426
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Brown DA, Boysen ST. Spontaneous discrimination of natural stimuli by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 2000; 114:392-400. [PMID: 11149543 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.114.4.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were presented with pairs of color photographic images of 5 different categories of animals (cat, chimp, gorilla, tiger, fish). The subjects responded to each pair using symbols for "same" and "different." Both within- and between-category discriminations were tested, and all chimpanzees classified the image pairs in accordance with the 5 experimenter-defined categories under conditions of nondifferential reinforcement. Although previous studies have demonstrated identification or discrimination of natural categories by nonhuman animals, subjects were typically differentially reinforced for their responses. The present findings demonstrate that chimpanzees can classify natural objects spontaneously and that such classifications may be similar to those that would be observed in human subjects.
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427
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Higashida H, Brown DA, Robbins J. Both linopirdine- and WAY123,398-sensitive components of I K(M,ng) are modulated by cyclic ADP ribose in NG108-15 cells. Pflugers Arch 2000; 441:228-34. [PMID: 11211107 DOI: 10.1007/s004240000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The "M-like" current in NG108-15 cells has two components carried by different K+ channels: a fast-deactivating component, analogous to IK(M) in sympathetic neurones and carried by KCNQ2/3 channels, and a more slowly deactivating component carried by murine erg1 (merg1) channels. The former is selectively blocked by linopirdine (< or =10 microM), the latter by WAY123,398 (< or =10 microM). Bradykinin (100 nM) inhibited 76% of the KCNQ component of current compared with 12% of the merg component. Cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR, 2 microM), introduced via the patch pipette, caused a rundown of both current components. Acetylcholine (100 microM) inhibited 89% of the KCNQ component of current compared to 34% of the merg component. After 15 min of intracellular dialysis with the cADPR antagonist 8-amino-cADP ribose (100 microM), the inhibition reduced to 40% and 19% and after 30 min it was further reduced to 8% and 5% for the KCNQ currents and merg currents respectively. These data show that both KCNQ and merg currents in NG108-15 cells can be modulated by either bradykinin or M1 muscarinic receptors. The inhibition of the KCNQ current component is more pronounced than that of the merg component. These results suggest that cADPR might be involved in M1-muscarinic inhibition of both KCNQ2/3 and merg1 channels.
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428
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London E, Brown DA. Insolubility of lipids in triton X-100: physical origin and relationship to sphingolipid/cholesterol membrane domains (rafts). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1508:182-95. [PMID: 11090825 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4157(00)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The insolubility of lipids in detergents is a useful method for probing the structure of biological membranes. Insolubility in detergents like Triton X-100 is observed in lipid bilayers that exist in physical states in which lipid packing is tight. The Triton X-100-insoluble lipid fraction obtained after detergent extraction of eukaryotic cells is composed of detergent-insoluble membranes rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol. These insoluble membranes appear to arise from sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane domains (rafts) in the tightly packed liquid ordered state. Because the degree of lipid insolubility depends on the stability of lipid-lipid interactions relative to lipid-detergent interactions, the quantitative relationship between rafts and detergent-insoluble membranes is complex, and can depend on lipid composition, detergent and temperature. Nevertheless, when used conservatively detergent insolubility is an invaluable tool for studying cellular rafts and characterizing their composition.
