Individual Subject Approaches to Mapping Sensory-Biased and Multiple-Demand Regions in Human Frontal Cortex

Sensory modality, widely accepted as a key factor in the functional organization of posterior cortical areas, also shapes the organization of human frontal lobes. 'Deep imaging,' or the practice of collecting a sizable amount of data on individual subjects, offers significant advantages in revealing fine-scale aspects of functional organization of the human brain. Here, we review deep imaging approaches to mapping multiple sensory-biased and multiple-demand regions within human lateral frontal cortex. In addition, we discuss how deep imaging methods can be transferred to large public data sets to further extend functional mapping at the group level. We also review how 'connectome fingerprinting' approaches, combined with deep imaging, can be used to localize fine-grained functional organization in individual subjects using resting-state data. Finally, we summarize current 'best practices' for deep imaging.

The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation in improving visual and auditory attention in ischemic stroke patients

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a cognitive rehabilitation program in improving the visual and auditory attention performance in stroke patients. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up design and control group. Twenty ischemic stroke patients with attention disorder were randomly classified into experimental and control groups. Cognitive evaluation of patients, including pre-intervention, immediately and 6 weeks after the intervention, was performed by the IVA + Plus (Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test). The experimental group received a cognitive rehabilitation program as 1-h sessions per week for 8 weeks, but the control group received no intervention. The results indicated significant effects of a cognitive rehabilitation program on the auditory (p = 0.002) and visual (p = 0.009) attention as well as the 6-week follow-up after the intervention, and it improved visual and auditory attention in stroke patients in the experimental group. The effectiveness of a cognitive rehabilitation program improved attention performance in stroke patients and had a positive effect on visual and auditory attention performance in ischemic stroke patients.

Sinusoidal analysis reveals a non-linear and dopamine-dependent relationship between ambient illumination and motor activity in larval zebrafish

Larval zebrafish show stereotyped motor responses to changes in ambient illumination. The responses can be evaluated in 96-well plates, and are used widely to assess neurological function in zebrafish models. However, the square-wave (on/off) light stimuli commonly employed in these studies do not allow analysis of the relationship between motor activity and illumination intensity or its rate of change. To address this limitation, we measured larval zebrafish motor function while ambient illumination was modulated sinusoidally. Motor activity varied robustly and reproducibly in antiphase with illumination. The relationship between mean swimming speed (dependent variable) and illuminance (independent variable) was described most closely by a power function, and was influenced dynamically by the proportional rate of change of illuminance. Several predictions from this model were verified experimentally by testing responses to sinusoidal illumination waveforms that were amplitude-, phase-, or offset-modulated, or transformed by a power function. At concentrations ≤5 μM, the dopamine D2 receptor inverse agonist haloperidol selectively abrogated the motor response to decreasing Illuminance without altering baseline activity in bright light, suggesting that dopamine is essential for illuminance-dependent motor function. These data contribute to understanding the environmental determinants of motor activity in zebrafish larvae, suggest experimental opportunities to elucidate underlying neural mechanisms, and potentially provide an assay of dopaminergic function for chemical and genetic screening applications.

Benefits and pitfalls of data compression in visual working memory

Data compression in memory is a cognitive process allowing participants to cope with complexity to reduce information load. However, previous studies have not yet considered the hypothesis that this process could also lead to over-simplifying information due to haphazard amplification of the compression process itself. For instance, we could expect that the over-regularized features of a visual scene could produce false recognition of patterns, not because of storage capacity limits but because of an errant compression process. To prompt memory compression in our participants, we used multielement visual displays for which the underlying information varied in compressibility. The compressibility of our material could vary depending on the number of common features between the multi-dimensional objects in the displays. We measured both accuracy and response times by probing memory representations with probes that we hypothesized could modify the participants' representations. We confirm that more compressible information facilitates performance, but a more novel finding is that compression can produce both typical memory errors and lengthened response times. Our findings provide clearer evidence of the forms of compression that participants carry out.

A colorimetric sensing platform for azodicarbonamide detection in flour based on MnO2 nanosheets oxidative system

Azodicarbonamide (ADA), as a dough conditioner food additive in flour, can be turned into toxic biurea and semicarbazide after high temperature processing. Hence, the using of ADA in food material should be strictly controlled, and the detection of ADA is very important for consumers' safety and health. Herein, a simple and fast colorimetric strategy has been developed for ADA detection based on the MnO₂ nanosheets-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-glutathione (GSH) as oxidative sensing system (MnO₂-TMB-GSH). Since the ADA can selectively react with GSH via oxidizing the sulfydryl (-SH) group of GSH to disulfide bond (S-S), which makes GSH unable to reduce MnO₂ nanosheets and restore its oxidase-like activity. The absorbance changes of the TMB solution depended on ADA content. The MnO₂-TMB-GSH colorimetric platform can detect the ADA with a linear range of 10 μmol L^-1 (11.6 ppm) to 400 μmol L^-1 (464 ppm), and the limit of detection (LOD) is 3.3 μmol L^-1 (3.51 ppm). Some potential interferences in real sample were tested and did not affect the MnO₂-TMB-GSH colorimetric platform for ADA detection. Furthermore, the sensing platform was applied for detecting ADA in real flour sample with a recovery of 96%-105% (RSD < 5%). This colorimetric method can effectively and rapidly detect ADA additives in flour less than the prescribed standard (45 mg kg^-1), which shows a great potential for visualization analysis and on-site detection of ADA in flour. A simple and fast colorimetric strategy has been developed for azodicarbonamide (ADA) detection based on the MnO₂ nanosheets-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-glutathione (GSH) as oxidative sensing system (MnO₂-TMB-GSH).

Neurosurgical experience of managing optic pathway gliomas

BACKGROUND

Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs), also known as visual pathway gliomas, are debilitating tumors that account for 3-5% of all pediatric brain tumors. They are most commonly WHO grade 1 pilocytic astrocytomas and frequently occur in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. The location of these tumors results in visual loss and blindness, endocrine and hypothalamic dysfunction, hydrocephalus, and premature death. Their involvement of the visual pathways and proximity to other eloquent brain structures typically precludes complete resection or optimal radiation dosing without incurring significant neurological injury. There are various surgical interventions that can be performed in relation to these lesions including biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid diversion, and partial or radical resection, but their role is a source of debate. This study catalogues our surgical experience and patient outcomes in order to support decision-making in this challenging pathology.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all cases of OPGs treated in a single center from July 1990 to July 2020. Data was collected on patient demographics, radiographic findings, pathology, and management including surgical interventions. Outcome data included survival, visual function, endocrine, and hypothalamic dysfunction.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty-one patients with OPG were identified, and 50 of these patients underwent a total of 104 surgical procedures. These included biopsy (31), subtotal or gross total resection (20 operations in 17 patients), cyst drainage (17), Ommaya reservoir insertion (9), or cerebrospinal fluid diversion (27). During the study period, there was 6% overall mortality, 18% hypothalamic dysfunction, 20% endocrine dysfunction, and 42% had some cognitive dysfunction. At diagnosis 75% of patients had good or moderate visual function in at least one eye, and overall, this improved to 83% at the end of the study period. In comparison the worst eye had good or moderate visual function in 56%, and this reduced to 53%. Baseline and final visual function were poorer in patients who had a surgical resection, but improvements in vision were still found-particularly in the best eye.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

OPG are debilitating childhood tumor that have lifelong consequences in terms of visual function and endocrinopathies/hypothalamic dysfunction; this can result in substantial patient morbidity. Decisions regarding management and the role of surgery in this condition are challenging and include cerebrospinal fluid diversion, biopsy, and in highly select cases cystic decompression or surgical resection. In this paper, we review our own experience, outcomes, and surgical philosophy.

