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Tsuchida W, Iwata M, Akimoto T, Matsuo S, Asai Y, Suzuki S. Heat Stress Modulates Both Anabolic and Catabolic Signaling Pathways Preventing Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy In Vitro. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:650-664. [PMID: 27649272 PMCID: PMC5132157 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that synthetic glucocorticoids induce skeletal muscle weakness, and endogenous glucocorticoid levels increase in patients with muscle atrophy. It is reported that heat stress attenuates glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy; however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Therefore, we examined the mechanisms underlying the effects of heat stress against glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy using C2C12 myotubes in vitro, focusing on expression of key molecules and signaling pathways involved in regulating protein synthesis and degradation. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone decreased myotube diameter and protein content, and heat stress prevented the morphological and biochemical glucocorticoid effects. Heat stress also attenuated increases in mRNAs of regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1) and Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15). Heat stress recovered the dexamethasone-induced inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling. These data suggest that changes in anabolic and catabolic signals are involved in heat stress-induced protection against glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. These results have a potentially broad clinical impact because elevated glucocorticoid levels are implicated in a wide range of diseases associated with muscle wasting. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 650-664, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Asai Y, Ohyama Y, Taiji Y, Makimura Y, Tamai R, Hashimoto M, Ogawa T. Treponema medium Glycoconjugate Inhibits Activation of Human Gingival Fibroblasts Stimulated with Phenol-Water Extracts of Periodontopathic Bacteria. J Dent Res 2016; 84:456-61. [PMID: 15840783 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral treponemes are well-known as causative agents of periodontal diseases; however, the details have not been fully clarified. Here, we examined the effects of Treponema medium glycoconjugate on the activation of human gingival fibroblasts using phenol-water extracts from Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The phenol-water extracts activated human gingival fibroblasts to mediate IL-8 production, as well as IL-8 mRNA expression, phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. T. medium glycoconjugate exhibited no activation of human gingival fibroblasts, while phenol-water extract-induced activation of human gingival fibroblasts was clearly inhibited by T. medium glycoconjugate. Furthermore, binding of biotinylated phenol-water extracts to CD14 in the presence of LPS-binding protein was blocked with T. medium glycoconjugate. These results suggest that T. medium glycoconjugate has an inhibitory effect on host cell activation by periodontopathic bacteria caused by binding to CD14- and LPS-binding protein.
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Ogawa T, Asai Y, Yamashita M, Takasuga T. Detectable Dioxins in Human Saliva and Their Effects on Gingival Epithelial Cells. J Dent Res 2016; 82:849-53. [PMID: 14514769 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxin, a powerful hormone-disrupting chemical, exhibits serious health effects when it reaches body fat. Here we analyzed coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated-dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs) in human saliva as compared with blood specimens, and examined their effects on human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC). High levels of tri- and tetrachlorinated PCBs were found in saliva, whereas we detected predominantly hexa- and heptachlorinated PCBs in blood. Among PCDDs, the saliva and blood specimens contained mainly 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (OCDD). Among the toxic dioxins proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998, 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118) and OCDD, which were mainly found in saliva, significantly induced IL-8 production in HGEC. Furthermore, these two dioxins markedly augmented IL-8 production stimulated with fimbriae from Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is well-known as a pathogenic factor in periodontal diseases. These results suggest that dioxins in saliva may be a risk factor for periodontal diseases.
