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Zhao S, Zhang H, Cao D, Liu Y, Li X. Lipopolysaccharide exposure during pregnancy leads to aortic dysfunction in offspring rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102273. [PMID: 25025169 PMCID: PMC4099131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces hypertension in adult offspring rats. The present study was to explore the effects of prenatal inflammation on morphological and functional changes in the aorta from offspring rats and to further assess its susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant rats were treated intraperitoneally on gestation Days 8, 10 and 12 with saline, LPS (0.79 mg/kg), or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 100 mg/kg)+LPS, respectively. Aortic ring reactivity and histopathological alteration were analyzed in offspring at the age of 12 weeks. The detections of connexin (Cx) 37, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45, including immunofluorescent patterns, protein levels and mRNA expression in the aorta, were performed as well. Furthermore, the expressions of Nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65), IκBα, phospho-IκBα and IκBβ were determined. The results showed that prenatal LPS exposure leads to morphological abnormalities and impaired aortic reactivity in offspring. Prenatal LPS exposure also decreased the protein and mRNA expression of Cx37 in the aorta from offspring rats. NF-κB and phospho-IκBα levels were both increased, IκBα level, however, was decreased in the aorta of offspring from the maternal LPS exposure compared to the controls. Simultaneously, PDTC treatment markedly reversed the action of LPS. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of Cx37 contributed to the aortic dysfunction of prenatal LPS exposure offspring, which should be associated with NF-κB activation.
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Liu ZQ, Liu Y, Liu TT, Yang QS. Fluid-structure interaction analysis of pulsatile flow within a layered and stenotic aorta. MOLECULAR & CELLULAR BIOMECHANICS : MCB 2014; 11:129-149. [PMID: 25993747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the hemodynamic characteristics of blood flow and stress distribution in a layered and stenotic aorta are investigated. By introducing symmetrical and unsymmetrical stenosis, the influence of stenosis morphology and stenotic ratio on the coupled dynamic responses of aorta is clarified. In the analysis, the in-vivo pulsatile waveforms and fully fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between the layered elastic aorta and the blood are considered. The results show that the fluid domain is abnormal in the stenotic aorta, and the whirlpool forms at the obstructed and downstream unobstructed regions. The maximum wall shear stresses appear at the throat of the stenosis. Downstream region appears low and oscillated shear stresses. In addition, along with the increase of the stenotic ratio, the amplitude of the maximum shear stress will be intensively increased and localized, and the sensitivity is also increased. In the aorta with unsymmetrical stenosis, the Von Mises stresses reach the peak value at the side with the surface protuberance, but they are reduced at the side with no protuberance. The sign variation of the layer interface shear stresses near the throat indicates the variation of the shear direction which increases the opportunity of shear damage at the transition plane. Moreover, the shear stress levels at the fluid-solid and intima-media interfaces are higher than that at the media-adventitia interface. The unsymmetrical stenosis causes higher stresses at the side with the surface protuberance than symmetrical one, but lower at the side with no protuberance. These results provide an insight in the influence of the stenosis, as well as its morphology, on the pathogenesis and pathological evolution of some diseases, such as arteriosclerosis and aortic dissection.