Subthalamic deep brain stimulation affects heading perception in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents with visuospatial impairment and falls. It is critical to understand how subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) modulates visuospatial perception. We hypothesized that DBS has different effects on visual and vestibular perception of linear motion (heading), a critical aspect of visuospatial navigation; and such effects are specific to modulated STN location. Two-alternative forced-choice experiments were performed in 14 PD patients with bilateral STN DBS and 19 age-matched healthy controls (HC) during passive en bloc linear motion and 3D optic-flow in immersive virtual reality measured vestibular and visual heading. Objective measure of perception with Weibull psychometric function revealed that PD has significantly lower accuracy [L: 60.71 (17.86)%, R: 74.82 (17.44)%] and higher thresholds [L: 16.68 (12.83), R: 10.09 (7.35)] during vestibular task in both directions compared to HC (p < 0.05). DBS significantly improved vestibular discrimination accuracy [81.40 (14.36)%] and threshold [4.12 (5.87), p < 0.05] in the rightward direction. There were no DBS effects on the slopes of vestibular psychometric curves. Visual heading perception was better than vestibular and it was comparable to HC. There was no significant effect of DBS on visual heading response accuracy or discrimination threshold (p > 0.05). Patient-specific DBS models revealed an association between change in vestibular heading perception and the modulation of the dorsal STN. In summary, DBS may have different effects on vestibular and visual heading perception in PD. These effects may manifest via dorsal STN putatively by its effects on the cerebellum.

Selection history modulates the limit of visual awareness in color perception

Among studies on the limit of conscious representation of color at a given instant, some have shown evidence of momentary awareness of only a single color, while others have not, leading to uncertainty about the factors that influence the limit. In two experiments, we explored the role of selection history, or recent experience with a trial, which is known to influence the representations of task stimuli and responses. Two color patches were briefly displayed either simultaneously or sequentially. In Experiment 1, we presented the two types of trials either in separate blocks or in interleaved couplets. In the former case, participants could deploy optimal attentional control setting in response to different types of trials with little cost by using recent experience with a preceding trial and prior knowledge. In the latter case, reconfiguring attentional control setting after each trial would be costly. In Experiment 2, we mixed the two types of trials randomly within a block during testing, but re-grouped them in data analyses such that the same type of trials was either repeated or not repeated. The results show that accuracy was comparable between the simultaneous and sequential trials in the block condition in Experiment 1 and in the repeat condition in Experiment 2, suggesting that two colors were perceived at a time. These results indicate that selection history plays an important role in the limit of visual awareness in color perception and that the finding of single-color perception reported in previous research might not be a general phenomenon.

Atypical neural processing during the execution of complex sensorimotor behavior in autism

Stereotyped behavior is rhythmic, repetitive movement that is essentially invariant in form. Stereotypy is common in several clinical disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where it is considered maladaptive. However, it also occurs early in typical development (TD) where it is hypothesized to serve as the foundation on which complex, adaptive motor behavior develops. This transition from stereotyped to complex movement in TD is thought to be supported by sensorimotor integration. Stereotypy in clinical disorders may persist due to deficits in sensorimotor integration. The present study assessed whether differences in sensorimotor processing may limit the expression of complex motor behavior in individuals with ASD and contribute to the clinical stereotypy observed in this population. Adult participants with ASD and TD performed a computer-based stimulus-tracking task in the presence and absence of visual feedback. Electroencephalography was recorded during the task. Groups were compared on motor performance (root mean square error), motor complexity (sample entropy), and neural complexity (multiscale sample entropy of the electroencephalography signal) in the presence and absence of visual feedback. No group differences were found for motor performance or motor complexity. The ASD group demonstrated greater neural complexity and greater differences between feedback conditions than TD individuals, specifically in signals relevant to sensorimotor processing. Motor performance and motor complexity correlated with clinical stereotypy in the ASD group. These findings support the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have differences in sensorimotor processing when executing complex motor behavior and that stereotypy is associated with low motor complexity.

Auditory cues facilitate object movement processing in human extrastriate visual cortex during simulated self-motion: A pilot study

Visual segregation of moving objects is a considerable computational challenge when the observer moves through space. Recent psychophysical studies suggest that directionally congruent, moving auditory cues can substantially improve parsing object motion in such settings, but the exact brain mechanisms and visual processing stages that mediate these effects are still incompletely known. Here, we utilized multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) of MRI-informed magnetoencephalography (MEG) source estimates to examine how crossmodal auditory cues facilitate motion detection during the observer's self-motion. During MEG recordings, participants identified a target object that moved either forward or backward within a visual scene that included nine identically textured objects simulating forward observer translation. Auditory motion cues 1) improved the behavioral accuracy of target localization, 2) significantly modulated the MEG source activity in the areas V2 and human middle temporal complex (hMT+), and 3) increased the accuracy at which the target movement direction could be decoded from hMT+ activity using MVPA. The increase of decoding accuracy by auditory cues in hMT+ was significant also when superior temporal activations in or near auditory cortices were regressed out from the hMT+ source activity to control for source estimation biases caused by point spread. Taken together, these results suggest that parsing object motion from self-motion-induced optic flow in the human extrastriate visual cortex can be facilitated by crossmodal influences from auditory system.

When two worlds collide: the influence of an obstacle in peripersonal space on multisensory encoding

Multisensory coding of the space surrounding our body, the peripersonal space, is crucial for motor control. Recently, it has been proposed that an important function of multisensory coding is that it allows anticipation of the tactile consequences of contact with a nearby object. Indeed, performing goal-directed actions (i.e. pointing and grasping) induces a continuous visuotactile remapping as a function of on-line sensorimotor requirements. Here, we investigated whether visuotactile remapping can be induced by obstacles, e.g. objects that are not the target of the grasping movement. In the current experiment, we used a cross-modal obstacle avoidance paradigm, in which participants reached past an obstacle to grasp a second object. Participants indicated the location of tactile targets delivered to the hand during the grasping movement, while a visual cue was sometimes presented simultaneously on the to-be-avoided object. The tactile and visual stimulation was triggered when the reaching hand passed a position that was drawn randomly from a continuous set of predetermined locations (between 0 and 200 mm depth at 5 mm intervals). We observed differences in visuotactile interaction during obstacle avoidance dependent on the location of the stimulation trigger: visual interference was enhanced for tactile stimulation that occurred when the hand was near the to-be-avoided object. We show that to-be-avoided obstacles, which are relevant for action but are not to-be-interacted with (as the terminus of an action), automatically evoke the tactile consequences of interaction. This shows that visuotactile remapping extends to obstacle avoidance and that this process is flexible.

Older adults rely on somatosensory information from the effector limb in the planning of discrete movements to somatosensory cues

While younger and older adults can perform upper-limb reaches to spatial targets with comparable endpoint accuracy (i.e., Helsen et al., 2016; Goodman et al., 2020), movement planning (i.e., reaction time) is significantly longer in older versus younger adults (e.g., Pohl et al., 1996; Goodman et al., 2020). Critically relevant to the current study, age-related differences in reaction time are even greater when older adults plan movement towards somatosensory versus visual or bimodal targets in the absence of vision of the moving limb (e.g., Goodman et al., 2020). One proposed explanation of these lengthened reaction times to somatosensory targets is that older adults may be experiencing challenges in implementing sensorimotor transformations when planning discrete movements of their unseen limb. To test this idea and assess the contributions of somatosensory information to these motor planning processes, tendon vibration was applied to the muscles of the effector limb between reaching movements made towards visual, somatosensory, or bimodal targets. The results revealed that older adults show the greatest increases in reaction times when vibration was applied during the preparation of movements to somatosensory targets. Further, both older and younger adults exhibited decreased movement endpoint precision when tendon vibration was applied. However, only older adults showed significantly lower movement endpoint precision due to tendon vibration when making movements to somatosensory targets, versus both visual and bimodal targets. These results corroborate previous evidence that older adults have difficulties planning upper-limb movements to somatosensory targets. As well, these results yielded novel evidence that such motor planning processes in older adult rely on somatosensory cues from the effector limb.

