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Grima B. [Clock and molecular genetics in Drosophila]. Biol Aujourdhui 2014; 208:275-80. [PMID: 25840454 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Most living organisms possess a circadian clock (24 h period) which allows them to adapt to environmental conditions. Numerous studies in Drosophila allowed to discover various key clock genes, such as period and timeless. The powerful tools of drosophila genetics have shown that the molecular clock relies on negative feedback loops that generate oscillations of the clock genes mRNA. A delay between the accumulation of mRNAs and proteins is required for the feedback loop. It is generated by post-translational modifications as phosphorylations and ubiquitinations, which control protein stability and determine the period of their oscillations. Clock cells are present in brain as well as in multiple peripheric tissues where they run autonomously. The synchronisation of clock cells by light relies on cryptochrome in both brain and peripheral tissues. In the brain, synchronisation also involves the eye photoreceptors. The clock that drives sleep-wake rhythms is controlled by different groups of neurons in the brain. Each group has a distinct function in the generation of the behavioral rhythm and this function is modulated by environmental conditions.
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52
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Zhou LJ, Zhu ZH, Liu ZX, Ma WH, Desneux N, Lei CL. Identification and transcriptional profiling of differentially expressed genes associated with response to UVA radiation in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Environ Entomol 2013; 42:1110-1117. [PMID: 24331622 DOI: 10.1603/en12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation, the major component of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the earth's surface, leads to negative effects in insects, such as oxidative stress, photoreceptor damage, and cell death. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of insect response to UVA radiation, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction approaches were combined to reveal differential transcript expression in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae). In this study, two subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed and sequenced, obtaining 131 high-quality unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that were up- or downregulated in D. melanogaster exposed to UVA radiation for 0.5 h. Of the 131 ESTs, 102 unique ESTs were differentially expressed and classified into 10 functional categories. The results showed that UVA radiation induces expression of genes related to stress and defense response and metabolism. Potential transcription factor binding motifs upstream of these genes are associated with multiple signaling pathways that may help the insect cope with the stress of UVA radiation. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of insect response to UVA radiation at the transcriptional level. Our results reveal that UVA radiation influences the expression profiles of stress-responsive genes and provide further insights into the mechanisms of adaptive response to UVA radiation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Moutain Rd., Wuhan 430070, China
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Yadav P, Sharma VK. Environmentally-induced modulations of developmental rates do not affect the selection-mediated changes in pre-adult development time of fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. J Insect Physiol 2013; 59:729-737. [PMID: 23685003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study we had shown that 55 generations of selection for faster egg-to-adult development in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster results in shortening of pre-adult duration by ~29-h (~12.5%) and speeding-up of circadian clock period (τ) by ~0.5-h, implying a positive correlation between development time and τ. In Drosophila, change in ambient temperature is known to alter the rate of pre-adult development but not the speed of circadian clocks whereas 12:12-h warm/cold (WC) cycles are likely to alter both pre-adult development rate and τ (via entrainment). To study the effect of overall speeding-up/slowing-down of pre-adult development and circadian clocks on the selection-mediated difference in pre-adult development time, we subjected developing flies to the following conditions: (i) different ambient temperatures (18, 25 and 29°C) under constant darkness (DD) to alter the rate of pre-adult development, or (ii) cyclic WC conditions (WC1-25:18 or WC2-29:25°C) to alter rate of development and τ. The results revealed that the selected (FD) stocks develop faster than controls (BD) by ~52, 28 and 21-h, at 18, 25 and 29°C, respectively, and by 28 and 26-h under WC1 and WC2, respectively. The τ of activity/rest rhythm decreased considerably at 18°C but it did not differ between the FD and BD flies, which suggests a break-down of correlation between development time and τ, seen under their normal rearing conditions (constant darkness--DD at 25°C). While the absolute difference in development time between FD and BD stocks increased or decreased under cooler or warmer conditions, the relative difference in their pre-adult development time remained largely unaltered. These results suggest that manipulations in ambient conditions independently changes development time and τ, resulting in a break-down of the genetic correlation between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Yadav
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Babkina VV, Chernova GV, Allenova EA, Endebera OP, Naumkina EN. [Ecological and biological characteristics of Drosophila melanogaster features depending on the dose of electromagnetic radiation of various types]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2013; 53:191-198. [PMID: 23786033 DOI: 10.7868/s0869803113010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects of exposure to red light (lambda = 660 +/- 10 nm) on the viability and morphophysiological characteristics of Drosophila melanogaster have been studied. The ability of this physical agent to modify these features is shown. The degree of expression and impact of biological effects depend on the dose, functional and genetic status of the organism. The study of the life expectancy of the exposed to EHF and white light D. melanogaster has revealed that expression of the features depends on the radiation doses, genotype, sex, the nature of the position of wings and lighting conditions. It has been found that the dark mode (24 h-night) is more favorable than the artificial lighting. Individuals with the left wing at the top are more sensitive to the external factors.
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Abstract
Proteomics, the science that examines the repertoire of proteins present in an organism using both high-throughput and low-throughput techniques, might give a better understanding of the functional processes ongoing in cells than genomics or transcriptomics, because proteins are the molecules that directly regulate physiological processes. Not all changes in gene expression are necessarily reflected in the proteome. Therefore, using proteomics approaches to study the effects of RF-EMF might provide information about potential biological and health effects. Especially that the RF-EMF used in wireless communication devices has very low energy and is unable to directly induce gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Leszczynski
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, Helsinki, 00880, Finland.