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Qi J, Tao Y, Zhang J, Fu J. [Effect of Antrodia cinnamomea on gene expression related to aortal endothelial injury in rats with hyperlipidemia]. ZHONGGUO ZHONG YAO ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO ZHONGYAO ZAZHI = CHINA JOURNAL OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 2014; 39:1670-1674. [PMID: 25095382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Antrodia cinnamomea on gene expression related to aortal endothelial injury of rats with hyperlipidemia. METHOD Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: the normal control group (NG), the model group (MG), the antrodia cinnamomea groups of low, middle and high doses (AC-LG, AC-MG, AC-HG, 250, 500, 1 000 mg x kg(-1)). The rats were fed with high-fat diets to establish the hyperlipidemia model. After the drug administration for 10 weeks, their serum lipid, SOD, MDA and ox-LDL, LOX-1, P38 MAPK and NF-kappaB mRNA and protein expression were respectively determined, and the aortal endothelial injury was observed under electron microscope. RESULT In the model group, the contents of TC, TG and LDL-C significant increased (P < 0.01), whereas the content of HDL-C significant decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, both the AC-M group and the AC-H group showed reduction in endothelial injury and significant decrease in the content of TC, TG and LDL-C (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The content of HDL-C increased, but with no significant difference. SOD activity in serum remarkably increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), MDA and ox-LDL levels dramatically decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION A. cinnamomea can alleviate endothelial lipid injury by inhibiting the expressions of LOX-1, P38MAPK and NF-kappaB in aorta and better protect aortal endothelial cells from oxidative lipid injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antrodia/chemistry
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biological Products/pharmacology
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Hyperlipidemias/prevention & control
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Male
- Malondialdehyde/blood
- Microscopy, Electron
- NF-kappa B/blood
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/blood
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/blood
- Triglycerides/blood
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/blood
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Frimmel K, Vlkovicova J, Sotnikova R, Navarova J, Bernatova I, Okruhlicova L. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on expression of connexin-40 in Wistar rat aorta after lipopolysaccharide administration. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE POLISH PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014; 65:83-94. [PMID: 24622833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx)-channels can represent one of targets of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in protection of cardiovascular system against injury. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of 10-day n-3 PUFA intake (30 mg/kg/day for 10 days) on expression of Cx40 isoform in the aorta of Wistar rats injected with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). LPS resulted in up-regulation of Cx40 expression in the aorta associated with reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation. LPS increased levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde in circulation as well as NOS activity and CD68 expression in aortic tissue indicating presence of moderate inflammation. N-3 PUFA supplementation decreased expression of both Cx40 and CD68 in aortic tissue and suppressed concentrations of C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde of endotoxemic rats. N-3 PUFA did not improve NO-dependent relaxation of aorta and NOS activity in LPS rats. The results indicate the involvement of Cx40 in development of LPS-induced endothelium-dependent functional impairment of the aorta and partial health benefits of n-3 PUFA diet associated with improved Cx40 expression.
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30
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Wiesinger A, Peters W, Chappell D, Kentrup D, Reuter S, Pavenstädt H, Oberleithner H, Kümpers P. Nanomechanics of the endothelial glycocalyx in experimental sepsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80905. [PMID: 24278345 PMCID: PMC3835794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the luminal side of the endothelium, regulates vascular adhesiveness and permeability. Although central to the pathophysiology of vascular barrier dysfunction in sepsis, glycocalyx damage has been generally understudied, in part because of the aberrancy of in vitro preparations and its degradation during tissue handling. The aim of this study was to analyze inflammation-induced damage of the eGC on living endothelial cells by atomic-force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation technique. AFM revealed the existence of a mature eGC on the luminal endothelial surface of freshly isolated rodent aorta preparations ex vivo, as well as on cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) in vitro. AFM detected a marked reduction in glycocalyx thickness (266 ± 12 vs. 137 ± 17 nm, P<0.0001) and stiffness (0.34 ± 0.03 vs. 0.21 ± 0.01 pN/mn, P<0.0001) in septic mice (1 mg E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/kg BW i.p.) compared to controls. Corresponding in vitro experiments revealed that sepsis-associated mediators, such as thrombin, LPS or Tumor Necrosis Factor-α alone were sufficient to rapidly decrease eGC thickness (-50%, all P<0.0001) and stiffness (-20% P<0.0001) on HPMEC. In summary, AFM nanoindentation is a promising novel approach to uncover mechanisms involved in deterioration and refurbishment of the eGC in sepsis.
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31
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Novikova EG, Titova GP, Galankina IE. [Morphological changes in the wall of the aorta in its dissecting aneurysm]. Arkh Patol 2013; 75:3-8. [PMID: 24624837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes 144 autopsy materials and 69 biopsy ones and shows possible morphological changes in the wall of the aorta in its dissecting aneurysm. Examinations were made by light and electron microscopy using special stains. Cases of arterial hypertension without aortic dissection were selected as a group of comparison. Varying degrees of structural changes were found in all layers of the aortic wall. In accordance with the predominant involvement of this or that component, the authors identified three types of changes: 1) those with the predominant involvement of the elastic skeleton; 2) necrotic and dystrophic changes in the smooth muscle cells to give rise to medial laminar and focal necroses; 3) nonspecific diffuse changes in all layers of the aortic wall, which are characteristic of aging processes. Comparison of morphological changes with those in the comparison group revealed those that appeared to be caused by previous aortic wall structural damages that gave rise to impaired elastic and collagen formation not only in patients with previously found connective tissue dysplasias.
