Modelling the Effect of MUC1 on Influenza Virus Infection Kinetics and Macrophage Dynamics

MUC1 belongs to the family of cell surface (cs-) mucins. Experimental evidence indicates that its presence reduces in vivo influenza viral infection severity. However, the mechanisms by which MUC1 influences viral dynamics and the host immune response are not yet well understood, limiting our ability to predict the efficacy of potential treatments that target MUC1. To address this limitation, we use available in vivo kinetic data for both virus and macrophage populations in wildtype and MUC1 knockout mice. We apply two mathematical models of within-host influenza dynamics to this data. The models differ in how they categorise the mechanisms of viral control. Both models provide evidence that MUC1 reduces the susceptibility of epithelial cells to influenza virus and regulates macrophage recruitment. Furthermore, we predict and compare some key infection-related quantities between the two mice groups. We find that MUC1 significantly reduces the basic reproduction number of viral replication as well as the number of cumulative macrophages but has little impact on the cumulative viral load. Our analyses suggest that the viral replication rate in the early stages of infection influences the kinetics of the host immune response, with consequences for infection outcomes, such as severity. We also show that MUC1 plays a strong anti-inflammatory role in the regulation of the host immune response. This study improves our understanding of the dynamic role of MUC1 against influenza infection and may support the development of novel antiviral treatments and immunomodulators that target MUC1.

Spatiotemporal patterning of photoresponsive DNA-based hydrogels to tune local cell responses

Understanding the spatiotemporal effects of surface topographies and modulated stiffness and anisotropic stresses of hydrogels on cell growth remains a biophysical challenge. Here we introduce the photolithographic patterning or two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy patterning of a series of o-nitrobenzylphosphate ester nucleic acid-based polyacrylamide hydrogel films generating periodically-spaced circular patterned domains surrounded by continuous hydrogel matrices. The patterning processes lead to guided modulated stiffness differences between the patterned domains and the surrounding hydrogel matrices, and to the selective functionalization of sub-regions of the films with nucleic acid anchoring tethers. HeLa cells are deposited on the circularly-shaped domains functionalized with the MUC-1 aptamers. Initiation of the hybridization chain reaction by nucleic acid tethers associated with the continuous hydrogel matrix results in stress-induced ordered orthogonal shape-changes on the patterned domains, leading to ordered shapes of cell aggregates bound to the patterns.

GWAS of peptic ulcer disease implicates Helicobacter pylori infection, other gastrointestinal disorders and depression

Genetic factors are recognized to contribute to peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and other gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses based on 456,327 UK Biobank (UKB) individuals identify 8 independent and significant loci for PUD at, or near, genes MUC1, MUC6, FUT2, PSCA, ABO, CDX2, GAST and CCKBR. There are previously established roles in susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection, response to counteract infection-related damage, gastric acid secretion or gastrointestinal motility for these genes. Only two associations have been previously reported for duodenal ulcer, here replicated trans-ancestrally. The results highlight the role of host genetic susceptibility to infection. Post-GWAS analyses for PUD, GORD, IBS and IBD add insights into relationships between these gastrointestinal diseases and their relationships with depression, a commonly comorbid disorder.

Transgenic Mice Overexpressing PG1 Display Corneal Opacity and Severe Inflammation in the Eye

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are of interest as alternatives to antibiotics or immunomodulators. We generated and characterized the phenotypes of transgenic mice overexpressing protegrin 1 (PG1), a potent porcine cathelicidin. No obvious differences were observed between PG1 transgenic and wild-type mice in terms of growth, development, general behaviour, and the major immune cell population. However, PG1 transgenic mice intranasally infected with Staphylococcus aureus resulted in a reduction in microscopic pulmonary injury, improved clearance of bacteria, and lower proinflammatory cytokine secretion, compared to those of wild-type mice. On the other hand, approximately 25% of PG1 transgenic mice (n = 54/215) showed corneal opacity and developed inflammation in the eye, resulting ultimately in phthisis bulbi. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that PG1 and its activator, neutrophil elastase, localized to the basal cells of the cornea and glands in eyelids, respectively. In addition, apoptosis indicated by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive signal was detected from flat cells of the cornea. Our study suggests that the expression regulation or localization of AMPs such as PG1 is important to prevent their adverse effects. However, our results also showed that the cytotoxic effects of PG1 on cells could be tolerated in animals, except for the eyes.

Altered Expression of the Epithelial Mucin MUC1 Accompanies Endoscopic Recurrence of Postoperative Crohn's Disease

BACKGROUND

MUC1-glycoprotein is expressed at low levels and in fully glycosylated form on epithelial cells. Inflammation causes MUC1 overexpression and hypoglycosylation. We hypothesized that overexpression of hypoglycosylated MUC1 would be found in postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence and could be considered an additional biomarker of recurrence severity.

METHODS

We examined archived neo-terminal ileum biopsies from patients with prior ileocecal resection who had postoperative endoscopic assessment of CD recurrence and given a Rutgeerts ileal recurrence score. Consecutive tissue sections were stained using 2 different anti-MUC1 antibodies, HMPV that recognizes all forms of MUC1 and 4H5 that recognizes only inflammation-associated hypoglycosylated MUC1.

RESULTS

A total of 71 postoperative CD patients were evaluated. There was significant increase in MUC1 expression of both glycosylated/normal (P<0.0001) and hypoglycosylated/abnormal (P<0.0001) forms in patients with severe endoscopic CD recurrence (i3+i4), ileal score i2, compared with patients in endoscopic remission (i0+i1). Results were similar regardless of anti-TNF-α use. Although MUC1 expression and Rutgeerts scores were in agreement when characterizing the majority of cases, there were a few exceptions where MUC1 expression was characteristic of more severe recurrence than implied by Rutgeerts score.

CONCLUSIONS

MUC1 is overexpressed and hypoglycosylated in neo-terminal ileum tissue of patients with postoperative CD recurrence. Increased levels are associated with more severe endoscopic recurrence scores, and this is not influenced by anti-TNF-α use. Discrepancies found between Rutgeerts scores and MUC1 expression suggest that addition of MUC1 as a biomarker of severity of postoperative CD recurrence may improve categorization of recurrence status and consequently treatment decisions.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 and C-C chemokine receptor type 5: possible diagnostic application in breast cancer patients

The chemokine CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 play important roles in cancer invasion and metastasis. Based on our knowledge, our results were the first that presented the diagnostic usefulness of CCL5 and CCR5 in breast cancer (BC) patients, based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We wished to examine further if CCL5 and CCR5 are appropriate to be applied as BC markers for early screening. Values of tested parameters in patients' plasma were determined by CMIA method (Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay, CA 15-3) as well as by ELISA method (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, CCL5 and CCR5). Levels of CCL5 in the plasma were markedly increased, while those of CCR5 were remarkably lower in BC patients when compared to the control groups. Moreover, higher levels of CCL5 in BC corresponded to advanced tumor stage, while the levels of CCR5 decreased with increasing the disease stage. CCL5 concentration was characterized by high sensitivity (SE) (68.04%) and high specificity (SP) (100.00%) in the BC patients. Results indicated that area under the curve (AUC) corresponding to CCL5 (0.8116) had a higher value than this corresponding to CA 15-3. The AUC value of CCL5 was significantly increased in the early phase of BC (stage I - 0.7089; stage II - 0.8313). The maximum range in the BC patients was observed for the combined analysis of the tested measurands with CA 15-3 (0.8335). In conclusion, our research indicates that examination of plasma CCL5 and CCR5 may be useful in BC diagnosis at the early stage of the disorder, especially when combined with CA 15-3.