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Xiong B, Bayat V, Jaiswal M, Zhang K, Sandoval H, Charng WL, Li T, David G, Duraine L, Lin YQ, Neely GG, Yamamoto S, Bellen HJ. Crag is a GEF for Rab11 required for rhodopsin trafficking and maintenance of adult photoreceptor cells. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001438. [PMID: 23226104 PMCID: PMC3514319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of newly synthesized Rhodopsin upon light stimulation in adult Drosophila photoreceptors is mediated by a Crag/Rab11-dependent vesicular trafficking process. Rhodopsins (Rhs) are light sensors, and Rh1 is the major Rh in the Drosophila photoreceptor rhabdomere membrane. Upon photoactivation, a fraction of Rh1 is internalized and degraded, but it remains unclear how the rhabdomeric Rh1 pool is replenished and what molecular players are involved. Here, we show that Crag, a DENN protein, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab11 that is required for the homeostasis of Rh1 upon light exposure. The absence of Crag causes a light-induced accumulation of cytoplasmic Rh1, and loss of Crag or Rab11 leads to a similar photoreceptor degeneration in adult flies. Furthermore, the defects associated with loss of Crag can be partially rescued with a constitutive active form of Rab11. We propose that upon light stimulation, Crag is required for trafficking of Rh from the trans-Golgi network to rhabdomere membranes via a Rab11-dependent vesicular transport. Animals sense light through receptors called Rhodopsins. These proteins are typically localized to stacked membranes in photoreceptors. In flies, upon light exposure, Rhodopsin undergoes conformational changes and becomes active as metarhodopsin. Metarhodopsin then initiates a signaling cascade that activates the photoreceptor cell. To deactivate the light response, metarhodopsin is converted back into Rhodopsin by absorption of another photon of light. Under certain conditions, metarhodopsin cannot be converted back to Rhodopsin, and it is then endocytosed and degraded. Rhodopsin then needs to be synthesized and delivered back to the membrane stacks. Here, we show that the Calmodulin-binding protein Crag is required for the delivery of newly made Rhodopsin to the membrane stacks. Loss of Crag leads to the accumulation of Rhodopsin in the cytosol, followed by shrinkage of membrane stack volume, and, eventually, photoreceptor cell degeneration. We also show that Crag activates a target protein, Rab11, which mediates the vesicular transport of Rhodospin to the membrane. Finally, we document that the human homolog of Crag, DENND4A, is able to rescue the loss of Crag in flies, suggesting that DENND4A functions in a similar process in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vafa Bayat
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ke Zhang
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hector Sandoval
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wu-Lin Charng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tongchao Li
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriela David
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lita Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yong-Qi Lin
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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57
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Portelli LA, Madapatha DR, Martino C, Hernandez M, Barnes FS. Reduction of the background magnetic field inhibits ability of Drosophila melanogaster to survive ionizing radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 33:706-9. [PMID: 22532126 PMCID: PMC3426623 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to an environment where the background magnetic field (BMF) has been reduced were studied on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster by measuring its ability to survive a single exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during its larval stage. The experimental design presented shows a timeframe, IR dose, and BMF parameters that will cause a significant and reproducible reduction of survival on this insect model. These results suggest that BMFs may play a fundamental role in the recovery or harm of a biological system that is exposed to single doses of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Portelli
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado 80309-0425, USA.
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58
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Abstract
In order to investigate the influence of light/dark cycle on the biosynthesis of metabolites during oogenesis, here we demonstrate a simple experimental protocol which combines in-vivo isotopic labeling of primary metabolites with mass spectrometric analysis of single eggs of fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). First, fruit flies were adapted to light/dark cycle using artificial white light. Second, female flies were incubated with an isotopically labeled sugar (13C6-glucose) for 12 h – either during the circadian day or the circadian night, at light or at dark. Third, eggs were obtained from the incubated female flies, and analyzed individually by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS): this yielded information about the extent of labeling with carbon-13. Since the incorporation of carbon-13 to uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) in fruit fly eggs is very fast, the labeling of this metabolite was used as an indicator of the biosynthesis of metabolites flies/eggs during 12-h periods, which correspond to circadian day or circadian night. The results reveal that once the flies adapted to the 12-h-light/12-h-dark cycle, the incorporation of carbon-13 to UDP-glucose present in fruit fly eggs was not markedly altered by an acute perturbation to this cycle. This effect may be due to a relationship between biosynthesis of primary metabolites in developing eggs and an alteration to the intake of the labeled substrate – possibly related to the change of the feeding habit. Overall, the study shows the possibility of using MALDI-MS in conjunction with isotopic labeling of small metazoans to unravel the influence of environmental cues on primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Wei Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (Y.-C.C.); (P.L.U.)
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (Y.-C.C.); (P.L.U.)
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59
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Aleksandrov ID, Namolovan LN, Aleksandrova MV. [Radiation biology of structurally different Drosophila genes. Report III. The black gene: general and molecular characteristics of its radiomutability]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2012; 52:453-466. [PMID: 23227709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The results of the genetic, cytogenetic and molecular analysis of the nature of heritable recessive mutations at the small black (b) gene of Drosophila melanogaster induced by different doses (5-10 Gy) of 60Co gamma-rays and 0.85 MeV fission neutrons in the mature sperms of the wild-type males from the laboratory line D32 are presented. The whole spectrum of the b mutations induced by radiation of different quality is found to be the same and consists of the two main classes such as gene/point and gene/chromosome mutations, the latter of which include the whole-genomic, infra- or inter-chromosomal rearrangements involving the b gene. The induction rate of both mutation classes is found to be increased linearly with a dose of low- and high-LET radiation and the effectiveness of neutrons is 2.7 and 4.6 as large as that of gamma-rays under the gene/point and gene/chromosome mutation induction, respectively. Essentially, the molecular alterations underlying 65 gamma-ray- and neutron-induced gene/point b mutations are found not to be detected by the PCR technique. These and other established features of the b gene radiomutability are drastically different from those of another larger vestigial gene described earlier. The nature of these differences is discussed within the framework of the current notion of different biological organization of the two genes mentioned above and of the track structure theory as well.