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32
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Price JM, Hellermann A, Hellermann G, Sutton ET. Aging enhances vascular dysfunction induced by the Alzheimer's peptide β-amyloid. Neurol Res 2013; 26:305-11. [PMID: 15142324 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225014003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and the evidence suggests a role for cerebrovascular pathology in cognitive dysfunction. The hypothesis in this study is that aging is a significant risk factor in the effect of the Alzheimer peptide beta-amyloid on endothelium-dependent function of cerebral and peripheral vessels. The diameter response to acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, was recorded in pressurized segments of rat posterior cerebral vessels from mature (3 months) and aged (20 months) rats. The threshold concentration of beta-amyloid for a significant decrease in the response to acetylcholine was lower in vessels from aged rats (10(-9) M) than in vessels from mature rats (10(-8) M). The threshold concentration of beta-amyloid for a significant decrease in the sensitivity to acetylcholine was lower for ring segments of aorta from aged rats (10(-10) M) than for aorta from mature rats (10(-8) M). Structural changes of the endothelium were first observed in electron micrographs of aorta from aged rats when the concentration of beta-amyloid was 10(-8) M, whereas structural changes in aorta from mature rats did not occur until the concentration of beta-amyloid was increased to 10(-7) M. The results suggest that aging increases the susceptibility of cerebral and peripheral blood vessels to beta-amyloid related dysfunction and that functional change precedes structural change.
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Jin Z, Zhang W, Chai W, Zheng Y, Zhi J. Antibodies against AT1 receptors are associated with vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function impairment: protective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67020. [PMID: 23826187 PMCID: PMC3691132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence has shown that autoantibodies against AT1 receptors (AT1-AA) are closely associated with human cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate mechanisms underlying AT1-AA-induced vascular structural and functional impairments in the formation of hypertension, and explore ways for preventive treatment. We used synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of the second extracellular loop of the AT1 receptor (165–191) to immunize rats and establish an active immunization model. Part of the model received preventive therapy by losartan (20 mg/kg/day) and hyroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) (10 mg/kg/day). The result show that systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) of immunized rats was significantly higher, and closely correlated with the plasma AT1-Ab titer. The systolic response of thoracic aortic was increased, but diastolic effects were attenuated markedly. Histological observation showed that the thoracic aortic endothelium of the immunized rats became thinner or ruptured, inflammatory cell infiltration, medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, the vascular wall became thicker. There was no significant difference in serum antibody titer between losartan and HSYA groups and the immunized group. The vascular structure and function were reversed, and plasma biochemical parameters were also improved significantly in the two treatment groups. These results suggest that AT1-Ab could induce injury to vascular endothelial cells, and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. These changes were involved in the formation of hypertension. Treatment with AT1 receptor antagonists and anti oxidative therapy could block the pathogenic effect of AT1-Ab on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Chalcone/analogs & derivatives
- Chalcone/pharmacology
- Diastole/drug effects
- Endothelins/blood
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunization
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/blood
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Quinones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/immunology
- Systole/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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34
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Tsamis A, Krawiec JT, Vorp DA. Elastin and collagen fibre microstructure of the human aorta in ageing and disease: a review. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20121004. [PMID: 23536538 PMCID: PMC3645409 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic disease is a significant cause of death in developed countries. The most common forms of aortic disease are aneurysm, dissection, atherosclerotic occlusion and ageing-induced stiffening. The microstructure of the aortic tissue has been studied with great interest, because alteration of the quantity and/or architecture of the connective fibres (elastin and collagen) within the aortic wall, which directly imparts elasticity and strength, can lead to the mechanical and functional changes associated with these conditions. This review article summarizes the state of the art with respect to characterization of connective fibre microstructure in the wall of the human aorta in ageing and disease, with emphasis on the ascending thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta where the most common forms of aortic disease tend to occur.
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35
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Bertazzo S, Gentleman E, Cloyd KL, Chester AH, Yacoub MH, Stevens MM. Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:576-83. [PMID: 23603848 PMCID: PMC5833942 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of calcified material in cardiovascular tissue is thought to involve cytochemical, extracellular matrix and systemic signals; however, its precise composition and nanoscale architecture remain largely unexplored. Using nano-analytical electron microscopy techniques, we examined valves, aortae and coronary arteries from patients with and without calcific cardiovascular disease and detected spherical calcium phosphate particles, regardless of the presence of calcific lesions. We also examined lesions after sectioning with a focused ion beam and found that the spherical particles are composed of highly crystalline hydroxyapatite that crystallographically and structurally differs from bone mineral. Taken together, these data suggest that mineralized spherical particles may play a fundamental role in calcific lesion formation. Their ubiquitous presence in varied cardiovascular tissues and from patients with a spectrum of diseases further suggests that lesion formation may follow a common process. Indeed, applying materials science techniques to ectopic and orthotopic calcification has great potential to lend critical insights into pathophysiological processes underlying calcific cardiovascular disease.