GalNAc-T3 and MUC1, a combined predictor of prognosis and recurrence in solitary pulmonary adenocarcinoma initially diagnosed as malignant solitary pulmonary nodule (≤ 3 cm)

The significance of the polypeptide N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase-3 (GalNAc-T3) and mucin 1 (MUC1) in solitary pulmonary adenocarcinoma (SPA) initially diagnosed as malignant solitary pulmonary nodule (≤ 3 cm), especially as a combined predictor of prognosis and recurrence, was explored in this study. A retrospective analysis of 83 patients with SPA (≤ 3 cm), which revealed postoperative pathological diagnosis was lung adenocarcinoma after complete resection. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of GalNAc-T3 and MUC1 in primary tumor specimens. The relationship between expression and various clinicopathological factors was analyzed, as well as the effects of patients' overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). In all patients, GalNAc-T3 was highly expressed in 53 (63.9%) cases; MUC1 was highly expressed in 31 (37.3%) cases. The GalNAc-T3 expression was correlated with differentiation, pathological risk group, N stage, and TNM stage. The group with high GalNAc-T3 expression and low MUC1 expression (GalNAc-T3Hig/MUC1Low) is correlated to pathological differentiation and has a trend related to the TNM stage. The patients with better differentiation, lower pathological risk group, lower N stage, and GalNAc-T3 high expression had better overall survival, especially the GalNAc-T3Hig/MUC1Low group. Moreover, the moderate differentiation, N3 stage, and GalNAc-T3Hig/MUC1Low group were independent predictive factors for OS. Besides, patients with lower N stage, lower TNM stage, higher GalNAc-T3 expression got better disease-free survival (DFS), especially the GalNAc-T3Hig/MUC1Low group. The GalNAc-T3Hig/MUC1Low group was an independent predictive factor for DFS. In conclusion, GalNAc-T3 and MUC1 were combined predictors of prognosis and recurrence in SPA (≤ 3 cm).

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease: a new tool to guide genetic testing

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial disease (ADTKD) is a dominantly inherited progressive nonglomerular disease. Several factors, such as a nonspecific clinical presentation and relative rarity, impede the phenotyping of ADTKD into clinically relevant subtypes and impair the appropriate implementation of genetic testing. The study by Olinger et al. describes the largest multicenter ADTKD cohort, which is likely to become a key resource. The authors also provide a new clinical tool that could guide diagnosis and genetic testing.

Colorectal cancer stem cell vaccine with high expression of MUC1 serves as a novel prophylactic vaccine for colorectal cancer

Targeted clearance of colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) has become a novel strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Molecule mucin1 (MUC1) is one of targetable cell surface antigens in CCSCs. However, the critical role of MUC1 in anti-tumor effects of CCSC vaccine remains unclear. In the present study, we showed that MUC1 may be required for CCSC vaccine to exert tumor immunity. CD133⁺CCSCs were isolated from CT26 cell line using a magnetic-activated cell sorting system, and MUC1 shRNA or recombinant plasmid was further used to decrease or increase the expression of MUC1 in CD133⁺CCSCs. Mice were subcutaneously immunized with the CCSC lysates, MUC1 knockin CCSCs, and MUC1 knockdown CCSCs respectively, followed by a challenge with CT26 cells. We found that CCSC vaccine significantly reduced the tumor growth via a target killing of CCSCs as evidenced by a decrease of CD133⁺ cells and ALDH⁺ cells in tumors. Moreover, CCSC vaccine markedly increased the cytotoxicity of NK cells and the splenocytes, and promoted the release of IFN-γ, Perforin, and Granzyme B, and also reduced the TGF-β1 expression. Additionally, CCSC vaccination enhanced the antibody production and decreased the myeloid derived suppressor cells and Treg subsets. More importantly, MUC1 knockdown partly impaired the anti-tumor efficacy of CCSC vaccine, whereas MUC1 overexpression dramatically enhanced the CCSC vaccine immunity. Overall, these results reveal a novel role and molecular mechanisms of MUC1 in CCSC vaccine against colorectal cancer.

Clinical and genetic spectra of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease due to mutations in UMOD and MUC1

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is an increasingly recognized cause of end-stage kidney disease, primarily due to mutations in UMOD and MUC1. The lack of clinical recognition and the small size of cohorts have slowed the understanding of disease ontology and development of diagnostic algorithms. We analyzed two registries from Europe and the United States to define genetic and clinical characteristics of ADTKD-UMOD and ADTKD-MUC1 and develop a practical score to guide genetic testing. Our study encompassed 726 patients from 585 families with a presumptive diagnosis of ADTKD along with clinical, biochemical, genetic and radiologic data. Collectively, 106 different UMOD mutations were detected in 216/562 (38.4%) of families with ADTKD (303 patients), and 4 different MUC1 mutations in 72/205 (35.1%) of the families that are UMOD-negative (83 patients). The median kidney survival was significantly shorter in patients with ADTKD-MUC1 compared to ADTKD-UMOD (46 vs. 54 years, respectively), whereas the median gout-free survival was dramatically reduced in patients with ADTKD-UMOD compared to ADTKD-MUC1 (30 vs. 67 years, respectively). In contrast to patients with ADTKD-UMOD, patients with ADTKD-MUC1 had normal urinary excretion of uromodulin and distribution of uromodulin in tubular cells. A diagnostic algorithm based on a simple score coupled with urinary uromodulin measurements separated patients with ADTKD-UMOD from those with ADTKD-MUC1 with a sensitivity of 94.1%, a specificity of 74.3% and a positive predictive value of 84.2% for a UMOD mutation. Thus, ADTKD-UMOD is more frequently diagnosed than ADTKD-MUC1, ADTKD subtypes present with distinct clinical features, and a simple score coupled with urine uromodulin measurements may help prioritizing genetic testing.

89Zr-Labeled AR20.5: A MUC1-Targeting ImmunoPET Probe

High expression levels of the tumor-associated antigen MUC1 have been correlated with tumor aggressiveness, poor response to therapy, and poor survival in several tumor types, including breast, pancreatic, and epithelial ovarian cancer. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of a novel radioimmunoconjugate for the immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging of MUC1 expression based on the AR20.5 antibody. To this end, we modified AR20.5 with the chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) and labeled it with the positron-emitting radiometal zirconium-89 (t_1/2 ~3.3 d) to produce [⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-AR20.5. In subsequent in vivo experiments in athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous MUC1-expressing ovarian cancer xenografts, [⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-AR20.5 clearly delineated tumor tissue, producing a tumoral activity concentration of 19.1 ± 6.4 percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 120 h post-injection and a tumor-to-muscle activity concentration ratio of 42.4 ± 10.6 at the same time point. Additional PET imaging experiments in mice bearing orthotopic MUC1-expressing ovarian cancer xenografts likewise demonstrated that [⁸⁹Zr]Zr-DFO-AR20.5 enables the visualization of tumor tissue-including metastatic lesions-with promising tumor-to-background contrast.

Antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of Pheromonicin-NM on Escherichia coli-challenged bovine mammary epithelial cells

Mastitis affects cows in all regions of the world and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is by far the most common reason of mastitis. Now antibiotic therapy is still the preferred approach of treating mastitis. However, antibiotic usage is easy to lead to antibiotic resistance. There is an urgent need for developing efficacious alternative antimicrobials. Pheromonicin-NM (PMC-NM) is a new engineered bactericidal peptide consisting of colicin Ia and an anti-porin A antibody mimetic. It can lead to the dissipation of cellular energy and therefore kill the bacteria rapidly. The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparative effects of PMC-NM and antibiotic ceftiofur on antibacterial and innate immune responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) to E. coli infection. We found that E. coli growth was inhibited by PMC-NM from 0.5 h after treatment and was completely inhibited at 3 h, indicating a rapid antibacterial activity for PMC-NM. The mRNA expression of TLR2, IL-1β, IL-8, lactoferrin, LAP, TAP and DEFB1 was increased by PMC-NM treatment at 2 h after E. coli infection, suggesting the enhanced inflammatory responses induced by PMC-NM contribute to pathogens clearance at early phase. By contrast, in E. coli-infected BMECs, ceftiofur treatment upregulated TLR2 and NOD2 levels at 12 h, and extremely elevated transcription levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, lactoferrin, LAP, TAP, BNBD5, DEFB1 at 6 h. The excessive expression of these genes at later phase can induce uncontrolled inflammatory responses and finally cause damage. Taken together, PMC-NM might be used as an ideal antibacterial agent against E. coli mastitis.

Elevation of microRNA-512-5p inhibits MUC1 to reduce radioresistance in cervical cancer

Researches about the role of several microRNAs (miRNAs) in cervical cancer were performed by previous studies, but the function of miR-512-5p in cervical cancer is rare to see. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-512-5p on radiosensitivity in cervical cancer by regulating MUC1 expression. First, 111 patients with cervical cancer were divided into radiotherapy sensitive group and radiotherapy resistant group. After that, miR-512-5p expression in cancer tissues from two groups was detected. Next, RT-qPCR was used to detect miR-512-5p expression in radiotherapy resistant cervical cancer cells SiHa and radiotherapy sensitive cervical cancer cells Me180. Moreover, SiHa and Me180 cells were treated with miR-512-5p overexpression and MUC1 poor expression plasmids. With 0 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy, 6 Gy and 8 Gy irradiation, proliferation, colony formation ability and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells were determined. Also, cell lines that overexpressed miR-512-5p and overexpressed MUC1 were then constructed to observe the changes in cell radiosensitivity. MiR-512-5p was down-regulated and MUC1 was up-regulated in radiotherapy resistant cervical cancer tissues and cells. Overexpression of miR-512-5p and down-regulation of MUC1 increased the apoptosis and reduced cell survival rate of cervical cancer cells after radiotherapy. Overexpression of miR-512-5p reversed the effect of MUC1 overexpression on decreasing cell apoptosis and elevating cell survival rate of cervical cancer cells. Our study provides evidence that elevation of miR-512-5p contributes to the reduction of radioresistance in cervical cancer cells by inhibiting MUC1 expression.

