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Shiono H, Matsui T, Okada T, Ito Y. Single-step enrichment of basophils from human peripheral blood by a novel method using a Percoll density gradient. J Sep Sci 2018; 39:3062-71. [PMID: 27293108 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel continuous flow-through cell separation method using a Percoll density gradient. This method can continuously separate a large number of cells into five fractions according to their densities. To apply this method to the separation of basophils, Percoll density gradients were modified to improve basophil enrichment. When a set of Percoll density gradients was prepared (1.071, 1.075, 1.080, 1.084, and 1.090 g/mL) the basophils in a healthy volunteer were enriched by an average of 23.1 and 63.5% at Percoll densities of 1.075 (fraction 3) and 1.080 g/mL (fraction 4), respectively. On average, the yield of basophils was 1.66 × 10(5) cells in fraction 3 and 1.61 × 10(5) cells in fraction 4 from 9 mL of peripheral blood. The expression of CD203c (cluster of differentiation 203c) on separated basophils was upregulated by anti-immunoglobulin E stimulation similar to basophils in whole blood. Histamine release induced by calcium ionophore was also observed in the separated basophils. The present method will be useful for basophil enrichment since it preserves their function without using counterflow elutriation and immunological reagents, and this method will be effective as a preparative separation for cell purification by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shiono
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yazako, Nagakute-city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsui
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yazako, Nagakute-city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okada
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yazako, Nagakute-city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Bioseparation Technology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
This chapter describes a method of plant cytosolic ribosomes isolation typically used for further proteomic studies. Detailed description procedures including plant material disruption, various centrifugation steps, sucrose cushion centrifugation, and quality control of preparation are provided.
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Abstract
Purification technologies are one of the working horses in organelle proteomics studies as they guarantee the separation of organelle-specific proteins from the background contamination by other subcellular compartments. The development of methods for the separation of organelles was a major prerequisite for the initial detection and characterization of peroxisome as a discrete entity of the cell. Since then, isolated peroxisomes fractions have been used in numerous studies in order to characterize organelle-specific enzyme functions, to allocate the peroxisome-specific proteome or to unravel the organellar membrane composition. This review will give an overview of the fractionation methods used for the isolation of peroxisomes from animals, plants and fungi. In addition to "classic" centrifugation-based isolation methods, relying on the different densities of individual organelles, the review will also summarize work on alternative technologies like free-flow-electrophoresis or flow field fractionation which are based on distinct physicochemical parameters. A final chapter will further describe how different separation methods and quantitative mass spectrometry have been used in proteomics studies to assign the proteome of PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Islinger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Manner
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Völkl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wetzel R, Chemuru S, Misra P, Kodali R, Mukherjee S, Kar K. An Aggregate Weight-Normalized Thioflavin-T Measurement Scale for Characterizing Polymorphic Amyloids and Assembly Intermediates. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1777:121-144. [PMID: 29744831 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7811-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The red shift in the fluorescence excitation spectra of thioflavin dyes upon binding to fibrils has been a boon to the amyloid field, offering simple and effective methods for the qualitative detection of amyloid in tissue samples and for quantitation of particular fibril preparations with gravimetric linearity. The quantitative aspect of the thioflavin T (ThT) response, however, comes with an important caveat that bestows both significant limitations and great untapped power. It is now well established that amyloid fibrils of different proteins, as well as polymorphic fibrils of the same protein, can exhibit vastly different ThT fluorescence intensities for the same weight concentration of aggregates. Furthermore, the aggregated intermediates commonly observed in amyloid assembly reactions can exhibit aggregate weight-normalized (AWN) ThT fluorescence intensities that vary from essentially zero through a wide range of intermediate values before reaching the intensity of homogeneous, mature amyloid. These features make it very difficult to quantitatively interpret, without additional data, the time-dependent development of ThT fluorescence intensity in an assembly reaction. In this chapter, we describe a method for coupling ex situ ThT fluorescence determinations with an analytical HPLC supported sedimentation assay (also described in detail) that can provide significant new insights into amyloid assembly reactions. The time dependent aggregation data provided by the sedimentation assay reveals a time course of aggregation that is largely independent of aggregate properties. In addition, the combination of these data with ThT measurements of the same reaction time points reveals important aspects of average aggregate structure at each time point. Examples of the use and potential value of AWN-ThT measurements during amyloid assembly Aβ and polyglutamine peptides are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Wetzel
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Saketh Chemuru
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pinaki Misra