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Matsumoto M, Ozaki Y, Kubota H, Asai Y, Kanamori H. Equivalent Spatial Frequency and Optimum Film Densities for the Perceptibility of Radiographic Contrast of Step-Edge images. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00223638.1995.11738627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Asai Y, Minagawa A, Koga H, Okuyama R. Pigmented macule on the nipple. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 40:938-40. [PMID: 25808092 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lavine E, Clarke A, Joseph L, Shand G, Alizadehfar R, Asai Y, Chan ES, Harada L, Allen M, Ben-Shoshan M. Peanut avoidance and peanut allergy diagnosis in siblings of peanut allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 45:249-54. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Matsumoto K, Okumura M, Asai Y, Shimomura K, Tamura M, Nishimura Y. Statistical Process Control for EPID Dosimetry in the Quality Assurance of IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Matsuo S, Suzuki S, Iwata M, Banno Y, Asai Y, Tsuchida W, Inoue T. Acute effects of different stretching durations on passive torque, mobility, and isometric muscle force. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:3367-76. [PMID: 23524367 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318290c26f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Static stretching is widely applied in various disciplines. However, the acute effects of different durations of stretching are unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the acute effects of different stretching durations on muscle function and flexibility, and provide an insight into the optimal duration of static stretching. This randomized crossover trial included 24 healthy students (17 men and 7 women) who stretched their right hamstrings for durations of 20, 60, 180, and 300 seconds in a random order. The following outcomes were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer as markers of lower-limb function and flexibility: static passive torque (SPT), dynamic passive torque (DPT), stiffness, straight leg raise (SLR), and isometric muscle force. Static passive torque was significantly decreased after all stretching durations (p < 0.05). Static passive torque was significantly lower after 60, 180, and 300 seconds of stretching compared with that after 20-second stretching, and stiffness decreased significantly after 180- and 300-second stretching (p < 0.05). In addition, DPT and stiffness were significantly lower after 300 seconds than after 20-second stretching (p < 0.05), and SLR increased significantly after all stretching durations (p < 0.05). Straight leg raise was higher after 180- and 300-second stretching than after 20-second stretching and higher after 300-second stretching than after 60-second stretching (p < 0.05). Isometric muscle force significantly decreased after all stretching durations (p < 0.05). Therefore, increased duration of stretching is associated with a decrease in SPT but an increase in SLR. Over 180 seconds of stretching was required to decrease DPT and stiffness, but isometric muscle force decreased regardless of the stretching duration. In conclusion, these results indicate that longer durations of stretching are needed to provide better flexibility.
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Hochstadter E, Clarke A, LaVieille S, Alizadehfar R, Mill C, Asai Y, Eisman H, Ben-Shoshan M. 205: C-Care: Comparing Two Years of Anaphylaxis in a Canadian Pediatric Emergency Department. Paediatr Child Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/19.6.e35-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chad L, Ben-Shoshan M, Asai Y, Cherkaoui S, Alizadehfar R, St-Pierre Y, Harada L, Allen M, Clarke A. A majority of parents of children with peanut allergy fear using the epinephrine auto-injector. Allergy 2013; 68:1605-9. [PMID: 24410784 DOI: 10.1111/all.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prompt epinephrine administration is crucial in managing anaphylaxis, but epinephrine auto-injectors (EAIs) are underutilized by patients and their families. Children with peanut allergy were recruited from the Allergy Clinics at the Montreal Children's Hospital, food allergy advocacy organizations and organizations providing products to allergic individuals. Parents of children who had been prescribed an EAI were queried on whether they were fearful of using it and on factors that may contribute to fear. A majority of parents (672/1209 = 56%) expressed fear regarding the use of the EAI. Parents attributed the fear to hurting the child, using the EAI incorrectly or a bad outcome. Parents whose child had longer disease duration or a severe reaction and parents who were satisfied with the EAI training or found it easy to use were less likely to be afraid. Families may benefit from simulation training and more education on the recognition and management of anaphylaxis.