LAMTOR5 raises abnormal initiation of O-glycosylation in breast cancer metastasis via modulating GALNT1 activity

During malignancy, perturbed O-glycosylation confers global influence on cancer progression. As a hallmark of cancer metastasis, GalNAc-type O-glycosylation initiation is aberrantly raised, but the regulatory mechanism is still mysterious. Here, we show that LAMTOR5 raises abnormal initiation of O-glycosylation in breast cancer metastasis. LAMTOR5 was highly expressed in adenocarcinoma and correlated with Tn antigen, a product of O-glycosylation initiation, in both clinical metastatic breast cancer specimens and secondary metastasis mouse model. LAMTOR5-modulated O-glycosylation initiating enzyme GALNT1 conferred Tn accumulation and predicted poor survival. Mechanistically, LAMTOR5 stimulated transcriptions of GALNT1 through coactivating c-Jun, and triggered dislocation of GALNT1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via LAMTOR5 dependent-activation of c-Src. This unusual initiation of O-glycosylation resulted in the abundance of Tn modified glycoproteins, such as MUC1 and OPN. Collectively, our findings indicate that LAMTOR5/c-Jun/c-Src axis serves as the upstream regulator of abnormal O-glycosylation initiation and potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer metastasis.

Prognostic significance of EGFR, MUC1 and PD-L1 expressions in cases with triple negative breast cancer

PURPOSE

Twenty percent of the breast cancers are triple negative (TNBC). Despite the impressive progression in the biology of this subgroup, data is limited as compared to hormone and/or HER2 positive cases. Thus, the aim of this study was to detect the expression levels and to identify the prognostic values of MUC1, EGFR and PD-L1 in TNBC.

METHODS

MUC1, EGFR and PD-L1 expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry in 97 cases with TNBC. Associations between clinical and histopathological parameters with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. Prognostic effects were analyzed by Cox proportional hazard models.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 93 months (0.6-168.7) the mean PFS was 110.1 and OS was 121.8 months. Tumor diameter (T), involved lymph node status (N) and TNM were found to be prognostic for PFS and OS. PD-L1 in microenvironment (PD-L1 ME) and EGFR expression were found to be associated with longer PFS and OS, but MUC1 and tumor PD-L1 (PD-L1 TM) expressions were not. All combined analyses showed that in the subgroups of MUC1, PD-L1 TM or ME positive, EGFR expression was correlated with longer PFS and OS than those who were not. Older age (≥70 years), T and N status and also EGFR expression were found to be independent prognostic factors for OS in Cox regression analysis.

CONCLUSION

EGFR expression was found to be one of the most important prognostic factors in addition to T and N status in cases with TNBC.

One-Step Self-Assembly of Multifunctional DNA Nanohydrogels: An Enhanced and Harmless Strategy for Guiding Combined Antitumor Therapy

DNA nanostructure-based drug delivery system (DDS) has become an advanced therapeutic strategy for cancer because of its unsurpassed editability, intrinsic biodegradability, and tunable multifunctionality. An intelligent DNA nanosystem integrating targeting, immunostimulation, and chemotherapy was constructed based on unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligonucleotides (CpG ODNs) DNA nanohydrogels (CpG-MUC1-hydrogel). By facile one-step self-assembly, the cross-shaped DNAs (C-DNAs) assembled from pH-responsive I-motif sequences and targeted MUC1 aptamer-immunoadjuvant CpG-fused sequences (CpG-MUC1) were integrated into DNA nanohydrogels with controllable size by the hybridization of DNA linkers. Subsequently, DOX was successively intercalated into the base pairs of CpG-MUC1-hydrogel, resulting in CpG-MUC1-hydrogel/Dox that would disassemble and release DOX and CpGs at acidic conditions. After MUC1-mediated internalization, CpG-MUC1-hydrogel/Dox dissociated in the endo/lysosomes and induced favorable apoptosis of tumor cells. Afterward, liberated CpGs triggered vast cytokine secretion from immune cells which elicited potent immune response against malignancy. Notably, CpG-MUC1-hydrogel induced an apoptosis effect on MCF-7 cells via significantly increasing the Bax/Bcl₂ ratios and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) on RAW264.7 cells than naked CpGs. Our results demonstrated that self-assembled CpG-MUC1-hydrogel represented an attractive DDS for precise delivery, potent immunostimulating activity, and considerable combination efficiency with few adverse effects, which is expected to make breakthroughs in clinical translation.

A double safety lock tumor-specific device for suicide gene therapy in breast cancer

The complexity and continuous evolution of cancer make the design of novel strategies of treatment a constant challenge in biomedicine. Moreover, most of cancer treatments are still not tumor-specific and provoke high systemic toxicity. Herein we have developed a novel selective nanodevice to eliminate tumor cells while leaving healthy ones intact. To achieve this objective, a polyplex carrier, comprising an elastin like-recombinamer covalently conjugated to an aptamer and complexed with therapeutic DNA, was tested. This carrier forms a double-lock multifunctional device due to specific binding to a tumor cell marker and the selective expression of therapeutic DNA inside human breast-cancer cells. Due to the stability provided by ELRs, the homogeneous population of polyplexes obtained showed selective toxicity against cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo assay. Inhibition of tumor progression was detected early being very significant at the end point, with a dose-dependent reduction in tumor mass. Histological studies revealed a specific reduction in tumor parenchyma and in specific tumor cell markers. These results represent an important step toward the rational development of an efficient, safe and more specialized gene-delivery device for tumor therapy.

Indomethacin enhances anti-tumor efficacy of a MUC1 peptide vaccine against breast cancer in MUC1 transgenic mice

In recent years, vaccines against tumor antigens have shown potential for combating invasive cancers, including primary tumors and metastatic lesions. This is particularly pertinent for breast cancer, which is the second-leading cause of cancer-related death in women. MUC1 is a glycoprotein that is normally expressed on glandular epithelium, but is overexpressed and under-glycosylated in most human cancers, including the majority of breast cancers. This under-glycosylation exposes the MUC1 protein core on the tumor-associated form of the protein. We have previously shown that a vaccine consisting of MUC1 core peptides stimulates a tumor-specific immune response. However, this immune response is dampened by the immunosuppressive microenvironment within breast tumors. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of MUC1 vaccination in combination with four different drugs that inhibit different components of the COX pathway: indomethacin (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor), celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor), 1-methyl tryptophan (indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase inhibitor), and AH6809 (prostaglandin E₂ receptor antagonist). These treatment regimens were explored for the treatment of orthotopic MUC1-expressing breast tumors in mice transgenic for human MUC1. We found that the combination of vaccine and indomethacin resulted in a significant reduction in tumor burden. Indomethacin did not increase tumor-specific immune responses over vaccine alone, but rather appeared to reduce the proliferation and increase apoptosis of tumor cells, thus rendering them susceptible to immune cell killing.

The glycoprotein mucin-1 negatively regulates GalNAc transferase 5 expression in pancreatic cancer

Aberrant expression of the glycoprotein mucin-1 (MUC1) has been associated with pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis as a result of mediating the oncogenic transcriptional regulation of target genes. In the present study, we demonstrate that MUC1 downregulates the expression of the tumor suppressor polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 5 in pancreatic cancer. ChIP-on-chip analysis revealed that the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail binds to regulatory elements in the GALNT5 gene. Additionally, MUC1 increases binding of p53 and c-Jun and decreases the binding of Sp1 to the proximal promoter and exonic regions of GALNT5. We also observed that expression of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 5 is inversionally proportional to MUC1 expression in human pancreatic cancer. These results demonstrate that MUC1 downregulates the expression of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 5 in pancreatic cancer by modifying the promoter occupancy of transcription factors through its cytoplasmic domain.

