or 18%). DISCUSSION The B1 gene PCR was far more sensitive than the AF146527 PCR, and the rDNA PCR was the least effective even though the rDNA had the most repetitive sequence. Considering that the four amplification systems were equally affected by treatment, that the amplification conditions were optimized for the target genes and that most of the primers have already been reported, it is plausible that the striking differences found among PCR performances could be associated with genetic diversity in patients and/or with different Toxoplasma gondii genotypes occurring in Brazil. CONCLUSION The use of PCR for the diagnosis of fetal Toxoplasma infections in Brazil should be targeted to the B1 gene when only one gene can be amplified, preferably by nested amplification with primers B22/B23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Suely Okay
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Instituto da Criança, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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677
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Park J, Park B, Veeraraghavan N, Jung K, Lee YH, Blair JE, Geiser DM, Isard S, Mansfield MA, Nikolaeva E, Park SY, Russo J, Kim SH, Greene M, Ivors KL, Balci Y, Peiman M, Erwin DC, Coffey MD, Rossman A, Farr D, Cline E, Grünwald NJ, Luster DG, Schrandt J, Martin F, Ribeiro OK, Makalowska I, Kang S. Phytophthora Database: A Forensic Database Supporting the Identification and Monitoring of Phytophthora. Plant Dis 2008; 92:966-972. [PMID: 30769728 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-6-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora spp. represent a serious threat to agricultural and ecological systems. Many novel Phytophthora spp. have been reported in recent years, which is indicative of our limited understanding of the ecology and diversity of Phytophthora spp. in nature. Systematic cataloging of genotypic and phenotypic information on isolates of previously described species serves as a baseline for identification, classification, and risk assessment of new Phytophthora isolates. The Phytophthora Database (PD) was established to catalog such data in a web-accessible and searchable format. To support the identification of new Phytophthora isolates via comparison of their sequences at one or more loci with the corresponding sequences derived from the isolates archived in the PD, we generated and deposited sequence data from more than 1,500 isolates representing the known diversity in the genus. Data search and analysis tools in the PD include BLAST, Phyloviewer (a program for building phylogenetic trees using sequences of selected isolates), and Virtual Gel (a program for generating expected restriction patterns for given sequences). The PD also provides a customized means of storing and sharing data via the web. The PD serves as a model that easily can be adopted to develop databases for other important pathogen groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsun Park
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Kyongyong Jung
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University
| | - Jaime E Blair
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - David M Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Scott Isard
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | | | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Seong H Kim
- Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg 17110
| | - Matthew Greene
- Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center, North Carolina State University, Fletcher 28732
| | - Kelly L Ivors
- Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center, North Carolina State University, Fletcher 28732
| | - Yilmaz Balci
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506
| | - Masoomeh Peiman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Donald C Erwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Michael D Coffey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Amy Rossman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - David Farr
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Erica Cline
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | | | - Douglas G Luster
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702
| | | | | | | | | | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University
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678
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Eikje NS, Aizawa K, Sota T, Ozaki Y, Arase S. Identification and characterization of skin biomolecules for drug targeting and monitoring by vibrational spectroscopy. Open Med Chem J 2008; 2:38-48. [PMID: 19662142 PMCID: PMC2704584 DOI: 10.2174/1874104500802010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The article discusses the application of vibrational spectroscopy techniques for in vivo identification and characterization of glucose biomolecules monitored in the skin of healthy, prediabetes and diabetes subjects; for molecular characterization of water and proteins in in vivo monitored patch tested inflamed skin of the patients with contact dermatitis; for description of nucleic acids and proteins at the molecular level with progression to malignancy in skin cancerous lesions. The results of the studies show new possibilities to assess activity levels of glucose metabolism in the skin tissue of healthy, prediabetes and diabetes subjects; activity and severity of inflammation; activity of the processes of carcinogenesis with regard to benign, premalignant and malignant transformation. Based on our findings, we suggest that vibrational spectroscopy might be a rapid screening tool with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to identify and characterize skin biomolecules in described diseases for drug targeting and monitoring by the pharmacological community.