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36
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Bobryshev IV, Karagodin VP, Moĭsenovich MM, Mel'nichenko AA, Orekhov AN. [Analysis of the inflammatory processes in the diffuse thickening of the intima of human aorta]. TSITOLOGIIA 2013; 55:394-405. [PMID: 25509106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that the accumulation of lipids and immuno-inflammatory cells are early signs of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we have investigated the relationship between the deposition of lipids, of immuno-inflammatory cells and the expression of HLA-DR molecules (a marker of immune activation), the molecules of the class II of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in diffuse thickening of the intima (DIT). Lipids, including triglycerides, cholesterol esters, free cholesterol and phospholipids were studied by chromatography, Oil Red O histochemisty, as well as by electron microscopic analysis. Immuno-inflammatory cells and the expression of HLA-DR were investigated by immunohistochemistry in consecutive section of the same tissue samples. It has been shown that the lipids were unevenly distributed in DIT. In juxtaluminal sublayer, lipids were detected both in the cytoplasm of intimal cells and extracellularly. In the juxtamedial musculoelastic sublayer of the intima, lipids were present predominantly along elastic fibers. The positive correlation between the presence of lipids and the expression of HLA-DR was revealed (r = 0.79; P < 0.001). Also, a positive correlation was found between the deposition of lipids and the number of immune-inflammatory cells, although correlations was different for different sublayers of the intima. In particular, the correlation between the deposition of lipids and immune-inflammatory cells in the juxtaluminal sublayer of the intima was higher (r = 0.99; P < 0.001) than in the juxtamedial musculoelastic layer (r = 0.28; P < 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that postulates that the accumulation of lipids in the intima is a key factor in the initiation of inflammatory reactions. At the pre-atherosclerotic stage of the development of this disease, earlier pathological processes associated with lipid-dependent activation of immune cells occur mainly in the juxtaluminal portion of the intima.
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37
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Soares E Silva AK, de Oliveira Cipriano Torres D, Santos Rocha SW, dos Santos Gomes FO, dos Santos Silva B, Donato MAM, Raposo C, Santos ACO, de Lima MDCA, Galdino SL, da Rocha Pitta I, de Souza JRB, Peixoto CA. Effect of new thiazolidine derivatives LPSF/GQ-02 and LPSF/GQ-16 on atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor-deficient mice (LDLR(-/-)). Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 22:81-90. [PMID: 22795892 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammatory condition. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used to enhance sensitivity to insulin and have demonstrated a protective effect over a variety of cardiovascular markers and risk factors. Controversially, the TZDs are associated with the development of heart failure. Thus, lines of research have invested in the search for new molecules in order to obtain more selective and less harmful treatment alternatives for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its risk factors. METHODS Animals were fed a diet rich in fat for 10 weeks. In the last 2 weeks, animals received either pioglitazone, LPSF/GQ-02, or LPSF/GQ-16 daily through gavage. At the end of the treatment, blood was collected for biochemical analysis and the aortas were dissected for subsequent analyses. RESULTS No changes in the blood lipid profile were found following the use of the drugs in comparison to the control. However, the new thiazolidine derivatives were more efficient in improving insulin resistance in comparison to pioglitazone and the control group. Morphometric analyses revealed that neither pioglitazone nor LPSF/GQ16 led to satisfactory effects over atherosclerosis. However, LPSF/GQ-02 led to a reduction in area of the atherosclerotic lesions. Ultrastructural analyses revealed extensive degeneration of the endothelium and an increase in apoptotic cells in the subendothelial space following the use of pioglitazone and LPSF/GQ-16. However, LPSF/GQ-02 caused minimal cell alterations in the aortic endothelium. Regarding markers, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), LPSF/GQ-16, and pioglitazone exerted similar effects, increasing the expression of MMP-9, and had no effect on the expression of eNOS compared with the control group. On the other hand, LPSF/GQ-02 was effective in reducing the expression of MMP-9 and increased eNOS significantly. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the new thiazolidine derivative LPSF/GQ-02 is a promising candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Aortic Diseases/drug therapy
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Cardiovascular Agents/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipids/blood
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Pioglitazone
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones/toxicity
- Thiazolidines/pharmacology
- Thiazolidines/toxicity
- Time Factors
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Wei R, Xiong J, Guo W. [Strategies on repairing elastic fibers in aorta]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2012; 26:621-624. [PMID: 22702062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the strategies on repairing elastic fibers in aorta. METHODS Literature concerning elastic fiber as well as its repairment was consulted and summarized from three aspects: enhancement of the expressions of its components, improvement of the condition of its assembly, and reduction of the destructive effects. RESULTS Elastin is concerned as the main protein to be enhanced with three different methods including gene transfection, stimulation with ectogenesis factors, and induction of phenotype transition of smooth muscle cell. Fibulin and lysyl oxidases show the ability to improve the assembly of the elastic fiber, while the related mechanisms are not clear. Matrix metalloproteinases are regarded as the main destructive factors, and researches focus on reducing their expression as well as their destructive effects. CONCLUSION To assure a high-quality repair of elastic fibers in aorta, their components should be sufficiently expressed and effectively assemblyed, and the destructive effects caused by dangerous factors should also be reduced.