Circulating Endometrial Cells in Women With Spontaneous Pneumothorax

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is rare, and the awareness of this diagnosis among physicians is insufficient. CP is highly correlated with pelvic endometriosis and remains the most common form of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. Circulating endometrial cells (CECs) have been previously detected in patients with pelvic endometriosis. Could CECs bring new insights into pneumothorax management?

METHODS

This study aims to describe the occurrence and molecular characteristics of CECs in women with spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) (N = 20) with high suspicion of its catamenial character. CECs were enriched from peripheral blood by size-based separation (MetaCell). In addition to cytomorphology, gene expression profiling of captured cells was performed for 24 endometriosis-associated genes.

RESULTS

CECs were present in all 20 patients with SP. Enriched CECs exhibited four character features: epithelial, stem cell-like, stroma-like, and glandular. However, not all of them were present in every sampling. Gene expression profiling revealed two distinct phenotypes of CECs in SP and/or CP: one of them refers to the diaphragm openings syndrome and the other to endometrial tissue pleural implantations. Comparisons of the gene expression profiles of CECs in pneumothorax (CECs-SP group) with CECs in pelvic endometriosis (CECs-non-SP group) have revealed significantly higher expression of HER2 in the CECs-SP group compared with the CECs-non-SP group.

CONCLUSIONS

This proof-of-concept study demonstrates successful isolation and characterization of CECs in patients with SP. Identification of CECs in SP could alert endometriosis involvement and help early referral to gynecologic consultation for further examination and treatment.

Development of the Tumor-Specific Antigen-Derived Synthetic Peptides as Potential Candidates for Targeting Breast and Other Possible Human Carcinomas

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) represents one of the most studied tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy. The receptors for HER2 are overexpressed in various human cancers, such as breast and ovarian cancer. The relatively low expression of this antigen on normal tissues makes it a clinically useful molecular target for tumor imaging and targeted therapy. HER2 overexpression is correlated with aggressive tumor behavior and poor clinical outcomes. Thus, HER2 has become an important prognostic and predictive factor, as well as a potential molecular target. Due to the heterogeneity of breast cancer and possible discordance in HER2 status between primary tumors and distant metastases, assessment of HER2 expression by noninvasive imaging is important. Molecular imaging of HER2 expression may provide essential prognostic and predictive information concerning disseminated cancer and aid in the selection of an optimal therapy. Another tumor-specific antigen is MUC1, which is silent on normal tissues, but overexpressed in almost all human epithelial cell cancers, including >90% of human breast, ovarian, pancreatic, colorectal, lung, prostate, and gastric cancers and is a promising tumor antigen with diagnostic as well as the therapeutic potential of cancer. Radiolabeled small peptide ligands are attractive as probes for molecular imaging, as they reach and bind the target receptor efficiently and clear from blood and non-target organs faster than bulky antibodies. In this study, HER2 and MUC1-based peptides were synthesized and preclinically evaluated in an effort to develop peptide-based SPECT radiopharmaceuticals derived from tumor-associated antigens for the detection of breast cancer. Our findings demonstrate that the tumor antigen peptides radiolabeled efficiently with ^99mTc and showed high metabolic stability in human plasma in vitro. The data from breast tumor cell binding confirmed the high affinity (in low nanomolar range) towards respective breast cancer cell lines. In healthy mice, ^99mTc-labeled peptides displayed favorable pharmacokinetics, with high excretion by the renal system. In tumor xenografts nude mice models, good uptake by the SKBR3, MCF7, and T47D tumors were found, with good tumor-to-blood and tumor to muscle ratios. Additionally, tumor lesions can be seen in γ-camera imaging. Our data suggest that based on its ability to detect HER2- and MUC1-positive breast cancer cells in vivo, ^99mTc-HER2 and ^99mTc-MUC1-targeted peptides may be promising tumor imaging probes and warrant further investigation.

Effect of MUC1 length polymorphisms on the NLRP3 inflammasome response of human macrophages

Mucin 1 is a cell-membrane associated mucin, expressed on epithelial and immune cells that helps protect against pathogenic infections. In humans, MUC1 is highly polymorphic, predominantly due to the presence of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) region in the extracellular domain that results in MUC1 molecules of typically either short or long length. A genetic link is known between these MUC1 polymorphisms and inflammation-driven diseases, although the mechanism is not fully understood. We previously showed that MUC1 on murine macrophages specifically restricts activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby repressing inflammation. This study evaluated the effect of MUC1 VNTR polymorphisms on activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages, finding that long MUC1 alleles correlated with increased IL-1β production following NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This indicates that the length of MUC1 can influence IL-1β production, thus providing the first evidence of an immune-modulatory role of MUC1 VNTR polymorphisms in human macrophages.

Natural inhibitors on airway mucin: Molecular insight into the therapeutic potential targeting MUC5AC expression and production

Airway mucin overproduction is the hallmark risk factor of asthma, which is associated with the reduction of lung function. An aberrant mucin expression is responsible for airway obstruction due to its high viscous characteristics. Among the mucins discovered, MUC5AC is the prime mucin of airway epithelia. Nowadays, mucins induced asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a great concern all over the world. This review focuses on the effects of natural compounds that can be beneficial to explore new drugs to halt MUC5AC secretion and production in airway epithelial, and also their underlying molecular mechanisms based on recent studies. Several researchers are seeking natural sources to identify a new potent MUC5AC inhibitory agent for clinical applications, because of countable limitations of existing synthetic drugs. Currently, flavonoids, glycoside and steroids like natural compounds have acquired great attention due to their anti-inflammatory and mucoregulatory effects. Most importantly, many natural compounds have shown their potential effects as the modulator of mucin expression, secretion, and production. Therefore, targeting airway MUC5AC expression and production represents an auspicious area of research for the development of drugs against various respiratory diseases.

[Correlation of Krebs Von Den Lungen-6（KL-6） Expression and Perioperative Pulmonary Function in Adults Receiving Continuing Low-volume Ventilation during Valve Surgery]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the influence of continuous low-volume ventilation in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the expression of krebs von den lungen-6 (KL-6) and perioperative pulmonary function in adults undergoing valve surgery.

METHODS

From 2017 Sept. to 2018 Jan., 60 patients who received valve replacement surgery were prospectively comprised in this study. We randomly allocated these patients into control group ( n=30, non-ventilation) and experimental group ( n=30, continuous low-volume ventilation during CPB). At different perioperative time points, we identified the dynamic changes of pulmonary function and biomarkers which expressed in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Meanwhile, we also compared perioperative clinical outcomes of the two groups.

RESULTS

The expression of serum KL-6 and BALF KL-6 in the two groups were both statistically significant（ P＜0.05）. The oxygenation index increased with time and reached to the top point at T ₁, then subsequently decreased with time ( P＜0.05). The alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (P _A-aO ₂) in the two groups fluctuate with time, the differences have no statistical significance. According to linear correlation, the serum KL-6 level was negatively correlated with oxygenation indexes ( r=－0.525, P=0.003), while it was positively correlated with P _A-aO ₂ ( r=0.489, P=0.006). There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Continuing low-volume ventilation during CPB could decrease the expression level of KL-6, while it has no significant influence on perioperative outcomes.

A biosensor capable of identifying low quantities of breast cancer cells by electrical impedance spectroscopy

Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant disease with a high prevalence worldwide. The main cause of death is not the primary tumor, but instead the spread of tumor cells to distant sites. The aim of the present study was to examine a new method for the detection of cancer cells in aqueous medium using bioimpedance spectroscopy assisted with magnetic nanoparticles (MNP's) exposure to a constant magnetic field. The spectroscopic patterns were identified for three breast cancer cell lines. Each BC cell line represents a different pathologic stage: the early stage (MCF-7), invasive phase (MDA-MB-231) and metastasis (SK-BR-3). For this purpose, bioimpedance measurements were carried out at a certain frequency range with the aid of nanoprobes, consisting of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to a monoclonal antibody. The antibody was specific for the predominant cell surface protein for each cell line, which was identified by using RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. Accordingly, EpCAM corresponds to MCF-7, MUC-1 to MDA-MB-231, and HER-2 to SK-BR-3. Despite their low concentrations, BC cells could be detected by impedance spectroscopy. Hence, this methodology should permit the monitoring of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and therefore help to prevent recurrences and metastatic processes during BC treatment.

Phase Ib evaluation of a self-adjuvanted protamine formulated mRNA-based active cancer immunotherapy, BI1361849 (CV9202), combined with local radiation treatment in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Preclinical studies demonstrate synergism between cancer immunotherapy and local radiation, enhancing anti-tumor effects and promoting immune responses. BI1361849 (CV9202) is an active cancer immunotherapeutic comprising protamine-formulated, sequence-optimized mRNA encoding six non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-associated antigens (NY-ESO-1, MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, survivin, 5T4, and MUC-1), intended to induce targeted immune responses.

