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Garbuglia AR, Visco-Comandini U, Lionetti R, Lapa D, Castiglione F, D’Offizi G, Taibi C, Montalbano M, Capobianchi MR, Paci P. Ultrasensitive HCV RNA Quantification in Antiviral Triple Therapy: New Insight on Viral Clearance Dynamics and Treatment Outcome Predictors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158989. [PMID: 27560794 PMCID: PMC4999094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identifying the predictive factors of Sustained Virological Response (SVR) represents an important challenge in new interferon-based DAA therapies. Here, we analyzed the kinetics of antiviral response associated with a triple drug regimen, and the association between negative residual viral load at different time points during treatment. METHODS Twenty-three HCV genotype 1 (GT 1a n = 11; GT1b n = 12) infected patients were included in the study. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was used to establish possible association between HCV RNA values at days 1 and 4 from start of therapy and SVR. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze the correlation between HCV RNA slope and SVR. A ultrasensitive (US) method was established to measure the residual HCV viral load in those samples which resulted "detected <12IU/ml" or undetectable with ABBOTT standard assay, and was retrospectively used on samples collected at different time points to establish its predictive power for SVR. RESULTS According to LDA, there was no association between SVR and viral kinetics neither at time points earlier than 1 week (days 1 and 4) after therapy initiation nor later. The slopes were not relevant for classifying patients as SVR or no-SVR. No significant differences were observed in the median HCV RNA values at T0 among SVR and no-SVR patients. HCV RNA values with US protocol (LOD 1.2 IU/ml) after 1 month of therapy were considered; the area under the ROC curve was 0.70. Overall, PPV and NPV of undetectable HCV RNA with the US method for SVR was 100% and 46.7%, respectively; sensitivity and specificity were 38.4% and 100% respectively. CONCLUSION HCV RNA "not detected" by the US method after 1 month of treatment is predictive of SVR in first generation Protease inhibitor (PI)-based triple therapy. The US method could have clinical utility for advanced monitoring of virological response in new interferon based DAA combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Ubaldo Visco-Comandini
- Clinical Department, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lionetti
- Clinical Department, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Clinical Department, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Clinical Department, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Montalbano
- Clinical Department, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica “Antonio Ruberti” (IASI)—CNR, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Some ethical aspects of the management of the Ebola epidemic in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone which started in January 2014, have been questionable. First, as regards the prevention of the spread of the virus, the necessary epidemiological investigations on the origin of the infection were not carried out adequately and this did not help to curb the spread of the disease. A disparity has been observed between the western and African countries' access to the treatment of patients; this infringes on the principle of equality. This paper also focuses on how the Global Public Goods for Health principle was not fully respected in the management of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense, 00149 Rome, Italy,.
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53
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Lapa D, Capobianchi MR, Garbuglia AR. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in European Countries. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25711-43. [PMID: 26516843 PMCID: PMC4632823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin (IgG) anti hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been increasing in European countries and shows significant variability among different geographical areas. In this review, we describe the serological data concerning the general population and risk groups in different European countries. Anti-HEV antibody prevalence ranged from 1.3% (blood donors in Italy) to 52% (blood donors in France). Various studies performed on risk groups in Denmark, Moldova and Sweden revealed that swine farmers have a high seroprevalence of HEV IgG (range 13%-51.1%), confirming that pigs represent an important risk factor in HEV infection in humans. Subtypes 3e,f are the main genotypes detected in the European population. Sporadic cases of autochthonous genotype 4 have been described in Spain, France, and Italy. Although most HEV infections are subclinical, in immune-suppressed and transplant patients they could provoke chronic infection. Fulminant hepatitis has rarely been observed and it was related to genotype 3. Interferon and ribavirin treatment was seen to represent the most promising therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
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Garbuglia AR, Gentile M, Del Nonno F, Lorenzini P, Lapa D, Lupi F, Pinnetti C, Baiocchini A, Libertone R, Cicalini S, Capobianchi MR, Ammassari A. An anal cancer screening program for MSM in Italy: Prevalence of multiple HPV types and vaccine-targeted infections. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:49-54. [PMID: 26397204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated HPV infection rates have been described in HIV-positive males, placing these subjects at high risk of anal neoplasia. Bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines to prevent HPV infection have been developed, and recently proposed for gender-neutral immunization programs. OBJECTIVES In order to estimate the benefit that could be obtained by vaccination of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), we aimed at describing the frequency of multiple and vaccine-targeted HPV infections in MSM enrolled in an anal cancer screening program. STUDY DESIGN The anal cancer screening program was conducted between July 2009 and October 2012. Mucosal anal samples were tested for HPV DNA using MY09/MY11 PCR primers and, if positive, genotyped using the CLART2HPV Clinical Array (35HPV types). RESULTS A total of 220 MSM were screened and 88.6% were positive for HPV DNA: in 86.5% at least one high-risk (HR) type was found and in 13% only low-risk (LR) HPV were found. Multiple infections accounted for 84.5% of HPV DNA-positive cases and overall 160 different HPV genotype combinations were recognized (only three combinations were detected in more than one patient each). Based on strain coverage, at least one vaccine-targeted HPV type was found in 38.9%, 64%, and 78.4% of cases when considering bivalent, quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines, respectively. At least one HR vaccine-targeted strain was found in 39% of MSM for bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines, and in 64% of cases for nonavalent prevention. CONCLUSIONS Anal HPV infections in unvaccinated mostly HIV-infected MSM are highly prevalent. The majority of this population has multiple infections with an extremely heterogeneous number of genotype combinations. The nonavalent vaccine could theoretically have prevented a minimum of one HR HPV type in two thirds of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gentile
- Clinical Department, INMI "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, INMI "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Lupi
- Clinical Department, INMI "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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Bartolini B, Lionetti R, Giombini E, Sias C, Taibi C, Montalbano M, D’Offizi G, McPhee F, Hughes EA, Zhou N, Ippolito G, Garbuglia AR, Capobianchi MR. Erratum to ‘Dynamics of HCV genotype 4 resistance-associated variants during virologic escape with pIFN/RBV + daclatasvir: A case study using ultra deep pyrosequencing’ [Journal of Clinical Virology 66 (2015) 38–43]. J Clin Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bartolini B, Selleri M, Garbuglia AR, Giombini E, Taibi C, Lionetti R, D'Offizi G, Capobianchi MR. HCV NS3 quasispecies in liver and plasma and dynamics of telaprevir-resistant variants in breakthrough patients assessed by UDPS: A case study. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:60-5. [PMID: 26418073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of pre-existing variants in hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies, carrying resistance-associated mutations (RAMs), on the outcome of treatment with direct acting antiviral agents (DAA) is debated and it is complicated by the lack of knowledge of quasispecies distribution between the viral reservoir (liver) and the circulating compartment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate NS3 protease heterogeneity and presence of RAMs on baseline plasma and liver biopsy samples. Plasma dynamics were also analyzed during therapy and after its suspension. Study design Ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) was performed in two HCV genotype 1a patients who received telaprevir (TVR)-based therapy and developed treatment failure due to TVR-resistance. RESULTS In both patients the baseline diversity of NS3 quasispecies in plasma was higher than in liver (183.6×10(-4) vs 47.8×10(-4) and 246.0×10(-4) vs 55.0×10(-4) nt substitution/site, respectively, p<0.0001), but phylogenetic trees did not evidence compartmentalization between the two compartments. At baseline RAMs (i.e. V36A, T54A) were detected very low levels (range: 0.31-0.52%) in both specimen types. However, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the viral variants carrying these mutations at baseline were different from those that became fixed at breakthrough, when combined V36M+R155K, conferring high-level resistance to TVR, were observed. The frequency of resistance-associated variants declined after withdrawal of drug selective pressure. CONCLUSIONS UDPS allowed extensive evaluation of quasispecies compartmentalization and of their dynamics after withdrawal of TVR. Plasma and liver NS3 quasispecies, including low level RAMs, do not show significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bartolini
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Selleri
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Giombini
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lionetti
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D'Offizi