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429
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Haley JE, Abogadie FC, Fernandez-Fernandez JM, Dayrell M, Vallis Y, Buckley NJ, Brown DA. Bradykinin, but not muscarinic, inhibition of M-current in rat sympathetic ganglion neurons involves phospholipase C-beta 4. J Neurosci 2000; 20:RC105. [PMID: 11050147 PMCID: PMC6772737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons express low-threshold noninactivating M-type potassium channels (I(K(M))), which can be inhibited by activation of M(1) muscarinic receptors (M(1) mAChR) and bradykinin (BK) B(2) receptors. Inhibition by the M(1) mAChR agonist oxotremorine methiodide (Oxo-M) is mediated, at least in part, by the pertussis toxin-insensitive G-protein Galpha(q) (Caulfield et al., 1994; Haley et al., 1998a), whereas BK inhibition involves Galpha(q) and/or Galpha(11) (Jones et al., 1995). Galpha(q) and Galpha(11) can stimulate phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta), raising the possibility that PLC is involved in I(K(M)) inhibition by Oxo-M and BK. RT-PCR and antibody staining confirmed the presence of PLC-beta1, -beta2, -beta3, and -beta4 in rat SCG. We have tested the role of two PLC isoforms (PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta4) using antisense-expression constructs. Antisense constructs, consisting of the cytomegalovirus promoter driving antisense cRNA corresponding to the 3'-untranslated regions of PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta4, were injected into the nucleus of dissociated SCG neurons. Injected cells showed reduced antibody staining for the relevant PLC-beta isoform when compared to uninjected cells 48 hr later. BK inhibition of I(K(M)) was significantly reduced 48 hr after injection of the PLC-beta4, but not the PLC-beta1, antisense-encoding plasmid. Neither PLC-beta antisense altered M(1) mAChR inhibition by Oxo-M. These data support the conclusion of Cruzblanca et al. (1998) that BK, but not M(1) mAChR, inhibition of I(K(M)) involves PLC and extends this finding by indicating that PLC-beta4 is involved.
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430
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Kittler JT, Delmas P, Jovanovic JN, Brown DA, Smart TG, Moss SJ. Constitutive endocytosis of GABAA receptors by an association with the adaptin AP2 complex modulates inhibitory synaptic currents in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 2000; 20:7972-7. [PMID: 11050117 PMCID: PMC6772725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Type A GABA receptors (GABA(A)) mediate the majority of fast synaptic inhibition in the brain and are believed to be predominantly composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. Although changes in cell surface GABA(A) receptor number have been postulated to be of importance in modulating inhibitory synaptic transmission, little is currently known on the mechanism used by neurons to modify surface receptor levels at inhibitory synapses. To address this issue, we have studied the cell surface expression and maintenance of GABA(A) receptors. Here we show that constitutive internalization of GABA(A) receptors in hippocampal neurons and recombinant receptors expressed in A293 cells is mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Furthermore, we identify an interaction between the GABA(A) receptor beta and gamma subunits with the adaptin complex AP2, which is critical for the recruitment of integral membrane proteins into clathrin-coated pits. GABA(A) receptors also colocalize with AP2 in cultured hippocampal neurons. Finally, blocking clathrin-dependant endocytosis with a peptide that disrupts the association between amphiphysin and dynamin causes a large sustained increase in the amplitude of miniature IPSCs in cultured hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that GABA(A) receptors cycle between the synaptic membrane and intracellular sites, and their association with AP2 followed by recruitment into clathrin-coated pits represents an important mechanism in the postsynaptic modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission.
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431
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Pratt JW, Williams TE, Michler RE, Brown DA. Current indications for left thoracotomy in coronary revascularization and valvular procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70:1366-70. [PMID: 11081900 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left thoracotomy is infrequently used for cardiac procedures, but its application in reoperative and minimally invasive coronary revascularization and in valvular procedures has been reported recently. METHODS Three case reports and a review of the current literature illustrate the unique benefits of this approach for myocardial revascularization and valve replacement. RESULTS Reoperative coronary revascularization of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries was performed off-pump via a left posterolateral thoracotomy. For the second case, this approach was used for coronary artery bypass grafting of the right coronary and left anterior descending arteries with femoral-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease who also required closure of a patent ductus arteriosus. In the third case, mitral valve replacement using femoral venous and aortic cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass was performed via a left thoracotomy to avoid a retrosternal gastric conduit in a patient with severe mitral stenosis and congestive heart failure. All patients returned to normal activity and are asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS These case reports and a comprehensive review of the literature demonstrate the utility of left thoracotomy as an alternative approach to standard median sternotomy in selected cases of revascularization and valvular procedures.
