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Waysek EH, Schierle J, Duesterloh A, Deshpande J, Austad J, Austad J, Blatt Y, Chan YF, Deshpande J, Duesterloh A, Kumar TKS, LaLuzerne P, Nemzer B, Ortiz JFL, Peadon P, Reif K, Schierle J, Stanley S, Tang CY. Determination of Lycopene in Dietary Supplements and Raw Materials by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.2.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the interlaboratory performance of an LC method for lycopene in dietary supplements and the raw materials commonly used in their manufacture. Twelve laboratories from six countries agreed to participate in the study. Results from 10 laboratories were received and are reported. Five dietary supplements, including both tablets and a softgel capsule with a lycopene content ranging from 25 g to 25 mg per unit, and three raw materials, including gelatin-based beadlets, vegetarian beadlets, and a suspension in oil ranging from 5 to 20 lycopene, were analyzed as blind duplicates. In addition to the commercial products, two positive controls and a negative control were included in the study. For the raw materials studied, the repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 1.49 to 5.13 for total lycopene, and the reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 3.84 to 9.21 with HorRat values from 1.23 to 3.24. For finished products, the RSDr ranged from 1.31 to 4.62, RSDR from 4.28 to 10.5, and HorRat values from 0.79 to 2.07. Corresponding values for all-trans-lycopene were significantly higher. It is recommended that the method be considered for Official First Action for all-trans- and total lycopene in finished products and raw materials.
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Lindsay R, Sykes J, Stanley S, Dickinson R, Thwaites D. A TECHNICAL EVALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION SURVEY OF THREE IGRT SYSTEMS AT ELEVEN UK CENTRES. Radiother Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)72931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Badger TM, Ronis MJJ, Wolff G, Stanley S, Ferguson M, Shankar K, Simpson P, Jo CH. Soy protein isolate reduces hepatosteatosis in yellow Avy/a mice without altering coat color phenotype. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1242-54. [PMID: 18791133 DOI: 10.3181/0802-rm-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Agouti (A(vy)/a) mice fed an AIN-93G diet containing the soy isoflavone genistein (GEN) prior to and during pregnancy were reported to shift coat color and body composition phenotypes from obese-yellow towards lean pseudoagouti, suggesting epigenetic programming. Human consumption of purified GEN is rare and soy protein is the primary source of GEN. Virgin a/a female and A(vy)/a male mice were fed AIN-93G diets made with casein (CAS) or soy protein isolate (SPI) (the same approximate GEN levels as in the above mentioned study) for 2 wks prior to mating. A(vy)/a offspring were weaned to the same diets and studied at age 75 d. Coat color distribution did not differ among diets, but SPI-fed, obese A(vy)/a offspring had lower hepatosteatosis (P < 0.05) and increased (P < 0.05) expression of CYP4a 14, a PPARalpha-regulated gene compared to CAS controls. Similarly, weanling male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed SPI had elevated hepatic Acyl Co-A Oxidase (ACO) mRNA levels and increased in vitro binding of PPARalpha to the PPRE promoter response element. In another hepatosteatosis model, adult SD rats fed a high fat/cholesterol diet, SPI reduced (P < 0.05) steatosis. Thus, 1) consumption of diets made with SPI partially protected against hepatosteatosis in yellow mice and in SD rats, and this may involve induction of PPARalpha-regulated genes; and 2) the lifetime (in utero, neonatal and adult) exposure to dietary soy protein did not result in a shift in coat color phenotype of A(vy)/a mice. These findings, when compared with those of previously published studies of A(vy)/a mice, lead us to conclude that: 1) the effects of purified GEN differ from those of SPI when GEN equivalents are closely matched; 2) SPI does not epigenetically regulate the agouti locus to shift the coat color phenotype in the same fashion as GEN alone; and 3) SPI may be beneficial in management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Stanley S, Griffiths S, Sydes MR, Moore AR, Syndikus I, Dearnaley DP. Accuracy and reproducibility of conformal radiotherapy using data from a randomised controlled trial of conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer (MRC RT01, ISRCTN47772397). Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2008; 20:582-90. [PMID: 18565744 PMCID: PMC2568874 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aims The MRC RT01 trial used conformal radiotherapy to the prostate, a method that reduces the volume of normal tissue treated by 40–50%. Because of the risk of geographical miss, the trial used portal imaging to examine whether treatment delivery was within the required accuracy. Material and methods In total, 843 patients were randomly assigned to receive 64 Gy in 32 fractions over 6.5 weeks or 74 Gy in 37 fractions over 7.5 weeks. Field displacements and corrections were recorded for all imaged fractions. Displacement trends and their association with time, disease and treatment set-up characteristics were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. A Radiographer Trial Implementation Group (RTIG) was set up to inform the quality assurance process and to promote the development of best practice. Results Treatment isocentre positioning was within 5 mm in every direction on 6238 (83%) of the 7535 fractions imaged. In total, 532 (81%) of 695 included patients had at least one ≥ 3mm displacement and 415 (63%) had at least one ≥ 5mm displacement. Univariate, multivariate and stepwise models of ≥ 5mm displacements showed an increased likelihood of displacement in weeks 1 and 2 with low melting point alloy (LMPA) blocks compared with multileaf collimators, film verification compared with electronic portal imaging (EPI) and increased number of fractions imaged. Except for LMPA, this was also seen for ≥ 5mm displacements in weeks 3–6. Conclusions Accurate conformal treatment was delivered. The use of EPI was associated with increased reported accuracy. The RTIG was a crucial part of the quality assurance process.
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Zacny K, Bar-Cohen Y, Brennan M, Briggs G, Cooper G, Davis K, Dolgin B, Glaser D, Glass B, Gorevan S, Guerrero J, McKay C, Paulsen G, Stanley S, Stoker C. Drilling systems for extraterrestrial subsurface exploration. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:665-706. [PMID: 18598141 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drilling consists of 2 processes: breaking the formation with a bit and removing the drilled cuttings. In rotary drilling, rotational speed and weight on bit are used to control drilling, and the optimization of these parameters can markedly improve drilling performance. Although fluids are used for cuttings removal in terrestrial drilling, most planetary drilling systems conduct dry drilling with an auger. Chip removal via water-ice sublimation (when excavating water-ice-bound formations at pressure below the triple point of water) and pneumatic systems are also possible. Pneumatic systems use the gas or vaporization products of a high-density liquid brought from Earth, gas provided by an in situ compressor, or combustion products of a monopropellant. Drill bits can be divided into coring bits, which excavate an annular shaped hole, and full-faced bits. While cylindrical cores are generally superior as scientific samples, and coring drills have better performance characteristics, full-faced bits are simpler systems because the handling of a core requires a very complex robotic mechanism. The greatest constraints to extraterrestrial drilling are (1) the extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature, dust, and pressure; (2) the light-time communications delay, which necessitates highly autonomous systems; and (3) the mission and science constraints, such as mass and power budgets and the types of drilled samples needed for scientific analysis. A classification scheme based on drilling depth is proposed. Each of the 4 depth categories (surface drills, 1-meter class drills, 10-meter class drills, and deep drills) has distinct technological profiles and scientific ramifications.