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- "L. Spallanzani" National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study is aimed at describing the seroprevalence and exploring potential risk factor(s) for hepatitis E virus (HEV) in participants who voluntarily underwent anti-HIV antibody testing. STUDY DESIGN Seroprevalence study. SETTING The HIV prevention unit at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, serving as a referral centre for HIV infection in Lazio, an Italian Region with about 5.6 million inhabitants. PARTICIPANTS Participants are a random sample of all subjects who receive counselling and undergo serological tests for anti-HIV antibody (Ab) between 2002 and 2011. RISK FACTORS AND OUTCOME A set of 16 epidemiological variables (risk factors) were assessed for association with positivity to anti-HEV IgG (outcome). RESULTS Between 2002 and 2011, 27,351 serum specimens and related epidemiological information were collected; of these 1116 were randomly selected and analysed. The overall anti-HEV IgG prevalence was 5.38% (60 out of 1116) with evidence of potential heterogeneity between years of sampling (p=0.055). Multivariate analysis provided evidence that anti-HEV IgG prevalence increases by 4% per year of participants' age (95% CI 1% to 7%, p=0.002). In addition, men who have sex with men and participants who were born outside Italy have an OR for past HEV infection that is about two times higher than in those who were not (p=0.040 and p=0.027, respectively). Analysis of temporal trend showed that variation of anti-HEV IgG can be well explained by a cubic logistic regression model, which describes the variation of prevalence over time as a fluctuation within a 3-year period (p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence that besides the orofecal and zoonotic routes, intimate contacts between males may be a significant mode of HEV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lanini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Lapa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Navarra
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Pergola
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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Garbuglia AR, Lionetti R, Lapa D, Taibi C, Visco-Comandini U, Montalbano M, D'Offizi G, Castiglione F, Capobianchi MR, Paci P. The clinical significance of HCV core antigen detection during Telaprevir/Peg-Interferon/Ribavirin therapy in patients with HCV 1 genotype infection. J Clin Virol 2015. [PMID: 26209382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAA) regimen improve the SVR rate. However, adverse effects often lead to therapy interruption. This underlines the importance to find some predictive parameters of response in order to consider the possibility of a shorter time of antiviral treatment in the appearance of adverse effects without affecting the success of the therapy. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the HCVAg kinetics in the early phase of treatment and its predictive value of SVR in patients undergoing TPV/Peg-IFN/RBV treatment. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-three patients infected by HCV genotype 1 (1a n=11; 1b n=12) were included in this prospective study. RESULTS At baseline the median Log of HCVAg concentration in RVR and EVR patients were 3.15 fmol/L and 3.45 fmol/L, respectively with no significant differences. The baseline median HCV-RNA to HCVAg ratio was 233.77, this ratio was significantly lower when measured on day 1 (27.52) and on day 6 (24.84) (p<0.001). The two-tailed Fisher's exact test indicated that the SVR response is statistically significantly different in patients with detected HCVAg at week1 compared to patients with no detectable HCVAg (p=0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values (NPV, PPV) were 53.8, 87.5, 53.8 and 87.5%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.71 at day T6, the best cut-off of 3 fmol/L when evaluated with the HCVAg plasma concentration at day T6. CONCLUSION Undetectable HCVAg in the early phase of TPV/Peg-IFN/RBV treatment could represent an important parameter for predicting SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Lionetti
- Clinical Department, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Clinical Department, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Visco-Comandini
- Clinical Department, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Montalbano
- Clinical Department, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D'Offizi
- Clinical Department, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "Antonio Ruberti" (IASI) - CNR, Rome, Italy
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Bordi L, Caglioti C, Garbuglia AR, Lapa D, Castilletti C, Taibi C, Capobianchi MR, Lalle E. IFNL4 and IFNL3 associated polymorphisms strongly influence the spontaneous IFN-alpha receptor-1 expression in HCV-infected patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117397. [PMID: 25675103 PMCID: PMC4326132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphism in IFNL3 gene (rs12979860) predicts spontaneous and therapy-induced HCV clearance. In a previous study from our group PBMC from patients with favourable rs12979860 genotype showed higher levels of IFNAR-1 mRNA. Recently, a dinucleotide polymorphism, ss469415590 (TT or ΔG), has been discovered in the region upstream IFNL3 gene, which is in high linkage disequilibrium with rs12979860. ss469415590[ΔG] is a frameshift variant that creates a novel gene, designed IFNL4, encoding the interferon-lambda 4 protein (IFNL4). The aim of the present study was to extend the analysis of IFNAR-1 mRNA levels to the ss469415590 variants. Our results highlight that the difference of IFNAR-1 mRNA levels between favourable and unfavourable genotype combinations, at both rs12979860 and ss469415590 loci, is stronger than that observed for single polymorphisms at each locus. These findings suggest may represent the biological basis for the observed association between IFNL3 CC and IFNL4 TT/TT genotypes and favourable outcome of either natural HCV infection (clearance vs chronic evolution) or IFN-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Caglioti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Lalle
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
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Lanini S, Ćosić G, Menzo S, Puro V, Đurić P, Garbuglia AR, Milošević V, Karać T, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G. A Large Epidemic of Hepatitis B in Serbia: An Integrated Model for Outbreak Investigations in Healthcare Settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1086/599166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive approach for outbreak investigations, including cluster analysis (Bernoulli model), an algorithm to build inferential models, and molecular techniques to confirm cases. Our approach may be an interesting tool to best exploit the large amount of unsystematically collected information available during outbreak investigations in healthcare settings.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2014;35(6):732–735
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Garbuglia AR, Alessandrini AI, Pavio N, Tessé S, Grignolo S, Viscoli C, Lapa D, Capobianchi MR. Male patient with acute hepatitis E in Genoa, Italy: figatelli (pork liver sausage) as probable source of the infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:e4-6. [PMID: 25636944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
| | - A I Alessandrini
- Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - N Pavio
- UMR Virology, Animal Health Laboratory, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Tessé
- Hôpital des Armées Val de Grâce, National Reference Laboratory of Hepatitis E, Paris, France
| | - S Grignolo
- Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - C Viscoli
- University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genoa, Italy
| | - D Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - M R Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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Festa S, Garbuglia AR, Baccini F, Panzuto F, Capobianchi MR, Santino I, Purchiaroni F, Orgera G, Delle Fave G, Marignani M. Acute fulminant hepatitis E virus genotype 3e infection: Description of the first case in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:727-31. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.928417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently considered to be a major etiologic factor, in addition to tobacco and alcohol, for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) development. HPV positive OPCs are epidemiologically distinct from HPV negative ones, and are characterized by younger age at onset, male predominance, and strong association with sexual behaviors. HPV16 is the most prevalent types in oral cavity cancer (OCC), moreover the prevalence of beta, and gamma HPV types is higher than that of alpha HPV in oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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64
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Lanini S, Ćosić G, Menzo S, Puro V, Đurić P, Garbuglia AR, Milošević V, Karać T, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G. A large epidemic of hepatitis B in Serbia: an integrated model for outbreak investigations in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:732-5. [PMID: 24799653 DOI: 10.1086/676432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive approach for outbreak investigations, including cluster analysis (Bernoulli model), an algorithm to build inferential models, and molecular techniques to confirm cases. Our approach may be an interesting tool to best exploit the large amount of unsystematically collected information available during outbreak investigations in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lanini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive-Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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Garbuglia AR, Monachetti A, Galli C, Sabatini R, Ferreri ML, Capobianchi MR, Bagnarelli P. HCV core antigen and HCV-RNA in HIV/HCV co-infected patients with different HCV genotypes. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:222. [PMID: 24758157 PMCID: PMC4029812 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A good correlation between HCV core antigen (HCVAg) and different HCV-RNA assays has been described, but little data are available in HCV/HIV co-infection. We aimed to evaluate HCVAg in comparison with HCV-RNA and to determine their kinetics during antiviral treatment in selected HCV/HIV co-infected patients. Methods 355 samples from 286 HCV/HIV co-infected subjects for whom HCV-RNA (Abbott RealTime) was requested were analysed also for HCVAg (Abbott ARCHITECT) in order to evaluate the correlation between the two parameters both in patients treated or untreated for chronic hepatitis C and according to different HCV genotypes. The differences between percentages were evaluated by chi square or Fisher’s exact test, while mean and median values were compared by Student’s t test or the Mann–Whitney test, respectively. All differences were considered significant for a p value <0.05. Results HCVAg was detectable on 288/315 sera (91.4%) positive for HCV-RNA and in 5 out of40 (12.5%) sera with undetectable HCV-RNA for a total concordance of 90.1%. The correlation was fair both in untreated (r = 0.742) and in treated (r = 0.881) patients and stronger for genotypes 1 and 4 than for genotype 3. Both HCV-RNA and HCVAg levels were significantly higher (p = 0.028 and p = 0.0098, respectively) in patients infected by genotype 1 than by genotype 3. The mean ratio of Log values between HCV-RNA (IU/mL) and HCVAg (fmol/liter) was 2.27 ± 1.09 in untreated and 2.20 ± 0.82 in treated patients (p = n.s.),consistent with a sensitivity of HCVAg corresponding to about 1,000 IU/mL of HCV-RNA, and ranged from 2.21 to 2.32 among HCV genotypes with no significant differences; five samples (1.4%; 2 genotype 1a or 1c, 3 genotype 3a) showed highly divergent values. The analysis of 18 monitoring profiles from patients treated with PEG-IFN and Ribavirin showed similar trends, except in one case in which relapse could be predicted by HCVAg and not by HCV-RNA. Conclusion These results suggest that HCVAg represents an adequate tool for determining an ongoing HCV infection also in HIV co-infected patients, with lower costs and faster turnaround time than HCV-RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Virology, Laboratory of Virology, "L,Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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Visco-Comandini U, Lapa D, Taibi C, Angeletti C, Capobianchi MR, Garbuglia AR. No impact of interleukin-28B polymorphisms on spontaneous or drug-induced hepatitis delta virus clearance. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:348-52. [PMID: 24387833 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND rs12979860 and rs8099917 interleukin-28B polymorphisms are associated with spontaneous or interferon-alpha induced hepatitis C clearance, "CC" and "TT" genotypes (respectively) being the most favourable. There are no data on the influence of interleukin-28B polymorphisms on hepatitis delta clearance in hepatitis B/D co-infected patients. AIMS The present study explores the potential influence of both rs12979860 and rs8099917 polymorphisms on delta infection outcome. METHODS Retrospective-longitudinal study on 55 European patients observed for at least 4 years, selected from a cohort of 439 subjects positive for hepatitis delta antibodies and hepatitis B core antibodies. The rate of spontaneous and interferon induced delta-RNA clearance was compared in interleukin-28B rs12979860 "CC" vs "non CC", and in rs8099917 "TT" vs "non TT" genotypes. RESULTS Prevalence of rs12979860C allele was 60%, consistent with the reported prevalence in Italy (67%, p=0.128). No significant differences in spontaneous clearance rate were observed between rs12979860 "CC" and "non CC" genotypes (13.3% vs 7.5%, respectively, p=0.60), and between rs8099917 "TT" and "non-TT" genotypes (11.1 vs 7.1%, respectively, p=0.67). No differences were observed for interferon-induced delta-RNA clearance either. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that interleukin-28B polymorphisms might not influence hepatitis delta clearance rate in either natural history or interferon-alpha response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Visco-Comandini
- POIT Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Taibi
- POIT Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Angeletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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Lalle E, Bordi L, Caglioti C, Garbuglia AR, Castilletti C, Taibi C, Cristofari F, Capobianchi MR. IFN-Alpha receptor-1 upregulation in PBMC from HCV naïve patients carrying cc genotype. possible role of IFN-lambda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93434. [PMID: 24691098 PMCID: PMC3972101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS IL-28B gene polymorphisms predict better therapeutic response and spontaneous clearance of HCV. Moreover, higher expression of IFN-lambda has been reported in patients with the rs12979860 CC favourable genotype. The study aim was to establish possible relationships between IL-28B rs12979860 genotypes and expression of IFN-alpha receptor-1 (IFNAR-1) in naïve HCV patients, and to explore the possible role of IFN-lambda. METHODS IFNAR-1 mRNA levels were measured in PBMC from naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C with different IL-28 genotypes. The ability of IFN-lambda to up-regulate the expression of IFNAR-1 was established in PBMC from healthy donors carrying different IL-28B genotypes. RESULTS Lower IFNAR-1 mRNA levels were observed in PBMC from HCV-infected naïve patients as compared to healthy donors. In healthy donors, IFNAR-1 mRNA levels were independent from IL-28B genotype, while in HCV patients, an increasing gradient was observed in TT vs CT vs CC carriers. In the latter group, a direct correlation between IFNAR-1 and endogenous IL-28B expression was observed. Moreover, IFN-lambda up-regulated IFNAR-1 expression in normal PBMC in a time-and dose-dependent manner, with a more effective response in CC vs TT carriers. CONCLUSION Endogenous levels of IFN-lambda may be responsible for partial restoration of IFNAR-1 expression in HCV patients with favourable IL-28 genotype. This, in turn, may confer to CC carriers a response advantage to either endogenous or exogenous IFN-alpha, representing the biological basis for the observed association between CC genotype and favourable outcome of either natural infection (clearance vs chronicization) or IFN therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lalle
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Caglioti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cristofari
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
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Spada E, Amoroso P, Taliani G, Zuccaro O, Chiriacò P, Maio P, Maio G, Esposito ML, Mariano C, Rinaldi R, Bellissima P, Tosti ME, Del Porto P, Francavilla R, Mellace V, Garbuglia AR, Folgori A, Mele A. Role of IL28B gene polymorphism and cell-mediated immunity in spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis C. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:803-11. [PMID: 23784926 PMCID: PMC3749747 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs12979860) near the IL28B gene has been associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced hepatitis C virus clearance. We investigated predictors of spontaneous disease resolution in a cohort of patients with acute hepatitis C (AHC), analyzing epidemiological, clinical and virological parameters together with IL28B.rs12979860 genotypes and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). METHODS Fifty-six symptomatic AHC patients were enrolled and followed prospectively. CMI was measured in 31 patients at multiple time points by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay and was correlated to the IL28B.rs12979860 SNP. RESULTS Eighteen patients had a self-limiting AHC that was associated with female sex (P = .028), older age (P = .018), alanine aminotransferase level >1000 U/L (P = .027), total bilirubin level >7 mg/dL (P = .036), and IL28B.rs12979860 genotype CC (P = .030). In multivariate analysis, only CC genotype was independently associated with self-limiting AHC (odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-26.5). Patients with the CC genotype with self-limiting AHC had a stronger (P = .02) and broader (P = .013) CMI than patients with the CT genotype with chronically evolving AHC. In patients with chronically evolving disease, CC genotype was associated with a broader CMI compared to CT genotype (P = .028). A negative CMI was more frequently associated with CT genotype among persistently infected patients (P = .043) and with persistent infection among CT patients (P = .033). CONCLUSIONS . Self-limiting AHC was independently associated with CC genotype. The correlation between IL28B.rs12979860 genotypes and CMI is suggestive of a possible important role of CMI in favoring hepatitis C virus clearance in CC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Spada
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Sacchi A, Lapa D, Garbuglia AR, Taibi C, Tumino N, D'Offizi G, Martini F. In HIV/HCV coinfected patients dendritic cell activation state is not associated with IL28B genotype. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:364-5. [PMID: 23570849 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sias C, Garbuglia AR, Piselli P, Cimaglia C, Lapa D, Del Nonno F, Baiocchini A, Capobianchi MR. Comparison of the Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV with Genomica HPV Clinical Array for the detection of human papillomavirus DNA. APMIS 2013; 121:1054-63. [PMID: 23398447 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the major cause of cervical cancer worldwide and HPV DNA testing is recommended in primary cervical cancer screening. Several molecular tests for detection/typing of HPV DNA with different sensitivity and specificity are commercially available. The present study compared the performance of the Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV assay and the Genomica HPV Clinical Array CLART2 in 78 specimens (63 cervical smears and 15 rectal/urethral swabs).The typing results of the Genomica assay were in absolute agreement with each of the four possible result categories of the Abbott assay (HPV16, HPV18, Other HR HPV, not detected) in 87.2% (68/78) of the samples, with a Cohen' kappa agreement coefficient for every HR type of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.39-0.85), higher in cervical swabs (k = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.50-0.99) than in rectal/urethral swabs (k = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.00-0.82). There was an excellent agreement of the Genomica results with those of Abbott in cervical samples harbored HPV single infection (100% agreement). Nonetheless, both methods may lose sensitivity for detecting HPV types in multiple infections, giving discordant results (10/78). This underlines the importance of establishing the analytical sensitivity in HPV type detection in single and multiple HPV infections. In rectal/urethral swabs, 5 of 15 (33%) discordant cases were observed, most of which became compatible when the Genomica assay was performed starting from nucleic acid extracted with the Abbott m2000sp system. These results suggest that nucleic extraction based on the magnetic beads technique is suitable for HPV DNA detection in urethral/rectal swabs.