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60
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Gomez-Marin A, Partoune N, Stephens GJ, Louis M. Automated tracking of animal posture and movement during exploration and sensory orientation behaviors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41642. [PMID: 22912674 PMCID: PMC3415430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nervous functions of an organism are primarily reflected in the behavior it is capable of. Measuring behavior quantitatively, at high-resolution and in an automated fashion provides valuable information about the underlying neural circuit computation. Accordingly, computer-vision applications for animal tracking are becoming a key complementary toolkit to genetic, molecular and electrophysiological characterization in systems neuroscience. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We present Sensory Orientation Software (SOS) to measure behavior and infer sensory experience correlates. SOS is a simple and versatile system to track body posture and motion of single animals in two-dimensional environments. In the presence of a sensory landscape, tracking the trajectory of the animal's sensors and its postural evolution provides a quantitative framework to study sensorimotor integration. To illustrate the utility of SOS, we examine the orientation behavior of fruit fly larvae in response to odor, temperature and light gradients. We show that SOS is suitable to carry out high-resolution behavioral tracking for a wide range of organisms including flatworms, fishes and mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our work contributes to the growing repertoire of behavioral analysis tools for collecting rich and fine-grained data to draw and test hypothesis about the functioning of the nervous system. By providing open-access to our code and documenting the software design, we aim to encourage the adaptation of SOS by a wide community of non-specialists to their particular model organism and questions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gomez-Marin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory/Center for Genomic Regulation Systems Biology Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation & Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Partoune
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory/Center for Genomic Regulation Systems Biology Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation & Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Université de Liège, Liege Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Greg J. Stephens
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics & Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Matthieu Louis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory/Center for Genomic Regulation Systems Biology Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation & Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Afanas'eva KP, Aleksandrova MV, Aleksandrov ID, Korablinova SV. [Radiation biology of structurally different Drosophila genes. Report 2. The vestigial gene: molecular characteristics of chromosome mutations]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2012; 52:349-362. [PMID: 23033795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The results of the PCR-assay of mutation lesions at each of 16 fragments overlapping the entire vestigial (vg) gene of Drosophila melanogaster in 52 gamma-ray-, neutron- and neutron + gamma-ray-induced vg mutants having the inversion or translocation breakpoint within the vg microregion are presented. 4 from 52 mutants studied were found to have large deletions of about 200 kb covering the entire vg gene and adjacent to sca and l(2)C gene-markers as well. 23 mutants from 48 (47.9%) were found to have a wild-type gene structure showing that the exchange breakpoints are located outside of the vg gene. 25 others display the intragenic lesions of different complexity detected by PCR as the absence of(i) either one fragment or (ii) two or more (6-7) adjacent fragments and (iii) simultaneously several (i) or (i) and (ii) types separated by normal gene regions. It is important that 6 from 25 mutants have the breakpoint inside the vg gene and display the (i) or (ii) type of lesions at the gene regions containing the putative break whereas 5 others from 25 with the above lesions have the exchange breakpoint outside the vg gene. Therefore, the breakpoints underlying either inversions or translocations induced by low- and high-LET radiation are likely to be located within and outside the gene under study. Thereby, the formation of exchanges is accompanied by DNA deletions of various sizes at the exchange breakpoints. The molecular model of formation of such exchange-deletion rearrangements is elaborated and presented. Also, conception of the predominately clustered action of both low- and high-LET radiation on the germ cell genome is suggested as the summing-up of the presented results. The ability of ionizing radiation to induce the clusters of genetic alterations in the form of hidden DNA damages as well as gene/chromosome mutations is determined by the track structure and hierarchical organization of the genome. To detect the quality and frequency patterns of all components of the cluster, joint molecular, genetic and cytological techniques need to be used.
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van Bergeijk P, Heimiller J, Uyetake L, Su TT. Genome-wide expression analysis identifies a modulator of ionizing radiation-induced p53-independent apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36539. [PMID: 22666323 PMCID: PMC3362589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in DNA damage responses in metazoa, yet more than half of human tumors show p53 deficiencies. Therefore, understanding how therapeutic genotoxins such as ionizing radiation (IR) can elicit DNA damage responses in a p53-independent manner is of clinical importance. Drosophila has been a good model to study the effects of IR because DNA damage responses as well as underlying genes are conserved in this model, and because streamlined gene families make loss-of-function analyses feasible. Indeed, Drosophila is the only genetically tractable model for IR-induced, p53-independent apoptosis and for tissue regeneration and homeostasis after radiation damage. While these phenomenon occur only in the larvae, all genome-wide gene expression analyses after irradiation to date have been in embryos. We report here the first analysis of IR-induced, genome-wide gene expression changes in wild type and p53 mutant Drosophila larvae. Key data from microarrays were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. The results solidify the central role of p53 in IR-induced transcriptome changes, but also show that nearly all changes are made of both p53-dependent and p53-independent components. p53 is found to be necessary not just for the induction of but also for the repression of transcript levels for many genes in response to IR. Furthermore, Functional analysis of one of the top-changing genes, EF1a-100E, implicates it in repression of IR-induced p53-independent apoptosis. These and other results support the emerging notion that there is not a single dominant mechanism but that both positive and negative inputs collaborate to induce p53-independent apoptosis in response to IR in Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra van Bergeijk
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph Heimiller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lyle Uyetake
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Aleksandrov ID, Afanas'eva KP, Aleksandrova MV, Lapidus IL. [Radiation biology of structurally different Drosophila melanogaster genes. Report I. The vestigial gene: molecular characteristic of "point" mutations]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2012; 52:234-246. [PMID: 22891545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The screening of PCR-detected DNA alterations in 9 spontaneous and 59 gamma-ray-, neutron - or neutron + gamma-ray-induced Drosophila vestigial (vg) gene/"point" mutations was carried out. The detected patterns of existence or absence of either of 16 overlapping fragments into which vg gene (15.1 kb, 8 exons, 7 introns) was divided enable us to subdivide all mutants into 4 classes: (i) PCR+ (40.7%) without the detected changes; (ii) "single-site" (33.9%) with the loss of a single fragment; (iii) partial detections (15.2%) as a loss of 2-9 adjacent fragments and (iv) "cluster" mutants (10.2%) having 2-3 independent changes of(ii) and/or (iii) classes. All spontaneous mutants except one were found to be classified as (ii) whereas radiation-induced mutants are represented by all 4 classes whose interrelation is determined by the dose and radiation quality. In particular, the efficacy of neutrons was found to be nine times as large as that of gamma-rays under the "cluster" mutant induction. Essentially, the distribution of DNA changes along the gene is uneven. CSGE-assay of PCR+-exon 3 revealed DNA heteroduplexes in 5 out of 17 PCR+-mutants studied, 2 of which had small deletions (5 and 11 b) and 3 others made transitions (A --> G) as shown by the sequencing. Therefore, gamma-rays and neutrons seem to be significant environmental agents increasing the SNP risk for the population through their action on the germ cells. The results obtained are also discussed within the framework of the track structure theory and the notion of quite different chromatin organization in somatic and germ cells.