METHODS

We describe a phase Ib clinical trial evaluating treatment with BI1361849 combined with local radiation in 26 stage IV NSCLC patients with partial response (PR)/stable disease (SD) after standard first-line therapy. Patients were stratified into three strata (1: non-squamous NSCLC, no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, PR/SD after ≥4 cycles of platinum- and pemetrexed-based treatment [n = 16]; 2: squamous NSCLC, PR/SD after ≥4 cycles of platinum-based and non-platinum compound treatment [n = 8]; 3: non-squamous NSCLC, EGFR mutation, PR/SD after ≥3 and ≤ 6 months EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment [n = 2]). Patients received intradermal BI1361849, local radiation (4 × 5 Gy), then BI1361849 until disease progression. Strata 1 and 3 also had maintenance pemetrexed or continued EGFR-TKI therapy, respectively. The primary endpoint was evaluation of safety; secondary objectives included assessment of clinical efficacy (every 6 weeks during treatment) and of immune response (on Days 1 [baseline], 19 and 61).

RESULTS

Study treatment was well tolerated; injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms were the most common BI1361849-related adverse events. Three patients had grade 3 BI1361849-related adverse events (fatigue, pyrexia); there was one grade 3 radiation-related event (dysphagia). In comparison to baseline, immunomonitoring revealed increased BI1361849 antigen-specific immune responses in the majority of patients (84%), whereby antigen-specific antibody levels were increased in 80% and functional T cells in 40% of patients, and involvement of multiple antigen specificities was evident in 52% of patients. One patient had a partial response in combination with pemetrexed maintenance, and 46.2% achieved stable disease as best overall response. Best overall response was SD in 57.7% for target lesions.

CONCLUSION

The results support further investigation of mRNA-based immunotherapy in NSCLC including combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01915524 .

MUC1 is a receptor for the Salmonella SiiE adhesin that enables apical invasion into enterocytes

The cellular invasion machinery of the enteric pathogen Salmonella consists of a type III secretion system (T3SS) with injectable virulence factors that induce uptake by macropinocytosis. Salmonella invasion at the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells is inefficient, presumably because of a glycosylated barrier formed by transmembrane mucins that prevents T3SS contact with host cells. We observed that Salmonella is capable of apical invasion of intestinal epithelial cells that express the transmembrane mucin MUC1. Knockout of MUC1 in HT29-MTX cells or removal of MUC1 sialic acids by neuraminidase treatment reduced Salmonella apical invasion but did not affect lateral invasion that is not hampered by a defensive barrier. A Salmonella deletion strain lacking the SiiE giant adhesin was unable to invade intestinal epithelial cells through MUC1. SiiE-positive Salmonella closely associated with the MUC1 layer at the apical surface, but invaded Salmonella were negative for the adhesin. Our findings uncover that the transmembrane mucin MUC1 is required for Salmonella SiiE-mediated entry of enterocytes via the apical route.

The bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica is one of the most common causes of human foodborne infection affecting millions of people worldwide each year. To establish infection, Salmonella needs to cross the mucus layer and invade intestinal epithelial cells from the apical surface. However, the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells is covered with a defensive barrier of large glycosylated transmembrane mucins. These large proteins prevent contact between the Salmonella type III secretion needle and the host plasma membrane thereby preventing invasion. We show for the first time that MUC1, one of the intestinal apical transmembrane mucins, facilitates Salmonella invasion. The Salmonella giant adhesin SiiE is the adhesin responsible for engaging MUC1 and the interaction is mediated by glycans on MUC1. We propose that SiiE interacts with MUC1 in a zipper-like manner that involves repetitive domains in both proteins. Adhesin-receptor interactions are essential for bacterial infection of host cells and key factors in determining target tissues and host range of bacteria. The SiiE-MUC1 invasion pathway may explain tropism of different Salmonella strains and provide a novel target for infection intervention and prevention.

Novel Bispecific Aptamer Enhances Immune Cytotoxicity Against MUC1-Positive Tumor Cells by MUC1-CD16 Dual Targeting

A promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy is the employment of a bispecific agent that can bind with both tumor markers and immunocytes for recruitment of lymphocytes to tumor sites and enhancement of anticancer immune reactions. Mucin1 (MUC1) is a tumor marker overexpressed in almost all adenocarcinomas, making it a potentially important therapeutic target. CD16 is expressed in several types of immunocytes, including NK cells, γδ-T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. In this study, we constructed the first bispecific aptamer (BBiApt) targeting both MUC1 and CD16. This aptamer consisted of two MUC1 aptamers and two CD16 aptamers linked together by three 60 nt DNA spacers. Compared with monovalent MUC1 or CD16 aptamers, BBiApt showed more potent avidity to both MUC1-positive tumor cells and CD16-positive immunocytes. Competition experiments indicated that BBiApt and monovalent aptamers bound to the same sites on the target cells. Moreover, BBiApt recruited more CD16-positive immunocytes around MUC1-positive tumor cells and enhanced the immune cytotoxicity against the tumor cells in vitro. The results suggest that, apart from bispecific antibodies, bispecific aptamers may also potentially serve as a novel strategy for targeted enhancement of antitumor immune reactions against MUC1-expressing malignancies.

LINC01296/miR-26a/GALNT3 axis contributes to colorectal cancer progression by regulating O-glycosylated MUC1 via PI3K/AKT pathway

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) emerging as pivotal marker in the procession of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Abnormal O-glycosylation is a crucial modification during cancer malignancy. The aim of this work is to analyze the alteration of O-glycosylation involved in CRC progression.

METHODS

qRT-PCR is utilized to screen the differential linc01296 expression in CRC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, CRC cell proliferation, aggressiveness and apoptosis are measured through relevant experiments, including CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, western blot and flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and RIP assay confirm the direct interaction between linc01296 and miR-26a. The xenografts and liver metatstatic nude mice models are established to show the inner effect of linc01296.

RESULTS

Differential expression of linc01296 is confirmed and closely correlated with the malignancy of CRC cell lines and poor clinical prognosis. Moreover, alteration of linc01296 affects CRC cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro. Mechanically, linc01296 acts as a direct target of miR-26a, and thereby influenced CRC malignancy. Our investigation corroborates that linc01296 functions as an endogenous sponge of miR-26a to regulate mucin1 (MUC1) expression, catalyzed by GALNT3, which modulates the activity of PI3K/AKT pathway. Interestingly, upregulated linc01296 promotes the tumorigensis, liver metastasis and chemoresistance of CRC cell lines in vivo.

CONCLUSION

These new findings indicate that linc01296/miR-26a/GALNT3 axis involves in the progression of CRC cells, illuminating the possible mechanism mediated by O-glycosylated MUC1 via PI3K/AKT pathway. This work renders potential diagnostic biomarkers and prospective therapeutic targets for CRC.

Reversal of tumor malignization and modulation of cell behaviors through genome editing mediated by a multi-functional nanovector

To effectively reverse tumor malignization by genome editing, a multi-functional self-assembled nanovector for the delivery of a genome editing plasmid specifically to tumor cells was developed. The nanovector core consisting of protamine and calcium carbonate entrapping the CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid is decorated by aptamer incorporated heparin. Owing to a high affinity between a MUC1 specific aptamer and mucin 1 (MUC1) overexpressed in tumor cells as well as the interaction between AS1411 and nucleolin on the tumor cell surface and cell nuclei, the nanovector can target the nuclei of tumorous cells for the knockout of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Notably, the genome editing mediated by our delivery systems can effectively modulate cell behaviors and thus reverse tumor malignization. Up-regulated p53, p16, p21, E-cadherin, CD80, MICA, MICB and Fas, together with down-regulated MMP-9, vimentin, VEGF, TGF-β, CD47 and CD133 in genome edited cells indicate that the genome editing system can inhibit cancerous cell growth, prevent tumor invasion and metastasis, reverse tumor-induced immune suppression, and inhibit cancer stemness. More importantly, the edited cells can maintain the modulated cellular function after succeeding subcultures.