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El Mezayen R, Pons L, Burks A, West M, Stanley S, El Gazzar M, Duncan M, Hansen K, Dreskin S. Ara H 2.02 Is A More Potent Cross-linker Of Anti- Peanut IgE Than Is Ara H 2.01. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ochoa A, Zabaleta J, Rodriguez P, Stanley S. A14. Arginase/NO balance in situ regulates T cell function in cancer patients. Nitric Oxide 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Salas LA, Bedos A, Deharveng L, Fryer S, Hadiaty R, Heryanto, Munandar, Nardiyono, Noerdjito M, Noerdjito W, Rahmadi C, Riyanto A, Rofik, Ruskamdi A, Struebig MJ, Suhardjono Y, Suyanto A, Vermeulen JJ, Walck C, Wiriadinata H, Meijaard E, Stanley S. Biodiversity, endemism and the conservation of limestone Karsts in the Sangkulirang Peninsula, Borneo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2005.9712762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Skinner W, McKemie D, Stanley S. Quantitative Determination of Carisoprodol and its Metabolites in Equine Urine and Serum by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kollias-Baker C, Maxwell L, Stanley S, Boone T. Detection and quantification of cocaine metabolites in urine samples from horses administered cocaine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003; 26:429-34. [PMID: 14962054 DOI: 10.1046/j.0140-7783.2003.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid that is commonly abused by human-beings for its psychostimulatory effects. Occasionally, very small concentrations (i.e. <100 ng/mL) of the primary cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine (BZE) have been detected in urine collected from horses competing in athletic events. In this study urine samples, collected from four horses following the administration of 2.5 and 20 mg of cocaine sublingually and 50 mg of cocaine intravenously, were analyzed for the presence of cocaine and/or its metabolites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of ELISA analysis of urine samples collected from all four horses suggested the presence of cocaine and/or its metabolites up to 10, 48, and 72 h after administration of 2.5, 20, and 50 mg of cocaine, respectively. The results of GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of BZE above the limit of quantification (LOQ = 5 ng/mL) in urine samples collected from all four horses for up to 24 h after administration of 2.5 mg of cocaine and for up to 48 h after administration of 20 and 50 mg of cocaine. No obvious behavioral effects or overt alterations of heart rate or rhythm were noted in any of these horses after cocaine administration.
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Mora AL, Corn RA, Stanic AK, Goenka S, Aronica M, Stanley S, Ballard DW, Joyce S, Boothby M. Antiapoptotic function of NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes is influenced by their differentiation status: roles of Fas, c-FLIP, and Bcl-xL. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:1032-44. [PMID: 12934078 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible protection from apoptosis in vivo controls the size of cell populations. An important question in this respect is how differentiation affects mechanisms of apoptosis regulation. Among mature T lymphocytes, the NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors are coupled to receptors that control cell population sizes by concurrently regulating survival and multiplication. In the present study, we used a transgenic inhibitor of NF-kappaB/Rel signaling to investigate the role of this pathway in proliferation and death of mature T cells in vivo. The results indicate that NF-kappaB integrates two critical yet distinct molecular pathways preventing apoptosis affected by the death receptor Fas, coordinately regulating levels of FLIP and Bcl-x(L) in primary T cells. Surprisingly, NF-kappaB blockade preferentially impacted naive as compared to memory T cells. The Fas/FasL pathway was linked to these findings by evidence that the abnormalities imposed by NF-kappaB inhibition were ameliorated by Fas deficiency, particularly for the CD4(+) lineage. Moreover, levels of an inhibitor of Fas-mediated apoptosis, c-FLIP, were diminished in cells expressing the transgenic inhibitor. NF-kappaB was also linked to T cell survival in vivo by mediating induction of Bcl-x(L): restoration of Bcl-x(L) levels reversed the preferential deficit of naive T cells, differentially impacting the CD4 and CD8 subsets. These results show that promoting survival and effective multiplication are central roles for NF-kappaB in T lymphoid homeostasis in vivo, but this effect and its underlying mechanisms are influenced by the developmental state of the lymphocyte.
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Stanley S, Percival CJ, Auer M, Braithwaite A, Newton MI, McHale G, Hayes W. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using quartz crystal microbalances. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1573-7. [PMID: 12705587 DOI: 10.1021/ac0257546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A chemically coated piezoelectric sensor has been developed for the determination of PAHs in the liquid phase. An organic monolayer attached to the surface of a gold electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) via a covalent thiol-gold link complete with an ionically bound recognition element has been produced. This study has employed the PAH derivative 9-anthracene carboxylic acid which, once bound to the alkane thiol, functions as the recognition element. Binding of anthracene via pi-pi interaction has been observed as a frequency shift in the QCM with a detectability of the target analyte of 2 ppb and a response range of 0-50 ppb. The relative response of the sensor altered for different PAHs despite pi-pi interaction being the sole communication between recognition element and analyte. It is envisaged that such a sensor could be employed in the identification of key marker compounds and, as such, give an indication of total PAH flux in the environment.