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64
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Zainullin VG, Iushkova EA. [Estimation of the levels of radiation-induced P-element transposition in Drosophila melanogaster experimental populations and laboratory strains]. Genetika 2012; 48:561-565. [PMID: 22730777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When experimental P + M populations were exposed to chronic gamma-irradiation (0.31 mGy/h), the highest instability level of the singed-weak (sn(w)) locus was observed in F3-F10 with a subsequent decrease and stabilization of the mutation rate. The sn(w) mutation rate was within the range of spontaneous variation in conditions of P-M hybrid dysgenesis and irradiation of males of the Harwich laboratory strain with active P elements at 1.61 mGy/h. The instability of the sn(w) locus was significantly higher at lower dose rates (0.23 and 0.31 mGy/h), suggesting a nonlinear dose-effect relationship.
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65
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Lieu MH, Vallejos MJ, Michael E, Tsunoda S. Mechanisms underlying stage-1 TRPL channel translocation in Drosophila photoreceptors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31622. [PMID: 22363689 PMCID: PMC3282777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRP channels function as key mediators of sensory transduction and other cellular signaling pathways. In Drosophila, TRP and TRPL are the light-activated channels in photoreceptors. While TRP is statically localized in the signaling compartment of the cell (the rhabdomere), TRPL localization is regulated by light. TRPL channels translocate out of the rhabdomere in two distinct stages, returning to the rhabdomere with dark-incubation. Translocation of TRPL channels regulates their availability, and thereby the gain of the signal. Little, however, is known about the mechanisms underlying this trafficking of TRPL channels. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We first examine the involvement of de novo protein synthesis in TRPL translocation. We feed flies cycloheximide, verify inhibition of protein synthesis, and test for TRPL translocation in photoreceptors. We find that protein synthesis is not involved in either stage of TRPL translocation out of the rhabdomere, but that re-localization to the rhabdomere from stage-1, but not stage-2, depends on protein synthesis. We also characterize an ex vivo eye preparation that is amenable to biochemical and genetic manipulation. We use this preparation to examine mechanisms of stage-1 TRPL translocation. We find that stage-1 translocation is: induced with ATP depletion, unaltered with perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton or inhibition of endocytosis, and slowed with increased membrane sterol content. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that translocation of TRPL out of the rhabdomere is likely due to protein transport, and not degradation/re-synthesis. Re-localization from each stage to the rhabdomere likely involves different strategies. Since TRPL channels can translocate to stage-1 in the absence of ATP, with no major requirement of the cytoskeleton, we suggest that stage-1 translocation involves simple diffusion through the apical membrane, which may be regulated by release of a light-dependent anchor in the rhabdomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Ha Lieu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maximiliano J. Vallejos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily Michael
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Tsunoda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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66
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Takemura SY, Karuppudurai T, Ting CY, Lu Z, Lee CH, Meinertzhagen IA. Cholinergic circuits integrate neighboring visual signals in a Drosophila motion detection pathway. Curr Biol 2011; 21:2077-84. [PMID: 22137471 PMCID: PMC3265035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detecting motion is a feature of all advanced visual systems [1], nowhere more so than in flying animals, like insects [2, 3]. In flies, an influential autocorrelation model for motion detection, the elementary motion detector circuit (EMD; [4, 5]), compares visual signals from neighboring photoreceptors to derive information on motion direction and velocity. This information is fed by two types of interneuron, L1 and L2, in the first optic neuropile, or lamina, to downstream local motion detectors in columns of the second neuropile, the medulla. Despite receiving carefully matched photoreceptor inputs, L1 and L2 drive distinct, separable pathways responding preferentially to moving "on" and "off" edges, respectively [6, 7]. Our serial electron microscopy (EM) identifies two types of transmedulla (Tm) target neurons, Tm1 and Tm2, that receive apparently matched synaptic inputs from L2. Tm2 neurons also receive inputs from two retinotopically posterior neighboring columns via L4, a third type of lamina neuron. Light microscopy reveals that the connections in these L2/L4/Tm2 circuits are highly determinate. Single-cell transcript profiling suggests that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate transmission within the L2/L4/Tm2 circuits, whereas L1 is apparently glutamatergic. We propose that Tm2 integrates sign-conserving inputs from neighboring columns to mediate the detection of front-to-back motion generated during forward motion.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Animals
- Drosophila melanogaster/cytology
- Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism
- Drosophila melanogaster/physiology
- Drosophila melanogaster/radiation effects
- Interneurons/physiology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Motion Perception
- Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian/cytology
- Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian/physiology
- Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian/radiation effects
- Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/cytology
- Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/metabolism
- Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/radiation effects
- Receptors, Glutamate/physiology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Vision, Ocular/physiology
- Vision, Ocular/radiation effects
- Visual Pathways/cytology
- Visual Pathways/physiology
- Visual Pathways/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Takemura
- Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
- Department of Biology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
| | - Thangavel Karuppudurai
- Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Chun-Yuan Ting
- Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
| | - Chi-Hon Lee
- Section on Neuronal Connectivity, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian A. Meinertzhagen
- Department of Psychology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
- Department of Biology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
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67
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Iushkova EA, Zaĭnullin VG, Startseva OA. [Evaluation of effects of gamma-irradiation at low doses on repair and meiotic recombination mutants of Drosophila melanogaster]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2011; 51:698-704. [PMID: 22384721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of the effects of gene mutations mus209, mus309, mei-41 and rad54 of Drosophila melanogaster on the sensitivity to low-level exposure of different duration was carried out. Taken into account was the survival rate at different stages of ontogeny, female fecundity, the frequency of dominant lethal mutations (DLM) and the DNA damage. mei-41 and rad-54 mutants were most sensitive to the action of low dose radiation (80 mGy) in terms of survival and DLM. However, at the level of DNA damage, an increased radiosensitivity is observed only at larger doses of low intensity irradiation. Based on these observations, we can conclude about the importance of repair and its genes in the formation of the effect of low level doses of ionizing radiation in Drosophila.