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Matsumoto T, Fujita M, Hirano R, Tashiro N, Asai Y, Fukuyama S, Morimoto Y, Nakanishi Y, Watanabe K. P11 The role of chronic infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the COPD pathogenesis in CCSP-deficient mice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(13)70256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Asai Y, Kawai T, Ohtake M, Futamoto M. Crystallographic and magnetostriction properties of Fe and FeB-alloy thin films formed on MgO(100) single-crystal substrates. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kawai T, Asai Y, Ohtake M, Takeda S, Futamoto M. Dynamic magnetic properties of Fe70Co30(100) single-crystal thin films deposited at various substrate temperatures. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y. Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. Crit Care 2012. [PMCID: PMC3363687 DOI: 10.1186/cc10876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kan-O K, Matsumoto K, Inoue H, Fukuyama S, Asai Y, Watanabe W, Kurokawa M, Araya J, Kuwano K, Nakanishi Y. Corticosteroids plus long-acting β2-agonists prevent double-stranded RNA-induced upregulation of B7-H1 on airway epithelium. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 160:27-36. [PMID: 22948082 DOI: 10.1159/000338430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway viral infections provoke exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. B7-H1 is a costimulatory molecule that is implicated in an escape mechanism of viruses from host immune systems. This escape may be associated with the persistence of viral infection and lead to exacerbation of underlying diseases. We have shown that an analog of viral double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), upregulated the expression of B7-H1 on airway epithelial cells, an effect which was corticosteroid-resistant. We investigated the effects of corticosteroids plus long-acting β(2)-agonists (LABAs; fluticasone/salmeterol or budesonide/formoterol) on the expression of B7-H1. METHODS BEAS-2B cells and primary airway epithelial cells were stimulated with poly IC or respiratory syncytial virus. The expression of B7-H1 was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Poly IC upregulated the expression of B7-H1, which was suppressed by high-concentration corticosteroids but not by LABAs. The upregulation was suppressed by very low-concentration corticosteroids when used in combination with LABAs. Their combination also suppressed the virus-induced upregulation of B7-H1. Poly IC stimulation induced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB). Inhibitors of NF-ĸB activation prevented the poly IC-induced upregulation of B7-H1. Low-concentration corticosteroids in combination with LABAs enhanced the de novo induction of IĸBα, the endogenous inhibitor of NF-ĸB activation. CONCLUSIONS Fluticasone/salmeterol or budesonide/formoterol attenuate the virus-associated upregulation of B7-H1 on airway epithelial cells via suppression of NF-ĸB activation.
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Oikawa Y, Katsuki T, Kawasaki M, Hashiguchi A, Mukai K, Handa K, Tomita M, Kabeya Y, Asai Y, Iwase K, Hirose S, Koyama K, Atsumi Y, Shimada A. Insulinoma may mask the existence of Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2012; 29:e138-41. [PMID: 22356209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulinoma is a tumour of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas and is known to be one of the causes of hypoglycaemia. Usually, appropriate removal of the insulinoma results in normalization of blood glucose levels. However, we found novel cases of insulinoma, in which hyperglycaemia developed soon after resection of the insulinoma. CASE REPORT We encountered two patients with repeated hypoglycaemia caused by insulinoma. Following removal of the insulinoma, unanticipated hyperglycaemia was observed in both patients. Thereafter, their blood tests revealed low levels of serum C-peptide and high titres of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, indicating concomitant Type 1 diabetes. Indeed, histological examination of the resected specimen revealed that one patient showed insulitis in non-tumorous pancreatic tissue in which β-cells had already disappeared. Moreover, inflammatory cells infiltrated the insulinoma, as if it were insulitis of Type 1 diabetes, suggesting the existence of anti-islet autoimmunity. CONCLUSION These are first cases of insulinoma associated with underlying Type 1 diabetes. Physicians should be aware of the possibility that insulinoma may mask Type 1 diabetes, and measurement of anti-islet autoantibodies may be helpful to find underlying Type 1 diabetes, such as in these cases. It is pathologically interesting that the immune cell infiltration into insulinoma may be suggestive of anti-islet autoimmunity.