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Percival CJ, Stanley S, Braithwaite A, Newton MI, McHale G. Molecular imprinted polymer coated QCM for the detection of nandrolone. Analyst 2002; 127:1024-6. [PMID: 12195940 DOI: 10.1039/b204949j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An acoustic wave sensor coated with an artificial biomimetic recognition element has been developed to selectively screen for nandrolone in the liquid phase. A highly specific covalently imprinted polymer (MIP) was spin coated onto one electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as a thin permeable film. Selective rebinding of the nandrolone was observed as a frequency shift in the QCM for concentrations up to 0.2 ppm with the sensor binding shown to favour nandrolone over analogous compounds.
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van Hoogmoed LM, Harmon FA, Stanley S, White J, Snyder J. In vitro investigation of the interaction between nitric oxide and cyclo-oxygenase activity in equine ventral colon smooth muscle. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:510-5. [PMID: 12358056 DOI: 10.2746/042516402776117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between the presence of nitric oxide and prostaglandin release in the equine ventral colon smooth muscle, since this relationship may accentuate the inflammatory process during intestinal injury. Tissue was collected from the ventral colon, cut into muscle strips oriented along the circular, longitudinal and taenial layers, and mounted in a tissue bath system. Samples of the bath fluid were collected before, following electrical field stimulation (EFS), and following EFS in the presence of L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Muscle strips were also obtained following systemic administration of a cyclo-oxygnease inhibitor and samples were collected using the previously described protocol. Concentrations of prostaglandins were determined in the fluid samples using an ELISA. Electrical field stimulated release of nitric oxide produced a significant increase in prostaglandin production which did not occur in the presence of L-NAME. Systemic administration of flunixin meglumine reduced prostaglandin levels at all sampling periods, although a small increase was present following EFS. The results of this study support the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the release of nitric oxide and the production of prostaglandins in the smooth muscle of the large colon. This association between nitric oxide and prostaglandin may act as an important regulatory mechanism for various physiological mechanisms, such as vascular smooth muscle tone, and may contribute to amplified tissue injury when the induced forms of both enzymes are activated during an inflammatory insult. This suggests that the use and development of COX2 and iNOS inhibitors may help attenuate the inflammatory response following intestinal injury.
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Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, Robinson NE. Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:283-7. [PMID: 12108748 DOI: 10.2746/042516402776186056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on its efficacy for the treatment of human asthma, the corticosteroid prednisone is commonly used in horses for treatment of recurrent airway obstruction. However, recent studies have failed to show any benefit of prednisone tablets for the treatment of this condition. The purpose of this study was to determine why oral prednisone has poor efficacy for the treatment of heaves in horses. In a crossover study, 5 horses were given the following treatments: prednisone tablets, prednisone liquid, prednisolone tablets, prednisolone liquid and i.v. prednisolone sodium succinate (positive control). Blood samples were taken before drug administration and at selected time points during a 24 h period. Serum concentrations of prednisone and prednisolone were determined in order to evaluate gastrointestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism. Serum concentrations of the endogenous glucocorticoid hydrocortisone were also determined as an indicator of the biological activity of the drugs. Both prednisolone tablets and liquid were absorbed rapidly, with prednisolone detectable in serum within 15 min of administration and with peak concentrations occurring within 45 min. Small amounts of prednisone were detected in the serum samples after administration of both prednisone tablets and liquid. Prednisolone was not detected in serum samples after administration of prednisone liquid and was detected in serum samples from only one horse after administration of prednisone tablets. Endogenous hydrocortisone production was suppressed when horses received prednisolone. The results of these studies indicate that prednisone has poor efficacy for the treatment of heaves because it is poorly absorbed and the active metabolite prednisolone is rarely produced. In contrast, prednisolone tablets have excellent bioavailability and should be useful as a therapeutic agent in horses.
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Mora AL, Stanley S, Armistead W, Chan AC, Boothby M. Inefficient ZAP-70 phosphorylation and decreased thymic selection in vivo result from inhibition of NF-kappaB/Rel. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5628-35. [PMID: 11698434 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the TCR regulates T lymphoid survival, deletion by apoptosis, and selective clonal expansion. One set of signaling pathways activated during thymic selection leads to degradation of a cytosolic retention protein, the inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB)alpha, followed by nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB/Rel family of transcription factors. It has been found previously that NF-kappaB proteins mediate a pathway signaling the survival of mature T cells and protection of thymocytes against TNF-induced apoptosis. In contrast, we show in this study that a transgenic inhibitor of NF-kappaB/Rel signaling interferes with the negative selection of immature thymocytes by endogenous MHC ligands in vivo. Positive selection of the H-Y TCR also was diminished. This attenuation of thymic selection efficiency was associated with decreased ZAP-70 phosphorylation and TCR signaling of CD69 induction. These findings demonstrate that the NF-kappaB transcriptional pathway plays an important role in normal processes of clonal deletion and they indicate that the NF-kappaB/IkappaB axis can regulate the efficiency of TCR signaling.