A multisensory perspective onto primate pulvinar functions

Perception in ambiguous environments relies on the combination of sensory information from various sources. Most associative and primary sensory cortical areas are involved in this multisensory active integration process. As a result, the entire cortex appears as heavily multisensory. In this review, we focus on the contribution of the pulvinar to multisensory integration. This subcortical thalamic nucleus plays a central role in visual detection and selection at a fast time scale, as well as in the regulation of visual processes, at a much slower time scale. However, the pulvinar is also densely connected to cortical areas involved in multisensory integration. In spite of this, little is known about its multisensory properties and its contribution to multisensory perception. Here, we review the anatomical and functional organization of multisensory input to the pulvinar. We describe how visual, auditory, somatosensory, pain, proprioceptive and olfactory projections are differentially organized across the main subdivisions of the pulvinar and we show that topography is central to the organization of this complex nucleus. We propose that the pulvinar combines multiple sources of sensory information to enhance fast responses to the environment, while also playing the role of a general regulation hub for adaptive and flexible cognition.

Do infants represent human actions cross-modally? An ERP visual-auditory priming study

Recent findings indicate that 7-months-old infants perceive and represent the sounds inherent to moving human bodies. However, it is not known whether infants integrate auditory and visual information in representations of specific human actions. To address this issue, we used ERPs to investigate infants' neural sensitivity to the correspondence between sounds and images of human actions. In a cross-modal priming paradigm, 7-months-olds were presented with the sounds generated by two types of human body movement, walking and handclapping, after watching the kinematics of those actions in either a congruent or incongruent manner. ERPs recorded from frontal, central and parietal electrodes in response to action sounds indicate that 7-months-old infants perceptually link the visual and auditory cues of human actions. However, at this age these percepts do not seem to be integrated in cognitive multimodal representations of human actions.

Sensory cue reactivity: Sensitization in alcohol use disorder and obesity

Neuroimaging techniques to measure the function of the human brain such as electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are powerful tools for understanding the underlying neural circuitry associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and obesity. The sensory (visual, taste and smell) paradigms used in neuroimaging studies represent an ideal platform to investigate the connection between the different neural circuits subserving the reward/executive control systems in these disorders, which may offer a translational mechanism for novel intervention predictions. Thus, the current review provides an integrated summary of the recent neuroimaging studies that have applied cue-reactivity paradigms and neuromodulation strategies to explore underlying alterations in neural circuitry as well in treatment strategies in AUD and obesity. Finally, we discuss literature on mechanisms associated with increased alcohol sensitivity post-bariatric surgery (BS) which offers guidance for future research to use sensory percepts in elucidating the relation of reward signaling in AUD development post-BS.

Extending the study of visual attention to a multisensory world (Charles W. Eriksen Special Issue)

Charles W. Eriksen (1923-2018), long-time editor of Perception & Psychophysics (1971-1993) - the precursor to the present journal - undoubtedly made a profound contribution to the study of selective attention in the visual modality. Working primarily with neurologically normal adults, his early research provided both theoretical accounts for behavioral phenomena as well as robust experimental tasks, including the well-known Eriksen flanker task. The latter paradigm has been used and adapted by many researchers over the subsequent decades. While Eriksen's research interests were primarily focused on situations of unimodal visual spatially selective attention, here I review evidence from those studies that have attempted to extend Eriksen's general approach to non-visual (i.e., auditory and tactile) selection and the more realistic situations of multisensory spatial attentional selection.

Visual symptoms, Neck/shoulder problems and associated factors among surgeons performing Minimally Invasive Surgeries (MIS): A comprehensive survey

PURPOSE

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is demanding on the musculoskeletal and visual systems. Prevalence, severity and association of neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms were examined among MIS surgeons. The associations of workplace and individual factors with these symptoms independently and combined were also examined.

METHODS

MIS surgeons completed a comprehensive online survey inclusive of 52 questions about individual and workplace physical factors, neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms. Binary logistic regression models were conducted to determine the associations of the neck/shoulder problems, visual symptoms and combined symptoms with workplace and individual factors.

RESULTS

290 surgeons completed the survey. Neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms were reported by 31.0% and 29.0%, respectively, 15.5% reported both problems. The prevalence and severity of neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms were significantly associated (p < 0.001). Several workplace and individual factors were associated with these symptoms (p ≤ 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Several factors in the workplace environment (temperature, asymmetrical weight bearing and forward head movement) and individual (being female and wearing vision correction glasses) were significantly associated with neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms. Evaluation of different strategies to minimise the strain on the neck/shoulder region and the visual system is required.

Efficacy of augmented visual environments for reducing sickness in autonomous vehicles

The risk of motion sickness is considerably higher in autonomous vehicles than it is in human-operated vehicles. Their introduction will therefore require systems that mitigate motion sickness. We investigated whether this can be achieved by augmenting the vehicle interior with additional visualizations. Participants were immersed in motion simulations on a moving-base driving simulator, where they were backward-facing passengers of an autonomous vehicle. Using a Head-Mounted Display, they were presented either with a regular view from inside the vehicle, or with augmented views that offered additional cues on the vehicle's present motion or motion 500ms into the future, displayed on the vehicle's interior panels. In contrast to the hypotheses and other recent studies, no difference was found between conditions. The absence of differences between conditions suggests a ceiling effect: providing a regular view may limit motion sickness, but presentation of additional visual information beyond this does not further reduce sickness.

Evidence for visual temporal order processing below the threshold for conscious perception

Correctly discriminating the order of events arising in our environment is a fundamental temporal process that allows us to better understand and interact with our dynamic world. However, if consecutive events are separated by an interval of less than 20-40 ms, we cannot consciously perceive their relative order. Nevertheless, indirect evidence suggests that the sequential order of events separated by less than 20 ms might still be processed subconsciously. In our study, we aimed to provide evidence that temporal order processing can occur below the threshold for conscious perception. We developed a novel paradigm in which participants were instructed that a visual cue, composed of two coloured stimuli appearing in a particular order, would allow them to predict the shape of a subsequent target. The interval between the two stimuli allowed temporal order to be consciously perceived (66 ms interval) or not (17 ms interval), as verified by performance on a separate temporal order judgment task. Performance was compared to a control condition that provided no predictive information. In both experiments, reaction times were faster in the order-cue conditions compared to the control condition, whether the SOA separating events was longer (66 ms) or shorter (17 ms) than the typical temporal order threshold. Therefore, even when participants could not consciously perceive the temporal order of two consecutive stimuli, the relative sequence of events was nevertheless processed and used to optimise performance. These results suggest that temporal order can be processed subconsciously.

