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Lee K, Lee J, Bae WK, Choi JK, Kim HJ, Cho B. Efficacy of low-calorie, partial meal replacement diet plans on weight and abdominal fat in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial of two diet plans - one high in protein and one nutritionally balanced. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:195-201. [PMID: 19196357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relative efficacy of high-protein vs. conventional diet plans that include partial meal replacements on body fat loss in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two low-calorie diets with partial meal replacement plans-a high-protein plan (HP) and a nutritionally balanced conventional (C) plan-on reducing obesity in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. DESIGN In a 12-week, double-blind study, we randomised 75 participants to either the HP- or the C-plan group. We recorded key metrics at 0 and 12 weeks. RESULTS The overall mean weight loss was 5 kg in the HP-plan group and 4.9 kg in the C-plan group (p = 0.72). Truncal fat mass decreased 1.6 kg in the HP-plan group (p < 0.05) and 1.5 kg in the C-plan group (p < 0.05), while whole body fat mass decreased 2.5 kg in the HP-plan group (p < 0.05) and 2.3 kg in the C-plan group (p < 0.05). Between-group losses did not differ significantly for truncal (p = 0.52) or whole body (p = 0.77) fat mass. Among subjects with > or = 70% dietary compliance, however, truncal and whole body fat mass decreased more in the HP-plan group (Delta 2.2 kg and Delta 3.5 kg respectively) than in the C-plan group (Delta 1.3 kg and Delta 2.3 [corrected] kg respectively) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The HP- and C-plans had a similar effect on weight and abdominal fat reduction, but the HP-plan was more effective in reducing body fat among compliant subjects.
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Kasprzycka M, Zhang Q, Witkiewicz A, Marzec M, Potoczek M, Liu X, Wang HY, Milone M, Basu S, Mauger J, Choi JK, Abrams T, Hou S, Rook AH, Vonderheid E, Woetmann A, Odum N, Wasik MA. Gamma c-signaling cytokines induce a regulatory T cell phenotype in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:2506-12. [PMID: 18684941 PMCID: PMC2586884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that malignant mature CD4(+) T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) variably display some aspects of the T regulatory phenotype. Whereas seven cell lines representing a spectrum of primary cutaneous T cell lymphoproliferative disorders expressed CD25 and TGF-beta, the expression of FOXP3 and, to a lesser degree, IL-10 was restricted to two CTCL cell lines that are dependent on exogenous IL-2. IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21, all of which signals through receptors containing the common gamma chain, induced expression of IL-10 in the IL-2-dependent cell lines as well as primary leukemic CTCL cells. However, only IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-21, induced expression of FOXP3. The IL-2-triggered induction of IL-10 and FOXP3 expression occurred by signaling through STAT3 and STAT5, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the CTCL tissues revealed that FOXP3-expressing cells were common among the CD7-negative enlarged atypical and small lymphocytes at the early skin patch and plaque stages. Their frequency was profoundly diminished at the tumor stage and in the CTCL lymph node lesions with or without large cell transformation. These results indicate that the T regulatory cell features are induced in CTCL T cells by common gamma chain signaling cytokines such as IL-2 and do not represent a fully predetermined, constitutive phenotype independent of the local environmental stimuli to which these malignant mature CD4(+) T cells become exposed.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/physiology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Hong JS, Ohnishi S, Masuta C, Choi JK, Ryu KH. Infection of soybean by cucumber mosaic virus as determined by viral movement protein. Arch Virol 2007; 152:321-8. [PMID: 17006598 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the host range determinant of the soybean strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) we analyzed a series of pseudorecombinants and chimeric viruses between infectious transcripts from two soybean strains (CMV-SC and CMV-SD) and an ordinary strain (CMV-Y). CMV-Y could not infect soybeans, even locally. Systemic infection of the two soybean-adapted soybean isolates on soybean plants mapped to RNA3. Chimeric RNA3s from between CMV-SC and CMV-Y, and chimeric RNA3s from between CMV-SC and CMV-SD, were made and inoculated onto wild soybean Iwate and soybean cv. Tsurunoko. The 3a region determined the viral systemic movement in the plants. In the wild soybean ecotype Hyougo, cell-to-cell movement of two different CMV soybean strains, one of which infects systemically while the other does not, in the inoculated leaves were almost the same, suggesting that the resistance of soybean operates at the level of long-distance movement. Our results clearly suggest that movement protein is a host determinant of CMV soybean strains.