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Percival CJ, Stanley S, Galle TM, Braithwaite A, Newton MI, McHale G, Hayes W. Molecular-imprinted, polymer-coated quartz crystal microbalances for the detection of terpenes. Anal Chem 2001; 73:4225-8. [PMID: 11569813 DOI: 10.1021/ac0155198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A piezoelectric sensor coated with an artificial biomimetic recognition element has been developed for the determination of L-menthol in the liquid phase. A highly specific noncovalently imprinted polymer (MIP) was cast in situ on to the surface of a gold-coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) electrode as a thin permeable film. Selective rebinding of the target analyte was observed as a frequency shift quantified by piezoelectric microgravimetry with the QCM. The detectability of L-menthol was 200 ppb with a response range of 0-1.0 ppm. The response of the MIP-QCM to a range of monoterpenes was investigated with the sensor binding menthol in favor of analogous compounds. The sensor was able to distinguish between the D- and L-enantiomers of menthol owing to the enantioselectivity of the imprinted sites. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing enantiomeric resolution within an MIP utilizing a single monomer-functional moiety interaction. It is envisaged that this technique could be employed to determine the concentration of terpenes in the atmosphere.
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Abstract
A number of advances in the scientific knowledge concerning adverse food reactions have been made in the past few years. Understanding about the nature of the food allergen itself, the molecular characterization of the epitopes on these allergens, the pathophysiology of the clinical reaction, and the diagnostic methods have all been significantly enhanced.
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Babcock HM, Ritchie DJ, Christiansen E, Starlin R, Little R, Stanley S. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus endocarditis with oral linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1373-5. [PMID: 11303275 DOI: 10.1086/319986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2000] [Revised: 09/01/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis that failed to respond to sequential monotherapy with chloramphenicol and quinupristin/dalfopristin but was successfully treated with oral linezolid.
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Meinertzhagen IA, Cole AG, Stanley S. The central nervous system, its cellular organisation and development, in the tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2001; 51:417-31. [PMID: 11034166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
From its numerical composition, the central nervous system (CNS) of the ascidian larva is one of the simplest known nervous systems having a chordate plan. Fewer than 350 cells together constitute a caudal nerve cord, an interposed visceral ganglion containing motor circuits for swimming and, rostrally, an expanded sensory vesicle containing major sensory and interneuron regions of the CNS. Some cells are ependymal, with ciliated surfaces lining the neural canal, while others are clearly either sensory receptors or motoneurons, but most are distinguishable only on cytological grounds. Although reassignments between categories are still being made, there is evidence for determinancy of total cell number. We have made three-dimensional cell maps either from serial semithin sections, or from confocal image stacks of whole-mounted embryos and larvae stained with nuclear markers. Comparisons between the maps of neural tubes in embryos of successive ages, that is, between cells in one map and their progeny in older maps, enable us to follow the line of mitotic descent through successive maps, at least for the caudal neural tube. Details are clear for the lateral cell rows in the neural tube, at least until the latter contains approximately 320 cells, and somewhat for the dorsal cell row, but the ventral row is more complex. In the hatched larva, serial-EM reconstructions of the visceral ganglion reveal two ventrolateral fibre bundles at the caudalmost end, each of 10-12 axons. These tracts include at least five pairs of presumed motor axons running into the caudal nerve cord. Two pairs of axons decussate. Complementing this vertebrate feature in the CNS of the larval form of Ciona, we confirm that synapses form upon the somata and dendrites of its neurons, and that its motor tracts are ventral.