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Garbuglia AR, Piselli P, Lapa D, Sias C, Del Nonno F, Baiocchini A, Cimaglia C, Agresta A, Capobianchi MR. Frequency and multiplicity of human papillomavirus infection in HIV-1 positive women in Italy. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:141-6. [PMID: 22437054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural history of HPV infection is altered in HIV positive women, with increased risk of cervical dysplasia. Limited data are available about the influence of HPV genotypes and HPV multiple infections on cervical disease in HIV positive women. OBJECTIVES We determined HPV genotype prevalence in cervical samples from 553 HIV-infected women attending the gynaecological service at "L. Spallanzani" Hospital. Association of HPV multiple infections with cervical abnormalities was investigated. STUDY DESIGN MY09/MY11 consensus primers were used to detect HPV-DNA; HPV typing was performed by RFLP. A commercial array based kit was used to define unresolved RFLP patterns. RESULTS HPV was detected in 244/553 (44.1%) patients, correlating with low CD4 counts (p<0.001) and age (p=0.001). Multiple HPV types were observed in 44.4% of cases, more frequently involving HR than LR HPV (OR=12.8, p<0.00001). Multiple HPV infections were associated with low CD4 counts (OR=3.8 in CD4<200 vs CD4≥500 cells/mm(3)). Dyskaryosis was associated with decreased CD4 counts (≥500 vs 200-499 vs <200 cells/mm(3), χ(2) for trend, p=0.001) and with HPV types multiplicity (1 vs 2-3 vs ≥4, χ(2) for trend, p<0.00001). Notably, in 3 H-SIL cases only LR types were detected (HPV62, n=2; HPV81, n=1). CONCLUSIONS Multiple HPV infections, often involving HR types, are frequent in HIV-infected women. Association between multiple HPV infection, low CD4 count and cytological abnormalities supports the interplay of virological and immunological factors in cervical cancer pathogenesis. Assessment of multiple HPV infections might gain importance in cervical cancer screening, particularly in patients with predisposing factors like immuno-suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Lanini S, Garbuglia AR, Puro V, Solmone M, Martini L, Arcese W, Nanni Costa A, Borgia P, Piselli P, Capobionchi MR, Ippolito G. Hospital cluster of HBV infection: molecular evidence of patient-to-patient transmission through lancing device. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33122. [PMID: 22412991 PMCID: PMC3295785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In western countries the transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission through multi-patients lancing devices has been inferred since early '90s, however no study has ever provided biological evidence which directly link these device with HBV cross-infection. Here we present results of an outbreak investigation which could associate, by molecular techniques, the use of lancing device on multiple patients with HBV transmission in an Italian oncohematology unit. METHODS The outbreak investigation was designed as a retrospective cohort study to identify all potential cases. All cases identified were eventually confirmed through molecular epidemiology techniques. Audit of personnel including extensive review of infection control measures and reviewing personnel's tests for HBV was done identify transmission route. RESULTS Between 4 May 2006 and 21 February 2007, six incident cases of HBV infection were reported among 162 patients admitted in the oncohematology. The subsequent molecular instigation proved that 3 out 6 incident cases and one prevalent cases (already infected with HBV at the admission) represented a monophyletic cluster of infection. The eventual environmental investigation found that an identical HBV viral strain was present on a multi-patients lancing device in use in the unit and the inferential analysis showed a statistically significant association between undergoing lancing procedures and the infection. DISCUSSION This investigation provide molecular evidence to link a HBV infection cluster to multi-patients lancing device and highlights that patients undergoing capillary blood sampling by non-disposable lancing device may face an unacceptable increased risk of HBV infection. Therefore we believe that multi-patients lancing devices should be banned from healthcare settings and replace with disposable safety lancets that permanently retract to prevent the use of the same device on multiple patients. The use of non-disposable lancing devices should be restricted to individual use at patients' home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lanini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
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Rosa Garbuglia A, Lapa D, Testa A, Rosaria Capobianchi M, Visco-Comandini U. HDV-RNA and HBsAg Evolution during peg-IFN Treatment in Three HBV-HDV-HCV-HIV Coinfected Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/wja.2012.24039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Detecting acute HIV infection is important, but often the infection is difficult to recognize. We report the case of a 23-year-old man with persistent genital ulceration; all microbiological examinations from the ulcers were negative. HIV-1/2 antibodies were positive, but the HIV-1 Western blot (WB) was indeterminate and HIV-1 p24 antigen was persistently negative, with a low HIV-1 RNA level. One month later, the genital ulcerations disappeared and the WB test showed complete seroconversion; nonetheless HIV p24 antigen remained negative and HIV-RNA was persistently low. HIV-1 proviral DNA was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the initial ulcers swabs. This case was notable due to genital ulceration being the only sign of primary HIV infection. Furthermore, the serological pattern was unusual, and HIV-RNA was unexpectedly low. This underlines the importance of screening for HIV being infection in the setting of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and also in cases of atypical STI-like presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gentile
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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La Rosa G, Muscillo M, Vennarucci VS, Garbuglia AR, La Scala P, Capobianchi MR. Hepatitis E virus in Italy: molecular analysis of travel-related and autochthonous cases. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1617-1626. [PMID: 21471314 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. The aim of the present study was to contribute to the body of knowledge available on the molecular epidemiology of acute hepatitis E in Italy. Three sets of HEV-specific primers targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 were used to examine serum samples collected from acute hepatitis patients positive for anti-HEV IgG and/or IgM, between 2007 and 2010. Seventeen patients (39.5%) tested HEV RNA-positive: 12 infections, due to genotype 1, were associated with travel to endemic areas (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan), while five infections, due to genotype 3, were presumably autochthonous. Risk factors identified in this group included exposure to raw seafood, pork liver sausages and wild boar. Results from the present study confirm that human HEV infection in Italy is caused by different genotypes, depending on whether the infection is travel-related or autochthonous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Muscillo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Patrizia La Scala
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
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Garbuglia AR, Piselli P, Minosse C, Sias C, Cimaglia C, Agresta A, Lapa D, Del Nonno F, Capobianchi MR. Prevalence study of HPV mixed infections in Italian HIV positive women. Microbiol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2010.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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77
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Sias C, Aleo L, Di Filippo S, Paterno M, Garbuglia AR, Capobianchi MR. Pre-analytic phase in molecular biology: criticism and non-compliance management. Microbiol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2010.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Vincenti D, Solmone M, Garbuglia AR, Iacomi F, Capobianchi MR. A sensitive direct sequencing assay based on nested PCR for the detection of HBV polymerase and surface glycoprotein mutations. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:53-7. [PMID: 19442845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a crucial problem emerging frequently during treatment of hepatitis B, resulting in treatment failure and progression of liver damage. A direct sequencing method based on a nested PCR was established to detect mutations in samples with low viral load. Primers were designed to obtain an amplicon encompassing the A, B, C, D and E functional domains of HBV polymerase. Fifty-five samples were tested, containing HBV DNA ranging from 19 to 1700 IU/mL. Sixteen samples were also tested by the commercially available assay INNO-LiPA HBV DR v2. Sequencing was successful for all samples, and mutations were detected in 24/55 (43.6%). When used in parallel with DR v2, concordant results were found in 8/16 samples. In the eight discordant cases, four were resolved by sequencing and not by DR v2, and four had differences in the mutation patterns. Direct sequencing was able to show pol mutations not revealed by DR v2, such as rtV214A, rtQ215H/S, and rtM250V. Genotype and env variations were also established. This highly sensitive sequencing protocol, providing valuable sequencing data from samples with a low viral load, is suitable for detection of mutations at the very early signs of failure of treatment, thereby allowing to maximize the success of early treatment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Vincenti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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Guglietta S, Garbuglia AR, Salichos L, Ruggeri L, Folgori A, Perrone MP, Camperio C, Mellace V, Maio G, Maio P, Capobianchi MR, Spada E, Gargano N, Scottà C, Piccolella E, Del Porto P. Impact of viral selected mutations on T cell mediated immunity in chronically evolving and self limiting acute HCV infection. Virology 2009; 386:398-406. [PMID: 19232664 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of HCV to mutate in response to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) pressure is increasingly recognized, but the influence of such a mechanism in viral persistence and final disease outcome has not been ascertained. In this study, we performed a detailed longitudinal analysis of cell mediated immunity and HCV evolution in two self limiting and two chronically evolving HCV acutely infected patients, one of whom transiently controlled viremia. Amino acid mutations in immunodominant regions of viruses were observed in all patients, although they conferred viral escape from CTL responses only in chronically infected individuals. Resurgence of viremia coincided with the replacement of the original virus quasispecies with mutant viruses that had escaped recognition by primary CD8(+) T cell responses and infection persisted in the presence of variant viruses which were less efficiently recognized by preexisting and de novo induced T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guglietta
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Scottà C, Garbuglia AR, Ruggeri L, Spada E, Laurenti L, Perrone MP, Girelli G, Mele A, Capobianchi MR, Folgori A, Nicosia A, Del Porto P, Piccolella E. Influence of specific CD4+ T cells and antibodies on evolution of hypervariable region 1 during acute HCV infection. J Hepatol 2008; 48:216-28. [PMID: 18180071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Several studies suggest that the evolutionary rate of HVR1 sequence in acute HCV hepatitis derives from the action of a continuous immune-driven positive selection. However, these studies have not been performed examining the relationship between HVR1 evolution and the development of specific immunity to autologous HVR1 sequences. METHODS We performed a longitudinal analysis of HVR1 sequences and specific antibodies and CD4+ T cells in ten HCV acutely infected patients with different clinical outcomes (recovery versus persistence). RESULTS We showed that although both recovered and chronically evolving individuals developed IFN-gamma+ T cells specific for Core and NS sequences, HVR1-specific CD4+ T cells were detected only in patients clearing the virus. On the contrary, all patients displayed anti-HVR1 antibodies that recognized sequences exclusively carried by autologous viruses. Measurements of genetic diversity and the number of non-synonymous per synonymous substitutions within HVR1 sequences before and after antibody appearance showed an increase of these parameters only in concomitance with the appearance of anti-HVR1 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The evidence that anti-HVR1 antibodies favor HVR1 variant selection suggests that viral complexity in chronically infected patients could represent a virus adaptive strategy to escape the continuous selective process mediated by anti-HVR1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Scottà
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology,"La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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81
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Garbuglia AR, Carletti F, Minosse C, Piselli P, Zaniratti MS, Serraino D, Capobianchi MR. Genetic variability in E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus -16, -18, -31 and -33 from HIV-1-positive women in Italy. New Microbiol 2007; 30:377-382. [PMID: 18080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Among 544 HIV-positive women screened for HPV-DNA between 2003 and 2005, 265 (48.7%) were HPV-positive: 24 (9.1%) harboured HPV-16, 21 (7.9%) HPV-31, 12 (4.5%) HPV-18, 7 (2.6%) HPV-33. E6 and E7 of these HPV types were sequenced to assess their diversity. Ranges of inter- and intra-variant diversity were 1.2-3-3%, and 0.8-1.8 for E6 and 0.6-2.7%, and 0.6-2.0% for E7, respectively. HPV-31, the second most common HPV type, showed the highest diversity for both regions. On the whole, 26 out of 59 mutations were non-synonymous. The variability of these proteins may have implications in HPV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute of Infectious Diseases INMI, Rome, Italy
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82
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Garbuglia AR, Angeletti C, Lauria FN, Zaccaro P, Cocca AM, Pisciotta M, Solmone M, Capobianchi MR. Comparison of Versant HBV DNA 3.0 and COBAS AmpliPrep-COBAS TaqMan assays for hepatitis B DNA quantitation: Possible clinical implications. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:274-80. [PMID: 17707918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared two commercial assays for HBV DNA quantitation, Versant HBV 3.0, System 340 (bDNA; Bayer Diagnostics) and COBAS AmpliPrep-COBAS TaqMan HBV Test (TaqMan; Roche Diagnostics). Analytical sensitivity, calculated on WHO International Standard, predicted 95% detection rate at 11.4 and 520.2IU/ml for TaqMan and bDNA, respectively. Specificity, established on 50 blood donor samples, was 100% and 84% for TaqMan and bDNA, respectively. When using clinical samples, HBV DNA was detected by TaqMan in 21/55 samples negative to bDNA. Mean values of HBV DNA obtained with bDNA were higher than those obtained with TaqMan (4.09log(10)+/-1.90 versus 3.39log(10)+/-2.41, p<0.001), and 24.4% of samples showed differences in viral load values >0.5log(10), without association with HBV genotype. There was a good correlation for HBV DNA concentrations measured by the two assays (r=0.94; p<0.001) within the overlapping range, and the distribution of results with respect to relevant clinical threshold recently confirmed (20,000 and 2000IU/ml) was similar. Approximately 50% of samples with low HBV DNA, appreciated by TaqMan but not by bDNA, were successfully sequenced in pol region, where drug resistance mutations are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases INMI, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Via Portuense, 292-00149 Rome, Italy
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83
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Bartolini B, Garbuglia AR, Horejsh D, Martini F, Carletti F, Capobianchi MR. Simultaneous control of DNA and RNA processing efficiency using a nucleic acid calibration set. Biotechniques 2007; 42:452, 454, 456. [PMID: 17489231 DOI: 10.2144/000112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bartolini
- The Italian National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "L. Spallanzani"-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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84
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Garbuglia AR, Grasso F, Donà MG, Mochi S, Conti P, De Lutiis MA, Giorgi C, Iezzi T. TT virus infection: role of interferons, interleukin-28 and 29, cytokines and antiviral proteins. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 20:249-58. [PMID: 17624237 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1997 a novel virus in the serum of a patient with acute post-transfusion hepatitis of non A-G etiology was identified. This agent was designed TT virus (TTV). It produces persistent viremia and no disease, but the mechanism of its persistence is poorly understood. In the present study mRNA expression of antiviral proteins as MxA, 2' 5' OAS, anti-apopotic protein, cytokines IL- 28, IL- 29 and IFN are examined in a subject affected by B lymphoma and positive for TTV DNA and RNA in this cellular subset, and in BJAB and Dohh2 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Garbuglia
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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85
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Folgori A, Spada E, Pezzanera M, Ruggeri L, Mele A, Garbuglia AR, Perrone MP, Del Porto P, Piccolella E, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Vitelli A. Early impairment of hepatitis C virus specific T cell proliferation during acute infection leads to failure of viral clearance. Gut 2006; 55:1012-9. [PMID: 16484505 PMCID: PMC1856340 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.080077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cellular mediated immunity (CMI) is thought to play a key role in resolution of primary hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are also generated during acute infection in individuals who become chronic, suggesting that they developed a defective CMI. The aim of this study was to verify if and when such immune dysfunction is established by measuring the breadth, magnitude, function, and duration of CMI in a large cohort of subjects during the natural course of acute HCV infection. METHODS CMI was comprehensively studied by prospective sampling of 31 HCV acutely infected subjects enrolled at the onset of infection and followed for a median period of one year. RESULTS Our results indicated that while at the onset of acute HCV infection a measurable CMI with effector function was detected in the majority of subjects, after approximately six months less than 10% of chronically infected individuals displayed significant CMI compared with 70% of subjects who cleared the virus. We showed that progressive disappearance of HCV specific T cells from the peripheral blood of chronic patients was due to an impaired ability to proliferate that could be rescued in vitro by concomitant exposure to interleukin 2 and the antigen. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence of strong and multispecific T cell responses with a sustained ability to proliferate in response to antigen stimulation as reliable pharmacodynamic measures of a protective CMI during acute infection, and suggest that early impairment of proliferation may contribute to loss of T cell response and chronic HCV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Folgori