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chow MJ, Chen QN, Li J. Biological ferroelectricity uncovered in aortic walls by piezoresponse force microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:078103. [PMID: 22401260 PMCID: PMC3499944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.078103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many biological tissues are piezoelectric and pyroelectric with spontaneous polarization. Ferroelectricity, however, has not been reported in soft biological tissues yet. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we discover that the porcine aortic walls are not only piezoelectric, but also ferroelectric, with the piezoelectric coefficient in the order of 1 pm/V and coercive voltage approximately 10 V. Through detailed switching spectroscopy mapping and relaxation studies, we also find that the polarization of the aortic walls is internally biased outward, and the inward polarization switched by a negative voltage is unstable, reversing spontaneously to the more stable outward orientation shortly after the switching voltage is removed. The discovery of ferroelectricity in soft biological tissues adds an important dimension to their biophysical properties, and could have physiological implications as well.
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40
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Liu J, Zhang P, Liu P, Zhao Y, Gao S, Tan K, Liu Z. Endothelial adhesion of targeted microbubbles in both small and great vessels using ultrasound radiation force. Mol Imaging 2012; 11:58-66. [PMID: 22418028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of microbubble-mediated ultrasound molecular imaging and drug delivery has been significantly affected by the axial laminar flow of vessels which prevents ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) from targeting vascular endothelium. Studies show that acoustic manipulation could increase targeted UCA adhesion in microcirculation and some small vessels. In this study we demonstrate that ultrasound radiation force (USRF) can also significantly enhance the targeted adhesion of microbubbles in both small and great vessels. Our results indicate that the UCA adhesion targeted to ICAM-1 expressed on mouse cremaster microvascular endothelial cells increase about 9-fold when USRF is applied at 1 MHz and 73.9 kPa. The adhesion of anti-CD34 microbubbles to the endothelia of rat abdominal aorta was visually analyzed using scanning electron microscopy for the first time and thousands of microbubbles were found attached to the aortic endothelia after USRF application at the same acoustic parameters. Our data illustrate that targeted adhesion of anti-CD34 microbubbles is possible in normal abdominal aorta and we demonstrate the potential of using USRF in molecular imaging of a vascular target.
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41
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Li QX, Ao X, Wen L, Zhong HJ, Zeng XY, Li Y, Gong HR, Li JX, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Peng XK, Zhang JX, Yuan SY, Zhu AM, Li G, Zhang Y, Meng QX. Effect of increased levels of adiponectin by administration of the adeno vector rAAV2/1-Acrp30 on glucose, lipid metabolism and ultrastructure of the aorta in Goto-Kakizaki rats with arteriosclerosis. THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 2012; 25:5-9. [PMID: 22680312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used recombinant adeno-associated virus vector of adiponectin (AAV2/1-Acrp30) to study the effects of increased levels of adioponectin (by the administration of rAAV2/1-Acrp30) on arteriosclerosis, glucose and lipid metabolism in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with arteriosclerosis. METHODS Thirty GK rats with arteriosclerosis were divided into 3 equal groups: control group 1, control group 2 and the rAAV2/1-Acrp30-administered group. Saline, virus vector or rAAV2/1-Acrp30 (10 12 ng/ml) vector genomes administered to the rats in the corresponding group by intramuscular injection to the posterior limb by single administration, respectively. After 8 weeks, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum insulin, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were measured in each group, and the ultrastructure of the aorta was seen by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Compared with control groups 1 and 2, in the rAAV2/1-Acrp30 group, there was a decrease in urine volume, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, and an increase in body weight and high-density lipoprotein (p< 0.05), while the level of serum insulin was not changed (p>0.05). Ultrastructure studies of the aorta showed that aortosclerosis in the rAAV2/1-Acrp30-administered group was less, and fewer lipid droplet vacuoles were seen in the vascular endothelial cytoplasm. Also various cell organelles and internal elastic lamina were seen, and there was no formation of lipid droplet and foam cells in the cytoplasm of the media of the smooth muscle. CONCLUSION Adiponectin could improve blood glucose and lipid parameters and decrease atherosclerosis in the aorta of GK rats.