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68
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Carmona ER, Guecheva TN, Creus A, Marcos R. Proposal of an in vivo comet assay using haemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. Environ Mol Mutagen 2011; 52:165-169. [PMID: 20740640 DOI: 10.1002/em.20604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first application of an in vivo alkaline comet assay using haemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. These cells, which play a role similar to that of mammalian blood, can be easily obtained and represent an overall exposure of the treated larvae. To validate the assay, we evaluated the response of these cells to three well-known mutagenic agents: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), potassium dichromate (PD), and gamma radiation (γ-irradiation). Third-instar Drosophila larvae were exposed to different concentrations of EMS (1, 2, and 4 mM) and PD (0.5, 1, and 2.5 mM) and to different doses of γ-irradiation (2, 4, and 8 Gγ). Subsequently, haemolymph was extracted from the larvae, and haemocytes were isolated by centrifugation and used in the comet assay. Haemocytes exhibited a significant dose-related increase in DNA damage, indicating that these cells are clearly sensitive to the treatments. These results suggest that the proposed in vivo comet test, using larvae haemocytes of D. melanogaster, may be a useful in vivo assay for genotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico R Carmona
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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69
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Vesala L, Hoikkala A. Effects of photoperiodically induced reproductive diapause and cold hardening on the cold tolerance of Drosophila montana. J Insect Physiol 2011; 57:46-51. [PMID: 20932841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Coping with seasonal and daily variation in environmental conditions requires that organisms are able to adjust their reproduction and stress tolerance according to environmental conditions. Females of Drosophila montana populations have adapted to survive over the dark and cold winters at high latitudes and altitudes by spending this season in photoperiodically controlled reproductive diapause and reproducing only in spring/summer. The present study showed that flies of a northern population of this species are quite tolerant of low temperatures and show high seasonal and short-term plasticity in this trait. Culturing the flies in short day length (nearly all females in reproductive diapause), as well as allowing the flies to get cold hardened before the cold treatment, increased the cold tolerance of both sexes both in chill coma recovery time test and in mortality assay. Chill coma recovery time test performed for the females of two additional D. montana populations cultured in a day length where about half of the females enter diapause, also showed that diapause can increase female cold tolerance even without a change in day length. Direct linkage between diapause and cold tolerance was found in only two strains representing a high-altitude population of the species, but the phenomenon will certainly be worth of studying in northern and southern populations of the species with larger data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vesala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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70
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Shaposhnikov MV, Danilov AA, Moskalev AA. [Pharmacological PI 3-kinase inhibitors induce radioprotective effect in Drosophila melanogaster imago]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2010; 50:649-655. [PMID: 21434391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade is involved in many cell processes that are required for radioresistance, including proliferation, survival, growth, metabolism, and death. At the whole organism level PI3K signaling cascade is involved in lifespan control. In this study the contribution of PI3-signaling cascade to radioresistance of Drosophila melanogaster imago was investigated. It is shown that pretreatment with Pl3-kinase specific inhibitor LY294002 (5, 100 micromol/l) and wortmannin (5 micromol/1) leads to increase of male and female survival after acute irradiation in dose of 30 Gy. The obtained results demonstrate that PI3K specific inhibition induces radioprotective effect on Drosophila melanogaster imago.
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71
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Zaĭnullin VG, Iushkova EA, Gur'ev DV. [The radiationally induced change of level of double-stranded breaks DNA in neuroblasts of larvae and frequency of lethal mutations in sex cells of males Drosophila melanogaster]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2010; 50:523-527. [PMID: 21261002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The level of damage DNA in neyroblastes of larvae and frequency of recessive sex-linked lethal mutations of males from chronically irradiated populations Drosophila melanogaster, differing on mobile P-elements patterns, was estimated. Received results testify, that exposition in conditions a chronic gamma-radiation (absorbed radiation dose at one generation is compounds 10 mGy) result to increase of significance of parameters and change of sensitivity of cells to following of an acute irradiation in a dose of 3 Gy.
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72
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Wichmann A, Uyetake L, Su TT. E2F1 and E2F2 have opposite effects on radiation-induced p53-independent apoptosis in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2010; 346:80-9. [PMID: 20659447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of ionizing radiation (IR) to induce apoptosis independent of p53 is crucial for successful therapy of cancers bearing p53 mutations. p53-independent apoptosis, however, remains poorly understood relative to p53-dependent apoptosis. IR induces both p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptoses in Drosophila melanogaster, making studies of both modes of cell death possible in a genetically tractable model. Previous studies have found that Drosophila E2F proteins are generally pro-death or neutral with regard to p53-dependent apoptosis. We report here that dE2F1 promotes IR-induced p53-independent apoptosis in larval imaginal discs. Using transcriptional reporters, we provide evidence that, when p53 is mutated, dE2F1 becomes necessary for the transcriptional induction of the pro-apoptotic gene hid after irradiation. In contrast, the second E2F homolog, dE2F2, as well as the net E2F activity, which can be depleted by mutating the common cofactor, dDp, is inhibitory for p53-independent apoptosis. We conclude that p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptoses show differential reliance on E2F activity in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wichmann
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80209-0347, USA
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73
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Kravets AP, Mousseau TA, Litvinchuk AV, Ostermiller S. [Association of P-mobile element activity and DNA methylation pattern changes in the conditions of Drosophila melanogaster prolonged irradiation]. Tsitol Genet 2010; 44:29-33. [PMID: 20722283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Association of the radiosensitivity and epigenetic pattern DNA changes at the conditions of prolonged irradiation was investigated. Two laboratory Drosophila melanogaster strains (Canton-S and ri) irradiated for 20 generations to low doses rate (1.2 x 10(-1), 0.8 x 10(-8) and 0.12 x 10(-8) Gy/s) were used as experimental objects. DNA for the analysis was extracted separately for the flies of males and females. Restriction endonucleases Glul, Glal were used. Restriction analysis has shown that there are different DNA methylated patterns for males and females as for control and exposed variants. At the chronic irradiation there was the decline of methylation level at the enzymes Glul, Glal sites recognition.