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432
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Sharma-Singh G, Brown DA, Pullen FS, Wright AG. Open access capillary electrophoresis. A walk up capillary electrophoresis service for the synthetic chemist. J Chromatogr A 2000; 888:219-27. [PMID: 10949488 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) system has been developed to provide routine purity information to support synthetic organic chemists. A single micellar electrokinetic chromatography system that produces good selectivity with short run times was developed. The instrument operating software has been modified to run separations in a custom open access mode. No expert knowledge of CE is required to run separations.
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433
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Jiménez LA, Thompson J, Brown DA, Rahman I, Antonicelli F, Duffin R, Drost EM, Hay RT, Donaldson K, MacNee W. Activation of NF-kappaB by PM(10) occurs via an iron-mediated mechanism in the absence of IkappaB degradation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 166:101-10. [PMID: 10896851 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.8957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate air pollution (PM(10)) is associated with exacerbations of respiratory diseases and increased cardiopulmonary mortality. PM(10) induces lung inflammation in rats, which has been attributed to many factors, including the ultrafine components of PM(10), endotoxins, and transition metals. In this study, we investigated in alveolar epithelial (A549) cells whether PM(10) could activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), a transcription factor stimulated in response to many proinflammatory agents. Our results show that PM(10) samples from various sites within the United Kingdom cause nuclear translocation, DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB in A549 cells. Furthermore, increased NF-kappaB activity was observed in the absence of IkappaB degradation. To evaluate the role of iron, A549 cells were exposed to PM(10) previously treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), deferoxamine mesylate, or deferoxamine plus ferrozine. PBS-treated and, to a lesser extent, deferoxamine-treated PM(10) were able to activate NF-kappaB, whereas this response was completely abrogated in cells exposed to PM(10) treated with both deferoxamine and ferrozine. Moreover, we studied the effects of soluble components of PM(10) on NF-kappaB activation by exposing alveolar epithelial cells to soluble fractions from PM(10) treated with PBS or the metal chelators. We found that, compared with fractions from PBS-treated PM(10) which activated NF-kappaB, fractions from PM(10) treated with deferoxamine and ferrozine did not stimulate NF-kappaB activity above background levels. Coincubation of polymixin B, an endotoxin-binding compound, and PM(10) did not inhibit NF-kappaB. In summary, PM(10) activates NF-kappaB in A549 cells by an iron-mediated mechanism in the absence of IkappaB degradation.
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434
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Brown DA, Filippov AK, Barnard EA. Inhibition of potassium and calcium currents in neurones by molecularly-defined P2Y receptors. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 2000; 81:31-6. [PMID: 10869697 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1838(00)00150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs and cDNAs for individual cloned P2Y(1), P2Y2 and P2Y(6) nucleotide receptors have been expressed by micro-injection into dissociated rat superior cervical sympathetic neurones and the effects of stimulating the expressed receptors on voltage-activated N-type Ca(2+) currents and M-type K(+) currents recorded. Both currents were reduced by stimulating all three receptors, with the following mean IC(50) values: P2Y(1) (agonist: ADP) - I(K(M)) 6.9 nM, I(Ca) 8.2 nM; P2Y(2) (agonist: UTP) - I(K(M)) 1.5 microM, I(Ca) 0.5 microM; P2Y(6) (agonist: UDP) - I(K(M)) 30 nM, I(Ca) 5.9 nM. Inhibition of I(K(M)) was voltage-independent and insensitive to Pertussis toxin; inhibition of I(Ca) showed both voltage-sensitive and insensitive, and Pertussis toxin-sensitive and insensitive components. It is concluded that these P2Y receptors can couple to more than one G protein and thereby modulate more than one ion channel. It is suggested that these effects on K(M) and Ca(N) channels may induce both postsynaptic excitory and presynaptic inhibitory responses.