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P Angeletti, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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86
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Guglietta S, Garbuglia AR, Pacciani V, Scottà C, Perrone MP, Laurenti L, Spada E, Mele A, Capobianchi MR, Taliani G, Folgori A, Vitelli A, Ruggeri L, Nicosia A, Piccolella E, Del Porto P. Positive selection of cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variants during acute hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2627-37. [PMID: 16114108 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are induced during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and acute-phase CD8+ T cells are supposed to play an important role in controlling viral replication. In chimpanzees, failure of CD8+ T cells to control HCV replication has been associated with acquisition of mutations in MHC class I-restricted epitopes. In humans, although selection of escape mutations in an immunodominant CTL epitope has been recently described, the overall impact of immune escape during acute HCV infection is unclear. Here, by performing an in depth analysis of the relationship between early cellular immune responses and viral evolution in a chronically evolving HCV acutely infected individual, we demonstrate: (i) the presence of a potent and focused CD8(+ T cell response against a novel epitope in the NS3 protein, (ii) the elimination of the quasi-species harboring the original amino acid sequence within this epitope, and (iii) the selection for a virus population bearing amino acid changes at a single residue within the cytotoxic T cell epitope that strongly diminished T cell recognition. These results support the view that acute-phase CD8+ T cell responses exert a biologically relevant pressure on HCV replication and that viruses escaping this host response could have a significant survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guglietta
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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87
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Spada E, Sagliocca L, Sourdis J, Garbuglia AR, Poggi V, De Fusco C, Mele A. Use of the minimum spanning tree model for molecular epidemiological investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4230-6. [PMID: 15365016 PMCID: PMC516344 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4230-4236.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimum spanning tree (MST) model was applied to identify the history of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in an outbreak involving five children attending a pediatric oncology-hematology outpatient ward between 1992 and 2000. We collected blood samples from all children attending since 1992, all household contacts, and one health care worker positive for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV). HCV RNA detection was performed with these samples and with smears of routinely collected bone marrow samples. For all isolates, we performed sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis of hypervariable region 1 of the E2 gene. The MST model was applied to clinical-epidemiological and molecular data. No additional cases were detected. All children, but not the health care worker, showed genotype 3a. On six occasions, all but one child had shared the medication room with another patient who later seroconverted. HCV RNA detection in bone marrow smears revealed, in some cases, a delay of several months in anti-HCV responses. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a high identity among the isolates. The MST model applied to molecular data, together with the clinical-epidemiological data, allowed us to identify the source of the outbreak and the most probable patient-to-patient chain of transmission. The management of central venous catheters was suspected to be the probable route of transmission. In conclusion, the MST model, supported by an exhaustive clinical-epidemiological investigation, appears to be a useful tool in tracing the history of transmission in outbreaks of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Spada
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center of Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Health Promotion, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Via. Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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88
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Garbuglia AR, Calcaterra S, D'Offizi G, Topino S, Narciso P, Lillo F, Girardi E, Capobianchi MR. HIV-1 DNA burden dynamics in CD4 T cells and monocytes in patients undergoing a transient therapy interruption. J Med Virol 2004; 74:373-81. [PMID: 15368526 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Replication-competent HIV, as well as HIV-1 DNA, has been detected in CD4 T cells and in monocytes during antiretroviral therapy (ART), indicating that these cells could represent an important viral reservoir. We measured HIV-1 DNA in monocytes and CD4 T cells in patients undergoing transient therapy interruption (TTI), to establish the dynamic of HIV-1 DNA burden and to find possible correlations with immune restoration and re-establishment of virological control after ART resumption. In most patients CD4 depletion and viral load rebound followed TTI. Rapid resumption of virological and immunological control was achieved after ART reintroduction. After TTI, in most cases a transient increase of both monocyte and CD4 HIV-1 DNA burden was observed. After ART reintroduction, both CD4 T cell and monocyte HIV-1 DNA copy number decreased, reaching baseline levels at the end of observation. At this time monocyte HIV-1 DNA burden was always undetectable, while CD4 T cell HIV-1 DNA burden was lower than at baseline. As CD4 T cell HIV-1 DNA values are independently associated with CD4 depletion, the increase of HIV-1 DNA burden in these cells after TTI is presumably due to acute infection, causing cell death. This is also supported by the pattern of 2-LTR appearance in these cells after TTI. HIV-1 DNA burden in monocytes and CD4 T cells show high correlation, suggesting reciprocal re-feeding of two cell populations. Repopulation by HIV these cells after TTI is temporary, and no significant changes of HIV-1 DNA burden were observed after ART resumption respect to pre-TTI period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L.Spallanzani I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
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89
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Spada E, Mele A, Berton A, Ruggeri L, Ferrigno L, Garbuglia AR, Perrone MP, Girelli G, Del Porto P, Piccolella E, Mondelli MU, Amoroso P, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Vitelli A, Folgori A. Multispecific T cell response and negative HCV RNA tests during acute HCV infection are early prognostic factors of spontaneous clearance. Gut 2004; 53:1673-81. [PMID: 15479691 PMCID: PMC1774263 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.037788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in a high frequency of chronic disease. The aim of this study was to identify early prognostic markers of disease resolution by performing a comprehensive analysis of viral and host factors during the natural course of acute HCV infection. METHODS The clinical course of acute hepatitis C was determined in 34 consecutive patients. Epidemiological and virological parameters, as well as cell mediated immunity (CMI) and distribution of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) alleles were analysed. RESULTS Ten out of 34 patients experienced self-limiting infection, with most resolving patients showing fast kinetics of viral clearance: at least one negative HCV RNA test during this phase predicted a favourable outcome. Among other clinical epidemiological parameters measured, the self-limiting course was significantly associated with higher median peak bilirubin levels at the onset of disease, and with the female sex, but only the latter parameter was independently associated after multivariate analysis. No significant differences between self-limiting or chronic course were observed for the distribution of DRB1 and DQB1 alleles. HCV specific T cell response was more frequently detected during acute HCV infection, than in patients with chronic HCV disease. A significantly broader T cell response was found in patients with self-limiting infection than in those with chronic evolving acute hepatitis C. CONCLUSION The results suggest that host related factors, in particular sex and CMI, play a crucial role in the spontaneous clearance of this virus. Most importantly, a negative HCV RNA test and broad CMI within the first month after onset of the symptoms represent very efficacious predictors of viral clearance and could thus be used as criteria in selecting candidates for early antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spada
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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90