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74
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Rimkus SA, Petersen AJ, Katzenberger RJ, Wassarman DA. The effect of ATM knockdown on ionizing radiation-induced neuronal cell cycle reentry in Drosophila. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2686-7. [PMID: 20581464 PMCID: PMC3322451 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.13.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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75
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Scantlebury N, Zhao XL, Rodriguez Moncalvo VG, Camiletti A, Zahanova S, Dineen A, Xin JH, Campos AR. The Drosophila gene RanBPM functions in the mushroom body to regulate larval behavior. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10652. [PMID: 20498842 PMCID: PMC2871054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, Ran-Binding Protein in the Microtubule Organizing Center (RanBPM) appears to function as a scaffolding protein in a variety of signal transduction pathways. In Drosophila, RanBPM is implicated in the regulation of germ line stem cell (GSC) niche organization in the ovary. Here, we addressed the role of RanBPM in nervous system function in the context of Drosophila larval behavior. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report that in Drosophila, RanBPM is required for larval feeding, light-induced changes in locomotion, and viability. RanBPM is highly expressed in the Kenyon cells of the larval mushroom body (MB), a structure well studied for its role in associative learning in Drosophila and other insects. RanBPM mutants do not display major disruption in nervous system morphology besides reduced proliferation. Expression of the RanBPM gene in the Kenyon cells is sufficient to rescue all behavioral phenotypes. Through genetic epistasis experiments, we demonstrate that RanBPM participates with the Drosophila orthologue of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) in the development of neuromuscular junction (NMJ). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that the RanBPM gene functions in the MB neurons for larval behavior. Our results suggest a role for this gene in an FMRP-dependent process. Taken together our findings point to a novel role for the MB in larval behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Scantlebury
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao Li Zhao
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alison Camiletti
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacy Zahanova
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aidan Dineen
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji-Hou Xin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Regina Campos
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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76
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Voolstra O, Beck K, Oberegelsbacher C, Pfannstiel J, Huber A. Light-dependent phosphorylation of the drosophila transient receptor potential ion channel. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14275-84. [PMID: 20215118 PMCID: PMC2863191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila phototransduction cascade terminates in the opening of an ion channel, designated transient receptor potential (TRP). TRP has been shown to become phosphorylated in vitro, suggesting regulation of the ion channel through posttranslational modification. However, except for one phosphorylation site, Ser(982), which was analyzed by functional in vivo studies (Popescu, D. C., Ham, A. J., and Shieh, B. H. (2006) J. Neurosci. 26, 8570-8577), nothing is known about the role of TRP phosphorylation in vivo. Here, we report the identification of 21 TRP phosphorylation sites by a mass spectrometry approach. 20 phosphorylation sites are located in the C-terminal portion of the channel, and one site is located near the N terminus. All 21 phosphorylation sites were also identified in the inaC(P209) mutant, indicating that phosphorylation of TRP at these sites occurred independently from the eye-enriched protein kinase C. Relative quantification of phosphopeptides revealed that at least seven phosphorylation sites were predominantly phosphorylated in the light, whereas one site, Ser(936), was predominantly phosphorylated in the dark. We show that TRP phosphorylated at Ser(936) was located in the rhabomere. Light-dependent changes in the phosphorylation state of this site occurred within minutes. The dephosphorylation of TRP at Ser(936) required activation of the phototransduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Voolstra
- Department of Biosensorics, Institute of Physiology, Germany.
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77
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Kravets AP, Mousseau TA, Omel'chenko ZA, Vengjen GS. [Dynamics of gonadal dysgenesis frequency in Drosophila melanogaster under controlled conditions of chronic radiation exposure]. Tsitol Genet 2010; 44:21-26. [PMID: 20608156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two Drosophila melanogaster strains (Canton-S and ri-lines) for 20 generations were in the controlled terms of chronic irradiation with 3-dose rate (1,2 x 10(-8); 0,3 x 10(-8); 0,12 x 10(-8) Gy/c). The dynamics of hybrid dysgenesis frequency was explored for each generation of F1 descendants from Canton-S and ri-lines crossing. The gradual change of dose response of hybrid dispense depending on duration of irradiation of ancestors and dose rate was shown. The complex dynamics of hybrid dysgenesis frequency depending on irradiation duration of ancestors and dose rate was detected. The cumulative effect of the prolonged irradiation shows up as adaptation at the lowest dose rate and as exhaustion at the highest dose rate. Question comes into discussion about the features of transitional process and including of protective and adaptive reactions hierarchy at the conditions of radiation factor chronic action.
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78
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Shaposhnikov MV, Moskalev AA. [FOXO tanscription factor role in radiation adaptive response and hormisis in Drosophila melanogaster]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2010; 50:312-317. [PMID: 20734804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previously we put forward a hypothesis about the role of FOXO-dependent mechanisms of stress-response gene activation after irradiation in radiation hormesis (Moskalev, 2008). To testify this assumption we analyze the influence of gamma-irradiation on duration of larvae development and imago lifespan in Drosophila strains with different FOXO function activity. We revealed that in FOXO hypomorphic allele homozygote strains the hormesis and adaptive response (increasing of larvae stage duration and longevity) were absent, in contrast to B wild type strain Canton-S and FOXO-heterozygotes.
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79
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Dubruille R, Murad A, Rosbash M, Emery P. A constant light-genetic screen identifies KISMET as a regulator of circadian photoresponses. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000787. [PMID: 20041201 PMCID: PMC2789323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian pacemakers are essential to synchronize animal physiology and behavior with the day∶night cycle. They are self-sustained, but the phase of their oscillations is determined by environmental cues, particularly light intensity and temperature cycles. In Drosophila, light is primarily detected by a dedicated blue-light photoreceptor: CRYPTOCHROME (CRY). Upon light activation, CRY binds to the pacemaker protein TIMELESS (TIM) and triggers its proteasomal degradation, thus resetting the circadian pacemaker. To understand further the CRY input pathway, we conducted a misexpression screen under constant light based on the observation that flies with a disruption in the CRY input pathway remain robustly rhythmic instead of becoming behaviorally arrhythmic. We report the identification of more than 20 potential regulators of CRY-dependent light responses. We demonstrate that one of them, the chromatin-remodeling enzyme KISMET (KIS), is necessary for normal circadian photoresponses, but does not affect the circadian pacemaker. KIS genetically interacts with CRY and functions in PDF-negative circadian neurons, which play an important role in circadian light responses. It also affects daily CRY-dependent TIM oscillations in a peripheral tissue: the eyes. We therefore conclude that KIS is a key transcriptional regulator of genes that function in the CRY signaling cascade, and thus it plays an important role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms with the day∶night cycle. In most organisms, intracellular molecular pacemakers called circadian clocks coordinate metabolic, physiological, and behavioral processes during the course of the day. For example, they determine when animals are active or resting. Circadian clocks are self-sustained oscillators, but their free-running period does not exactly match day length. Thus, they have to be reset by environmental inputs to stay properly phased with the day∶night cycle. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies primarily on CRYPTOCHROME (CRY)—a cell-autonomous blue-light photoreceptor—to synchronize its circadian clocks with the light∶dark cycle. With a genetic screen, we identified over 20 candidate genes that might regulate CRY function. kismet (kis) is among them: it encodes a chromatin remodeling factor essential for the development of Drosophila. We show that, in adult flies, KIS is expressed and functions in brain neurons that control daily behavioral rhythms. KIS determines how Drosophila circadian behavior responds to light, but not its free-running period. Moreover, manipulating simultaneously kis and cry activity demonstrates that these two genes interact to control molecular and behavioral circadian photoresponses. Our work therefore reveals that KIS regulates CRY signaling and thus determines how circadian clocks respond to light input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Dubruille
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Murad
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Center for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Biology, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Velegzhaninov IO, Mezentseva VN, Moskalev AA. [Adaptive response comparison of CBA mice splenocyte and Drosophila melanogaster larva neuroblast, developed in conditions of chronic gamma-irradiation influence with low-dose rate]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2009; 49:665-670. [PMID: 20143578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The level of DNA damage and apoptosis of mice splenocytes, developed in condition of chronic gamma-irradiation with low-doze rate (8 +/- 2 cGy), in response to high-dose irradiation (2 Gy) in the completion of irradiation, as well in 30 minutes after irradiation was analysed. Reaction of neuroblasts of Drosophila melanogaster larvae (4 cGy - priming dose, 3 and 6 Gy--challenging doses) is also investigated. The adaptive response by the level of DNA-damage is shown for both objects. This resistance is presumably connected to increase of DNA-damage repair efficiency in preirradiated objects, as well promotion of sensitivity to apoptosis (in the case of Drosophila larvae neuroblast). It is assumed, that observed changes may be result of selection of cell during development in condition of an chronic irradiation.