A virus as an icon: the 2020 pandemic in images

The 2020 coronavirus pandemic is puzzling from a visual point of view. There are millions of photographs published about the crisis every day, yet we can see the key actor, the virus, only in artistic representations. Most of us also have very restricted access to central sites of the crisis, as intensive care units, nursing homes, meat packing plants and prisons are often not available for photographic representation. At the same time, we are oversupplied by other images that try to capture the "essence" of the moment. This article analyzes three prevalent visual genres in connection with the ongoing pandemic: abstract representations of the virus and public responses to it, images of heroes and sinners, and photographs of the "stage": the iconic spaces including empty public buildings and busy domestic spaces. All these iconic representations try to grasp the "deep meaning" of the crisis through a particular scene or moment. Their expressive surfaces have become our key sources to imagine the coronavirus crisis, and to socially connect in a time of painful and prolonged physical distance.

Correlations Between Audiovisual Temporal Processing and Sensory Responsiveness in Adolescents with Autistic Traits

Atypical sensory processing has recently gained much research interest as a key domain of autistic symptoms. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit difficulties in processing the temporal aspects of sensory inputs, and show altered behavioural responses to sensory stimuli (i.e., sensory responsiveness). The present study examined the relation between sensory responsiveness (assessed by the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile) and audiovisual temporal integration (measured by unisensory temporal order judgement (TOJ) tasks and audiovisual simultaneity judgement (SJ) tasks) in typically-developing adolescents (n = 94). We found that adolescents with higher levels of autistic traits exhibited more difficulties in separating visual stimuli in time (i.e., larger visual TOJ threshold) and showed a stronger bias to perceive sound-leading audiovisual pairings as simultaneous. Regarding the associations between different measures of sensory function, reduced visual temporal acuity, but not auditory or multisensory temporal processing, was significantly correlated with more atypical patterns of sensory responsiveness. Furthermore, the positive correlation between visual TOJ thresholds and sensory avoidance was only found in adolescents with relatively high levels of autistic traits, but not in those with relatively low levels of autistic traits. These findings suggest that reduced visual temporal acuity may contribute to altered sensory experiences and may be linked to broader behavioural characteristics of ASD.

Characteristics of headaches among surgeons and associated factors: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Surgeons performing Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) report significant neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms. Headache is another commonly reported symptom but publications about the characteristics and associated risk factors are limited.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To determine the characteristics of headache among MIS surgeons and the associations of headache with neck/shoulder problems, visual symptoms and other associated factors.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

METHODS

A comprehensive online survey was sent to MIS surgeons inclusive of 63 questions about individual and workplace physical factors, characteristics of headache, neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms. Binary logistic regression models were conducted to determine the associations of the prevalence and severity of headache with risk factors.

THE MAIN FINDINGS

Headaches in the last 7 days were reported by 36% of surgeons, with 37% of these of moderate to severe intensity. Frequent intense headaches were often preceded by neck pain. Surgeons with headache were eight times more likely to also experience visual symptoms and four times more likely to experience neck/shoulder problems. Several factors (frequently adopting forward head movement, surgical specialty, sex and age) were significantly associated with headaches (p ≤ 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed headaches were present in one-third of MIS surgeons. During surgery, surgeons report adopting non-neutral neck/shoulder/head positions, which may explain headaches, neck/shoulder problems and visual symptoms. Evidence based strategies to assist surgeons better manage these symptoms are warranted.

A systematic review of ongoing clinical trials in optic pathway gliomas

INTRODUCTION

Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs), also known as Visual Pathway Gliomas, are insidious, debilitating tumours. They are most commonly WHO grade 1 pilocytic astrocytomas and frequently occur in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. The location of OPGs within the optic pathway typically precludes complete resection or optimal radiation dosing, hence outcomes remain poor compared to many other low-grade gliomas. The aim of this systematic review was to formulate a comprehensive list of all current ongoing clinical trials that are specifically looking at clinical care of OPGs in order to identify trends in current research and provide an overview to guide future research efforts.

METHODS

This systematic review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL) and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and final results were reviewed.

RESULTS

501 clinical trials were identified with the search strategy. All were screened and eligible studies extracted and reviewed. This yielded 36 ongoing clinical trials, 27 of which were pharmacological agents in phase I-III. The remaining trials were a mixture of biological agents, radiation optimisation, diagnostic imaging, surgical intervention, and a social function analysis.

CONCLUSION

OPG is a complex multifaceted disease, and advances in care require ongoing research efforts across a spectrum of different research fields. This review provides an update on the current state of research in OPG and summarises ongoing trials.

Aberrant Cortical Ensembles and Schizophrenia-like Sensory Phenotypes in Setd1a+/- Mice

BACKGROUND

A breakdown of synchrony within neuronal ensembles leading to destabilization of network "attractors" could be a defining aspect of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, representing a common downstream convergence point for the diverse etiological pathways associated with the disease. Using a mouse genetic model, we demonstrated that altered ensembles are associated with pathological sensory cortical processing phenotypes resulting from loss of function mutations in the Setd1a gene, a recently identified rare risk genotype with very high penetrance for schizophrenia.

METHODS

We used fast two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations (calcium indicator GCaMP6s, 10 Hz, 100-250 cells, layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex, i.e., V1) in awake head-fixed mice (Setd1a^+/- vs. wild-type littermate control) during rest and visual stimulation with moving full-field square-wave gratings (0.04 cycles per degree, 2.0 cycles per second, 100% contrast, 12 directions). Multielectrode recordings were analyzed in the time-frequency domain to assess stimulus-induced oscillations and cross-layer phase synchrony.

RESULTS

Neuronal activity and orientation/direction selectivity were unaffected in Setd1a^+/- mice, but correlations between cell pairs in V1 showed altered distributions compared with wild-type mice, in both ongoing and visually evoked activity. Furthermore, population-wide "ensemble activations" in Setd1a^+/- mice were markedly less reliable over time during rest and visual stimulation, resulting in unstable encoding of basic visual information. This alteration of ensembles coincided with reductions in alpha and high-gamma band phase synchrony within and between cortical layers.

CONCLUSIONS

These results provide new evidence for an ensemble hypothesis of schizophrenia and highlight the utility of Setd1a^+/- mice for modeling sensory-processing phenotypes.

Which way is down? Visual and tactile verticality perception in expert dancers and non-experts

Gravity provides an absolute verticality reference for all spatial perception, allowing us to move within and interact effectively with our world. Bayesian inference models explain verticality perception as a combination of online sensory cues with a prior prediction that the head is usually upright. Until now, these Bayesian models have been formulated for judgements of the perceived orientation of visual stimuli. Here, we investigated whether judgements of the verticality of tactile stimuli follow a similar pattern of Bayesian perceptual inference. We also explored whether verticality perception is affected by the postural and balance expertise of dancers. We tested both the subjective visual vertical (SVV) and the subjective tactile vertical (STV) in ballet dancers and non-dancers. A robotic arm traced downward-moving visual or tactile stimuli in separate blocks while participants held their head either upright or tilted 30° to their right. Participants reported whether these stimuli deviated to the left (clockwise) or right (anti-clockwise) of the gravitational vertical. Tilting the head biased the SVV away from the longitudinal head axis (the classical E-effect), consistent with a failure to compensate for the vestibulo-ocular counter-roll reflex. On the contrary, tilting the head biased the STV toward the longitudinal head axis (the classical A-effect), consistent with a strong upright head prior. Critically, tilting the head reduced the precision of verticality perception, particularly for ballet dancers' STV judgements. Head tilt is thought to increase vestibular noise, so ballet dancers seem to be surprisingly susceptible to degradation of vestibular inputs, giving them an inappropriately high weighting in verticality judgements.