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Goletti D, Carrara S, Vincenti D, Giacomini E, Fattorini L, Garbuglia AR, Capobianchi MR, Alonzi T, Fimia GM, Federico M, Poli G, Coccia E. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:624-33. [PMID: 14767815 DOI: 10.1086/381554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial results have been obtained in studies of the effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in cells of the macrophage lineage. In the present study, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), previously incubated for 2 days with heat-inactivated M. tuberculosis, were infected with HIV-1. M. tuberculosis consistently inhibited viral replication, and a similar result also was observed in the presence of supernatants from M. tuberculosis-stimulated MDMs, which indicates that this effect was mediated by soluble factors. Although CCR5-binding chemokines were induced by M. tuberculosis stimulation, the results of neutralization experiments indicated that it is unlikely that they were responsible for viral suppression. Inhibition occurred mainly after viral entry (demonstrated by use of a vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped HIV-1 and by analysis of HIV-1 early and late reverse-transcription products). Therefore, M. tuberculosis-induced factors may inhibit in vitro HIV-1 replication in macrophages by affecting an early postentry step in the HIV-1 cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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91
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Branca M, Garbuglia AR, Benedetto A, Cappiello T, Leoncini L, Migliore G, Agarossi A, Syrjänen K. Factors predicting the persistence of genital human papillomavirus infections and PAP smear abnormality in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women during prospective follow-up. Int J STD AIDS 2003; 14:417-25. [PMID: 12816671 DOI: 10.1258/095646203765371321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of an extensive multi-institutional DIANAIDS study focused on assessing the risk factors, natural history, diagnosis and follow-up of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in HIV-infected women, the present communication reports a sub-cohort of 142 women (89 HIV+ and 48 HIV-), followed-up for a mean of 14.07 (+/-10.84) months to analyse the factors predicting the persistence and clearance of HPV infections (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and sequencing) and cervical Papanicolaou (PAP) smear abnormalities, using both univariate (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate (Cox) survival analysis. The appearance of new HPV infections during the follow-up was significantly more frequent in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative women, odds ratio (OR) 8.800 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.199-64.611), and also the clearance rate was significantly less frequent in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative women, 69.2% vs 22.8%, respectively (OR 0.330; 95% CI: 0.163-0.670). These two groups were also markedly different with respect to the clinical course of the cervical lesions, in the frequency of progressive disease (determined by PAP smear) was higher in HIV-positive group (12/89) than in HIV-negative women (2/52) (OR 3.506; 95% CI 0.816-15.055) (P = 0.055), in whom the disease regressed more frequently than in HIV-positive women (13.5% vs 7.9%) (OR 0.584; 95% CI 0.217-1.573). Using (1) HPV-positivity, (2) oncogenic HPV-type and (3) significant PAP smear abnormality at the end of follow-up as outcome measures, (1) was significantly (P < 0.001) predicted by the following variables in univariate analysis: age, mode of contraception, CD4 count, and HIV-positivity. The significant predictors of (2) were age and mode of contraception. The outcome measure (3) was significantly predicted by CD4 count, PAP smear abnormality and PCR status at entry. In the multivariate analysis, the significant independent predictive factors for HPV-positivity proved to be only the HIV status (P < 0.001), and PCR status at entry, p53 polymorphism at aa-72, oncogenic HPV type and significant PAP smear at entry remained independent predictors, with the significance level of P < 0.05. None of the significant predictors of oncogenic HPV type in univariate analysis retained their independent value in multivariate analysis. Oncogenic HPV type at entry proved to be an independent predictor of significant PAP smear (P < 0.05). The present results indicate that HIV-infected women, even on highly active antiretroviral therapy, demonstrate a more aggressive clinical course of cervical HPV infections, and fail to eradicate the disease more frequently than HIV-negative women. This persistence of HPV-positivity, oncogenic HPV type and significant PAP smear abnormality can be predicted by the results of PAP test and HPV typing in univariate analyses, and partly retain their independent predictive value also in multivariate analysis. Clearly, in addition to regular monitoring by PAP smear, HPV testing for the oncogenic HPV types seems to provide additional prognostic information in the management of cervical lesions in HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Branca
- Unità di Citoistopatologia, Laboratorio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viala Regina Elena 299, I-0061, Roma, Italy.
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92
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Garbuglia AR, Iezzi T, Capobianchi MR, Pignoloni P, Pulsoni A, Sourdis J, Pescarmona E, Vitolo D, Mandelli F. Detection of TT virus in lymph node biopsies of B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease, and its association with EBV infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2003; 16:109-18. [PMID: 12797901 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human TT virus (TTV) recently isolated from the serum of a patient with post-transfusion hepatitis does seem to have only hepatopathic effect. The virus can also infect the serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bone marrow cells (BMC ). Additional evidence has indicated that TTV is also present in the serum of people with hematopoietic malignancies. A significant increase in the incidence of lymphoma has recently been observed worldwide. We have investigated the presence of TTV DNA in lymph node biopsies of Italian patients affected with the most common lymphoma types in Western Countries: follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (NS-HD). The possible role of a co-infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has also been investigated. DNA was extracted from 73 paraffin-embedded and 38 snap-frozen tissue specimens. From these, only 67 samples (29 paraffin-embedded and 38 snap-frozen tissues) from a total of 56 patients, were suitable for PCR analysis. TTV and EBV were detected by PCR using primers from two different conserved region in TTV and EBV genomes respectively. TTV DNA was detected in 30.0-50.0% of FL, 30.8% of DLBCL and 30.0-50.0% of NS-HD cases, depending on the primers used. All cases of non-specific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH), used as a putative control, were negative. The two major TTV genotypes circulating in Italy (G1 and G2) were detected in the analysed lymphoid neoplasms. EBV DNA was detected in 40.0% of FL, in 72.7%of DLBCL, in 80.0% of SN-HD and in 40.0% of RLH cases. EBV co-infection was found in 90% of TTV positive cases. The in situ hybridization assay was performed in TTV positive frozen samples. The significant prevalence of TTV DNA in lymphocytes circulating in the lymph nodes of both B-cell lymphomas and HD reported herewith suggests an implication of TTV infection in the development of these lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Garbuglia
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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93
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Calcaterra S, Cappiello G, Di Caro A, Garbuglia AR, Benedetto A. Comparative analysis of total and integrated HIV-1 DNA in peripheral CD4 lymphocytes and monocytes after long treatment with HAART. J Infect 2001; 43:239-45. [PMID: 11869061 DOI: 10.1053/jinf.2001.0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level of total and integrated HIV-1 DNA load in CD4 lymphocytes and monocytes of patients undergoing HAART treatment for at least 2 years. METHODS CD4 lymphocytes were isolated by subjecting monocyte-depleted blood samples to immune-purging carried out with M-450 Dynabeads. Monocytes were separated by blood through a combined procedure of cell adherence to dishes and complement induced immune lysis with anti-CD3 Mab. HIV DNA in CD4 lymphocytes and monocytes was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based limit dilution assay with two PCR protocols, specific for total (LTR PCR) and integrated (Alu PCR) forms of HIV DNA. The replication competence of the provirus harboured in monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and adherent monocytes was assayed by measuring HIV-1 p24 antigen produced by in-vitro cultures established with these cells. RESULTS The CD4 lymphocytes of all patients contained a consistent number of HIV DNA copies. Most patients were also positive for HIV DNA in monocytes. The Alu PCR analysis detected, integrated provirus in CD4 lymphocytes of 9 patients and in the monocytes of only three. Four patients had replication-competence virus in their PBL. The monocytes of all patients did not produce virus in vitro. CONCLUSION The HIV infection of CD4 lymphocytes and monocytes is maintained even after HAART related, apparent, and durable suppression of viral replication. We suggest that the viral persistent infection of monocytes may play a role in maintaining the residual HIV activity found in patients undergoing HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calcaterra