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Kravets AP, Mousseau TA, Omel'chenko ZA, Kozeretskaia IA, Vengzhen GS. [The dynamics of P-mobile Drosophila melanogaster element activation in controlled terms of protracted irradiation]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2009; 49:652-657. [PMID: 20143576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Verification of hypothesis about mobile element activation radiosensitivity change in the conditions of the prolonged irradiation was the research goal. The estimation of orientation of these changes depending on the accumulated dose and their characteristic times were conducted. Two Drosophila melanogaster strains (Canton-S and P-lines) for 20 generations were in the controlled terms of chronic irradiation with 3-dose rate (1.2 x 10(-8), 0.6 x 10(-8) and 0.12 x 10(-8) Gy/c). The dynamics of hybrid dysgenese frequency was explored for each generation of F1 descendants from Canton-S and P-lines crossing. The gradual change of dose response of hybrid disgenesis depending on duration of irradiation of ancestors and dose rate was shown. The complex dynamics of hybrid dysgenese frequency depending on irradiation duration of ancestors and dose rate was shown. The cumulative effect of the prolonged irradiation shows up as adaptation at the lowest dose rate and as exhaustion at the highest dose rate. Question comes into discussion about the features of transitional process and including of protective and adaptive reactions hierarchy at the conditions of radiation factor chronic action.
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Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH. Comparison of Bioactivity Between GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz Mobile Telephony Radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2009; 26:33-44. [PMID: 17454081 DOI: 10.1080/15368370701205644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies find that pulsed Radio Frequency (RF), electromagnetic radiation of both systems of digital mobile telephony, established and commonly used in Europe during the last years, GSM 900 MHz (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) and DCS 1800 MHz (Digital Cellular System), exert intense biological action on different organisms and cells (Hardell et al., 2006; Hyland, 2000; Kundi, 2004; Panagopoulos et al., 2004, 2007). The two types of cellular telephony radiation use different carrier frequencies and give different frequency spectra, but they usually also differ in intensity, as GSM 900 MHz antennas operate at about double the power output than the corresponding DCS 1800 MHz ones. In our present experiments, we used a model biological system, the reproductive capacity of Drosophila melanogaster, to compare the biological activity between the two systems of cellular mobile telephony radiation. Both types of radiation were found to decrease significantly and non thermally the insect's reproductive capacity, but GSM 900 MHz seems to be even more bioactive than DCS 1800 MHz. The difference seems to be dependent mostly on field intensity and less on carrier frequency.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the development of Drosophila melanogaster. MATERIALS AND METHODS Larvae of D. melanogaster were exposed to 10 GHz EMF continuously (3 h, 4 h and 5 h) and discontinuously (3 h exposure + 30 min interval + 3 h exposure). The percentages and times of transition from larvae to pupae and from pupae to adults were determined, and the mean offspring number was examined using the offspring of the females which had been exposed as larvae. RESULTS No differences were found in the transition percentages from larvae to pupae and from pupae to adults (p > 0.05). However, it was found that the mean pupation time was delayed linearly with an increasing electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure period (p < 0.05). In the 3 + 3-h exposed group (E3 + 3), the mean offspring number was significantly less than that of the control (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS 10 GHz EMF can cause developmental delay and decrease the number of offspring in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Atli
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Dubatolova TD, Kopyl SA, Omel'ianchuk LV. [High frequency induction of small mosaic cell clones in the Drosophila wings under the influence of gamma-irradiation]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2009; 49:360-364. [PMID: 19637746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As it was shown earlier in Gonzalez-Gaitan et al., one-cell and two-cells clones (tailing clones) are induced in the Drosophila wings after irradiation and represent a significant portion of clones detected with the use of mwh genetic marker. Our experiments shown that gamma-irradiation occur to be more efficient inductor of such small clones. Earlier small clones were considered as a result of the induced chromosomal aneuploidy of those low proliferating cells. Our data suggest that the small clones descend from the low proliferative cells of non-imaginal disc origin that migrate to the wing imaginal disc at some developmental point.
