526
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Davies M. Nanomaps are a one-way street. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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527
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Kotler LA, Cohen P, Davies M, Pine DS, Walsh BT. Longitudinal relationships between childhood, adolescent, and adult eating disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40:1434-40. [PMID: 11765289 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200112000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the longitudinal course of eating problems from childhood though adulthood. The following questions are answered: (1) How stable are eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses over a 17-year interval from childhood to adulthood? (2) Do early childhood eating problems predict the occurrence of eating disorders in adulthood? METHOD An epidemiologically selected sample of approximately 800 children and their mothers received DSM-based structured psychiatric assessments in 1975, 1983, 1985, and 1992. The stability of full DSM diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, symptom scales derived from DSM criteria, and individual symptoms such as binge eating or dieting between early adolescence, late adolescence, and young adulthood was examined. RESULTS Early adolescent bulimia nervosa is associated with a 9-fold increase in risk for late adolescent bulimia nervosa and a 20-fold increase in risk for adult bulimia nervosa. Late adolescent bulimia nervosa is associated with a 35-fold increase in risk for adult bulimia nervosa. Symptom scale scores for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa correlate in the 0.3 to 0.5 range from early to late adolescence and young adulthood. For both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, gender, as well as eating symptoms at early and late adolescence, all predict young-adult eating disorder symptoms. Risk factors for the later development of eating disorders comprise eating conflicts, struggles with food, and unpleasant meals in early childhood. CONCLUSION The presence of eating problems in early childhood or an eating disorder in adolescence confers a strong risk for an eating disorder in young adulthood.
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528
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Bird HR, Canino GJ, Davies M, Zhang H, Ramirez R, Lahey BB. Prevalence and correlates of antisocial behaviors among three ethnic groups. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2001; 29:465-78. [PMID: 11761281 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012279707372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using data from the MECA Study, this report examines the prevalence of Conduct Disorder (CD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and various levels of antisocial behavior and their correlates among three ethnic groups: Hispanics, subdivided into Island Puerto Ricans and Mainland Hispanics; African Americans; and Mainland Non-Hispanic, Non-African Americans. Correlates considered include stressful life events, birth defects, low birth weight, learning difficulties, teen mothers, family environment, marital adjustment, social competence, parental monitoring, and family relationships. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of outcomes with individual correlates and of interaction terms with ethnicity. Differences between adjusted rates and observed rates of disorders and levels of antisocial behaviors are compared to estimate the extent to which each correlate explains the group differences in rates. Island Puerto Ricans had a lower prevalence of CD, ODD, and various levels of antisocial behavior than mainland Hispanics, African Americans, and non-Hispanic Whites. The lower prevalence appears to be associated with differences in the extent to which a number of these correlates are found on the island, the most salient being better family relations between the target children and their parents and siblings.
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529
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Davies M. Bacteria shun the limelight. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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530
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Starrs AP, Orgeig S, Daniels CB, Davies M, Lopatko OV. Antioxidant enzymes in the developing lungs of egg-laying and metamorphosing vertebrates. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:3973-81. [PMID: 11807115 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.22.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The activities of the pulmonary antioxidant enzymes (AOE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase, increase in the final 10–20 % of gestation in the mammalian lung, to protect the lung from attack by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species at birth. Whether the increase occurs as a normal ‘preparation for birth’, i.e. by a genetically determined mechanism, or in response to increased levels of oxygen, i.e. in response to the environment, is not completely understood. We examined the activities of catalase, SOD and GPx in the developing lungs of two oviparous vertebrate species, the chicken (Gallus gallus) and an agamid lizard (Pogona vitticeps), and in a metamorphosing vertebrate, the anuran Limnodynastes terraereginae. During in ovo development embryos come into contact with higher levels of environmental oxygen, and at a much earlier stage of development, compared with the intrauterine development of mammals. Furthermore, in metamorphosing frogs, the lungs are inflated at an early stage to aid in buoyancy, although the gas-exchange function only develops much later upon final metamorphosis. Here, we hypothesise that the activity of the AOE will be elevated relatively much earlier during development in both oviparous and metamorphosing vertebrates. We also examined the effect of mild hypoxia (17 % oxygen) on the development of the pulmonary AOE in the chicken, to test the hypothesis that these enzymes are responsive to environmental oxygen. In the normoxic lung of both Gallus gallus and Pogona vitticeps, catalase and GPx activities were significantly increased in late incubation, whereas SOD activity decreased in late incubation. Catalase and SOD activities were virtually identical in hypoxic and normoxic embryos of the chicken, but GPx activity was significantly affected by hypoxia. In the developing frog, the activities of all enzymes were high at stage 30, demonstrating that the system is active before the lung displays any significant gas-exchange function. SOD and GPx activity did not increase further with development. Catalase activity increased after stage 40, presumably correlating with an increase in air-breathing. In summary, catalase expression in the two oviparous vertebrates appears to be completely under genetic control as the activity of this enzyme does not change in response to changes in oxygen tension. However, in tadpoles, catalase may be responsive to environmental oxygen. SOD also appears to follow a largely genetically determined program in all species. Under normoxic conditions, GPx appears to follow a genetically determined developmental pattern, but this enzyme demonstrated the largest capacity to respond to environmental oxygen fluctuations. In conclusion, it appears that the AOE are differentially regulated. Furthermore, the AOE in the different species appear to have evolved different levels of dependency on environmental variables. Finally, the late developmental increase in AOE activity seen in mammals is not as pronounced in oviparous and metamorphosing vertebrates.