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Ahn HI, Yoon JY, Hong JS, Yoon HI, Kim MJ, Ha JH, Rhie MJ, Choi JK, Park WM, Ryu KH. The complete genome sequence of pepper severe mosaic virus and comparison with other potyviruses. Arch Virol 2006; 151:2037-45. [PMID: 16699829 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of pepper severe mosaic virus (PepSMV) was determined. The viral genome consisted of 9890 nucleotides, excluding a poly (A) tract at the 3' end of the genome. The PepSMV RNA genome encoded a single polyprotein of 3085 amino acid residues, resulting in ten functionally distinct potyviral proteins. The lengths of the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) and the 3' NTR were 164 and 468 nucleotides, respectively. The genome organization of the virus was typical for members of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. The coat protein amino acid sequence identity between PepSMV and the other 45 potyviruses ranged from 53.4 to 79.7%. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses of the potyviral polyprotein sequences revealed that PepSMV was the closest to potato virus Y (PVY) and closely related to members of the PVY subgroup. Our genome sequence data clearly confirmed that PepSMV belongs to a separate species in the genus Potyvirus.
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Choi JK, Son HS, Kim TS, Stenstrom MK, Zoh KD. Degradation kinetics and mechanism of RDX and HMX in TiO2 photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2006; 27:219-32. [PMID: 16506518 DOI: 10.1080/09593332708618636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the photocatalytic degradation of explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) with a circular photocatalytic reactor, using a UV lamp as a light source and TiO2 as a photocatalyst. The effects of various parameters, such as the RDX or HMX concentration, the amount of TiO, and the initial pH, on the photocatalytic degradation rates of explosives were examined. In the presence of both UV light and TiO2 RDX and HMX were more effectively degraded than with either UV or TiO2 alone. The degradation rates were found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics represented by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Increases in the RDX and HMX degradation rates were obtained with decreasing initial concentrations of the explosives. The RDX and HMX degradation rates were higher at pH 7 than at either pH 3 or pH 11. A dose of approximately 0.7 g l(-1) of TiO2 degraded HMX more rapidly than did higher or lower TiO2 doses. RDX (20 mg l(-1)) photocatalysis resulted in an approximately 20% decrease in TOC, and HMX (5 mg l(-1)) photocatalysis resulted in a 60%, decrease in TOC within 150 minutes. A trace amount of formate was produced as an intermediate that was further mineralized by RDX or HMX photocatalysis. The nitrogen byproducts from the photocatalysis of RDX and HMX were mainly NO3- with NO2-, and NH4+. The total nitrogen recovery was about 60% from RDX (20 mg l(-1)), and 70% from HMX (5 mg l(-1)), respectively. Finally, a mechanism for RDX/HMX photocatalysis was proposed, along with supporting qualitative and quantitative evidence.
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Gye MC, Choi JK, Ahn HS, Kim YS. Expression of p50 C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) in mouse testis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 50:287-93. [PMID: 15277007 DOI: 10.1080/01485010490448714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
C-terminal Src Kinase (Csk) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates a critical tyrosine residue in each of the Src family kinases to inhibit their activities. To investigate the possible regulation of spermatogenesis by Src-Csk loop, the postnatal changes in the expression of Csk were examined in mouse testes. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Csk mRNA increased during neonatal development and peaked at 2 weeks of age. Following the decrease during pubertal development, Csk expression re-increased in adult testes. In Western blot, immature testes showed higher expression of Csk protein than the pubertal or adult testes. In immature testis, Csk immunoreactivity was largely found in the Sertoli cell and there was no visible difference in the Csk immunoreactivity among the seminiferous tubules. In adult testis, however, a differential Csk immunoreactivity was found among the seminiferous tubules. Intense signal was found in the adluminal cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells bearing the post-meiotic differentiating germ cells, suggesting that Csk may participate in the remodeling of seminiferous tubule during late phase of spermatogenesis. Csk immunoreactivity was also found in the Leydig cells, suggesting the possible regulation of Leydig cell function. Src-Csk loop may participate in the differentiation of the seminiferous epithelia and Leydig cells in mouse testis.