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435
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Guo Q, Brown DA. Determination of the dynamic elastic moduli and internal friction using thin resonant bars. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2000; 108:167-174. [PMID: 10923881 DOI: 10.1121/1.429453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the data from the resonant-bar technique for determining wave speed and internal friction is presented. Internal friction has been included in the longitudinal and torsional wave equations and the analytical solution has been obtained. In determining the acoustical constants of lossy materials, a broad frequency spectrum is used that includes many resonances and not just data at or near the individual resonances. Corrections due to the mass, length, stiffness, and damping of the transducers are also presented. The theoretical solutions are compared with the measured magnitude and phase response data for torsional, longitudinal, and flexural measurements and are shown to be in good agreement.
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436
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relation between employment in motor vehicle manufacturing (MVM) and fatal prostate cancer. METHODS The study included 322 prostate cancer deaths occurring in 1973 through 1987 and 1,285 controls, selected from a cohort of 126,100 male MVM workers. RESULTS Men employed in casting operations had an odds ratio of 1.5 (95% CI = 1. 1-2.0). The association was consistent across casting facilities and was attributable primarily to work in core and mold making (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.2) and metal melting and pouring jobs (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0-3.6). Other results included ORs of 1.9 (95% CI = 1.0-3.7) for warehousing and distribution operations and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.2-3. 7) for electric and electronic equipment manufacturing. The latter two associations exhibited little internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS The relationships seen in this study were weak and may have been due to chance. Core and mold making and metal melting and pouring foundry operations entail potential exposure to metal dusts and fumes, to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and to other chemicals. However, associations between these exposures and prostate cancer have not been reported consistently, nor have other studies of foundry workers consistently noted an excess of prostate cancer.
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437
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Delmas P, Abogadie FC, Buckley NJ, Brown DA. Calcium channel gating and modulation by transmitters depend on cellular compartmentalization. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:670-8. [PMID: 10862699 DOI: 10.1038/76621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels participate in dendritic integration, yet functional properties of Ca2+ channels and mechanisms of their modulation by neurotransmitters in dendrites are unknown. Here we report how pharmacologically identified Ca2+ channels behave in different neural compartments. Whole-cell and cell-attached patch-clamp recordings were made on both cell bodies and electrically isolated dendrites of sympathetic neurons. We found not only that Ca2+ channel populations differentially contribute to somatic and dendritic currents but also that families of Ca2+ channels display gating properties and neurotransmitter modulation that depend on channel compartmentalization. By comparison with their somatic counterparts, dendritic N-type Ca2+ currents were hypersensitive to neurotransmitters and G proteins. Single-channel analysis showed that dendrites express a unique N-type channel that has enhanced interaction with Gbetagamma. Thus Ca2+ channels in dendrites seem to be specialized elements with unique regulatory mechanisms.
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438
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Abstract
The K(+) channels that generate the resting potential of mammalian neurons have been difficult to identify and characterize. Recent experiments on hypoglossal motoneurons and cerebellar granule cells suggest that the resting current in these neurons is carried by TASK-1, a member of the twin-pore family of K(+) channels.