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Kaltenbach RF, Trainor G, Getman D, Harris G, Garber S, Cordova B, Bacheler L, Jeffrey S, Logue K, Cawood P, Klabe R, Diamond S, Davies M, Saye J, Jona J, Erickson-Viitanen S. DPC 681 and DPC 684: potent, selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus protease active against clinically relevant mutant variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:3021-8. [PMID: 11600351 PMCID: PMC90777 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.11.3021-3028.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) are important components of many highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens. However, development of phenotypic and/or genotypic resistance can occur, including cross-resistance to other PIs. Development of resistance takes place because trough levels of free drug are inadequate to suppress preexisting resistant mutant variants and/or to inhibit de novo-generated resistant mutant variants. There is thus a need for new PIs, which are more potent against mutant variants of HIV and show higher levels of free drug at the trough. We have optimized a series of substituted sulfonamides and evaluated the inhibitors against laboratory strains and clinical isolates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), including viruses with mutations in the protease gene. In addition, serum protein binding was determined to estimate total drug requirements for 90% suppression of virus replication (plasma IC(90)). Two compounds resulting from our studies, designated DPC 681 and DPC 684, are potent and selective inhibitors of HIV protease with IC(90)s for wild-type HIV-1 of 4 to 40 nM. DPC 681 and DPC 684 showed no loss in potency toward recombinant mutant HIVs with the D30N mutation and a fivefold or smaller loss in potency toward mutant variants with three to five amino acid substitutions. A panel of chimeric viruses constructed from clinical samples from patients who failed PI-containing regimens and containing 5 to 11 mutations, including positions 10, 32, 46, 47, 50, 54, 63, 71, 82, 84, and 90 had mean IC(50) values of <20 nM for DPC 681 and DPC 681, respectively. In contrast, marketed PIs had mean IC(50) values ranging from 200 nM (amprenavir) to >900 nM (nelfinavir).
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532
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Charalambous C, Malik RA, Davies M, Heagerty AM. Atrial flutter: the dangers of cardioversion. Int J Cardiol 2001; 81:93-5. [PMID: 11690672 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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533
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White JD, Davies M, Grounds MD. Leukaemia inhibitory factor increases myoblast replication and survival and affects extracellular matrix production: combined in vivo and in vitro studies in post-natal skeletal muscle. Cell Tissue Res 2001; 306:129-41. [PMID: 11683174 DOI: 10.1007/s004410100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been reported to specifically enhance myoblast proliferation in vitro and increase the number and size of myotubes in regenerating skeletal muscle in vivo. The present study specifically tests the effect of LIF on myoblast replication in vivo. Administration of exogenous LIF by slow release alginate gels in vivo sustained the level of myoblast proliferation at 2 days in regenerating crush-injured muscle. Since the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in regulating the effects of many growth factors, the hypothesis was tested, both in vivo and in vitro, that some of the beneficial effects of LIF are mediated by modulation of the ECM. The effects of LIF in vivo on the amount and localisation of the ECM molecules, fibronectin, tenascin-C, collagen type IV and laminin were assessed by immunohistochemistry on regenerating skeletal muscle but no influence of LIF on ECM composition was observed. In tissue culture, LIF increased BALB/c myoblast proliferation at day 3 on culture dishes coated with Matrigel and also increased the viability in vitro of BALB/c myoblasts grown under suboptimal conditions. Quantitation of the ECM produced by cultures (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) showed that LIF affected the amount of fibronectin, tenascin-C, collagen type IV and laminin produced by fusing myoblasts. No significant affect of LIF was seen on myotube formation either in vitro or in vivo. These combined in vitro and in vivo studies show an effect of LIF on ECM production in vitro, on myoblast survival and on in vivo myoblast replication.