A five-gene signature may predict sunitinib sensitivity and serve as prognostic biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma

Sunitinib resistance is, nowadays, the major challenge for advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. Illuminating the potential mechanisms and exploring effective strategies to overcome sunitinib resistance are highly desired. We constructed a reliable gene signature which may function as biomarkers for prediction of sunitinib sensitivity and clinical prognosis. The gene expression profiles were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. By performing GEO2R analysis, numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be associated with sunitinib resistance. To acquire more precise DEGs, we integrated three different microarray datasets. Functional analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly involved in Rap1 signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway and Ras signaling pathway. Then, top five hub genes, BIRC5, CD44, MUC1, TF, CCL5, were identified from protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Sub-network analysis carried out by MCODE plugin revealed that key DEGs were related with PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway and VEGF signaling pathway. Next, we established sunitinib-resistant OS-RC-2 and 786-O cell lines and validated the expression of five hub genes in cell lines. To further evaluate the potentials of five-gene signature for predicting clinical prognosis, we analyzed RCC patients with gene expressions and overall survival information from two independent patient datasets. The Kaplan-Meier estimated the OS of RCC patients in the low- and high-risk groups according to gene expression signature. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the prognostic power of five-gene signature was independent of clinical features. In conclusion, we developed a five-gene signature which can predict sunitinib sensitivity and OS for advanced RCC patients, providing novel insights into understanding of sunitinib-resistant mechanisms and identification of RCC patients with poor prognosis.

[Preparation of in vitro transcribed mouse MUC1 mRNA and its expression in NIH/3T3 cells]

Objective To obtain in vitro transcription of mouse mucin 1(MUC1) mRNA and express it in NIH/3T3 cells. Methods The MUC1 gene was amplified from mouse 4T1 cells by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and then inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to construct the recombinant vector pcDNA3.1(+)-MUC1. After identification by restriction enzyme cutting, the recombinant plasmid was used as a PCR template for the amplification of the MUC1-HA TAG fusion gene fragment with the reverse primer containing hemagglutinin tag (HA TAG) sequence. Subsequently, the MUC1-HA TAG fusion gene was cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3.1(+). After double restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequence identification, the recombinant plasmid encoding MUC1-HA TAG was used as a PCR template for the amplification of a PCR product containing T7 promoter and the MUC1-HA TAG fusion gene fragment as an in vitro transcription template to obtain the modified MUC1-HA TAG mRNA by in vitro transcription, tailing and purification. The resulting MUC1-HA TAG mRNA was transfected into NIH/3T3 cells by various transfection reagents and the expression of the fusion protein MUC1-HA TAG was detected by Western blot analysis. Results The MUC1 gene amplified by RT-PCR was about 1 900 bp in length. The restriction enzyme digestion and sequence analysis confirmed that the MUC1-HA TAG fusion gene had been successfully inserted into pcDNA3.1(+), and the insertion sequence was identical to the MUC1 gene sequence of the mouse in GenBank database. HA TAG was correctly inserted in the downstream of MUC1 gene and the reading frame was correct. Western blot analysis indicated that the in vitro transcriptionally modified MUC1-HA TAG mRNA could be expressed in NIH/3T3 cells. Conclusion In vitro transcriptionally modified mouse MUC1-HA TAG mRNA can be translated and expressed in mammalian NIH/3T3 cells.

Differential expression of mucin 1 and mucin 2 in colorectal cancer

AIM

To determine tissue expression (mRNA, protein) of two types of mucins [mucin 1 (MUC1) and mucin 2 (MUC2)] in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

Expression of membrane-bound mucin (MUC1) and secretory mucin (MUC2) in CRC (mRNA, protein) were analyzed in tissue material including fragments of tumors obtained from CRC patients (n = 34), and fragments of normal colorectal tissue from the same patients (control). The analysis was conducted using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (transcripts), immunohistochemistry (IHC) (apomucins), and the modern approach for morphometric analysis of IHC reaction (HSV filter software). Results on tissue expression of both mucins (mRNA, protein) were compared to histological alterations in colorectal cancer samples and correlated with selected clinical data in the patients. The statistical analysis was conducted using Statistica PL v. 12.0 software.

RESULTS

Significantly higher expression of the MUC1 mRNA in the CRC, compared with the control and the borderline correlation of mRNA expression with MUC1 protein levels in colorectal samples was observed. The expression of apomucins concerned cell membranes (MUC1) and cytoplasm (MUC2) and occurred both in control tissues and in most cancerous samples. There were no significant relationships between MUC1 (mRNA, protein) and the clinicopathological data of patients. MUC2 protein expression was significantly lower as compared to the control, while MUC2 mRNA expression was comparable in both groups. The MUC1/MUC2 ratio was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in the control. The higher expression of MUC2 was a feature of mucinous CRC subtypes, and characterized higher histological stage of tumors. Negative correlations have been obtained between MUC2 and the Ki-67 antigen, as well as between MUC2 and p53 protein expressions in CRC.

CONCLUSION

A combination of tissue overexpression of MUC1, reduced MUC2 expression, and high ratio of MUC1/MUC2 is a factor of poor prognosis in CRC patients. MUC2 tissue expression allows to differentiate mucinous and nonmucinous CRC subtypes.

Immunogenicity of a Tripartite Cell Penetrating Peptide Containing a MUC1 Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) and A T Helper Epitope

Peptide-based vaccines for cancer have many advantages however, for optimization these immunogens should incorporate peptide epitopes that induce CD8, as well as CD4 responses, antibody and long term immunity. Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) with a capacity of cytosolic delivery have been used to deliver antigenic peptides and proteins to antigen presenting cells to induce cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell and humoral responses in mice. For this study, a tripartite CPP including a mucin 1 (MUC1) variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) containing multiple T cell epitopes and tetanus toxoid universal T helper epitope peptide (tetCD4) was synthesised (AntpMAPMUC1tet) and immune responses investigated in mice. Mice vaccinated with AntpMAPMUC1tet + CpG show enhanced antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-4 T cell responses compared with AntpMAPMUC1tet vaccination alone and induced a Th1 response, characterised by a higher ratio of IgG2a antibody/IgG1 antibodies. Furthermore, vaccination generated long term MUC1-specific antibody and T cell responses and delayed growth of MUC1^+ve tumours in mice. This data demonstrates the efficient delivery of branched multiple antigen peptides incorporating CPP and that the addition of CpG augments immune responses.

Effects of Bisphenol A and 4-tert-Octylphenol on Embryo Implantation Failure in Mouse

Miscarriage due to blastocyst implantation failure occurs in up to two-thirds of all human miscarriage cases. Calcium ion has been shown to be involved in many cellular signal transduction pathways as well as in the regulation of cell adhesion, which is necessary for the embryo implantation process. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDs) during early gestation results in disruption of intrauterine implantation and uterine reception, leading to implantation failure. In this study, ovarian estrogen (E2), bisphenol A (BPA), or 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), with or without ICI 182,780 (ICI) were injected subcutaneously from gestation day 1 to gestation day 3 post-coitus. The expression levels of the calcium transport genes were assessed in maternal uteri and implantation sites. The number of implantation sites was significantly low in the OP group, and implantation sites were absent in the E2, ICI and EDs + ICI groups. There were different calcium transient transport channel expression levels in uterus and implantation site samples. The levels of TRPV5 and TRPV6 gene expression were significantly increased by EDs with/without ICI treatment in utero. Meanwhile, TRPV5 and TRPV6 gene expression were significantly lower in implantation sites samples. NCX1 and PMCA1 mRNA levels were significantly decreased by OP and BPA in the implantation site samples. Compared to vehicle treatment in the uterus, both the MUC1 mRNA and protein levels were markedly high in all but the BPA group. Taken together, these results suggest that both BPA and OP can impair embryo implantation through alteration of calcium transport gene expressions and by affecting uterine receptivity.

Mucins and Truncated O-Glycans Unveil Phenotypic Discrepancies between Serous Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines and Primary Tumours

Optimal research results rely on the selection of cellular models capable of recapitulating the characteristics of primary tumours from which they originate. The expression of mucins (MUC16 and MUC1) and truncated O-glycans (Tn, STn and T) represents a characteristic footprint of serous ovarian carcinomas (SOCs). Therefore, selecting ovarian cancer (OVCA) cell lines that reflect this phenotype is crucial to explore the putative biological role of these biomarkers in the SOC setting. Here, we investigated a panel of OVCA cell lines commonly used as SOC models, and tested whether, when cultured in 2D and 3D conditions, these recapitulate the mucin and O-glycan expression profiles of SOCs. We further explored the role of truncating the O-glycosylation capacity in OVCAR3 cells through knockout of the COSMC chaperone, using in vitro and in vivo assays. We found that the majority of OVCA cell lines of serous origin do not share the mucin and truncated O-glycan footprint of SOCs, although 3D cultures showed a higher resemblance. We also found that genetic truncation of the O-glycosylation capacity of OVCAR3 cells did not enhance oncogenic features either in vitro or in vivo. This study underscores the importance of well-characterized cellular models to study specific features of ovarian cancer.