An exploration of the use of visually appealing contexts in a pain management program

PURPOSE

Pleasant pictures can help to reduce stress, promote positive feelings, and even facilitate recovery from diseases. Visual stimulation is an approach of distraction that can effectively reduce pain thresholds and increase pain tolerances. The number of older adults who suffer from pain has increased due to age-related diseases. Technology is increasingly being applied to the management of acute pain. The pain situation among older people was explored in this study, and a visually appealing pain management program was designed with the participants' experiences in mind.

METHODS

This was a descriptive observational study. Participants were recruited from local nursing homes.

RESULTS

A total of 165 older adults joined the study. The mean age of the participants was 85.6. More female than male participants experienced pain and the intensity of their pain was significantly greater. The results showed no significant differences in pain interferences between males and females. The participants stated that photographs of family members, homes, and natural scenery made them feel relaxed and happy, and reminded them of past happy times. They preferred to view those visually appealing pictures using digital devices (iPad/iPhone) to seeing hard copy versions.

CONCLUSION

A digital-based pain management program using visually appealing contexts for older adults can be implemented. The patients' experiences were collected and will be considered when developing a future program.

Selective attention to sound features mediates cross-modal activation of visual cortices

Contemporary schemas of brain organization now include multisensory processes both in low-level cortices as well as at early stages of stimulus processing. Evidence has also accumulated showing that unisensory stimulus processing can result in cross-modal effects. For example, task-irrelevant and lateralised sounds can activate visual cortices; a phenomenon referred to as the auditory-evoked contralateral occipital positivity (ACOP). Some claim this is an example of automatic attentional capture in visual cortices. Other results, however, indicate that context may play a determinant role. Here, we investigated whether selective attention to spatial features of sounds is a determining factor in eliciting the ACOP. We recorded high-density auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) while participants selectively attended and discriminated sounds according to four possible stimulus attributes: location, pitch, speaker identity or syllable. Sound acoustics were held constant, and their location was always equiprobable (50% left, 50% right). The only manipulation was to which sound dimension participants attended. We analysed the AEP data from healthy participants within an electrical neuroimaging framework. The presence of sound-elicited activations of visual cortices depended on the to-be-discriminated, goal-based dimension. The ACOP was elicited only when participants were required to discriminate sound location, but not when they attended to any of the non-spatial features. These results provide a further indication that the ACOP is not automatic. Moreover, our findings showcase the interplay between task-relevance and spatial (un)predictability in determining the presence of the cross-modal activation of visual cortices.

Differential neural processing of spontaneous blinking under visual and auditory sensory environments: An EEG investigation of blink-related oscillations

Blink-related oscillations (BROs) are a recently discovered neurophysiological response associated with spontaneous blinking, distinct from the well-known oculomotor and visual suppression effects. BROs strongly activate the bilateral precuneus along with other cortical regions involved in visuospatial processing and associative episodic memory, and are believed to represent environmental monitoring processes that occur following blink-induced visual interruptions. Although these responses have been reported across multiple imaging modalities under both resting and cognitive loading conditions, it is yet unknown whether these responses also exist under external sensory stimulation conditions. To address this, we investigated BRO responses in healthy adults using 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG), while participants underwent passive external auditory and visual stimulation. Our results showed that BRO responses are present under both auditory and visual stimulation conditions (p ​< ​0.05), with similar temporal and spectral features compared to rest. However, visual stimulation did result in decreased BRO amplitude compared to auditory and resting conditions (p ​< ​0.05), suggesting decreased neuronal resources for processing blink-related information in the visual but not auditory environment. There were also additional pre-blink spectral changes in the visual condition compared to rest (p ​< ​0.05), which suggest that passive visual stimulation induces neural preparatory processes occurring in anticipation of the upcoming blink event. Together, these findings provide new and compelling evidence that blink-related neural processes are modulated not only by the internal cognitive loading due to simultaneous task demands, but also by competing external sensory requirements. This highlights the link between blinking and cognition, and further demonstrates the importance of BROs as a new window into brain function.

Commercialisation and commodification of breastfeeding: video diaries by first-time mothers

BACKGROUND

Many of aspects of our lives became increasingly commercialised in post-modern society. Although breastfeeding is perhaps a late comer to this process in recent years, it too has seen significant commercialisation facilitated by social media and our obsession with celebrity culture. This paper explores how the commercialisation and commodification of breastfeeding impacts mothers' experiences of breastfeeding.

METHODS

In a qualitative study, five mothers in the United Kingdom recorded their real-time breastfeeding experiences in video diaries. Using a multi-modal method of analysis, incorporating both visual and audio data, a thematic approach was applied.

FINDINGS

Women preparing for breastfeeding are exposed to increasing commercialisation. When things do not go to plan, women are even more exposed to commercial solutions. The impact of online marketing strategies fuelled their need for paraphernalia so that their dependence on such items became important aspects of their parenting and breastfeeding experiences.

CONCLUSIONS

The audio-visual data demonstrated the extent to which "essential" paraphernalia was used, offering new insights into how advertising influenced mothers' need for specialist equipment and services. Observing mothers in their video diaries, provided valuable insights into their parenting styles and how this affected their breastfeeding experience.

Optical coherence tomography of the retina in schizophrenia: Inter-device agreement and relations with perceptual function

BACKGROUND

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) studies have demonstrated differences between people with schizophrenia and controls. Many questions remain including the agreement between scanners. The current study seeks to determine inter-device agreement of OCT data in schizophrenia compared to controls and to explore the relations between OCT and visual function measures.

METHODS

Participants in this pilot study were 12 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 12 age- and sex-matched controls. Spectralis and Cirrus OCT machines were used to obtain retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular volume. Cirrus was used to obtain ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) thickness. Visual function was assessed with low-contrast visual acuity and the King-Devick test of rapid number naming.

RESULTS

There was excellent relative agreement in OCT measurements between the two machines, but poor absolute agreement, for both patients and controls. On both machines, people with schizophrenia showed decreased macular volume but no difference in RNFL thickness compared to controls. No between-group difference in GCL + IPL thickness was found on Cirrus. Controls showed significant associations between King-Devick performance and RNFL thickness and macular volume, and between low-contrast visual acuity and GCL + IPL thickness. Patients did not show significant associations between OCT measurements and visual function.

CONCLUSIONS

Good relative agreement suggests that the offset between machines remains constant and should not affect comparisons between groups. Decreased macular volume in individuals with schizophrenia on both machines supports findings of prior studies and provides further evidence that similar results may be found irrespective of OCT device.

Temporal representation impairment in developmental dyslexia for unisensory and multisensory stimuli

Dyslexia has been associated with a problem in visual-audio integration mechanisms. Here, we investigate for the first time the contribution of unisensory cues on multisensory audio and visual integration in 32 dyslexic children by modelling results using the Bayesian approach. Non-linguistic stimuli were used. Children performed a temporal task: they had to report whether the middle of three stimuli was closer in time to the first one or to the last one presented. Children with dyslexia, compared with typical children, exhibited poorer unimodal thresholds, requiring greater temporal distance between items for correct judgements, while multisensory thresholds were well predicted by the Bayesian model. This result suggests that the multisensory deficit in dyslexia is due to impaired audio and visual inputs rather than impaired multisensory processing per se. We also observed that poorer temporal skills correlated with lower reading skills in dyslexic children, suggesting that this temporal capability can be linked to reading abilities.

Rapid and visual detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and compare it with RT-PCR.