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Liu SY, He YX, Zhang HX. [The effects of high fat diet and endurance exercise on the aorta wall structure of experimental animal]. ZHONGGUO YING YONG SHENG LI XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO YINGYONG SHENGLIXUE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 27:315-318. [PMID: 22097724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on high fat diet induced the model of atherosclerosis (AS) in C57BL/6J mice, authors studied the effect of endurance exercise on the atherosclerostic formation. METHODS Forty eight 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups randomly (n=12): control (group N), 12-week atherosclerosis model group(group H), 12-week atherosclerosis model plus 11-week treadmill training group (group H + E) and 22-week atherosclerosis model group (group HS). Then, we observed the effects of endurance exercise on the ultra structure of aorta by electron microscope. RESULTS Twenty weeks of high fat diet could result in serious AS in mice while endurance exercise could significantly antagonize or restrain the occur of AS. In addition, 10 weeks of endurance exercise could alleviate the symptom of pathological changes which already happened on aorta wall. CONCLUSION It indicated that endurance exercise could effectively prevent and cure AS that induced by high fat diet.
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Yu JH, Guo HW, Song SQ. Quantitative analysis of host cells growing into canine homograft valved aortic and pulmonary artery. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124:1422-1426. [PMID: 21740757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreserved conduit valved homografts (CVH) have been widely used in surgical treatment of cardiac disease. This study aimed to determine the extent of host cell ingrowth and the durability and immunogenicity of CVH, and to compare the performance of CVH stored at 4°C and CVH cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. METHODS Heterotopic transplants of canine CVH stored at 4°C (n = 14) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (n = 14) were made onto the abdominal aorta of recipient dogs. Animals were sacrificed at 7 and 15 days and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation to excise the implanted CVHs. Tissue DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to calculate the ratio of donor cells and host cells in the CVH. The tissue viability of CVH after implantation was analyzed by detecting alkaline fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) using immunohistochemical staining and by observation under transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. RESULTS All the animals survived and recovered well. There were few repopulating host cells (0.04% - 0.83%) in the implanted CVH at 7 or 15 days. The ratio of ingrowing host cells into the CVH continued rising after implantation and reached 40% - 47% in the 12th month postoperation. Histology, transmission electron microscopy and FGF-2 immunohistochemical staining indicated that fibroblasts and the host's endothelial cells were the main cellular elements invading the CVH. There were no significant differences in results between CVH stored at 4°C and CVH cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. CONCLUSIONS Host cells growing into CVH are very important for maintaining the long-term structure and function of the implanted CVH. There is no significant difference between CVH storing at 4°C or in liquid nitrogen in regard to the ingrowth of host cells or of morphologic features after CVH allografting.
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Albinsson S, Skoura A, Yu J, DiLorenzo A, Fernández-Hernando C, Offermanns S, Miano JM, Sessa WC. Smooth muscle miRNAs are critical for post-natal regulation of blood pressure and vascular function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18869. [PMID: 21526127 PMCID: PMC3081311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays a key role in vascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Several transcription factors have been suggested to regulate phenotypic modulation of SMCs but the decisive mechanisms remain unknown. Recent reports suggest that specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in SMC differentiation and vascular disease but the global role of miRNAs in postnatal vascular SMC has not been elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the role of Dicer-dependent miRNAs for blood pressure regulation and vascular SMC contractile function and differentiation in vivo. Tamoxifen-inducible and SMC specific deletion of Dicer was achieved by Cre-Lox recombination. Deletion of Dicer resulted in a global loss of miRNAs in aortic SMC. Furthermore, Dicer-deficient mice exhibited a dramatic reduction in blood pressure due to significant loss of vascular contractile function and SMC contractile differentiation as well as vascular remodeling. Several of these results are consistent with our previous observations in SM-Dicer deficient embryos. Therefore, miRNAs are essential for maintaining blood pressure and contractile function in resistance vessels. Although the phenotype of miR-143/145 deficient mice resembles the loss of Dicer, the phenotypes of SM-Dicer KO mice were far more severe suggesting that additional miRNAs are involved in maintaining postnatal SMC differentiation.