- Laboratory of Virology, L. Spallanzani Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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94
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Rezza G, Giuliani M, Garbuglia AR, Serraino D, Cappiello G, Migliore G, Branca M, Benedetto A, Ippolito G. Lack of association between p53 codon-72 polymorphism and squamous intraepithelial lesions in women with, or at risk for, human immunodeficiency virus and/or human papillomavirus infections. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:565-6. [PMID: 11352871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Rezza
- AIDS and Sexually Transmited Diseases Unit, Laboratorio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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95
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Rezza G, Zaccarelli M, Giuliani M, Calcaterra S, Garbuglia AR, Catalani C, Benvenuti M, Di Carlo A, Ippolito G, Antinori A. Sexual Transmission of Transfusion-Transmitted Virus. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28:298-9. [PMID: 11354270 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200105000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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96
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Garbuglia AR, Zaccarelli M, Calcaterra S, Cappiello G, Marini R, Benedetto A. Dynamics of viral load in plasma and HIV DNA in lymphocytes during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): high viral burden in macrophages after 1 year of treatment. J Chemother 2001; 13:188-94. [PMID: 11330367 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2001.13.2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the level of HIV RNA in plasma and HIV DNA in peripheral blood cells. Sixteen antiretroviral-experienced HIV patients with severe immune suppression were included in the study. After the first month, 56.2% of the patients showed undetectable levels of HIV RNA, this percentage remaining stable after 1 year (53.3%). At enrollment, 7 patients (43.7%) with a low CD4+ T cell count (mean 22 per mm3 versus 73) showed HIV DNA levels below the limit of detection (5 copies/10(5)) in lymphocytes. They all subsequently had increased HIV DNA that became detectable between the first and the third month of therapy, associated with an increase of the CD4+ T cell count (mean 22 to 95/mm3); in 4 of these patients this increase was transitory, becoming undetectable again after one year. In 7 out of the 8 patients with detectable HIV DNA at enrollment, the HIV DNA level decreased over time. Seven out of 15 patients at 1 year (46.7%) showed both undetectable levels of HIV RNA in plasma and HIV DNA in lymphocytes (p<0.05); these patients had a higher CD4+ T cell count at baseline (mean 75 versus 25/mm3) and a higher increase (306 versus 177/mm3) after 1 year. PCR-based dilution assay carried out at 1 year showed that all patients had a consistent amount of HIV DNA positive- CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, with higher values in these last cells. The data indicate that a durable reservoir of virus is still present in both lymphocytes and monocytes, even after long-lasting HAART treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Garbuglia
- Center of Virology, Spallanzani Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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97
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Branca M, Migliore G, Giuliani M, Morosini PL, Mudu P, Cappiello G, Garbuglia AR, Ippolito G, Rezza G. Using the number of koilocytes to predict HIV serostatus in women with HPV-associated SIL. Acta Cytol 2000; 44:1000-4. [PMID: 11127727 DOI: 10.1159/000328586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between specific cytopathologic changes, koilocyte counts and human papillomavirus (HPV) types in HIV-positive and -negative women. STUDY DESIGN A cohort of 459 women (266 HIV+ and 193 HIV-), were examined in a multicentric study (Early Diagnosis of Neoplasia in AIDS) involving 14 gynecologic centers. Altogether, 97 women had cervical smears consistent with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). Koilocytes were found in 60/97 SIL slides, subjected to quantitative counting in 30 predetermined fields. HPV genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. RESULTS SIL lesions were four times more frequent (29%) in HIV-positive women than in HIV-negative women (10%) (odds ratio = 3.80). HPV DNA was equally frequent in both groups. There was a strong association between the number of koilocytes and HIV serostatus in both high grade and low grade SIL diagnoses. The presence of eight or more koilocytes had a specificity of 93% and sensitivity of 76% toward the diagnosis of HIV-positive status. No HIV-negative woman had a count > 8 koilocytes. No association was shown between koilocyte count and HPV genotype. CONCLUSION An elevated number of koilocytes could suggest the possibility of HIV infection. Pap smear examination might give the first clue to HIV positivity in otherwise-unsuspected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Branca
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cytopathology Unit, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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98
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Branca M, Migliore G, Giuliani MLeoncini L, Ippolito G, Cappiello G, Garbuglia AR, Schiesari A, Rezza G. Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and HPV associated changes in HIV infected women or at risk of HIV. DIANAIDS Cooperative Study Group. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2000; 21:155-9. [PMID: 10843475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study concerns the prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and the specific cervical cytopathological features of a group of HIV-positive and a group of HIV-negative women recruited in a multicentric cohort study. The assessment of HPV-DNA genotypes was carried out in both groups. METHOD 459 women, 266 HIV-positive and 193 HIV-negative women at risk were examined in an Italian multi-institutional study involving 14 gynaecological centres. RESULTS In our samples, the risk of SILs was 29.4% for HIV-positive women and 10% for HIV-negative women (O.R. = 3.90, C.I. 95%: 2.20-6.98) while HPV-DNA-PCR genotypes had a high prevalence in both groups of HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Cytopathological features of SILs in HIV-positive women were: a higher number of koilocytes and a more marked atypia of high grade neoplastic cells. CONCLUSIONS A higher prevalence of SILs as well as a specific cervical cytopathology might suggest HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Branca
- Cytopathology Unit, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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99
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Baccetti B, Benedetto A, Collodel G, Crisá N, di Caro A, Garbuglia AR, Piomboni P. Failure of HIV-1 to infect human oocytes directly. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21:355-61. [PMID: 10458615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the susceptibility of mature human oocytes to HIV-1 infection has been investigated. We exposed in vitro human oocytes of healthy women using inocula of cell-free HIV-1. We also tested for the presence of HIV-1-specific receptor molecules on the surface of these cells. By applying polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunocytochemistry at both light and electron microscopic levels, we did not obtain evidence for HIV DNA production nor for oocyte-associated HIV particles. Experiments of immunostaining for CD4, CCR5, and GalAAG (putative receptor for HIV in sperm), as well as reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR for CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, which all suggested the absence of the mentioned receptors in mature oocytes and in follicular cells. This study fills an important gap concerning the information available on the direct HIV infection of human gametes, adds to our basic understanding of HIV infection in human oocytes, provides different results from those obtained with human spermatozoa using comparable methods, and provides a basic contribution to the investigation on HIV infection in human oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baccetti
- Institute of General Biology, University of Sienna, Italy.
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100
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Abstract
The debate about the presence of HIV-1 particles in human gametes and recent experimental results are reported in detail. Using immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization at electron microscopy level, polymerase chain reaction and in vitro fertilization, it has been demonstrated that human spermatozoa can incorporate HIV-1 using special receptors, different from the usual CD4, and that they remain active and able to vehicle the viral particles into the oocyte, which is regularly fertilized. Moreover, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunocytochemistry and PCR, we demonstrated that cell-free HIV-1 is not able to bind and penetrate the human oocyte in vitro. We attribute this behaviour to the fact that the oocyte and cumulus cells are devoid both of GalAAG and of CD4 receptors. PCR analysis indicated that mRNAs specific for CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5 proteins were absent, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baccetti
- Institute of General Biology, University and Center for the Study of Germinal Cells, CNR, Siena, Italy
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