METHODS

We designed primers specific to the orf1ab and S genes of SARS-CoV-2. Total viral RNA was extracted using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit. We optimized the RT-LAMP assay, and evaluated it for its sensitivity and specificity of detection using real-time turbidity monitoring and visual observation.

RESULTS

The primer sets orf1ab-4 and S-123 amplified the genes in the shortest times, the mean (±SD) times were 18 ± 1.32 min and 20 ± 1.80 min, respectively, and 63°C was the optimum reaction temperature. The sensitivities were 2 × 10¹ copies and 2 × 10² copies per reaction with primer sets orf1ab-4 and S-123, respectively. This assay showed no cross-reactivity with 60 other respiratory pathogens. To describe the availability of this method in clinical diagnosis, we collected 130 specimens from patients with clinically suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among them, 58 were confirmed to be positive and 72 were negative by RT-LAMP. The sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 92.3%-100%), specificity 100% (95% CI 93.7%-100%). This assay detected SARS-CoV-2 in a mean (±SD) time of 26.28 ± 4.48 min and the results can be identified with visual observation.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that we developed a rapid, simple, specific and sensitive RT-LAMP assay for SARS-CoV-2 detection among clinical samples. It will be a powerful tool for SARS-CoV-2 identification, and for monitoring suspected patients, close contacts and high-risk groups.

Guessability of U.S. pharmaceutical pictograms in Iranian prospective users

Objective:

This study examined the gueassability of US pharmaceutical pictograms as well as associated demographic factors and cognitive design features among Iranian adults.

Methods:

A total of 400 participants requested to guess the meaning of 53 US pharmaceutical pictograms using the open-ended method. Moreover, the participants were asked to rate the cognitive design features of each pictorial in terms of familiarity, concreteness, simplicity, meaningfulness and semantic closeness on a scale of 0-100.

Results:

The average guessability score (standard deviation) was 66.30 (SD=24.59). Fifty-five percent of pharmaceutical pictograms understudy met the correctness criteria of 67% specified by ISO3864, while only 30% reached the criterion level of 85% set by ANSIz535.3. Low literate participants with only primary school education had substantial difficulty in the interpretation of pharmaceutical pictograms compared to those completed higher education levels. Younger adults of <30 years significantly performed better in the interpretation of pharmaceutical pictograms as compared to >31 years old participants. ‘Home patient care’ and ‘daily medication use’ had no effect on guessability performance. Concerning cognitive design features, meaningfulness better predict geussability score compared to the others.

Conclusions:

Several USP pictograms fail to be correctly interpreted by Iranian users and need to be redesigned respecting cognitive design features. Interface designers are recommended to incorporate more familiar and concrete elements into their graphics in order to create more meaningful pictorial symbols and to avoid any misinterpretation by the user. Much effective medication use is expected to be achieved by means of this approach, through the improvement of the communication property of pharmaceutical pictograms.

Neural underpinnings of perception and experience of disgust in individuals with a reduced sense of smell: An fMRI study

BACKGROUND

Individuals with reduced olfactory function (anosmia, hyposmia) have reported changes in disgust perception and disgust experience compared to normosmic controls. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the neural underpinnings of the altered disgust processing.

METHOD

Twenty-four patients with anosmia or hyposmia and 26 normosmic controls were presented with images depicting facial expressions and scenes from the categories disgust and neutral. The disgusting scenes depicted stimuli that typically smell repulsive (spoiled food, excrements). Brain activity and structure in the primary olfactory cortex (POC) and in a region that processes affective/motivational olfactory-related information (insula, orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia) were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The anosmic/hyposmic participants were characterized by greater activation in the POC while looking at disgusting scenes. The POC can be activated by olfactory imagery and holds predictive templates of olfactory stimuli. The neural processing of the facial stimuli did not differ between the two groups. Additionally, group differences in functional connectivity and brain structure were not present or only minor.

CONCLUSION

The increased POC activation in anosmic/hyposmic patients might reflect a compensatory process that helps to compensate for their olfactory deficit. However, in general, this study identified only small adaptations in the neural disgust system as a consequence of reduced olfactory function.

Repetition effects in auditory and visual recognition

Repetition manipulations are robust ways of manipulating levels of memory performance, but are not without exception. A recent paper (Kassim, Rehman, & Price, 2018) found effects of repetition on visual and multi-modal recognition but not on auditory recognition in a continuous recognition task. We aimed to replicate and generalize this result by testing continuous recognition in three experiments and in a standard old/new recognition in a fourth experiment. Experiment 1 showed that repetition did affect auditory recognition in a continuous recognition task, but to a lesser extent than visual recognition. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the difference in repetition effects between auditory and visual modalities was due to a speed/accuracy tradeoff in the visual recognition condition; when reaction times were similar in the visual and auditory conditions repetition effects were the same in the two modalities. Experiment 3 replicated the repetition effects when performance was lower than in Experiments 1 and 2. Experiment 4 showed that repetition affected both auditory and visual recognition in an old/new recognition task, and to approximately the same extent. Thus, while evidence has suggested that auditory recognition is more difficult than visual recognition, it may depend on the types of stimuli and the type of test. Overall, the mechanics of auditory and visual recognition for words appear to be similar in that they are affected by repetition in similar ways.

Phase I randomized trial of liothyronine for remyelination in multiple sclerosis: A dose-ranging study with assessment of reliability of visual outcomes

BACKGROUND

Thyroid hormone promotes remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) animal models through a variety of mechanisms. Liothyronine (L-T3) is a short-acting thyroid hormone with demonstrated safety and tolerability for short-term and chronic use in euthyroid adults with other health conditions, but has not been studied in people with MS. The objectives of this single-center, phase I, placebo-controlled, clinical trial were to determine the safety, tolerability, and optimal dosing of L-T3 in people with MS in preparation for a phase 2 remyelination clinical trial. Secondary goals included exploration of the reliability of functional and clinical measurements of myelination in the anterior visual pathway over one week.

METHODS

Groups of six clinically stable people with MS were randomized in a 4:2 ratio to receive L-T3 or placebo. The first group received 50 mcg total daily dose (TDD) of L-T3, with escalating doses of L-T3 in subsequent groups, up to potentially 150 mcg TDD in the final group. Prior to enrollment for the next dose-escalated group, all safety measures for the prior dose were reviewed. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was considered to be the dose below which two or more participants experienced dose limiting symptoms or one participant experienced a serious adverse event. After the MTD was reached, no further patients were enrolled. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) P100 latency with two different check sizes (17' and 34') and Sloan low contrast letter acuity (LCLA) were measured pre- and post-treatment. To determine whether there was a treatment effect, the placebo and L-T3 groups were compared using a clustered bootstrap regression estimation. A linear mixed effects model was used to determine test-retest reliability of VEP and LCLA in all eyes.

RESULTS

Between May 2016 and November 2016, 15 people with MS were randomized to L-T3 (n = 10) or placebo (n = 5). Subjects were adherent to the study drug and the MTD was 75 mcg TDD. No serious adverse events were observed and the most common adverse events were poor sleep and loose stools. No treatment effect of L-T3 was observed over one week. Therefore, data from patients on L-T3 and placebo were pooled to explore VEP and LCLA reliability. The intraclass correlations of VEP 17', VEP 34' and LCLA were 0.836, 0.860, and 0.932, respectively. The mean differences in values between visits 1 and 2 for VEP 17' and 34' and LCLA were 1.9 ms/eye (SD 6.5), 0.4 ms/eye (6.3), and 0.8/eye (3.6), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms the short-term safety and tolerability of L-T3 in people with MS, with 75 mcg TDD as the MTD. Our results also support that, despite small variations over one week, VEP with various check sizes and Sloan LCLA are reliable functional and clinical outcome measures that could be used in remyelination clinical trials in MS. A future phase 2 clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of L-T3 as a remyelination therapy may be warranted. This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02760056).