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534
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbidity of dependence on single and multiple drugs with psychiatric syndromes was examined in national samples from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). METHODS Subjects are adults from the l994, l995 and l996 NHSDA surveys. Proxy measures of drug dependence in the last year were constructed from five dependence symptoms that approximated DSM-IV criteria. Measures of patterns of concurrent dependence on cigarettes, alcohol and illicit drugs were constructed. Fallible indicators of a major depressive episode and any anxiety disorder (generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia and panic attack) were based on scales measuring symptoms during the last year. Comorbidity was estimated by adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS Probable drug dependent individuals have higher rates of psychiatric syndromes. Rates of psychiatric syndromes were similar for those uniquely dependent on alcohol, cigarettes or illicit drugs (adjusted odds ratios approximately 2.0). Rates almost doubled for those dependent on both an illicit and a licit drug. CONCLUSIONS Individuals uniquely dependent on a single drug class experience similar rates of psychiatric morbidity. All those dependent on illicit drugs experience higher rates of psychiatric syndromes. This reflects the additive association of dependence on legal and illegal drugs with psychiatric disorders and the increased rates of dependence on a legal drug among those dependent on an illicit drug. Individuals with multiple dependencies on legal and illegal drugs have the highest need for mental health services.
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535
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Davies M, Newell JG, Dunn SM. Mutagenesis of the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit reveals a domain that affects sensitivity to GABA and benzodiazepine-site ligands. J Neurochem 2001; 79:55-62. [PMID: 11595757 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have mutated several amino acids in the region of the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit predicted to form a small extracellular loop between transmembrane domains two and three to investigate its possible role in ligand sensitivity. The mutations were S275T, L276A, P277A, V279A, A280S and Y281F. Mutant alpha1 subunits were co-expressed with beta2 and gamma2 subunits in tsA201 cells or Xenopus oocytes. Binding studies revealed that the only mutation that significantly affected [3H]Ro15-4513 binding was the V279A substitution which reduced the affinity for this ligand. Electrophysiological examination of mutant receptors revealed that L276A, P277A and V279A displayed rightward shifts of their GABA concentration-response curves, the largest occurring with the L276A mutant. The impact of these mutations on allosteric modulation by benzodiazepine-site ligands was examined. V279A reduced the potency of both flunitrazepam and Ro15-4513 but, in each case, their efficacy was enhanced. A280S resulted in a decrease in flunitrazepam efficacy without affecting its potency. Additionally, P277A and A280S resulted in Ro15-4513 losing its inverse agonist effect at these receptors. These results suggest that a domain within this small extracellular loop between TMII-TMIII plays a role in determining the sensitivity of GABA(A) receptors to both GABA and benzodiazepine-site ligands.
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536
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Davies M. Artificial translocases. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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537
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Davies M. Benzene bioremediation. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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538
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Davies M. Join the dots to detect DNA. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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539
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Davies M. Antibiotic resistance reduced. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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540
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Davies M. Microfluidics venture. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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541
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Davis P, Davies M, Faber B. A randomised controlled trial of two methods of delivering nasal continuous positive airway pressure after extubation to infants weighing less than 1000 g: binasal (Hudson) versus single nasal prongs. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 85:F82-5. [PMID: 11517198 PMCID: PMC1721310 DOI: 10.1136/fn.85.2.f82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary: to determine whether nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered through binasal prongs results in a greater proportion of extremely low birthweight infants being successfully extubated, after a period of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, than nasal CPAP delivered by a single nasal prong. Secondary: to evaluate the effect of mode of delivery of nasal CPAP after extubation on the need for endotracheal reintubation, weight gain, rates of feeding intolerance, sepsis, suspected sepsis, cranial ultrasound abnormalities, retinopathy of prematurity, chronic lung disease, and the duration of assisted ventilation and care in the tertiary neonatal unit. DESIGN AND SETTING Randomised, controlled, clinical trial conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit of the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. PATIENTS Infants of birth weight less than 1000 g, ventilated, requiring < 50% oxygen and ventilator rate less than or equal to 20/minute, and considered by the clinical management team to be ready for extubation. INTERVENTION Infants were randomly allocated to receive nasal CPAP delivered through binasal (Hudson) prongs or a single nasal prong. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Failure of extubation as defined by the following criteria: (a) apnoea (more than one episode/hour over a six hour period or one episode requiring bag and mask ventilation); (b) absolute increase in oxygen requirement greater than 15% above that required before extubation; (c) respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.25 with PCO(2) > 6.67 kPa). RESULTS Ten of the 41 (24%) infants randomised to binasal prongs reached predetermined failure criteria compared with 26 of the 46 (57%) infants randomised to a single nasal prong (p = 0.005). Four of 17 (24%) infants of birth weight less than 800 g extubated to binasal prongs reached failure criteria compared with 14 of 16 (88%) extubated to a single nasal prong (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in any of the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS For extremely low birthweight infants ventilated using an endotracheal tube, nasal CPAP delivered through binasal (Hudson) prongs is more effective in preventing failure of extubation than that delivered through a single nasal prong.