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Means RE, Choi JK, Nakamura H, Chung YH, Ishido S, Jung JU. Immune evasion strategies of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 269:187-201. [PMID: 12224509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59421-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
To establish lifelong infection in the presence of an active host immune system, herpesviruses have acquired an impressive array of immune modulatory mechanisms that contribute to their success as long-term parasites. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently discovered human tumor virus and is associated with the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV has acquired a battery of genes to assist in viral survival against the host immune response. These viral gene products target a variety of host immune surveillance mechanisms, including the cytokine-mediated immune response, apoptosis, natural killer (NK) cell killing and T cell-mediated responses. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of these viral proteins in the escape from host immune surveillance, which ultimately contributes to lifelong infection and pathogenesis of KSHV.
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Choi JK, Kee WC, Lee JM, Ye MK. Variable site of oropharyngeal narrowing and regional variations of oropharyngeal collapsibility among snoring patients during wakefulness and sleep. Cranio 2001; 19:252-9. [PMID: 11725849 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2001.11746176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The oropharynx shows rhythmic caliber changes in accordance with the respiratory cycle. Dynamic imaging of the oropharynx is required to evaluate airway changes associated with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. The purpose of this study was to determine the sites of narrowing/obstruction and to measure the regional collapsibility of the oropharynx during respiration during the sleep and awake cycles in snoring patients. Seven snoring patients were included for this study. Electron Beam Tomograms of the oropharynx were taken while the patient was awake and asleep, and dynamic views were reconstructed. The site of narrowing or obstruction varied widely among patients and differed from awake to asleep. The mean of smallest minimum cross-sectional area of the oropharynx was 60.38+/-42.97 mm2 in the awake state and 16.90+/-20.43 mm2 in the asleep state. Although the collapsibility of the oropharynx showed considerable regional variations, it increased during sleep at the overall oropharynx. The low retropalatal region showed the smallest minimum cross-sectional area and the highest collapsibility; however, the most prominent changes in the minimum cross-sectional area and collapsibility during sleep were observed in the high retroglossal region.
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Zhao F, Vilardi A, Neely RJ, Choi JK. Promotion of cell cycle progression by basic helix-loop-helix E2A. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:6346-57. [PMID: 11509675 PMCID: PMC87370 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.18.6346-6357.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal B-cell development requires the E2A gene and its encoded transcription factors E12 and E47. Current models predict that E2A promotes cell differentiation and inhibits G(1) cell cycle progression. The latter raises the conundrum of how B cells proliferate while expressing high levels of E2A protein. To study the relationship between E2A and cell proliferation, we established a tissue culture-based model in which the activity of E2A can be modulated in an inducible manner using E47R, an E47-estrogen fusion construct, and E47ERT, a dominant negative E47-estrogen fusion construct. The two constructs were subcloned into retroviral vectors and expressed in the human pre-B-cell line 697, the human myeloid progenitor cell line K562, and the murine fibroblastic cell line NIH 3T3. In both B cells and non-B cells, suppression of E2A activity by E47ERT inhibited G(1) progression and was associated with decreased expression of multiple cyclins including the G(1)-phase cyclin D2 and cyclin D3. Consistent with these findings, E2A null mice expressed decreased levels of cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 transcripts. In complementary experiments, ectopic expression of E47R promoted G(1) progression and was associated with increased levels of multiple cyclins, including cyclin D2 and cyclin D3. The induction of some cyclin transcripts occurred even in the absence of protein synthesis. We conclude that, in some cells, E2A can promote cell cycle progression, contrary to the present view that E2A inhibits G(1) progression.
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Xu K, Song W, Warren A, Choi JK. Trichodinid ectoparasites (ciliphora: Peritrichida) of some marine fishes from coastal regions of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Syst Parasitol 2001; 50:69-79. [PMID: 11642224 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011865124047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Five species of marine fishes, including two of the main maricultured fishes from coastal regions of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, were examined for ectoparasitic trichodinids. A total of five species of trichodinids belonging to three genera, Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1830, Paratrichodina Lom, 1963 and Trichodinella Srámek-Husek, 1953 were reinvestigated following dry silver impregnation. These were: Trichodina rectuncinata Raabe, 1958, T. jadranica (Raabe, 1958) Haider, 1964, Paratrichodina globonuclea Lom, 1963, P. obliqua Lom, 1963 and Trichodinella lomi Xu, Song & Warren, 1999. Morphometric data and comparative descriptions of these trichodinids are provided along with details of their prevalence and intensity of infestation.