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439
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Brown DA, London E. Structure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:17221-4. [PMID: 10770957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r000005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1761] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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440
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Haley JE, Delmas P, Offermanns S, Abogadie FC, Simon MI, Buckley NJ, Brown DA. Muscarinic inhibition of calcium current and M current in Galpha q-deficient mice. J Neurosci 2000; 20:3973-9. [PMID: 10818132 PMCID: PMC6772644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/1999] [Revised: 02/28/2000] [Accepted: 03/17/2000] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M(1) mAChR) inhibits M-type potassium currents (I(K(M))) and N-type calcium currents (I(Ca)) in mammalian sympathetic ganglia. Previous antisense experiments suggested that, in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, both effects were partly mediated by the G-protein Galpha(q) (Delmas et al., 1998a; Haley et al., 1998a), but did not eliminate a contribution by other pertussis toxin (PTX)-insensitive G-proteins. We have tested this further using mice deficient in the Galpha(q) gene. PTX-insensitive M(1) mAChR inhibition of I(Ca) was strongly reduced in Galpha(q) -/- mouse SCG neurons and was fully restored by acute overexpression of Galpha(q). In contrast, M(1) mAChR inhibition of I(K(M)) persisted in Galpha(q)-/- mouse SCG cells. However, unlike rat SCG neurons, muscarinic inhibition of I(K(M)) was partly PTX-sensitive. Residual (PTX-insensitive) I(K(M)) inhibition was slightly reduced in Galpha(q) -/- neurons, and the remaining response was then suppressed by anti-Galpha(q/11) antibodies. Bradykinin (BK) also inhibits I(K(M)) in rat SCG neurons via a PTX-insensitive G-protein (G(q) and/or G(11); Jones et al., 1995). In mouse SCG neurons, I(K(M)) inhibition by BK was fully PTX-resistant. It was unchanged in Galpha(q) -/- mice but was abolished by anti-Galpha(q/11) antibody. We conclude that, in mouse SCG neurons (1) M(1) mAChR inhibition of I(Ca) is mediated principally by G(q), (2) M(1) mAChR inhibition of I(K(M)) is mediated partly by G(q), more substantially by G(11), and partly by a PTX-sensitive G-protein(s), and (3) BK-induced inhibition of I(K(M)) is mediated wholly by G(11).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels, N-Type/drug effects
- Calcium Channels, N-Type/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11
- GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microinjections
- Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Pertussis Toxin
- Potassium Channel Blockers
- Potassium Channels/genetics
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1
- Receptors, Bradykinin/drug effects
- Receptors, Bradykinin/genetics
- Receptors, Muscarinic/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Superior Cervical Ganglion/cytology
- Superior Cervical Ganglion/drug effects
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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441
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Ting LH, Kautz SA, Brown DA, Zajac FE. Contralateral movement and extensor force generation alter flexion phase muscle coordination in pedaling. J Neurophysiol 2000; 83:3351-65. [PMID: 10848554 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of bilateral sensorimotor signals in coordination of locomotion has been demonstrated in animals but is difficult to ascertain in humans due to confounding effects of mechanical transmission of forces between the legs (i.e., mechanical interleg coupling). In a previous pedaling study, by eliminating mechanical interleg coupling, we showed that muscle coordination of a unipedal task can be shaped by interlimb sensorimotor pathways. Interlimb neural pathways were shown to alter pedaling coordination as subjects pedaling unilaterally exhibited increased flexion-phase muscle activity compared with bilateral pedaling even though the task mechanics performed by the pedaling leg(s) in the unilateral and bilateral pedaling tasks were identical. To further examine the relationship between contralateral sensorimotor state and ipsilateral flexion-phase muscle coordination during pedaling, subjects in this study pedaled with one leg while the contralateral leg either generated an extensor force or relaxed as a servomotor either held that leg stationary or moved it in antiphase with the pedaling leg. In the presence of contralateral extensor force generation, muscle activity in the pedaling leg during limb flexion was reduced. Integrated electromyographic activity of the pedaling-leg hamstring muscles (biceps femoris and semimembranosus) during flexion decreased by 25-30%, regardless of either the amplitude of force generated by the nonpedaling leg or whether the leg was stationary or moving. In contrast, rectus femoris and tibialis anterior activity during flexion decreased only when the contralateral leg generated high rhythmic force concomitant with leg movement. The results are consistent with a contralateral feedforward mechanism triggering flexion-phase hamstrings activity and a contralateral feedback mechanism modulating rectus femoris and tibialis anterior activity during flexion. Because only muscles that contribute to flexion as a secondary function were observed, it is impossible to know whether the modulatory effect also acts on primary, unifunctional, limb flexors or is specific to multifunctional muscles contributing to flexion. The influence of contralateral extensor-phase sensorimotor signals on ipsilateral flexion may reflect bilateral coupling of gain control mechanisms. More generally, these interlimb neural mechanisms may coordinate activity between muscles that perform antagonistic functions on opposite sides of the body. Because pedaling and walking share biomechanical and neuronal control features, these mechanisms may be operational in walking as well as pedaling.