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ravi Kodali
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Smita Mukherjee
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karunakar Kar
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Doris M, Aziz F, Alhummiany H, Bawazeer T, Alsenany N, Mahmoud A, Zakaria R, Sulaiman K, Supangat A. Determining the Effect of Centrifugal Force on the Desired Growth and Properties of PCPDTBT as p-Type Nanowires. Nanoscale Res Lett 2017; 12:67. [PMID: 28116608 PMCID: PMC5256625 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, low-bandgap polymer poly{[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta-(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophen]-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl} (PCPDTBT) nanostructures have been synthesized via a hard nanoporous alumina template of centrifugal process. Centrifuge has been used to infiltrate the PCPDTBT solution into the nanoporous alumina by varying the rotational speeds. The rotational speed of centrifuge is directly proportional to the infiltration force that penetrates into the nanochannels of the template. By varying the rotational speed of centrifuge, different types of PCPDTBT nanostructures are procured. Infiltration force created during the centrifugal process has been found a dominant factor in tuning the morphological, optical, and structural properties of PCPDTBT nanostructures. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images proved the formation of nanotubes and nanowires. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX) analysis showed that the nanostructures were composed of PCPDTBT with complete dissolution of the template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Doris
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fakhra Aziz
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Electronics, Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Haya Alhummiany
- Center of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Bawazeer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah Alsenany
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Mahmoud
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rozalina Zakaria
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Khaulah Sulaiman
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Azzuliani Supangat
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
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Seo YS, Ahn EY, Park J, Kim TY, Hong JE, Kim K, Park Y, Park Y. Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol with gold nanoparticles synthesized by caffeic acid. Nanoscale Res Lett 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28058640 PMCID: PMC5216008 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, various concentrations of caffeic acid (CA) were used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (CA-AuNPs) in order to evaluate their catalytic activity in the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction. To facilitate catalytic activity, caffeic acid was removed by centrifugation after synthesizing CA-AuNPs. The catalytic activity of CA-AuNPs was compared with that of centrifuged CA-AuNPs (cf-CA-AuNPs). Notably, cf-CA-AuNPs exhibited up to 6.41-fold higher catalytic activity compared with CA-AuNPs. The catalytic activity was dependent on the caffeic acid concentration, and the lowest concentration (0.08 mM) produced CA-AuNPs with the highest catalytic activity. The catalytic activities of both CA-AuNPs and cf-CA-AuNPs decreased with increasing caffeic acid concentration. Furthermore, a conversion yield of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the reaction mixture was determined to be 99.8% using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The product, 4-aminophenol, was purified from the reaction mixture, and its structure was confirmed by 1H-NMR. It can be concluded that the removal of the reducing agent, caffeic acid in the present study, significantly enhanced the catalytic activity of CA-AuNPs in the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seon Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
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López-Yerena A, Guerra-Ramírez D, Jácome-Rincón J, Espinosa-Solares T, Reyes-Trejo B, Famiani F, Cruz-Castillo JG. Initial evaluation of fruit of accessions of Persea schiedeana Nees for nutritional value, quality and oil extraction. Food Chem 2017; 245:879-884. [PMID: 29287454 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Persea schiedeana Nees is an underutilized and very little known species whose fruit is consumed in Mesoamerica where it grows wild. This study was carried out to evaluate: 1) the variability of fruit characteristics of different accessions; 2) the effects of centrifugation and microwave treatment on extracting oil from the fruit and on its qualitative characteristics; 3) the nutraceutical characteristics of the fruit and seeds of different accessions. The results showed a large variability in fruit size and oil/dry matter contents among the different accessions. There was a significant relationship between the dry matter and oil contents in the pulp. The combined use of centrifugation and microwave treatments gave high oil extraction yields (67-68%). The oils had good fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity. The results gave an initial picture about the total phenol contents and antioxidant capacities in the seeds and in the different parts of the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A López-Yerena
- Universidad Politécnica de Huatusco, Avenida 1 Oriente 728, Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - D Guerra-Ramírez
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de México 56230, Mexico
| | - J Jácome-Rincón
- Universidad Politécnica de Huatusco, Avenida 1 Oriente 728, Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - T Espinosa-Solares
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de México 56230, Mexico
| | - B Reyes-Trejo
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de México 56230, Mexico
| | - F Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - J G Cruz-Castillo
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de México 56230, Mexico.