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Choi JK, Hoang N, Vilardi AM, Conrad P, Emerson SG, Gewirtz AM. Hybrid HIV/MSCV LTR enhances transgene expression of lentiviral vectors in human CD34(+) hematopoietic cells. Stem Cells 2001; 19:236-46. [PMID: 11359949 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.19-3-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-based lentiviral vectors can transduce nondividing cells, an important advantage over murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based vectors when transducing slowly dividing hematopoietic stem cells. However, we find that in human CD34(+) hematopoietic cells, the HIV-based vectors with an internal cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter express transgenes 100- to 1,000-fold less than the MLV-based retroviral vector murine stem cell virus (MSCV). To increase the expression of the integrated lentivirus, we replaced CMV promoter with that of the Rous sarcoma virus or MSCV and obtained a modest augmentation in expression. A more dramatic effect was seen when the CMV enhancer/promoter was removed and the HIV long-terminal repeat (LTR) was replaced by a novel HIV/MSCV hybrid LTR. This vector retains the ability to transduce nondividing cells but now expresses its transgene (enhanced green fluorescent protein) 10- to 100-fold greater than the original HIV-based vector. When compared under identical conditions, the HIV vector with the hybrid LTR transduced a higher percentage of CD34(+) cells than the MSCV-based retroviral vector (19.4% versus 2.4%). The number of transduced cells and level of transgene expression remain constant over 5-8 weeks as determined by long-term culture-initiating cells, fluoresence-activated cell sorting, and nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency repopulation assay.
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Bach JH, Chae HS, Rah JC, Lee MW, Park CH, Choi SH, Choi JK, Lee SH, Kim YS, Kim KY, Lee WB, Suh YH, Kim SS. C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein induces astrocytosis. J Neurochem 2001; 78:109-20. [PMID: 11432978 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the pathophysiological features of Alzheimer's disease is astrocytosis around senile plaques. Reactive astrocytes may produce proinflammatory mediators, nitric oxide, and subsequent reactive oxygen intermediates such as peroxynitrites. In the present study, we investigated the possible role of the C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (CT-APP), which is another constituent of amyloid senile plaque and an abnormal product of APP metabolism, as an inducer of astrocytosis. We report that 100 nM recombinant C-terminal 105 amino acid fragment (CT105) of APP induced astrocytosis morphologically and immunologically. CT105 exposure resulted in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as well as transcription factor NF-kappaB. Pretreatment with PD098059 and/or SB203580 decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. But inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation did not affect MAPKs activation whereas they abolished NO production and attenuated astrocytosis. Furthermore, conditioned media derived from CT105-treated astrocytes enhanced neurotoxicity and pretreatment with NO and peroxynitrite scavengers attenuated its toxicity. These suggest that CT-APP may participate in Alzheimer's pathogenesis through MAPKs- and NF-kappaB-dependent astrocytosis and iNOS induction.
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Lee HM, Lee HY, Choi JK, Lee HS. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of a new proton pump inhibitor KR60436 and its active metabolite O-demethyl-KR60436 in rat plasma samples using column-switching. Arch Pharm Res 2001; 24:207-10. [PMID: 11440078 DOI: 10.1007/bf02978258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated high performance liquid chromatography with column-switching was developed for the simultaneous determination of KR60436, a new reversible proton pump inhibitor, and its active metabolite O-demethyl-KR60436 from rat plasma samples. Plasma sample (50 microl) was directly introduced onto a Capcell Pak MF Ph-1 column (10 x 4 mm I.D.) where primary separation was occurred to remove proteins and concentrate target substances using acetonitrile-potassium phosphate (pH 7, 0.1 M) (2:8, v/v). The drug molecules eluted from MF Ph-1 column were focused in an intermediate column (10 x 2 mm I.D.) by the valve switching step. The substances enriched in intermediate column were eluted and separated on a Vydac 218MR53 column (250 x 3.2 mm I.D.) using acetonitrile-potassium phosphate (pH 7, 0.02 M) (47:53, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min when the valve status was switched back to A position. The method showed excellent sensitivity (detection limit of 2 ng/ml) with small volume of samples (50 microl), good precision and accuracy, and speed (total analysis time 24 min) without any loss in chromatographic efficiency. The response was linear (r2 > or = 0.999) over the concentration range of 5-500 ng/ml.