Soluble PD-1-based vaccine targeting MUC1 VNTR and survivin improves anti-tumor effect

Soluble PD-1 (sPD1) can bind with ligands PD-L1/PD-L2 on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs). Therefore, a sPD1 vaccine fused with an immunogen can increase T cell activation against cancer. Here, we constructed a MUC1 and survivin (MS) combination gene tumor vaccine expressing MS fused with soluble PD-1 (sPD1/MS). To investigate whether the sPD1/MS fusion vaccine could enhance tumor-specific immune responses, its immunogenicity and anti-tumor activity were examined after intramuscular immunization in mice. Compared with the MS DNA vaccine, the specific cytolysis rate of the sPD1/MS fusion DNA vaccine was increased from 21.64% to 34.77%. Moreover, the sPD1/MS vaccine increased the tumor suppression rate from 17.18% to 30.96% and prolonged survival from 6.96% to 19.44% in a murine colorectal cancer model. Combining the sPD1/MS vaccine with oxaliplatin improved the tumor suppression rate to 74.71% in the murine colorectal cancer model. The sPD1/MS vaccine could also exert a good anti-tumor effect, increasing the tumor infiltrated CD8⁺ T cells by 6.5-fold (from 0.10% to 0.65%) in the murine lung cancer model. In conclusion, the sPD1/MS vaccine showed good immunogenicity and anti-tumor effect by activating lymphocytes effectively.

Evaluation of the Expression of Tissue DF-3 and MCA and the Corresponding Serum Values in Patients with Breast Carcinoma

Two specific monoclonal antibodies for breast tissue (DF3 and MCAb-12) and the corresponding tumor markers CA15-3 and MCA in serum have been evaluated in 50 patients with breast cancer and in 15 controls. The expression of these antigens in tissue was poorly correlated with the common prognostic parameters. Their presence in serum was associated with an altered distribution of the antigens in the cell. The expression of these antigens in tissue enables us to select patients for serological follow-up and to evaluate tumor differentiation from a functional point of view.

Hormonal Regulation of MUC1 Expression

Several circulating mucinous markers, including CA 15.3, MCA, CA 459, CASA, and Truquant BR, are secreted products of the polymorphic MUC1 gene, and are used as diagnostic tools in patients with breast cancer. In clinical practice the measurement of the levels of these markers in the blood can give important information on the tumor's response to treatment and its biological behavior during disease monitoring. Since the marker levels reflect the activity of the tumor, it is important to know all factors influencing the production/secretion and the blood concentrations of MUC1 mucin. Recent findings suggest that MUC1 gene expression is regulated by steroid hormones and other substances present in the serum. Such observations are very important not only because of their biological significance but also for their clinical implications, as one approach to breast cancer therapy is based on chemical hormone manipulation. Nevertheless, we have preliminarily demonstrated that endocrine treatment in breast cancer patients does not influence the circulating CA 15.3 serum levels, so changes in marker levels are related only to the clinical evolution of the tumor.

Evaluation of MUC1-Aptamer Functionalized Hybrid Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of miRNA-29b to Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer

The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic study of mucin1-aptamer functionalized miRNA-29b-loaded hybrid nanoparticles (MAFMILHNs) in lung tumor-bearing SCID mice. MAFMILHNs were manufactured using an isoelectric point based nanotechnology. They were then fully characterized for particle size, loading capacity, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. The ability of MAFMILHNs to downregulate oncoprotein DNMT3B both at the cellular level and in vivo was monitored using Western blot, while the effect of the downregulation of DNMT3B on tumor growth was assessed using bioluminescence. Results indicate that the presence of MUC1-aptamer conjugated to the surface of the nanoparticles enhanced the selective delivery of miRNA-29b to tumor cells and tissues. Further, the downregulation of DNMT3B by MAFMILHNs resulted in the inhibition of tumor growth in mouse models.

A dual-targeting DNA tetrahedron nanocarrier for breast cancer cell imaging and drug delivery

To enhance efficacy of chemotherapy and achieve real-time imaging of cancer cells, it is crucial to develop nanocarriers with targeted drug delivery capacity and fluorescence property for cancer theranostics. Herein, a dual-targeting DNA tetrahedron nanocarrier (MUC1-Td-AS1411) was constructed for breast cancer cell imaging and targeted drug delivery. This nanocarrier consisted of three components: (i) DNA tetrahedron core for multivalent conjugation of function ligands and loading doxorubicin (Dox); (ii) activatable MUC1 aptamer probe (MUC1-probe), formed by the hybridization of MUC1 aptamer sequence with fluorophore extended from one vertex and complementary sequence with quencher, for targeting and imaging MUC1 protein on cytomembrane; (iii) AS1411 aptamer, which was hybridized to the overhang on three vertexes via prolonged sequence, for binding to nucleolin. Firstly, MUC1-probe of this nanocarrier targeted MUC1 protein of MUC1-positive cells, causing a conformational reorganization of MUC1 aptamer, releasing complementary sequence with quencher and leading to fluorescence recovery. Subsequently, after internalizing into cells, AS1411 aptamer moiety of nanocarrier bound to nucleolin selectively, then the whole nanocarrier targeted nucleus and released Dox into nucleus. MUC1-positive cells and MUC1-negative cells could be differentiated by means of fluorescence imaging. Versus free Dox, Dox-loaded MUC1-Td-AS1411 showed lower cytotoxicity to MUC1-negative HL-7702 cells (P < 0.01), approximately equal lethality to sensitive MCF-7 cells (P > 0.05) whereas more effective to doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 cells (P < 0.01). Therefore, this nanocarrier could be used as a promising candidate for cancer theranostics.

Combination Immunotherapy of MUC1 mRNA Nano-vaccine and CTLA-4 Blockade Effectively Inhibits Growth of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which constitutes 10%-20% of all breast cancers, is associated with aggressive progression, a high rate of metastasis, and poor prognosis. The treatment of patients with TNBC remains a great clinical challenge. Preclinical reports support the combination immunotherapy of cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockades in non-immunogenic tumors. In this study, we constructed nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver an mRNA vaccine encoding tumor antigen MUC1 to dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes to activate and expand tumor-specific T cells. An anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) monoclonal antibody was combined with the mRNA vaccine to enhance the anti-tumor benefits. In vivo studies demonstrated that the NP-based mRNA vaccine, targeted to mannose receptors on DCs, could successfully express tumor antigen in the DCs of the lymph node; that the NP vaccine could induce a strong, antigen-specific, in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against TNBC 4T1 cells; and that combination immunotherapy of the vaccine and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody could significantly enhance anti-tumor immune response compared to the vaccine or monoclonal antibody alone. These data support both the NP as a carrier for delivery of mRNA vaccine and a potential combination immunotherapy of the NP-based mRNA vaccine and the CTLA-4 inhibitor for TNBC.

MUC1-C Induces PD-L1 and Immune Evasion in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

The immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 and the transmembrane mucin MUC1 are upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), where they contribute to its aggressive pathogenesis. Here, we report that genetic or pharmacological targeting of the oncogenic MUC1 subunit MUC1-C is sufficient to suppress PD-L1 expression in TNBC cells. Mechanistic investigations showed that MUC1-C acted to elevate PD-L1 transcription by recruitment of MYC and NF-κB p65 to the PD-L1 promoter. In an immunocompetent model of TNBC in which Eo771/MUC1-C cells were engrafted into MUC1 transgenic mice, we showed that targeting MUC1-C associated with PD-L1 suppression, increases in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and tumor cell killing. MUC1 expression in TNBCs also correlated inversely with CD8, CD69, and GZMB, and downregulation of these markers associated with decreased survival. Taken together, our findings show how MUC1 contributes to immune escape in TNBC, and they offer a rationale to target MUC1-C as a novel immunotherapeutic approach for TNBC treatment.Significance: These findings show how upregulation of the transmembrane mucin MUC1 contributes to immune escape in an aggressive form of breast cancer, with potential implications for a novel immunotherapeutic approach. Cancer Res; 78(1); 205-15. ©2017 AACR.