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Cleveland D, Brumbaugh WG, MacDonald DD. A comparison of four porewater sampling methods for metal mixtures and dissolved organic carbon and the implications for sediment toxicity evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2906-2915. [PMID: 28597934 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluations of sediment quality conditions are commonly conducted using whole-sediment chemistry analyses but can be enhanced by evaluating multiple lines of evidence, including measures of the bioavailable forms of contaminants. In particular, porewater chemistry data provide information that is directly relevant for interpreting sediment toxicity data. Various methods for sampling porewater for trace metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is an important moderator of metal bioavailability, have been employed. The present study compares the peeper, push point, centrifugation, and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) methods for the quantification of 6 metals and DOC. The methods were evaluated at low and high concentrations of metals in 3 sediments having different concentrations of total organic carbon and acid volatile sulfide and different particle-size distributions. At low metal concentrations, centrifugation and push point sampling resulted in up to 100 times higher concentrations of metals and DOC in porewater compared with peepers and DGTs. At elevated metal levels, the measured concentrations were in better agreement among the 4 sampling techniques. The results indicate that there can be marked differences among operationally different porewater sampling methods, and it is unclear if there is a definitive best method for sampling metals and DOC in porewater. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2906-2915. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cleveland
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - William G Brumbaugh
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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de Melo BAG, Martins Shimojo AA, Marcelino Perez AG, Duarte Lana JFS, Andrade Santana MH. Distribution, recovery and concentration of platelets and leukocytes in L-PRP prepared by centrifugation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 161:288-295. [PMID: 29096373 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous product prepared from whole blood (WB) that is widely used in regenerative medicine. In clinical practice, discontinuous centrifugation is used for both hand- and machine-prepared PRP. However, separation of WB fractions via centrifugation is a complex process, and the lack of clear mechanisms limits the understanding and evaluation of PRP preparation methods This paper focuses on the distribution, recovery and concentration factor of platelets and leukocytes in L-PRP (leukocyte and platelet-rich plasma) to define a concentration pattern for these blood components due to centrifugation conditions. WB collected from three healthy donors was centrifuged for 10min at 50-800 xg in a first step and then at 400 xg in a second step. The results from the first centrifugation step showed most platelets to be distributed in the upper layer (UL) and the buffy coat (BC), with approximately 14.5±5.2% retained in the bottom layer (BL). Most leukocytes were present in the BL. The greatest platelet recoveries from L-PRP were obtained at up to 150 xg (88.5±16.9%). The cumulative concentration factors with respect to the WB from the second centrifugation step were 6 and 1.2 for platelets and leukocytes, respectively. Thus, the concentration patterns delineated three centrifugation ranges with platelet/leukocyte ratios of 205±18, 325±15 and 107±4 and lymphocyte/granulocyte ratios of 1.54±0.74, 0.90±0.08 and 0.42±0.07. These findings contribute to a scientifically based standardization of L-PRP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Alice Gomes de Melo
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa Arruda Martins Shimojo
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Gomes Marcelino Perez
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Helena Andrade Santana
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
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Schilder RJ, Raynor M. Molecular plasticity and functional enhancements of leg muscles in response to hypergravity in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3508-3518. [PMID: 28978639 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies of organismal and tissue biomechanics have clearly demonstrated that musculoskeletal design is strongly dependent on experienced loads, which can vary in the short term, as a result of growth during life history and during the evolution of animal body size. However, how animals actually perceive and make adjustments to their load-bearing musculoskeletal elements that accommodate variation in their body weight is poorly understood. We developed an experimental model system that can be used to start addressing these open questions, and uses hypergravity centrifugation to experimentally manipulate the loads experienced by Drosophila melanogaster We examined effects of this manipulation on leg muscle alternative splicing of the sarcomere gene troponin T (Dmel\up; Fbgn0004169, herein referred to by its synonym TnT), a process that was previously demonstrated to precisely correlate with quantitative variation in body weight in Lepidoptera and rat. In a similar fashion, hypergravity centrifugation caused fast (i.e. within 24 h) changes to fly leg muscle TnT alternative splicing that correlated with body weight variation across eight D. melanogaster lines. Hypergravity treatment also appeared to enhance leg muscle function, as centrifuged flies showed an increased negative geotaxis response and jump ability. Although the identity and location of the sensors and effectors involved remains unknown, our results provide further support for the existence of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that translates signals that encode body weight into appropriate skeletal muscle molecular and functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Schilder
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 501 Ag Sciences & Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA .,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Megan Raynor