Differences Between Physical vs. Virtual Evoked Vestibular Responses

Electrovestibulography (EVestG), a technology purported to measure vestibular activity at the vestibular periphery, was used to compare the vestibular responses to two sensory inputs: (1) back-forward physical tilt (with eyes-open and eyes-closed) and (2) virtual reality replica of the back-forward tilt (eyes-open, physically static). Twenty-seven healthy participants (10 females) were tested. From each of the EVestG recordings, two feature curves: (1) average field potential (FP), and (2) distribution of time intervals between the detected FPs were extracted. For the eyes-closed physical tilt, except for the background segment, the FP response curve was generally wider compared to that evoked during the virtual replica tilt (p < 0.05). Moreover, the eyes-closed physical tilt produced longer time intervals between FP's compared to the virtual stimulus. For this measure, for the background segment, the eyes closed and open physical tilt responses were significantly different (p < 0.05) in both ears (repeated measure experimental design). The results support: (1) both vestibular and visual inputs evoking a measurably different EVestG response, (2) the differences between physical and virtual vestibular responses are dependent on the eyes being either open or closed, and (3) for the stimuli used, the modulation of vestibular afferent activity was measurably smaller for virtual than physical stimulation.

Neuronal correlates of full and partial visual conscious perception

Stimuli may induce only partial consciousness-an intermediate between null and full consciousness-where the presence but not identity of an object can be reported. The differences in the neuronal basis of full and partial consciousness are poorly understood. We investigated if evoked and oscillatory activity could dissociate full from partial conscious perception. We recorded human cortical activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a visual perception task in which stimulus could be either partially or fully perceived. Partial consciousness was associated with an early increase in evoked activity and theta/low-alpha-band oscillations while full consciousness was also associated with late evoked activity and beta-band oscillations. Full from partial consciousness was dissociated by stronger evoked activity and late increase in theta oscillations that were localized to higher-order visual regions and posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices. Our results reveal both evoked activity and theta oscillations dissociate partial and full consciousness.

Reduced spontaneous perspective taking in schizophrenia

Judgments about another person's visual perspective are impaired when the self-perspective is inconsistent with the other-perspective. This is a robust finding in healthy samples as well as in schizophrenia (SZ). Studies show evidence for the existence of a reverse effect, where an inconsistent other-perspective impairs the self-perspective. Such spontaneous perspective taking processes are not yet explored in SZ. In the current fMRI experiment, 24 healthy and 24 schizophrenic participants performed a visual perspective taking task in the scanner. Either a social or a non-social stimulus was presented and their visual perspectives were consistent or inconsistent with the self-perspective of the participant. We replicated previous findings showing that healthy participants show increased reaction times when the human avatar's perspective is inconsistent to the self-perspective. Patients with SZ, however, did not show this effect, neither in the social nor in the non-social condition. BOLD responses revealed similar patterns in occipital areas and group differences were identified in the middle occipital gyrus. These findings suggest that patients with SZ are less likely to spontaneously compute the visual perspectives of others.

The index of the Prognosis Rural Landscape Preferences (IPRLP) as a tool of generalizing peoples' preferences on rural landscape

Social preferences of visual landscape quality are commonly analysed based on diverse techniques, among which the assessment of landscape photographs are the most often applied. Such evaluation is affected by the presence, configuration, colour, texture, etc. of different landscape attributes combined with respondent characteristics such as level of education, gender, age and environmental attitudes. The complexity of factors affecting preferences for visual quality raise the question of whether the objectifying of this kind of research is possible. That is why the aim of this paper is to determine if it is possible to generalise peoples' preferences on rural landscapes. This study developed the Index of Prognosis Rural Landscape Preferences (IPRLP), which is composed of nine variables referring to the presence or percentage share of different landscape attributes. The IPRLP was tested on 32 scenes of two regions located in Central Eastern Poland - the Polesie region and the Roztocze region. The index values were compared with real preferences expressed by respondents (n = 240). The results showed that this index was highly correlated with the respondents' preferences (0.79 < r < 0.90), which indicates that objectivity of visual preferences studies are possibly based on the mathematical model. Stepwise multiple regression indicates three explanatory variables of the model: percentage of buildings (PB), presence of negative manmade objects (NE) and degree of naturalness (DN) indicating that it is easier to predict what kind of landscape people would not prefer than would prefer.

Retrospective Attention in Short-Term Memory Has a Lasting Effect on Long-Term Memory Across Age

OBJECTIVES

Declines in both short- and long-term memory are typical of healthy aging. Recent findings suggest that retrodictive attentional cues ("retro-cues") that indicate the location of to-be-probed items in short-term memory (STM) have a lasting impact on long-term memory (LTM) performance in young adults. Whether older adults can also use retro-cues to facilitate both STM and LTM is unknown.

METHOD

Young and older adults performed a visual STM task in which spatially informative retro-cues or noninformative neutral-cues were presented during STM maintenance of real-world objects. We tested participants' memory at both STM and LTM delays for objects that were previously cued with retrodictive or neutral-cues during STM order to measure the lasting impact of retrospective attention on LTM.

RESULTS

Older adults showed reduced STM and LTM capacity compared to young adults. However, they showed similar magnitude retro-cue memory benefits as young adults at both STM and LTM delays.

DISCUSSION

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate whether retro-cues in STM facilitate the encoding of objects into LTM such that they are more likely to be subsequently retrieved by older adults. Our results support the idea that retrospective attention can be an effective means by which older adults can improve their STM and LTM performance, even in the context of reduced memory capacity.

Differential Patterns of Visual Sensory Alteration Underlying Face Emotion Recognition Impairment and Motion Perception Deficits in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder

BACKGROUND

Impaired face emotion recognition (FER) and abnormal motion processing are core features in schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that have been linked to atypical activity within the visual cortex. Despite overlaps, only a few studies have directly explored convergent versus divergent neural mechanisms of altered visual processing in ASD and SZ. We employed a multimodal imaging approach to evaluate FER and motion perception in relation to functioning of subcortical and cortical visual regions.

METHODS

Subjects were 20 high-functioning adults with ASD, 19 patients with SZ, and 17 control participants. Behavioral measures of coherent motion sensitivity and FER along with electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures of visual pattern and motion processing were obtained. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the relationship between corticocortical and thalamocortical connectivity and atypical visual processing.

RESULTS

SZ and ASD participants had intercorrelated deficits in FER and motion sensitivity. In both groups, reduced motion sensitivity was associated with reduced functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in the occipitotemporal cortex and lower delta-band electroencephalogram power. In ASD, FER deficits correlated with hyperactivation of dorsal stream regions and increased evoked theta power. Activation of the pulvinar correlated with abnormal alpha-band modulation in SZ and ASD with under- and overmodulation, respectively, predicting increased clinical symptoms in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

SZ and ASD participants showed equivalent deficits in FER and motion sensitivity but markedly different profiles of physiological dysfunction. The specific pattern of deficits observed in each group may help guide development of treatments designed to downregulate versus upregulate visual processing within the respective clinical groups.