MUC1 induces acquired chemoresistance by upregulating ABCB1 in EGFR-dependent manner

Chemoresistance contributes to cancer relapse and increased mortality in a variety of cancer types, raising a pressing need to better understand the underlying mechanism. MUC1 is abnormally overexpressed in numerous carcinomas and associated with poor prognosis. However, the functional significance of MUC1 in chemoresistance has not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that MUC1 expression was considerably induced in cells that had acquired chemoresistance at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. Using gain- and loss-of function approaches, we demonstrated a critical role of MUC1 in induction of drug resistance. Through stimulation of EGFR activation and nuclear translocation, MUC1 increased the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1). Remarkably, targeted suppression of EGFR or ABCB1 by both shRNAs and inhibitors effectively reversed chemoresistance. Moreover, co-administration of the inhibitors of MUC1-EGFR-ABCB1 with paclitaxel significantly blocked not only tumor growth but also relapse in xenograft mouse model. Our data collectively support a model in which MUC1 induces acquired chemotherapy resistance by upregulating ABCB1 in an EGFR-dependent manner, providing a novel molecular basis of using the EGFR inhibitor in MUC1-positive cancers to prevent chemotherapy resistance.

MUC1 rs4072037 polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Several studies have recently investigated the association between mucin 1 (MUC1) rs4072037 polymorphism and gastric cancer (GC) risk, but with conflicting results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between MUC1 rs4072037 polymorphism and GC risk.

METHODS

A comprehensive database search of PubMed, Elsevier, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases was performed to identify relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of any association.

RESULTS

A total of 12 papers containing 18 studies were included in this meta-analysis, involving 12,373 cases and 15,008 controls. Our data suggested that rs4072037 polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk of GC. Stratification analyses of ethnicity indicated that rs4072037 decreased the risk of GC among white populations, but no significant relationship was observed among Asian populations. No significant associations were observed in subgroups of Lauren classification (intestinal or diffuse) and anatomical classification (cardia or non-cardia).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that rs4245739 polymorphism in the MUC1 gene may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of GC, especially for white populations.

MUC1 facilitates metabolomic reprogramming in triple-negative breast cancer

Background

Mucin1 (MUC1), a glycoprotein associated with chemoresistance and an aggressive cancer phenotype, is aberrantly overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Recent studies suggest that MUC1 plays a role in modulating cancer cell metabolism and thereby supports tumor growth. Herein, we examined the role of MUC1 in metabolic reprogramming in TNBC.

Methods

MUC1 was stably overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells and stably knocked down in MDA-MB-468 cells. We performed liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry-assisted metabolomic analyses and physiological assays, which indicated significant alterations in the metabolism of TNBC cells due to MUC1 expression.

Results

Differential analyses identified significant differences in metabolic pathways implicated in cancer cell growth. In particular, MUC1 expression altered glutamine dependency of the cells, which can be attributed in part to the changes in the expression of genes that regulate glutamine metabolism, as observed by real-time PCR analysis. Furthermore, MUC1 expression altered the sensitivity of cells to transaminase inhibitor aminooxyacetate (AOA), potentially by altering glutamine metabolism.

Conclusions

Collectively, these results suggest that MUC1 serves as a metabolic regulator in TNBC, facilitating the metabolic reprogramming of glutamine utilization that influences TNBC tumor growth.

Upregulation of mucin glycoprotein MUC1 in the progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma and therapeutic potential with a targeted photoactive antibody-drug conjugate

BACKGROUND

Mucin glycoprotein 1 (MUC1) is a glycosylated transmembrane protein on epithelial cells. We investigate MUC1 as a therapeutic target in Barrett's epithelium (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) and provide proof of concept for a light based therapy targeting MUC1.

RESULTS

MUC1 was present in 21% and 30% of significantly enriched pathways comparing BE and EA to squamous epithelium respectively. MUC1 gene expression was x2.3 and x2.2 higher in BE (p=<0.001) and EA (p=0.03). MUC1 immunohistochemical expression increased during progression to EA and followed tumor invasion. HuHMFG1 based photosensitive antibody drug conjugates (ADC) showed cell internalization, MUC1 selective and light-dependent cytotoxicity (p=0.0006) and superior toxicity over photosensitizer alone (p=0.0022).

METHODS

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) evaluated pathways during BE and EA development and quantified MUC1 gene expression. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry evaluated the anti-MUC1 antibody HuHMFG1 in esophageal cells of varying pathological grade. Confocal microscopy examined HuHMFG1 internalization and HuHMFG1 ADCs were created to deliver a MUC1 targeted phototoxic payload.

CONCLUSIONS

MUC1 is a promising target in EA. Molecular and light based targeting of MUC1 with a photosensitive ADC is effective in vitro and after development may enable treatment of locoregional tumors endoscopically.

Nandrolone decanoate interferes with testosterone biosynthesis altering blood-testis barrier components

The aim of this study was to investigate whether nandrolone decanoate (ND) use affects testosterone production and testicular morphology in a model of trained and sedentary mice. A group of mice underwent endurance training while another set led a sedentary lifestyle and were freely mobile within cages. All experimental groups were treated with either ND or peanut oil at different doses for 6 weeks. Testosterone serum levels were measured via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis and quantitative real‐time PCR were utilized to determine gene and protein expression levels of the primary enzymes implicated in testosterone biosynthesis and gene expression levels of the blood–testis barrier (BTB) components. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were conducted for testicular morphological evaluation. The study demonstrated that moderate to high doses of ND induced a diminished serum testosterone level and altered the expression level of the key steroidogenic enzymes involved in testosterone biosynthesis. At the morphological level, ND induced degradation of the BTB by targeting the tight junction protein‐1 (TJP1). ND stimulation deregulated metalloproteinase‐9, metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and the tissue inhibitor of MMP‐2. Moreover, ND administration resulted in a mislocalization of mucin‐1. In conclusion, ND abuse induces a decline in testosterone production that is unable to regulate the internalization and redistribution of TJP1 and may induce the deregulation of other BTB constituents via the inhibition of MMP‐2. ND may well be considered as both a potential inducer of male infertility and a potential risk factor to a low endogenous bioavailable testosterone.

[The correlation of expression of MUC1, ICAM1, IL32, FcyR3A and FoxP3 in tumor niduses of patients with breast cancer]

The hypo-glycated mucin I (MUC I) frequently is redundantly expressed in cells of breast carcinoma that is considered as an unfavorable prognostic marker for patients with breast cancer. The purpose of study is to evaluate in tumor areas of patients with breast cancer the interrelationships between expression of MUC I and genes participating in implementation of immune reactions. The technique of polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription in real-time was applied to investigate expression of genes of MUC I, Fas, ICAMI, FcyR3A, FcyR3B, FoxP3, IL2Ra, IL32 and TNF in tumor areas of 40 patients with breast cancer. The level of mRNA of each of analyzed genes was evaluated relatively to three genes of household. The rate of detection of mRNA MUC I amounted to 80%, mRNA Fas - 95%, mRNA ICAM I - 97.5%, mRNA FcyR3A - 95%, mRNA FcyR3B - 32.5%, mRNA FoxP3 - 85%, mRNA IL2Ra - 87.5%, mRNA IL32 - 75%, mRNA TNF - 95%. The direct correlation was established between levels of mRNA MUC I, ICAM I, IL32, FcyR3A and FoxP3. The most strong relationship was registered between levels of expression of genes MUC I and IL32 (r-0.72; p=0.0001). In comparison with MUC I negative breast carcinoma, MUC I positive breast carcinoma characterized by higher level of mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL32 and ЕТА, molecules of adhesion ICAM I and molecular marker of T-regulative cells FoxP3. The given profile of expression of genes in tumors of patients with breast cancer demonstrates relationship of expression of MUC I with inflammation and its modulation by T-regulative cells. The effect of expression of analyzed genes on phenotype of cancer cells and course of disease are discussed.

Fiber-Optic Array Scanning Technology (FAST) for Detection and Molecular Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) as an important component in "liquid biopsy" holds crucial clinical relevance in cancer prognosis, treatment efficiency evaluation, prediction and potentially early detection. Here, we present a Fiber-optic Array Scanning Technology (FAST) that enables antigen-agnostic, size-agnostic detection of CTC. By immunofluorescence staining detection of a combination of a panel of markers, FAST technology can be applied to detect rare CTC in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) setting with high sensitivity and specificity. In combination with Automated Digital Microscopy (ADM) platform, companion markers on CTC such as Vimentin and Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) can also be analyzed to further characterize these CTCs. FAST data output is also compatible with downstream single cell picking platforms. Single cell can be isolated post ADM confirmation and used for "actionable" genetic mutations analysis.