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Toyonaga Y, Yamazaki K, Koyama Y, Yamada M, Ishida Y. A Modified Direct-Smear Processing Technique Employing Two-Step Centrifugation/Fixation Is Useful for Detecting High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma. Acta Cytol 2017; 61:447-454. [PMID: 28954257 DOI: 10.1159/000480062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the usefulness of a direct-smear processing technique employing two-step centrifugation/fixation processing (TSCFP) in the cytoscreening of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). STUDY DESIGN Using the T24 HGUC cell line, we compared the cell yield and the morphological preservation of preparations concurrently processed by direct-smear, SurePath, ThinPrep, and TSCFP techniques. A total of 287 urine cytology cases subjected to TSCFP over a period of 6 years were reviewed and reclassified according to the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (PSRUC) and correlated with histology results. RESULTS TSCFP of T24 cells demonstrated good cell yield with a recovery rate of about 70%. Diagnostic features of HGUC, such as a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and irregular/hyperchromatic chromatin, were better discovered in TSCFP smears than in smears prepared with the other methods. Cytological evaluation of 287 voided urine specimens revealed that the rate of unsatisfactory preparations was quite low (0.30%) and the overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for urothelial carcinoma were 0.719, 0.923, 0.973, and 0.462, respectively. CONCLUSION TSCFP was able to provide adequate preparations for detecting HGUC in urine cytology and could be considered as a promising processing method according to the principal purpose of PSRUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Toyonaga
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Teikyo University, Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Japan
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112
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Yu ZTF, Joseph JG, Liu SX, Cheung MK, Haffey PJ, Kurabayashi K, Fu J. Centrifugal microfluidics for sorting immune cells from whole blood. Sens Actuators B Chem 2017; 245:1050-1061. [PMID: 28966475 PMCID: PMC5619665 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sorting and enumeration of immune cells from blood are critical operations involved in many clinical applications. Conventional methods for sorting and counting immune cells from blood, such as flow cytometry and hemocytometers, are tedious, inaccurate, and difficult for implementation for point-of-care (POC) testing. Herein we developed a microscale centrifugal technology termed Centrifugal Microfluidic Chip (CMC) capable of sorting immune cells from blood and in situ cellular analysis in a laboratory setting. Operation of the CMC entailed a blood specimen layered on a density gradient medium and centrifuged in microfluidic channels where immune cell subpopulations could rapidly be sorted into distinct layers according to their density differentials. We systematically studied effects of different blocking molecules for surface passivation of the CMC. We further demonstrated the applicability of CMCs for rapid separation of minimally processed human whole blood without affecting immune cell viability. Multi-color imaging and analysis of immune cell distributions and enrichment such as recovery and purity rates of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were demonstrated using CMCs. Given its design and operation simplicity, portability, blood cell sorting efficiency, and in situ cellular analysis capability, the CMC holds promise for blood-based diagnosis and disease monitoring in POC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeta Tak For Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jophin George Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, India 502285
| | - Shirley Xiaosu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mei Ki Cheung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Parker James Haffey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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113
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Alizadeh M, Wood RL, Buchanan CM, Bledsoe CG, Wood ME, McClellan DS, Blanco R, Ravsten TV, Husseini GA, Hickey CL, Robison RA, Pitt WG. Rapid separation of bacteria from blood - Chemical aspects. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 154:365-372. [PMID: 28365426 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To rapidly diagnose infectious organisms causing blood sepsis, bacteria must be rapidly separated from blood, a very difficult process considering that concentrations of bacteria are many orders of magnitude lower than concentrations of blood cells. We have successfully separated bacteria from red and white blood cells using a sedimentation process in which the separation is driven by differences in density and size. Seven mL of whole human blood spiked with bacteria is placed in a 12-cm hollow disk and spun at 3000rpm for 1min. The red and white cells sediment more than 30-fold faster than bacteria, leaving much of the bacteria in the plasma. When the disk is slowly decelerated, the plasma flows to a collection site and the red and white cells are trapped in the disk. Analysis of the recovered plasma shows that about 36% of the bacteria is recovered in the plasma. The plasma is not perfectly clear of red blood cells, but about 94% have been removed. This paper describes the effects of various chemical aspects of this process, including the influence of anticoagulant chemistry on the separation efficiency and the use of wetting agents and platelet aggregators that may influence the bacterial recovery. In a clinical scenario, the recovered bacteria can be subsequently analyzed to determine their species and resistance to various antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alizadeh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Ryan L Wood
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Clara M Buchanan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Colin G Bledsoe
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Madison E Wood
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Daniel S McClellan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Rae Blanco
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Tanner V Ravsten
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Ghaleb A Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Caroline L Hickey
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - William G Pitt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
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114