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Schmitto JD, Popov AF, Coskun KO, Friedrich M, Sossalla S, Didilis V, Schoendube FA, Mirzaie M. Morphological investigations of type A aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 16:331-334. [PMID: 21030919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze systematically the morphology of aortal segments of Type A dissection. METHODS Nineteen patients were operated on for Type A dissection in the Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery in Goettingen, Germany, from January 2002 to January 2005. All diagnoses were confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography and computed tomography of the chest. All taken aortic segments were examined by the conventional histological and electron microscopical method. RESULTS Besides subadventitial hyperplasia of collagen filaments, the preparations showed hyperplasia of endothelial cells with loose cellular junctions, desquamation of endothelial cells, and morphological changes of endothelial cells with villius development, as well as signs of aortitis. CONCLUSION The present results arouse suspicion of local inflammation of the aortic wall, but with moderate progress under strong hyperplasia. Because of rupture of the intima, the inflammation appears as an acute disease.
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Moraes-Teixeira JDA, Félix A, Fernandes-Santos C, Moura AS, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, de Carvalho JJ. Exercise training enhances elastin, fibrillin and nitric oxide in the aorta wall of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:351-7. [PMID: 20800592 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to analyze the effect of low-intensity exercise training on ultrastructural and molecular aortic remodeling. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were allocated into four groups: sedentary WKY (SED-WKY), exercised WKY (EX-WKY, 1 h/day, 5 days/week treadmill exercise training), sedentary SHR (SED-SHR), and exercised SHR (EX-SHR). EX-SHR showed blood pressure reduction of 26% in comparison to SED-SHR after 1 month of exercise (P<0.05). At the 20th week, BP level was not different between EX-SHRs and WKYs. Circumferential wall tension (CWT) was higher by 77% in SED-SHRs than in SED-WKYs (P<0.001). Exercise training reduced CWT by 30% in EX- vs. SED-SHR (P<0.001). In SED-SHRs, endothelial cells showed large and numerous cytoplasmatic vacuoles, fragmented inner elastic lamina and scarce elastin and fibrillin, while exercise training ameliorated it in EX-SHR group. The highest eNOS immunodensity was observed in EX-SHR, which was 50% higher than EX-WKY (P<0.01) and 120% higher than SED-SHR (P<0.0001). In conclusion, present findings indicate beneficial effects of exercise training in hypertensive rats since it increased elastin, fibrillin and eNOS content in the aortic wall.
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He W, Nieponice A, Soletti L, Hong Y, Gharaibeh B, Crisan M, Usas A, Peault B, Huard J, Wagner WR, Vorp DA. Pericyte-based human tissue engineered vascular grafts. Biomaterials 2010; 31:8235-44. [PMID: 20684982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The success of small-diameter tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) greatly relies on an appropriate cell source and an efficient cellular delivery and carrier system. Pericytes have recently been shown to express mesenchymal stem cell features. Their relative availability and multipotentiality make them a promising candidate for TEVG applications. The objective of this study was to incorporate pericytes into a biodegradable scaffold rapidly, densely and efficiently, and to assess the efficacy of the pericyte-seeded scaffold in vivo. Bi-layered elastomeric poly(ester-urethane)urea scaffolds (length = 10 mm; inner diameter = 1.3 mm) were bulk seeded with 3 x 10(6) pericytes using a customized rotational vacuum seeding device in less than 2 min (seeding efficiency > 90%). The seeded scaffolds were cultured in spinner flasks for 2 days and then implanted into Lewis rats as aortic interposition grafts for 8 weeks. Results showed pericytes populated the porous layer of the scaffolds evenly and maintained their original phenotype after the dynamic culture. After implantation, pericyte-seeded TEVGs showed a significant higher patency rate than the unseeded control: 100% versus 38% (p < 0.05). Patent pericyte-seeded TEVGs revealed extensive tissue remodeling with collagen and elastin present. The remodeled tissue consisted of multiple layers of alpha-smooth muscle actin- and calponin-positive cells, and a von Willebrand factor-positive monolayer in the lumen. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a pericyte-based TEVG and suggest that the pericytes play a role in maintaining patency of the TEVG as an arterial conduit.