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Nan HM, Kim H, Lim HS, Choi JK, Kawamoto T, Kang JW, Lee CH, Kim YD, Kwon EH. Effects of occupation, lifestyle and genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol concentrations. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:787-93. [PMID: 11323399 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.5.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of occupation, lifestyle and the genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and glutathione S-transferases micro1 (GSTM1) and 1 (GSTT1) on the concentrations of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol among Korean coke oven workers and university students. The study subjects included 90 coke oven workers and 128 university students. A questionnaire was used to obtain detailed data about the work area, smoking habits and food intake of subjects. Associations between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and occupation, smoking status, total airborne PAH level and genetic polymorphisms were tested. Urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were higher in coke oven workers than in students and correlated significantly with work area. Urinary 2-naphthol concentrations increased with an increase in the level of cigarette smoking in students. Total airborne PAH level correlated with urinary 1-OHP concentration in coke oven workers. Urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol concentrations were higher in coke oven workers with the c1/c2 or c2/c2 genotype of CYP2E1 than in those with the c1/c1 genotype. Urinary 2-naphthol concentrations were higher in GSTM1-null workers than in GSTM1-positive workers. In multiple regression analysis CYP2E1 was a significant factor determining urinary 1-OHP concentrations in coke oven workers. CYP2E1 and GSTM1 were significant determinants for urinary 2-naphthol concentrations in coke oven workers and GSTM1 and smoking were prognosticators among university students. Urinary 1-OHP is a better indicator of occupational exposure to PAH in coke oven workers than 2-naphthol, whereas urinary 2-naphthol may be more sensitive for non-occupational inhalation exposure to PAH. In occupationally exposed populations CYP2E1 and GSTM1 appear to play an important role in the metabolism of pyrene and naphthalene. In individuals not occupationally exposed to PAHs GSTM1 and smoking seem to influence the urinary concentration of 2-naphthol.
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Yang Y, Jung DW, Bai DG, Yoo GS, Choi JK. Counterion-dye staining method for DNA in agarose gels using crystal violet and methyl orange. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:855-9. [PMID: 11332752 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683()22:5<855::aid-elps855>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and safe methods for visualization of DNA in agarose gels are described. 0.001% crystal violet dissolved in distilled water was used for DNA staining on agarose gels and it could detect as little as 16 ng of DNA (3 kb, pGem-7Zf/EcoRI) without destaining procedure. The detection limit is four times lower than that of ethidium bromide. To improve the sensitivity, we studied a counterion-dye staining method using methyl orange as a counterion-dye which contributes to reduce excessive background staining by crystal violet. Dye concentration, pH of staining solution, mixing molar ratio of two dyes, and staining times were optimized for the counterion-dye staining. By the staining with a mixed solution of 0.0025% crystal violet and 0.0005% methyl orange in distilled water, 8 ng of the 3 kb DNA in an agarose gel was detected within 30 min.
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Chae JS, Choi JK, Lim HT, Cha SH. Generation of a murine single chain Fv (scFv) antibody specific for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using a phage display library. Mol Cells 2001; 11:7-12. [PMID: 11266124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the long-term goal of generating CMV-resistant transgenic plants using antibody genes, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody that binds to the cucumber mosaic virus was isolated from a scFv phage display library by four rounds of affinity selection with CMV-Mf as an antigen. The scFv has the identical binding specificity to CMV as a monoclonal antibody that is generated by the hybridoma fusion technique, and recognized purified preparations of CMV isolates belonging to either subgroup I or II in immunoblotting. The nucleotide sequences of the recombinant antibody showed that a heavy chain variable region (V(H)) gene belonged to the VH3 subgroup and the kappa light chain variable region (V kappa) came from the Vkappa4 subgroup. Our results demonstrate that the scFv phage display library, an alternative approach to the traditional hybridoma fusion technique, has a potential applicability in the study of plant virus and plant pathology.
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Shin SS, Noh MS, Byun YJ, Choi JK, Kim JY, Lim KM, Ha JY, Kim JK, Lee CH, Chung S. 2,2-Dimethyl-4,5-diaryl-3(2H)furanone derivatives as selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:165-8. [PMID: 11206450 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-4-phenyl-3(2H)furanones was prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2).