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542
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Davies M. Biomolecues talk to each other. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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543
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Davies M. Algae kept in the dark. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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544
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Davies M. Down's syndrome test. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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545
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Davies M. Measles vaccine treats cancer. Trends Biotechnol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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546
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Videen G, Prabhu DR, Davies M, González F, Moreno F. Light scattering fluctuations of a soft spherical particle containing an inclusion. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:4054-4057. [PMID: 18360441 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We numerically calculate the light scattering intensity fluctuations and the cross-polarization intensity fluctuations of optically soft spherical particles containing an eccentrically located spherical particle. In all cases the magnitude of the signals tends to increase with particle asymmetry. Such a system approximates a biological cell in solution.
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547
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Davies M, Hobbs F, Davis R, Kenkre J, Roalfe AK, Hare R, Wosornu D, Lancashire RJ. Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study: a population based study. Lancet 2001; 358:439-44. [PMID: 11513906 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate data for prevalence rates for heart failure due to various causes, and for left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in all adults are unavailable. Our aim was to assess prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in a large representative adult population in England. METHODS Of 6286 randomly selected patients aged 45 years and older, 3960 (63%) participated in the study. They came from 16 randomly selected general practices. We assessed patients by history and examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (defined as ejection fraction <40%) and heart failure was calculated for the overall population on the basis of strict criteria and, when necessary, adjudication by a panel. FINDINGS Left-ventricular systolic dysfunction was diagnosed in 72 (1.8% [95% CI 1.4-2.3]) participants, half of whom had no symptoms. Borderline left-ventricular function (ejection fraction 40-50%) was seen in 139 patients (3.5% [3.0-4.1]). Definite heart failure was seen in 92 (2.3%, [1.9-2.8]) and was associated with an ejection fraction of less than 40% in 38 (41%) patients, atrial fibrillation in 30 (33%), and valve disease in 24 (26%). Probable heart failure was seen in a further 32 (0.8% [0.6-1.1]) patients. In total, 124 (3.1% [2.6-3.7]) patients aged 45 years or older had definite or probable heart failure. INTERPRETATION Heart failure is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed in primary care. Our results suggest that assessment of left-ventricular function in patients with suspected heart failure could lead to more effective diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.
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548
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Davies M, Crawford I. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Nasal diamorphine for acute pain relief in children. Emerg Med J 2001; 18:271. [PMID: 11435363 PMCID: PMC1725606 DOI: 10.1136/emj.18.4.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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549
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Yung S, Woods A, Chan TM, Davies M, Williams JD, Couchman JR. Syndecan-4 up-regulation in proliferative renal disease is related to microfilament organization. FASEB J 2001; 15:1631-3. [PMID: 11427509 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0794fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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550
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Arnot MI, Davies M, Martin IL, Bateson AN. GABA(A) receptor gene expression in rat cortex: differential effects of two chronic diazepam treatment regimes. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64:617-25. [PMID: 11398186 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diazepam is widely prescribed as an anxiolytic but its therapeutic application is limited because with daily use tolerance develops to certain aspects of its pharmacological profile. We compared the effects of two dosing paradigms on GABA(A) receptor gene expression and benzodiazepine binding characteristics. Equivalent daily doses of 15 mg/kg/day diazepam were delivered either via constant infusion or daily subcutaneous injection for 14 days. The two distinct treatment regimes produced significantly different changes in GABA(A) receptor alpha4-, beta2-, beta3- and gamma1-subunit mRNA steady-state levels. Similar changes in the GABA enhancement of flunitrazepam binding and the BZ3/BZ2 subtype ratio determined ex vivo were produced, however, significant differences were found in [(3)H]-Ro 15-4513 binding between cortical tissue from diazepam injected animals compared with diazepam infused animals. Our data suggest that it is the diurnal fluctuations in receptor occupancy that are responsible for the different effects produced by these two dosing regimes.
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