Within- and Cross-Modal Integration and Attention in the Autism Spectrum

Although impairment in sensory integration is suggested in the autism spectrum (AS), empirical evidences remain equivocal. We assessed the integration of low-level visual and tactile information within and across modalities in AS and typically developing (TD) individuals. TD individuals demonstrated increased redundancy gain for cross-modal relative to double tactile or visual stimulation, while AS individuals showed similar redundancy gain between cross-modal and double tactile conditions. We further observed that violation of the race model inequality for cross-modal conditions was observed over a wider proportion of the reaction times distribution in TD than AS individuals. Importantly, the reduced cross-modal integration in AS individuals was not related to atypical attentional shift between modalities. We conclude that AS individuals displays selective decrease of cross-modal integration of low-level information.

Modality-general representations of valences perceived from visual and auditory modalities

Valence is a dimension of emotion and can be either positive, negative, or neutral. Valences can be expressed through the visual and auditory modalities, and the valences of each modality can be conveyed by different types of stimuli (face, body, voice or music). This study focused on the modality-general representations of valences, that is, valence information can be shared across not only visual and auditory modalities but also different types of stimuli within each modality. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected when subjects made affective judgment on silent videos (face and body) and audio clips (voice and music). The searchlight analysis helped to locate four areas that might be sensitive to the representations of modality-general valences, including the bilateral postcentral gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Further cross-modal classification based on multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) was performed as a validation analysis, which suggested that only the left postcentral gyrus could successfully distinguish three valences (positive versus negative and versus neutral: PvsNvs0) across different types of stimuli (face, body, voice or music), and the classification was also successful in left MTG across the stimuli types of face and body. The univariate analysis further found the valence-specific activation differences across stimulus types in MTG. Our study showed that the left postcentral gyrus was informative to valence representations, and extended the research about valence representation that the modality-general representation of valences across not only visual and auditory modalities but also different types of stimuli within each modality.

A review of visual ethnography: Radiography viewed through a different lens

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this article is to provide a short review of the research methodology 'visual ethnography'.

METHOD

The review article will provide a summary of the foundations of visual ethnography, outline the key debates and refer to some of the main authors working in this field.

RESULTS

Visual Ethnography is both a methodology and a method of research. It should be selected for research in radiography when research questions seek to focus upon aspects or elements of a culture. A research plan that is designed using a visual ethnographic approach should be flexible and take into account the requirements of the researcher and research participants. Visual methods of research include the use of various images, for example, photographs, collage, film or drawings. Visual methods are commonly employed together with interviews, conversations and observation. The approach enables researchers to generate new and unique insights into cultures.

CONCLUSION

This review of visual ethnography provides background information that informs an introduction to the methodology. It demonstrates a methodology with the potential to explore culture and expand knowledge of radiography practice.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

The authors suggest that for future studies visual ethnography is a methodology that can expand the paradigm of radiography research.

Role of the inhibitory system in shaping the BOLD fMRI response

The shape of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal can vary considerably even across structures of the same sensory pathway. Here, we characterized the temporal behavior of the stimulus-evoked BOLD response in the primary cortical and subcortical regions of the visual and somatosensory whisker systems in awake rabbits. Despite similar BOLD responses in the thalamic nuclei, considerable differences in shape and duration emerged between the sensory cortices. Whereas the BOLD response in the whisker barrel cortex (WBC) was non-adaptive, BOLD in the visual cortex (V1) showed adaptation similar to simultaneously-recorded LFP and single unit activity. Analysis of baseline neuronal activity revealed significantly lower firing rates in V1 vs. WBC. We hypothesized that these changes point to region-dependent differences in the inhibitory systems which shape the hemodynamic response in each structure. To test the effect of neuronal baseline level inhibition on the BOLD signal shape, we locally injected the GABA_A agonist muscimol in WBC. Adaptation emerged in the BOLD response after injection, along with an overall decrease in baseline firing rate. These findings point to the importance of region-specific inhibitory shaping in determining the temporal behavior of the BOLD response in different brain areas.

Peripheral visual localization is degraded by globally incongruent auditory-spatial attention cues

Global auditory-spatial orienting cues help the detection of weak visual stimuli, but it is not clear whether crossmodal attention cues also enhance the resolution of visuospatial discrimination. Here, we hypothesized that if anywhere, crossmodal modulations of visual localization should emerge in the periphery where the receptive fields are large. Subjects were presented with trials where a Visual Target, defined by a cluster of low-luminance dots, was shown for 220 ms at 25°-35° eccentricity in either the left or right hemifield. The Visual Target was either Uncued or it was presented 250 ms after a crossmodal Auditory Cue that was simulated either from the same or the opposite hemifield than the Visual Target location. After a whole-screen visual mask displayed for 800 ms, a pair of vertical Reference Bars was presented ipsilateral to the Visual Target. In a two-alternative forced choice task, subjects were asked to determine which of these two bars was closer to the center of the Visual Target. When the Auditory Cue and Visual Target were hemispatially incongruent, the speed and accuracy of visual localization performance was significantly impaired. However, hemispatially congruent Auditory Cues did not improve the localization of Visual Targets when compared to the Uncued condition. Further analyses suggested that the crossmodal Auditory Cues decreased the sensitivity (d') of the Visual Target localization without affecting post-perceptual decision biases. Our results suggest that in the visual periphery, the detrimental effect of hemispatially incongruent Auditory Cues is far greater than the benefit produced by hemispatially congruent cues. Our working hypothesis for future studies is that auditory-spatial attention cues suppress irrelevant visual locations in a global fashion, without modulating the local visual precision at relevant sites.

Distinguishing abstract from concrete concepts in supramodal brain regions

Concrete words have been shown to have a processing advantage over abstract words, yet theoretical accounts and neural correlates underlying the distinction between concrete and abstract concepts are still unresolved. In an fMRI study, participants performed a property verification task on abstract and concrete concepts. Property comparisons of concrete concepts were predominantly based on either visual or haptic features. Multivariate pattern analysis successfully distinguished between abstract and concrete stimulus comparisons at the whole brain level. Multivariate searchlight analyses showed that posterior and middle cingulate cortices contained information that distinguished abstract from concrete concepts regardless of feature dominance. These results support the view that supramodal convergence zones play an important role in representation of concrete and abstract concepts.

Visual hallucinations associated with multimodal hallucinations, suicide attempts and morbidity of illness in psychotic disorders

BACKGROUND

Visual hallucinations (VH) are a common, but understudied symptom of psychosis, experienced by individuals across diagnostic categories of psychotic and neuropsychiatric conditions. There are limited data on VH and associated clinical phenotypes in adult idiopathic psychotic disorders, which are needed to elucidate their relevance to psychotic illness paradigms.

METHOD

In this cross-sectional study, we examined clinical risk factors for VH in a well-characterized sample of 766 patients with adult psychotic disorders across diagnostic categories of schizophrenia (n = 227), schizoaffective disorder (n = 210), and bipolar I disorder (n = 329). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR was used for diagnosis and symptom measurements.

RESULTS

The prevalence of VH was 26.1% (200/766). Multivariate logistic regression showed that VH were independently associated with the presence of hallucinations in other modalities, including auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations. History of a suicide attempt and catatonic behavior were also associated with VH. In addition, specific delusions were associated with VH, in particular, delusions of control, and religious, erotomanic and jealousy delusions. Diagnosis, negative symptoms, and family history of psychosis were not independent predictors of VH.

CONCLUSIONS

Results showed the clinical and disease relevance of VH as they were associated with severe morbidity of illness, including suicide attempts and catatonic behavior. Findings also suggest a phenotype associated with hallucinations in other modalities and specific types of delusions. Based on our findings, VH may be a significant factor in assessing for suicidality and illness severity, warranting clinical attention and further study of underlying mechanisms.