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Shaposhnikov MV, Turysheva EV, Moskalev AA. [Low-dose rate irradiation induced hormesis, hypersensitivity and adaptive response in Drosophila melanogaster of radiosensitive strains]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2009; 49:46-54. [PMID: 19368321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the adaptive response after chronic low dose irradiation (2.5 mGy/h) in wild type Drosophila melanogaster strains (Canton-S and Oregon-R), as well as mutant strains on DNA damage sensing (mei-41), DNA repair (mus209, mus210, mus309, rad54) and free radicals detoxification (sod). The effects of irradiation on the prolongation of the larval stage, pupa lethality, and imago whole body weight have been analyzed. The high dose irradiation (30 Gy, 0.05 Gy/s) induced prolongation of the prepupal period and lethality in all wild type and mutant strains under investigation. The chronic low dose irradiation resulted in shortening of the larval development period (hormetic effect) was observed in wild type (Oregon-R) and mutant (mus209) strains (absorbed dose was 20 cGy) of Drosophila. At the same time these strains demonstrated the hormetic effect after chronic low dose irradiation. The hypersensitivity effect was found in sod and rad54 larvae (20 cGy, prolongation of the prepural period), and rad54 and mei-41 pupa (40 cGy, increase of death rate). The larvae of hypersensitive strains and pupa of all strains under investigation did not have the adaptive response. The chronic irradiation in 6 and 60 cGy with the dose rate of 0.25 and 2.5 mGy/h induced the hormetic effect (imago whole body weight enhancement) Canton-S. The obtained results suggest the important role of free radical detoxification, of DNA damage sensing, and of DNA repair mechanisms in the whole organism radiation induced effects. The appearance of the adaptive response depends on the investigated effect and developmental stage of fly.
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Zaĭnullin VG, Iushkova EA. [The dynamics of variability of the genotype of experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster by chronic radiation exposure]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2009; 49:67-71. [PMID: 19368324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The reaction on the irradiation in a dose 3 Gy of experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster, differing on mobile genetic element patterns, chronically irradiated in low doses ionising radiation was investigated. Received results testify that the effect of radioadaptation is found out only in populations with an initial genotype and is not revealed at populations containing P-mobile elements. It is shown, that in chronically irradiated populations D. melanogaster with an initial genotype, decrease in frequency recessive lethal mutations after a sharp irradiation in a dose 3 Gy is observed. The analysis of frequency of dominant lethal mutations and gonads atrophy such tendency has not revealed. It is supposed, that the mechanisms participating in formation of the adaptive answer, induced with an irradiation and transpositions activity of mobile elements differ.
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Zaĭnullin VG, Iushkova EA. [The dynamics of survival rate of experimental polulations of Drosophila melanogaster undergone to a chronic irradiation]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2008; 48:677-682. [PMID: 19178044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In genetically non-uniform populations Drosophila melanogaster in conditions of a chronic irradiation in a doze 10-11 sGy/generation dynamics parameters of populations was investigated. It is established, that number of individuals in irradiated populations is lower, than in control. It is revealed, that viability of populations undergone to a chronic irradiation depends on their genotype. The gradual increase in fruitfulness, viability of individuals and the decrease in a level of lethal mutations in a number of generations after an irradiation in small dozes is caused by adaptable opportunities of the populations.
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Turysheva EV, Shaposhnikov MV, Moskalev AA. [Adaptive response on life span alteration in Drosophila melanogaster strains with mutations in heat shock factor and heat shock proteins genes]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2008; 48:565-572. [PMID: 19004329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The survival adaptive response (the life span alteration) induced by low-level radiation was studied in Drosophila using wild type strain (Canton-S) and strains mutant in genes of heat shock factor Hsf (1-4 alleles) and heat shock proteins (Hsp70Ba(304), Hsp83(e6A), Hsp22(EY09909)). The inductive doses of gamma-radiation were 6 and 60 cGy at a dose of 0.017 and 0.17 cGy/h. As a challenging dose we used feeding of flies by 20 mM paraquat in 5% sucrose solution during 24 h. The adaptive response was induced by chronic low dose irradiation in all experimental variants except Hsf4 and Hsp70Ba(304) homozygous strains. In Hsp22 homozygous strain the adaptive response was found only in males but wasn't in females. Thus the Drosophila strain homozygous on Hsp and Hsfmutations do not demonstrate the adaptive response in the most of studied variants. These results indicate the direct involvement of Hsp and Hsf genes to the formation of adaptive response.
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Kozeretskaia IA, Protsenko AV, Afanas'eva ES, Rushkovskiĭ SR, Chuba AI, Miusse TA, Meller AP. [Mutation processes in the natural populations of Drosophila and Hirundo rustica from Ukrainian radiation contaminated territories]. Tsitol Genet 2008; 42:63-68. [PMID: 19140433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and Hirundo rustica that reside at the territories with different levels of radioactive pollution were investigated. The levels of visible mutations, sex-linked mutations and gonad reduction of Drosophila and the rate of interphase markers of chromosomal instability in erythrocytes of birds were selected as parameters for population monitoring. The results point out to possible reverse dependence among the level of chromosomal instability of birds, the rate of lethal mutations in sex chromosome of Drosophila and the density of radioactive pollution.
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Moskalev A, Shaposhnikov M, Turysheva E. Life span alteration after irradiation in Drosophila melanogaster strains with mutations of Hsf and Hsps. Biogerontology 2008; 10:3-11. [PMID: 18551381 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The life span alteration after gamma-irradiation and/or paraquat treatment in Drosophila in wild type strain Canton-S and strains with mutations of heat shock factor (1-4 alleles) and heat shock proteins (Hsp70Ba ( 304 ), Hsp83 ( e6A ), Hsp22 ( EY09909 ), Hsp67Bb ( EY099099 )) was investigated. Chronic low-dose rate gamma-irradiation (0.017 and 0.17 cGy/h) on pre-imago stages was used as a priming dose (absorbed doses were 4 and 40 cGy). Paraquat, a free radical inducing agent, was a challenging factor (20 mM for 1 day). It was shown that chronic irradiation led to adaptive response in both sexes except homozygous males and females with mutations of Hsf ( 4 ) and Hsp70Ba ( 304 ). The gender-specific differences in stress response were discovered in wild type strain Canton-S, Hsp22 ( EY09909 ) Hsp67Bb ( EY09909 ) homozygotes and Hsp83 ( e6A ) heterozygotes: the adaptive response persisted in males, but not in females. Thus, Drosophila Hsp and Hsf mutation homozygotes did not demonstrate the adaptive response in the majority of cases, implying an important role of those genes in radiation hormesis and adaptation to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moskalev
- Department of Radioecology, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Syktyvkar, Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine E Boothroyd
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Savontaus ML. Cytology of aberrations induced by X-rays in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. III. Mature oocytes. Hereditas 2008; 98:229-33. [PMID: 6409844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1983.tb00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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