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442
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Blake A, Miller WC, Brown DA. Adiposity does not hinder the fitness response to exercise training in obese women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000; 40:170-7. [PMID: 11034439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined how sedentary obese (OB) and normal weight (NW) women respond to exercise training; and if fitness levels of the OB and NW are comparable, in spite of differences in adiposity. METHODS Sedentary OB (n=46, 48.5+/-1.5 yrs, BMI=35.9+/-0.8; mean+/-SEM) and NW (n=43, 48.3+/-1.7 yrs, BMI=21.7+/-0.2) women participated in a 14-week fitness program. RESULTS There were no group differences in exercise adherence. No changes for either group were found for body weight or composition. Both groups improved similarly in aerobic fitness (VO2max), muscular strength (grip strength), muscular endurance (modified push-up), and flexibility (sit and reach). However, since norms for fitness are generally expressed relative to body weight (e.g. VO2max, ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); grip strength ratios), the OB women continued to be classified as unfit after exercise training, and categorized below the NW women in spite of having absolute scores for VO2max (OB=2.1+/-0.1, NW=1.8+/-0.1 l x min(-1)) and grip strength (OB=65.1+/-1.5, NW= 58.6+/-1.5 kg) that were higher than the NW women. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that OB women respond in a similar manner as NW women to exercise; that weight loss is not necessary for improved fitness; and that the OB are not less fit than the NW, but that low fitness scores for the OB are simply a reflection of the absolute scores being deflated because they are proportioned to body weight.
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443
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Bauskin AR, Zhang HP, Fairlie WD, He XY, Russell PK, Moore AG, Brown DA, Stanley KK, Breit SN. The propeptide of macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1), a TGF-beta superfamily member, acts as a quality control determinant for correctly folded MIC-1. EMBO J 2000; 19:2212-20. [PMID: 10811612 PMCID: PMC384362 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.10.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC-1), a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and activation associated cytokine, is secreted as a 28 kDa dimer. To understand its secretion, we examined its processing in MIC-1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mature MIC-1 dimer arises post-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by proteolytic cleavage of dimeric pro-MIC-1 precursor at a furin-like site. Unlike previously characterized TGF-beta superfamily members, MIC-1 dimers are also secreted in constructs lacking the propeptide. A clue to the function of the propeptide came from the observation that a range of proteasome inhibitors, including lactacystin and MG132, cause major increases in levels of undimerized pro-MIC-1 precursor. There was no effect of proteasome inhibitors on cells expressing mature MIC-1 without the propeptide, suggesting that the propeptide can signal misfolding of MIC-1, leading to proteasomal degradation. Deletion mutagenesis showed the N-terminal 28 amino acids of the propeptide are necessary for proteasomal degradation. This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of a quality control function in a propeptide domain of a secretory protein and represents an additional mechanism to ensure correct folding of proteins leaving the ER.
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444
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Filippov AK, Couve A, Pangalos MN, Walsh FS, Brown DA, Moss SJ. Heteromeric assembly of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 receptor subunits inhibits Ca(2+) current in sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci 2000; 20:2867-74. [PMID: 10751439 PMCID: PMC6772195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/1999] [Revised: 02/02/2000] [Accepted: 02/07/2000] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal GABA(B) receptors regulate calcium and potassium currents via G-protein-coupled mechanisms and play a critical role in long-term inhibition of synaptic transmission in the CNS. Recent studies have demonstrated that assembly of GABA(B) receptor GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 subunits into functional heterodimers is required for coupling to potassium channels in heterologous systems. However whether heterodimerization is required for the coupling of GABA(B) receptors to effector systems in neurons remains to be established. To address this issue, we have studied the coupling of recombinant GABA(B) receptors to endogenous Ca(2+) channels in superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons using nuclear microinjection to introduce both sense and antisense expression constructs. Patch-clamp recording from neurons injected with both GABA(B)R1a/1b and GABA(B)R2 cDNAs or with GABA(B)R2 alone produced marked baclofen-mediated inhibition of Ca(2+) channel currents via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. The actions of baclofen were blocked by CGP62349, a specific GABA(B) antagonist, and were voltage dependent. Interestingly, SCGs were found to express abundantly GABA(B)R1 but not GABA(B)R2 at the protein level. To determine whether heterodimerization of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 subunits was required for Ca(2+) inhibition, the GABA(B)R2 expression construct was microinjected with a GABA(B)R1 antisense construct. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in the levels of the endogenous GABA(B)R1 protein and a marked reduction in the inhibitory effects of baclofen on Ca(2+) currents. Therefore our results suggest that in neurons heteromeric assemblies of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 are essential to mediate GABAergic inhibition of Ca(2+) channel currents.