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679
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Nazarian R, Huizing M, Helip-Wooley A, Starcevic M, Gahl WA, Dell'Angelica EC. An immunoblotting assay to facilitate the molecular diagnosis of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 93:134-44. [PMID: 17933573 PMCID: PMC2242292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) comprises a constellation of human autosomal recessive disorders characterized by albinism and platelet storage pool deficiency. At least eight types of HPS have been defined based on the identity of the mutated gene. These genes encode components of four ubiquitously expressed protein complexes, named Adaptor Protein (AP)-3 and Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex (BLOC)-1 through -3. In patients of Puerto Rican origin, the molecular diagnosis can be based on analysis of two founder mutations. On the other hand, identification of the HPS type in other patients relies on the sequencing of all candidate genes. In this work, we have developed a biochemical assay to minimize the number of candidate genes to be sequenced per patient. The assay consists of immunoblotting analysis of extracts prepared from skin fibroblasts, using antibodies to one subunit per protein complex. The assay allowed us to determine which complex was defective in each of a group of HPS patients with unknown genetic lesions, thus subsequent sequencing was limited to genes encoding the corresponding subunits. Because no mutations within the two genes encoding BLOC-3 subunits could be found in two patients displaying reduced BLOC-3 levels, the possible existence of additional subunits was considered. Through size-exclusion chromatography and sedimentation velocity analysis, the native molecular mass of BLOC-3 was estimated to be 140+/-30 kDa, a value most consistent with the idea that BLOC-3 is a HPS1HPS4 heterodimer (approximately 156 kDa) albeit not inconsistent with the putative existence of a relatively small third subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nazarian
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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680
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Belák S. Molecular diagnosis of viral diseases, present trends and future aspects A view from the OIE Collaborating Centre for the Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Veterinary Medicine. Vaccine 2007; 25:5444-52. [PMID: 17224207 PMCID: PMC7115665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of transboundary animal diseases (TADs), e.g., foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and the highly pathogenic avian influenza strongly indicate the need for the development of powerful and robust new diagnostic methods. The experiences of an OIE-Collaborating Centre and of two EU project consortia are summarised on the diagnostic application of gel-based PCR, general PCR systems, phylogeny, molecular epidemiology, real-time PCR (TaqMan, Molecular Beacons, Primer-Probe Energy Transfer), amplification without thermocycling (Invader), multiplex PCR, nucleic acid extraction and pipetting robotics, automation and quality control, including internal controls. By following the steps of OIE validation, the diagnostic assays are nationally and internationally standardised. The development of padlock probes and microarrays, as well as ultra rapid PCR and sequencing methods is further improving the arsenal of nucleic acid based molecular diagnosis. Further trends of diagnostic development are also mentioned, in order to combat TADs and other viral infections more effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Belák
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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681
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Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) traditionally relies on smear microscopy and culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples. With recent advances in technology, there have been numerous efforts to develop new diagnostic tests for TB that overcome the low sensitivity and specificity and long turnover time associated with current diagnostic tests. Molecular biological tests based on nucleic acid amplification have brought an unprecedented opportunity for the rapid and specific detection of M. tuberculosis from clinical specimens. With automated sequencing analysis, species identification of mycobacteria is now easier and more accurate than with conventional methods, and rapid detection of mutations in the genes associated with resistance to TB drugs provides early information on the potential drug resistance for each clinical isolate or for clinical samples. In addition, immunological tests for the detection of M. tuberculosis antigens and antibodies to the antigens have been explored to identify individuals at risk of developing TB or with latent TB infection (LTBI). The recent introduction of commercial IFN-gamma assay kits for the detection of LTBI provides a new approach for TB control even in areas with a high incidence of TB. However, these molecular and immunological tools still require further evaluation using large scale cohort studies before implementation in TB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Nae Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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682