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Lee U, Hong JS, Choi JK, Kim KC, Kim YS, Curtis IS, Nam HG, Lim PO. Broad bean wilt virus Causes Necrotic Symptoms and Generates Defective RNAs in Capsicum annuum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2000; 90:1390-1395. [PMID: 18943381 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2000.90.12.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A virus was isolated from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Hyang Chon) growing in Korea and displaying necrotic spots or streaks on leaves and stems followed by stunting and death of plants. Morphological and host range analyses of extracts from infected plants suggested that the causal agent of disease was a Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), and the virus was tentatively named a Korean isolate of BBWV (BBWV-K). When the isolate was back-inoculated onto hot pepper plants, it induced symptoms similar to those of naturally infected hot pepper in the field. Two coat proteins (CPs) of 44 and 22 kDa, corresponding to a large CP and a small CP, respectively, were identified from the virus, and both reacted specifically with polyclonal antibody to BBWV 2. The complete nucleotide sequences of RNA 1 and RNA 2 of the isolate were determined from cDNA clones. The deduced amino acid sequence data from the putative proteins encoded by RNA 1 and 2 of the BBWV-K indicated a closer relationship with the isolates of BBWV 2 than BBWV 1. However, sequence comparison of the 5' noncoding regions of the viruses differentiates BBWV-K from other BBWV 2 isolates. Another distinctive feature of the BBWV-K is that it generates defective RNAs in hot pepper exhibiting necrotic symptoms, which is the first report of defective RNAs in the Fabavirus genera of BBWVs.
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Ishido S, Choi JK, Lee BS, Wang C, DeMaria M, Johnson RP, Cohen GB, Jung JU. Inhibition of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K5 protein. Immunity 2000; 13:365-74. [PMID: 11021534 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K3 and K5 proteins dramatically downregulate MHC class I molecules. However, although MHC class I downregulation may protect KSHV-infected cells from cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition, these cells become potential targets for natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. We now show that K5 also downregulates ICAM-1 and B7-2, which are ligands for NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity receptors. As a consequence, K5 expression drastically inhibits NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Conversely, de novo expression of B7-2 and ICAM-1 resensitizes the K5-expressing cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This is a novel viral immune evasion strategy where KSHV K5 achieves immune avoidance by downregulation of cellular ligands for NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/virology
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/virology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/physiology
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/virology
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Choi JK, Ishido S, Jung JU. The collagen repeat sequence is a determinant of the degree of herpesvirus saimiri STP transforming activity. J Virol 2000; 74:8102-10. [PMID: 10933720 PMCID: PMC112343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.17.8102-8110.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is divided into three subgroups, A, B, and C, based on sequence divergence at the left end of genomic DNA in which the saimiri transforming protein (STP) resides. Subgroup A and C strains transform primary common marmoset lymphocytes to interleukin-2-independent growth, whereas subgroup B strains do not. To investigate the nononcogenic phenotype of the subgroup B viruses, STP genes from seven subgroup B virus isolates were cloned and sequenced. Consistent with the lack of oncogenic activity of HVS subgroup B viruses, STP-B was deficient for transforming activity in rodent fibroblast cells. Sequence comparison reveals that STP-B lacks the signal-transducing modules found in STP proteins of the other subgroups, collagen repeats and an authentic SH2 binding motif. Substitution mutations demonstrated that the lack of collagen repeats but not an SH2 binding motif contributed to the nontransforming phenotype of STP-B. Introduction of the collagen repeat sequence induced oligomerization of STP-B, resulting in activation of NF-kappaB activity and deregulation of cell growth control. These results demonstrate that the collagen repeat sequence is a determinant of the degree of HVS STP transforming activity.
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Shin SH, Park JY, Jeon CH, Choi JK, Lee SH. Quantitative analysis of eotaxin and RANTES messenger RNA in nasal polyps: association of tissue and nasal eosinophils. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:1353-7. [PMID: 10942140 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200008000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Nasal polyps develop in the ethmoidal and middle turbinate area, often in relation to inflammatory conditions. Their exact etiology and pathogenesis are still under debate. Histologically, the polyps are infiltrated by a number of inflammatory cells, with eosinophil predominating in most specimens. This finding suggests that the nasal polyp is an inflammatory growth that is controlled by the local environment. The chemokines eotaxin and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) have been postulated to be involved in the recruitment and activation of eosinophils to certain inflamed tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate eotaxin and RANTES mRNA expression in nasal polyps and its effect on tissue and nasal eosinophils. METHODS Nasal polyps (917 allergic and 30 nonallergic cases) were obtained from endoscopic sinus surgery, and 15 normal inferior turbinates also were taken. Immunohistochemical staining for eosinophils and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for eotaxin and RANTES mRNA expression were performed, and the concentration of nasal eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was measured. RESULTS The amounts of eotaxin mRNA in the allergic nasal polyps were 11.4 times higher and the levels in the nonallergic polyps were 6.4 times higher than in the normal inferior turbinate. However, the RANTES mRNA expression did not show any differences among the three groups. Tissue eosinophilia and nasal ECP levels were significantly correlated with eotaxin mRNA level but not with RANTES mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Nasal polyp eosinophilic infiltration and activation correlate mainly with increased eotaxin gene expression rather than with RANTES expression.