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445
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Filippov AK, Brown DA, Barnard EA. The P2Y(1) receptor closes the N-type Ca(2+) channel in neurones, with both adenosine triphosphates and diphosphates as potent agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:1063-6. [PMID: 10725253 PMCID: PMC1571956 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat P2Y(1) nucleotide receptor, the P2Y subtype abundant in the brain, was heterologously expressed in rat superior cervical ganglion neurones by micro-injection of the receptor cRNA or cDNA. ADP inhibited the N-type Ca(2+) current by 64%, with EC(50) 8.2 nM, an action blocked competitively by the P2Y(1) receptor antagonist adenosine 3', 5'-bis-phosphate (K(i) 0.7 microM). 2-Methylthio-ADP inhibited the Ca(2+) current likewise, but with EC(50) 0.57 nM, giving the highest potency reported therewith for P2Y(1). Significantly, ATP and 2-methylthio-ATP were also agonists, the latter again at a very high potency (EC(50) 2.5 nM). We propose that this neuronal receptor, when present in brain at a high density as at synapses, can respond to very low concentrations of ATP and ADP as agonists, and that this would result in inhibition of N-type Ca(2+) currents and hence can reduce transmitter release or increase neuronal excitability.
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446
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Jeffrey M, Halliday WG, Bell J, Johnston AR, MacLeod NK, Ingham C, Sayers AR, Brown DA, Fraser JR. Synapse loss associated with abnormal PrP precedes neuronal degeneration in the scrapie-infected murine hippocampus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2000; 26:41-54. [PMID: 10736066 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2000.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of neurones, synapses and axon terminals were quantified in a murine scrapie model with severe hippocampal pyramidal cell loss, in which definite clinical scrapie is evident from 226 days post-infection (dpi) and death occurs around 250 dpi. Disease-specific PrP accumulations were first seen at 70 dpi (28% of the incubation period (IP)) in thalamus and as sparse foci within the stratum pyramidale of CA1. By 98 dpi (39% IP), PrP was seen in the stratum radiatum and was found at later stages throughout all levels of the hippocampus. At the ultrastructural level in the stratum radiatum of CA1, a decrease in the numbers of simple synapses from 84 dpi (34% IP) and in perforated synapses from 98 dpi (42% IP) was found using an unbiased stereological method, the disector analysis. Degeneration of axon terminals was found from 98 dpi (39% IP) onwards. Neuronal loss was detected in CA1 from 180 dpi (72% IP). The results suggest that the fundamental lesion in the hippocampus of ME7-infected mice is associated with PrP release from CA1 pyramidal neurones, which perturbs synaptic function and leads to degeneration of preterminal axons, and that subsequent pathological changes including neurone loss are sequelae to this initial insult.