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Matsumoto K, Otsuka M, Shimomura K, Asai Y, Okumura M, Tamura M, Nishimura Y. EP-1447 COMPREHENSIVE LINEAR ACCELERATOR QA USING COMMERCIAL ANALYTIC SOFTWARE APLICATION. Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)71780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Asai Y, Sugita T, Kato R, Okochi M, Nakagawa K, Honda H. Enhancement of the Activity of a Lactobacilli-Aggregating Peptide by Freezing Treatment. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.12we086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nishi T, Nishimura Y, Shibata T, Tamura M, Asai Y, Okumura M. Dosimetric Evaluation of Two-step Method as Adaptive Replanning Strategies for Head and Neck IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Maekawa K, Sawamoto K, Uemura S, Tanno K, Mori K, Asai Y. 281 Rapidly Degradable Hydroxyethyl Starch Solutions Increase the Risk of Massive Transfusion in Blunt Trauma Patients. Ann Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Naito M, Asai Y, Mori A, Kuwabara M, Okamoto A, Katase S, Hishida A, Morita E, Kawai S, Okada R, Wakai K, Hamajima N. P2-212 Association between the RANK polymorphism and the number of teeth among Japanese. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976j.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Morimoto H, Asai Y, Johnson EG, Lohman EB, Khoo K, Mizutani Y, Mizutani T. Effect of oculo-motor and gaze stability exercises on postural stability and dynamic visual acuity in healthy young adults. Gait Posture 2011; 33:600-3. [PMID: 21334899 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of oculo-motor exercises and gaze stability exercises on postural stability and dynamic visual acuity (DVA) in healthy young adults. Subjects were randomly divided into experimental (n=28) and control groups (n=13). The experimental group performed oculo-motor exercises and gaze stability exercise for three weeks and the control group did not. Pre and post postural stability during quiet standing, standing with active head rotation, and DVA were measured on both groups. Significant differences were found in postural stability during standing with active head rotation and DVA in the experimental group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in postural stability or DVA in the control group. Improvements in postural stability and DVA after three weeks of oculo-motor exercises and gaze stability exercises suggest that this specific type of vestibular and ocular system exercises may be beneficial for healthy young adults.
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Sakamoto T, Asai Y, Nagao K, Yokota H, Tahara Y, Morimura N, Atsumi T, Nara S, Hase M. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.09.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maekawa K, Sawamoto K, Uemura S, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y. 78: Time to Esophageal Obturator Airways Placement by Emergency Medical Technicians-Basic and Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Ann Emerg Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Matsui A, Ohmura H, Asai Y, Takahashi T, Hiraga A, Okamura K, Tokimura H, Sugino T, Obitsu T, Taniguchi K. Effect of amino acid and glucose administration following exercise on the turnover of muscle protein in the hindlimb femoral region of Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 2010:611-6. [PMID: 17402492 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY In man, muscle protein synthesis is accelerated by administering amino acids (AA) and glucose (Glu), because increased availability of amino acids and increased insulin secretion, is known to have a protein anabolic effect. However, in the horse, the effect on muscle hypertrophy of such nutrition management following exercise is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of AA and Glu administration following exercise on muscle protein turnover in horses. We hypothesise that administration of AA and Glu after exercise effects muscle hypertrophy in horses, as already shown in man and other animals. METHODS Measurements of the rate of synthesis (Rs) and rate of degradation (Rd) of muscle protein in the hindlimb femoral region of thoroughbred horses were conducted using the isotope dilution method to assess the differences between the artery and iliac vein. Six adult Thoroughbreds received a continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]- phenylalanine during the study, the stable period for plasma isotope concentrations (60 min), resting periods (60 min), treadmill exercise (15 min) and recovery period (240 min). All horses were given 4 solutions (saline [Cont], 10% AA [10-AA], 10% Glu [10-Glu] and a mixture with 10% AA and 10% Glu [10-Mix]) over 120 min after exercise, and the Rs and Rd of muscle protein in the hindlimb measured. RESULTS The average Rs during the 75-120 min following administration of 10-Mix was significantly greater than for the other solutions (P<0.05). The second most effective solution was 10-AA, and there was no change in Rs after 10-Glu. CONCLUSIONS Administration of AA following exercise accelerated Rs in the hindlimb femoral region, and this effect was enhanced when combined with glucose, because of increasing insulin secretion or a decreased requirement for AA for energy. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Further studies are required regarding the effect on muscle hypertrophy of supplementing amino acids and glucose in the feed of exercising horses.
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