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Castillo P, Vovlas N, Azpilicueta A, Landa BB, Jiménez-Díaz RM. Host-Parasite Relationships in Fall-Sown Sugar Beets Infected by the Stem and Bulb Nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci. Plant Dis 2007; 91:71-79. [PMID: 30781069 DOI: 10.1094/pd-91-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stunted growth of fall-sown sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) associated with high incidence of crownroot infections and large soil infestations by Ditylenchus dipsaci were observed at the end of the crop growing season in southern Spain by early June 2005. The largest proportion (75%) of the nematode life-stages in plant and soil was the fourth-stage juvenile. The large number (up to 3,750 nematodes per gram of fresh tissue) of D. dipsaci individuals and severe anatomical alterations observed in storage sugar beet roots suggest that the stem and bulb nematode is the causal agent of the impaired growth of sugar beets observed in commercial fields. Observed morphological traits of nematode specimens and results of specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the population of D. dipsaci infecting sugar beet belongs to the normal (nongiant) biological type of the nematode. Results of host-range bioassays indicated that the population of D. dipsaci infecting sugar beet in southern Spain reproduces on pea (including seeds and pods), onion, potato, spinach, and tomato, but not on bean, cotton, maize, and tobacco. These results indicate that D. dipsaci may be an important constraint for sugar beet crops in the affected area, but also for other important crops commonly used in rotation with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castillo
- Institute of Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), P.O. Box 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nicola Vovlas
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Azpilicueta
- Newbiotechnic (NBT) S.A., Paseo Bollullos de la Mitación nº 6, Parque Industrial A-49 (PIBO), 41110 Bollullos de la Mitación, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Blanca B Landa
- College of Agriculture and Forestry (ETSIAM), University of Córdoba (UCO), Edificio C4- "Celestino Mutis", Carretera de Madrid Km 396, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain, and IAS-CSIC
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683
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Abstract
Serological markers are key elements in diagnosing acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and determining its possible evolution towards chronicity. Once treatment of chronic HBV is initiated with approved anti-hepadnaviral agents, such as lamivudine, interferon-alpha, or adefovir dipivoxil, the measurement of HBV DNA in serum can not only help monitor treatment efficacy but also indicates breakthrough infection should drug resistance emerge. Advances in the molecular diagnosis of drug resistance using highly sensitive methodologies such as DNA hybridization assays can further pinpoint the type of mutation responsible and, more importantly, detect upcoming viral resistance at an early stage when the variant represents only a minor fraction of the total viral population. Such new tools are especially relevant for patients at high risk for disease progression or acute exacerbation. Recent diagnostic developments including HBV genotyping and precore/core promoter assays that could well play important future roles in HBV patient management are also reviewed.
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684
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Brito J, Powers TO, Mullin PG, Inserra RN, Dickson DW. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis Isolates from Florida. J Nematol 2004; 36:232-240. [PMID: 19262811 PMCID: PMC2620774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of Meloidogyne mayaguensis is confirmed in Florida; this is the first report for the continental United States. Meloidogyne mayaguensis is a virulent species that can reproduce on host cultivars bred for nematode resistance. The perineal patterns of M. mayaguensis isolates from Florida show morphological variability and often are similar to M. incognita. Useful morphological characters for the separation of M. mayaguensis from M. incognita from Florida are the male stylet length values (smaller for M. mayaguensis than M. incognita) and J2 tail length values (greater for M. mayaguensis than M. incognita). Meloidogyne mayaguensis values for these characters overlap with those of M. arenaria and M. javanica from Florida. Enzyme analyses of Florida M. mayaguensis isolates show two major bands (VS1-S1 phenotype) of esterase activity, and one strong malate dehydrogenase band (Rm 1.4) plus two additional weak bands that migrated close together. Their detection requires larger amounts of homogenates from several females. Amplification of two separate regions of mitochondrial DNA resulted in products of a unique size. PCR primers embedded in the COII and 16S genes produced a product size of 705 bp, and amplification of the 63-bp repeat region resulted in a single product of 322 bp. Nucleotide sequence comparison of these mitochondrial products together with sequence from 18S rDNA and ITS1 from the nuclear genome were nearly identical with the corresponding regions from a M. mayaguensis isolate from Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, the type locality of the species. Meloidogyne mayaguensis reproduced on cotton, pepper, tobacco, and watermelon but not on peanut. Preliminary results indicate the M. mayaguensis isolates from Florida can reproduce on tomato containing the Mi gene. Molecular techniques for the identification of M. mayaguensis will be particularly useful in cases of M. mayaguensis populations mixed with M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica, which are the most economically important root-knot nematode species in Florida, and especially when low (<25) numbers of specimens of these species are recovered from the soil.