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Guo W, Choi JK, Kirkland JL, Corkey BE, Hamilton JA. Esterification of free fatty acids in adipocytes: a comparison between octanoate and oleate. Biochem J 2000; 349:463-71. [PMID: 10880345 PMCID: PMC1221169 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3490463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) are present in milk, coconut oil and other foods, and are used therapeutically in special diets for certain disorders of lipid and glucose utilization. Recently, it has become apparent that MCT are not only oxidized in the liver, but are also present in lymph and fat tissue, particularly after chronic treatment. To evaluate the influence of MCT on metabolism in fat cells, we compared incorporation of octanoate and oleate into cellular triacylglycerols of 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as their effects on preadipocyte differentiation. We found that less octanoate than oleate was stored and that more octanoate than oleate was oxidized. Octanoate was esterified to a greater extent at the sn-1,3 position of glyceryl carbons than at the sn-2 position, whereas the opposite was true for oleate. Glycerol release from fat cells pre-treated with octanoate was also greater than from cells pre-treated with oleate, presumably related to the preferential release of octanoate from the sn-1,3 position. Octanoate was not incorporated into lipids in undifferentiated cells and did not induce differentiation in these cells, whereas oleate was readily stored and actually induced differentiation. Incorporation of octanoate into lipids increased as cells differentiated, but reached a maximum of about 10% of the total stored fatty acids. If these effects in vitro also occur in vivo, substitution of octanoate for oleate or other long-chain fatty acids could have the beneficial effect of diminishing fat-cell number and lipid content.
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Choi CW, Park SH, Choi JK, Ryu KH, Park WM. Chemical degradation of tobacco mosaic virus followed by infectivity assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. Acta Virol 2000; 44:145-9. [PMID: 11155356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the detection limit for chemically treated virions by gel electrophoresis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and infectivity assay, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) exposed to various concentrations of chemicals was studied. When virions were exposed to 0.2 N HCl for 30 mins, partially degraded TMV particles were observed by gel electrophoresis. Under the same exposure, a major RT-PCR amplified DNA product corresponding to the target size of 806 bp, which decreased as a function of time, could be detected for up to 60 mins of exposure. When virions were treated with NaOH (0.02 N or higher normality) for 5 mins, partially degraded virions were detected by gel electrophoresis, exhibiting multiple band patterns. Exposure of the virions to 0.1 N NaOH for 5 mins revealed severely degraded viral RNA, but disappearance of the amplified RT-PCR products was apparent during 30-60 mins of exposure. Therefore, these data showed clearly the difference in the detection limit of gel electrophoresis and that of RT-PCR for the degraded viral RNA. In addition, the infectivity assay showed that the number of local lesions in Nicotiana rustica were significantly reduced by more than 95% when the virus was exposed to 0.2 N HCl for 15 mins or 0.1 N NaOH for 10 mins. From these results we conclude that loss of infectivity was not related to that of PCR product. Other chemical disinfectants such as phenol or formalin were also found to be effective to reduce the virus infectivity, but a corresponding degradation of viral RNA was detected by neither gel electrophoresis nor RT-PCR.
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Yang YI, Hong HY, Lee IS, Bai DG, Yoo GS, Choi JK. Detection of DNA using a visible dye, Nile blue, in electrophoresed gels. Anal Biochem 2000; 280:322-4. [PMID: 10790318 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
A sensitive staining method for protein blots using Direct Blue 71 is described. It is based on the selective binding of dye molecules to proteins in acidic solution and produces bluish violet colored bands. It is a simple and rapid procedure, involving only staining and rinsing steps that occur within 7 min. The sensitivity of this method is 5-10 ng of protein on nitrocellulose (NC) and 10-20 ng on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), which is tenfold better than that of the commonly used Ponceau S staining. Moreover, the staining is reversible for subsequent immunostaining, without impairing immunoreactivity. To remove the dye from the developed bands, changes in pH and hydrophobicity of the solvent are required. Due to its sensitivity, rapidity, simplicity, and low cost, this stain may be more practical than other dye-based stains or metal-based stains for routine laboratory purposes.
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