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447
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Hadley JK, Noda M, Selyanko AA, Wood IC, Abogadie FC, Brown DA. Differential tetraethylammonium sensitivity of KCNQ1-4 potassium channels. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:413-5. [PMID: 10711337 PMCID: PMC1571869 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In Shaker-group potassium channels the presence of a tyrosine residue, just downstream of the pore signature sequence GYG, determines sensitivity to tetraethylammonium (TEA). The KCNQ family of channels has a variety of amino acid residues in the equivalent position. We studied the effect of TEA on currents generated by KCNQ homomers and heteromers expressed in CHO cells. We used wild-type KCNQ1-4 channels and heteromeric KCNQ2/3 channels incorporating either wild-type KCNQ3 subunits or a mutated KCNQ3 in which tyrosine replaced threonine at position 323 (mutant T323Y). IC50 values were (mM): KCNQ1, 5.0; KCNQ2, 0.3; KCNQ3, > 30; KCNQ4, 3.0; KCNQ2 + KCNQ3, 3.8; and KCNQ2 + KCNQ3(T323Y), 0.5. While the high TEA sensitivity of KCNQ2 may be conferred by a tyrosine residue lacking in the other channels, the intermediate TEA sensitivity of KCNQ1 and KCNQ4 implies that other residues are also important in determining TEA block of the KCNQ channels.
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448
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Selyanko AA, Hadley JK, Wood IC, Abogadie FC, Jentsch TJ, Brown DA. Inhibition of KCNQ1-4 potassium channels expressed in mammalian cells via M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J Physiol 2000; 522 Pt 3:349-55. [PMID: 10713961 PMCID: PMC2269765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-2-00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1. KCNQ1-4 potassium channels were expressed in mammalian Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and currents were recorded using the whole-cell perforated patch technique and cell-attached patch recording. 2. Stimulation of M1 receptors by 10 microM oxotremorine-M (Oxo-M) strongly reduced (to 0-10%) currents produced by KCNQ1-4 subunits expressed individually and also those produced by KCNQ2 + KCNQ3 and KCNQ1 + KCNE1 heteromers, which are thought to generate neuronal M-currents (IK,M) and cardiac slow delayed rectifier currents (IK,s), respectively. 3. The activity of KCNQ2 + KCNQ3, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 channels recorded with cell-attached pipettes was strongly and reversibly reduced by Oxo-M applied to the extra-patch membrane. 4. It is concluded that M1 receptors couple to all known KCNQ subunits and that inhibition of KCNQ2 + KCNQ3 channels, like that of native M-channels, requires a diffusible second messenger.
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Abstract
Domains rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol, or rafts, may organize signal transduction complexes at the plasma membrane. Raft lipids are believed to exist in a state similar to the liquid-ordered phase. It has been proposed that proteins with a high affinity for an ordered lipid environment will preferentially partition into rafts (Melkonian, K. A., Ostermeyer, A. G., Chen, J. Z., Roth, M. G., and Brown, D. A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 3910-3917). We investigated the possibility that lipid-lipid interactions between lipid-modified proteins and raft lipids mediate targeting of proteins to these domains. G protein monomers or trimers were reconstituted in liposomes, engineered to mimic raft domains. Assay for partitioning of G proteins into rafts was based on Triton X-100 insolubility. Myristoylation and palmitoylation of Galpha(i) were necessary and sufficient for association with liposomes and partitioning into rafts. Strikingly, the amount of fatty-acylated Galpha(i) in rafts was significantly reduced when myristoylated Galpha(i) was thioacylated with cis-unsaturated fatty acids instead of saturated fatty acids such as palmitate. Prenylated betagamma subunits were excluded from rafts, whether reconstituted alone or with fatty-acylated alpha subunits. These results suggest that the structural difference between lipids that modify proteins is one basis for the selectivity of protein targeting to rafts.
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450
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Singer MJ, Podyminogin MA, Metcalf MA, Reed MW, Brown DA, Gamper HB, Meyer RB, Wydro RM. Targeted mutagenesis of DNA with alkylating RecA assisted oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:e38. [PMID: 10572190 PMCID: PMC148761 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.24.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific mutation was demonstrated in a shuttle vector system using nitrogen mustard-conjugated oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs). Plasmid DNA was modified in vitro by ODNs containing all four DNA bases in the presence of Escherichia coli RecA protein. Up to 50% of plasmid molecules were alkylated in the targeted region of the supF gene and mutations resulted upon replication in mammalian cells. ODNs conjugated with either two chlorambucil moieties or a novel tetrafunctional mustard caused interstrand crosslinks in the target DNA and were more mutagenic than ODNs that caused only monoadducts.
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