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685
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Abstract
The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas encompass a wide spectrum of hematologic neoplasms that exhibit different clinical and biological features. Lymphomas classically have been initially assessed based on their cytologic and histologic features. Morphology alone is often inadequate as similar appearing neoplasms may be immunophenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous. Molecular diagnostic methods can provide an additional level of testing that not only helps refine diagnoses but can provide prognostic information. New methods are being refined that may provide information to establish precise diagnostic profiles, provide targets for therapy and provide more sensitive methods for monitoring the success of treatment. Molecular methods will be increasingly utilized and eventually required as the accepted method of diagnosis and for monitoring the disease. Understanding of the molecular abnormality and the pathogenesis of the neoplasm hopefully will lead to therapeutic intervention aimed at the specific molecular defect or its product. The molecular pathology of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Krause
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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686
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), G(-248)A, in the 5' untranslated region of the BAX promoter and its association with reduced protein expression, progression beyond Rai stage 0, and treatment resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has been reported previously. AIM To develop a restriction enzyme analysis (REA) based method for routine detection of BAX promoter SNP in a clinical laboratory. METHODS The BAX promoter was analysed in duplicate by REA and sequencing in 90 samples (from 45 patients with CLL, 43 controls, and two cell lines). The promoter region was amplified, digested with restriction endonucleases (Aci I and Tau I), and separated by gel electrophoresis. RESULTS After digestion, the normal GG genotype samples produced three distinct bands. The homozygous AA replacement abolished the cleavage site, resulting in a single band. Although the heterozygous samples produced three bands, the two smaller visible bands were reduced in intensity (> 50%). The test characteristics of Aci I REA were better than those of Tau I REA, in terms of sensitivity (100% v 77.8%), specificity (98.6% v 92.3%), positive predictive value (95.03% v 87.4%), and negative predictive value (100% v 85.83%). CONCLUSIONS REA using Aci I is a highly sensitive and specific method for detecting the BAX G(-248)A SNP in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Moshynska
- Department of Pathology, Royal University Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 0W8, Saskatchewan, Canada
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687
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López-Granados E, Cambronero R, Ferreira A, Fontán G, García-Rodríguez MC. Three novel mutations reflect the variety of defects causing phenotypically diverse X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 133:123-31. [PMID: 12823286 PMCID: PMC1808739 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM1) (MIM musical sharp 308230), is a severe primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene coding for CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. The interaction of this protein with its ligand, CD40, mediates crucial processes in the immune response. The variety of defects that have been described in HIGM1 patients range from a complete lack of CD40L protein expression to missense mutations that interfere with its interaction with CD40L. In this study we describe three families - a total of seven HIGM1 patients and carriers, presenting a spectrum of severity in clinical evolution. In two of these families, patient DNA samples were available for genetic studies. In the third, carrier detection was performed on female family members. The results of immunological studies - the different patterns of CD40L expression and binding capacity as measured by flow cytometry - and molecular diagnosis are presented. Three novel mutations were identified: an intron mutation that partially interferes with the splicing process (intron 3, position + 5 G/T); a missense mutation (Ser222 Phe) located in the molecular region which interacts with the receptor and which abrogates binding capacity; and a 14 base pair deletion leading to a frameshift and a premature truncated mutation (del I 171 X 195). An attempt to correlate protein expression and function of the CD40L mutants with clinical disease evolution is described.