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Ogeng'o JA, Malek AA, Kiama SG. Structural organisation of tunica intima in the aorta of the goat. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2010; 69:164-169. [PMID: 21154287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The structural organisation of tunica intima in the aorta is important for its integrity, prediction, and diagnosis of atherosclerosis. The goat is a suitable model for cardiovascular studies, but the structure of its tunica intima is scarcely reported. This study, therefore, aimed to describe features of the goat aortic tunica intima by light and transmission electron microscopy. Sixteen healthy male domestic goats (capra hircus) aged between 6 and 24 months were used: 8 for light and 8 for electron microscopy. The animals were euthanised with sodium pentabarbitone 20 mg/mL and fixed with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. For light microscopy, specimens from various regions of the aorta were routinely processed for paraffin embedding and 7 mm sections stained with Mason's trichrome. Those for transmission electron microscopy were post fixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Durcupan, and ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and counter stained with lead citrate. Endothelium comprises round and squamous cells, linked to the subendothelial material by a simple and sometimes lamellated basement membrane. In the subendothelial zone, a heterogenous population of cells are connected with interlinked collagen and elastic fibres. Both cells and fibres are connected to the internal elastic lamina. The composite structure and interlinkages in the tunica intima permit unitary function and increase mechanical strength, thus enabling it to withstand haemodynamic stress.
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Schlieper G, Grotemeyer D, Aretz A, Schurgers LJ, Krüger T, Rehbein H, Weirich TE, Westenfeld R, Brandenburg VM, Eitner F, Mayer J, Floege J, Sandmann W, Ketteler M. Analysis of calcifications in patients with coral reef aorta. Ann Vasc Surg 2010; 24:408-14. [PMID: 20144533 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coral reef aorta is a rare vascular disease with intraluminal calcifications of the dorsal part of the visceral aorta. The pathogenesis of this disease with its topographic and morphologic characteristics is unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate calcification inhibitors and the ultrastructure of calcifications in patients with coral reef aorta. METHODS Ten patients with coral reef aorta were examined. Calcified specimens were investigated by immunohistochemical techniques for the expression of the calcification inhibitors matrix gla protein (MGP) and fetuin-A. Vessel walls were also assessed by electron microscopic techniques including electron energy-lost spectroscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy, and electron diffraction. Sera of patients were analyzed for fetuin-A, uncarboxylated MGP (ucMGP), and osteoprotegerin. RESULTS As assessed by immunohistochemistry, most MGP was detected in the vicinity of calcified regions. Serum levels of the calcification inhibitors ucMGP, fetuin-A, and osteoprotegerin were 370+/-107 nmol/L, 0.57+/-0.03 g/L, and 5.64+/-0.79 pmol/L, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of calcified specimens showed a core-shell structure with multiple calcification nuclei. Calcifications displayed a fine-crystalline character, and elemental analysis revealed hydroxyl apatite as the chemical compound. CONCLUSION The coral reef aorta represents an extreme exophytic growth of vascular calcification with multiple nuclei which resemble typical media calcification. Positive vascular immunostaining and low serum levels of both fetuin-A and ucMGP suggest a pathophysiologic role of these calcification inhibitors in the development of coral reef aorta.
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Zhang W, Xu XL, Wang YQ, Wang CH, Zhu WZ. Effects of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-beta-D-glucoside on vascular endothelial dysfunction in atherogenic-diet rats. PLANTA MEDICA 2009; 75:1209-1214. [PMID: 19350477 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1185540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2- O-beta- D-glucoside (TSG), an active component extracted from Polygonum multiflorum, has been found to have an anti-atherosclerotic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the TSG could prevent the development of atherosclerosis through influencing endothelial function in atherogenic-diet rats and to explore the possible mechanisms. Vascular endothelial dysfunction was assessed using isolated aortic ring preparation, transmission electron microscopy of the aorta, and levels of nitrate/nitrite (NOx) in serum and aorta. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression were also measured. After 12 weeks treatment, TSG improved acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, prevented intimal remodeling, inhibited the decreased NOx content in serum and aorta in atherogenic-diet rats. Furthermore, the observed decreased eNOS mRNA and protein expression and increased iNOS mRNA and protein expression in atherogenic-diet rats were attenuated by TSG treatment. These results suggest that TSG could restore vascular endothelial function, which may be related to its ability to prevent changes of eNOS and iNOS expression, leading to preservation of NO bioactivity.
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