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Chu KK, Wang N, Stanley S, Cohen ND. Statistical evaluation of the regulatory guidelines for use of furosemide in race horses. Biometrics 2001; 57:294-301. [PMID: 11252613 DOI: 10.1111/j.0006-341x.2001.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behavior of furosemide concentrations in performance horses is of great interest to the equine industry and equine researchers. Specifically, such information is useful for the evaluation of the existing guidelines in several racing jurisdictions and for the possible development of new guidelines for varying time periods after administration. We studied several approaches within the framework of nonlinear mixed effects models to increase the accuracy of evaluating these guidelines. Theoretical properties of the proposed methods were examined and the variances of the resulting estimators compared. Their numerical performances were further evaluated through simulations. Finally, we applied these methods to a furosemide concentration profile data set and used our findings to address certain important practical issues.
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Stanley S. Disembodiment is a cyberspace myth: discourse and the self in real space. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIOR : THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET, MULTIMEDIA AND VIRTUAL REALITY ON BEHAVIOR AND SOCIETY 2001; 4:77-93. [PMID: 11709911 DOI: 10.1089/10949310151088433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Much social science writing about the Internet is disembodied. This paper will try show how this is rhetorically practiced by the cyberfeminist author Sadie Plant. From the work of Fred Newman, Michael Billig, and also from discourse work, comes the idea that it is not views that should be studied per se, but rather, the giving of views. To understand people, one needs to understand them when they are in dialogue with one another. Not to test them in isolation, but to study their interrelatedness as they perform social life. A social space was constructed through which embodiment could be revealed. This reality is "real space," the space that is on the other side of the screen, so to speak. To understand the psychology of the Internet is to enter into dialogue with people, and real space constitutes the embodied practice of social talk, specifically in the context of the interview. Two semistructured interviews were carried out with a student from the Ukraine. These interviews were transcribed closely. Just as real space constitutes interviews, cyberspace constitutes E-mailing. An international student born in New Zealand was questioned through E-mail. A discourse analysis was performed on selected extracts. The sequences were typified by diversity and multiplicity of theme, which included the drawing upon of embodied resources. The experience of being internationals in a U.K. academic institution were perpetually being negotiated, concomitantly to the giving of views about the Internet. The problematic issues of writing about social life are practically addressed in the discussion. I explore the realities created by real space and cyberspace by deconstructing them. Discourse work allowed for a critical self-reflection concerning the meanings that were given to the performance of the Internet.
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Meinertzhagen IA, Cole AG, Stanley S. The central nervous system, its cellular organisation and development, in the tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03543240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Kollias-Baker C, Stanley S. In vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cisapride on the circular smooth muscle of the jejunum of horses. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1561-5. [PMID: 11131599 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of cisapride and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the jejunum of horses. SAMPLE POPULATION Jejunal muscle strips from 8 horses. PROCEDURE Muscle strips were suspended in isolated muscle baths. Isometric stress responses to 5-HT and cisapride, with and without specific antagonists, were determined. RESULTS Muscle strips incubated with atropine and tetrodotoxin responded to 5-HT and cisapride with an increase in contractile force. The 5-HT caused a concentration-dependent increase in contractile amplitude, with a maximum response (Emax) of 1,151+/-214 g/cm2 and a molar concentration that induces contractile force equal to 50% of maximum response (EC50) of 0.028+/-0.002 microM. Prior incubation with the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin decreased the Emax (626 +/-147 g/cm2) and potency (EC50, 0.307+/-0.105 microM) of 5-HT Prior incubation with the 5-HT3 antagonist tropisetron decreased the efficacy (Emax, 894+/-184 g/cm2) to 5-HT Cisapride also caused a concentration-dependent increase in contractile amplitude, with an Emax of 331+/-82 g/cm2 and an EC50 of 0.302+/-0.122 microM. Prior incubation with ketanserin decreased the Emax (55+/-17 g/cm2) and potency (EC50, 0.520+/-0.274 microM) of cisapride. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stimulatory effects of 5-HT and cisapride on circular smooth muscle of equine jejunum are mediated primarily through a noncholinergic effect. The effects of 5-HT are mediated, at least partially, by 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors, whereas the effects of cisapride are mediated primarily by 5-HT2 receptors. This may impact treatment of horses with postoperative ileus.
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