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688
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Chang YC, Ho CL, Chen HHW, Chang TT, Lai WW, Dai YC, Lee WY, Chow NH. Molecular diagnosis of primary liver cancer by microsatellite DNA analysis in the serum. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1449-53. [PMID: 12454776 PMCID: PMC2376295 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Revised: 09/04/2002] [Accepted: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent loss of heterozygosity of microsatellites markers on specific chromosomal region have been reported in various types of primary human cancer. The same loss of heterozygosity has also been identified in the matched plasma/serum DNA. Using 109 microsatellite markers representing 24 chromosomal arms, we have examined the loss of heterozygosity in 21 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, six of cholangiocarcinoma, and 27 cases of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. All cases of the hepatocellular carcinoma showed deletion from two to 10 chromosomal arms, while deletion of chromosomes from two to eight regions was detected in five of six cholangiocarcinoma patients. One or more loss of heterozygosity in the paired serum DNA could be detected in 16 of 25 (76.2%) hepatocellular carcinoma patients. In contrast, no alterations in serum DNA test could be found in cholangiocarcinoma patients. Five of seven (71.4%) hepatocellular carcinoma patients with alpha-fetoprotein levels less than 20 ng ml(-1) produced positive serum DNA test. The profiles of 19 microsatellite markers gave a 100% positive predictive value and an 80.8% negative predictive value for hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, we have determined a profile of microsatellite markers appropriate for differential diagnosis of primary liver cancer. The discovery may permit a high-throughput screening of hepatocellular carcinoma at an early stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan, Republic of China
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689
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Abstract
A one-step polymerase chain reaction (Heminested-PCR) was designed to target the 16S rRNA fragment simultaneously using a set of primers for the universal bacterial group and a Neisseria meningitidis species-specific sequence for diagnostic purposes. The diagnostic features of the Heminested-PCR were evaluated in the study of 168 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 84 patients with a N. meningitidis infection, meningitis caused by unrelated bacteria and other etiologies (57 patients), or suspicious cases (27 patients) with clinical symptoms of bacterial meningitis but with negative results from bacteriological procedures. About 90% of patients with bacterial meningitis, including those suspicious cases, had prior antibiotic therapy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values found in relation to culture and/or microscopy were 91.7, 100, 100, 100, and 90.5%, respectively. In patients suspected of having bacterial meningitis, the Heminested-PCR revealed 51.9% (14 patients) positive for N. meningitidis infection and 40.7% (11 patients) positive for unrelated bacterial infections. The agreement of the Heminested-PCR with culture and/or microscopy was high and ranked as almost perfect (kappa indices > 0.856), in contrast to its agreement with other techniques. These findings speak in favor of the molecular diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis in patients who are culture- and/or microscopy-negative, due to their prior antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Atobe
- Pharmaceutical Science Faculty, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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690
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Auerbach AD, Verlander PC, Brown KE, Liu JM. New molecular diagnostic tests for two congenital forms of anemia. J Clin Lab Anal 1998; 11:17-22. [PMID: 9021520 PMCID: PMC6760697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypoplastic anemias are a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders. This paper reviews new molecular diagnostic tests in two distinct forms of congenital anemias, anemia due to transplacental infection with B19 parvovirus and Fanconi anemia. In both instances, molecular assays making use of amplification of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction have been used to diagnose either a specific viral infection or gene mutation responsible for a disorder. Recognition of these entities has important prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Auerbach
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Hematology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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691
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Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma, one of the most malignant tumors of children and young adults, expresses specific chimeric genes, e.g. EWS-FLI-1, EWS-ERG, EWS-ETV1 and EWS-FEV. In this paper, we extensively characterized a new fusion gene, EWS-EIAF by means of whole cDNA sequencing, RNA blot analysis, DNA blot analysis and chromosomal analysis, and showed it to be available for the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma and to participate in the oncogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma. Furthermore, we conducted a genetic analysis of Ewing family tumors in conjunction with immunohistochemical analysis and ultrastructural analysis. Our results demonstrate some limitations of both genetic analysis and histopathological analysis, and establish the relationship between neurogenic phenotypes and chimera genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Urano
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo
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692
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Kanno H, Shuin T, Kondo K, Ito S, Hosaka M, Torigoe S, Fujii S, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto I, Kim I, Yao M. Molecular genetic diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau disease: analysis of five Japanese families. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:423-8. [PMID: 8641976 PMCID: PMC5921130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed deoxyribonucleic acids from blood samples of five Japanese von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease families (three familial cases, two new mutations) for the presence of VHL gene mutations by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Four of the five families showed germ line mutations in VHL gene, comprising 2 missense mutations, 1 deletion, and 1 splice-site mutation. Two families had VHL gene mutations at exon 1; 1 family at exon 3; and 1 family at the splice-site adjacent to exon 3. Presymptomatic patients were accurately diagnosed by these methods. However, one family did not show a VHL gene mutation in the germ line but showed a somatic mutation at exon 2 in the hemangioblastoma tissue. The consequence of the somatic mutation was a microdeletion leading to a frameshift mutation. Our study is the first report of VHL gene analyses of Japanese VHL disease families, and suggests that not only germ line mutation, but also somatic mutation can lead to development of a tumor associated with the VHL disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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