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Choukroun J, Ghanaati S. Reduction of relative centrifugation force within injectable platelet-rich-fibrin (PRF) concentrates advances patients' own inflammatory cells, platelets and growth factors: the first introduction to the low speed centrifugation concept. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2017; 44:87-95. [PMID: 28283682 PMCID: PMC5808086 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-017-0767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze systematically the influence of the relative centrifugation force (RCF) on leukocytes, platelets and growth factor release within fluid platelet-rich fibrin matrices (PRF). Materials and methods Systematically using peripheral blood from six healthy volunteers, the RCF was reduced four times for each of the three experimental protocols (I–III) within the spectrum (710–44 g), while maintaining a constant centrifugation time. Flow cytometry was applied to determine the platelets and leukocyte number. The growth factor concentration was quantified 1 and 24 h after clotting using ELISA. Results Reducing RCF in accordance with protocol-II (177 g) led to a significantly higher platelets and leukocytes numbers compared to protocol-I (710 g). Protocol-III (44 g) showed a highly significant increase of leukocytes and platelets number in comparison to -I and -II. The growth factors’ concentration of VEGF and TGF-β1 was significantly higher in protocol-II compared to -I, whereas protocol-III exhibited significantly higher growth factor concentration compared to protocols-I and -II. These findings were observed among 1 and 24 h after clotting, as well as the accumulated growth factor concentration over 24 h. Discussion Based on the results, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to enrich PRF-based fluid matrices with leukocytes, platelets and growth factors by means of a single alteration of the centrifugation settings within the clinical routine. Conclusions We postulate that the so-called low speed centrifugation concept (LSCC) selectively enriches leukocytes, platelets and growth factors within fluid PRF-based matrices. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of cell and growth factor enrichment on wound healing and tissue regeneration while comparing blood concentrates gained by high and low RCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Choukroun
- Private Practice, Pain Therapy Center, Nice, France.
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Laboratory, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - S Ghanaati
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Laboratory, University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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115
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Ankamwar B, Pansare S, Sur UK. Centrifuge Controlled Shape Tuning of Biosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles Obtained from Plumbago zeylanica Leaf Extract. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017; 17:1041-1045. [PMID: 29672005 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2017.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of cost-efficient and eco-friendly biogenic synthetic protocols for the green synthesis of biocompatible metal nanoparticles has become popular among researchers in recent years. The biogenic synthesis of these nanoparticles and their potential biomedical applications introduces the concept of nanobiotechnology, which has become the latest fascinating area of research. The lower cost and lesser side effects as compare to chemical methods of synthesis are the main advantages of biosynthesis. In the present investigation, aqueous leaf extract of Plumbago zeylanica had been used to synthesize anisotropic gold nanoparticles. The as-synthesized gold nanoparticles were centrifuged at 5000 and 10000 rpm and compared both pellets using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM techniques. We have studied here the effect of speed of centrifugation on the yield, shape, size as well as size distribution of as synthesized gold nanoparticles.
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116
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Chang YJ, Shih YH, Su CH, Ho HC. Comparison of three analytical methods to measure the size of silver nanoparticles in real environmental water and wastewater samples. J Hazard Mater 2017; 322:95-104. [PMID: 27041441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread application of engineered nanoparticles, their potential risk to ecosystems and human health is of growing concern. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are one of the most extensively produced NPs. Thus, this study aims to develop a method to detect Ag NPs in different aquatic systems. In complex media, three emerging techniques are compared, including hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC), asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) and single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS). The pre-treatment procedure of centrifugation is evaluated. HDC can estimate the Ag NP sizes, which were consistent with the results obtained from DLS. AF4 can also determine the size of Ag NPs but with lower recoveries, which could result from the interactions between Ag NPs and the working membrane. For the SP-ICP-MS, both the particle size and concentrations can be determined with high Ag NP recoveries. The particle size resulting from SP-ICP-MS also corresponded to the transmission electron microscopy observation (p>0.05). Therefore, HDC and SP-ICP-MS are recommended for environmental analysis of the samples after our established pre-treatment process. The findings of this study propose a preliminary technique to more accurately determine the Ag NPs in aquatic environments and to use this knowledge to evaluate the environmental impact of manufactured NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Hun Su
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chen Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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Abstract
Isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from breast milk enables the downstream analysis of the contents, including various proteins, lipids, and RNAs (messenger RNAs and microRNAs). Here, we present the method of centrifugation with ExoQuick™ precipitation to isolate EVs from breast milk. It has been proven to be a rapid and effective alternative compared to conventional differential centrifugation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Suite R10, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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118
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Magnette A, Chatelain M, Chatelain B, Ten Cate H, Mullier F. Pre-analytical issues in the haemostasis laboratory: guidance for the clinical laboratories. Thromb J 2016; 14:49. [PMID: 27999475 PMCID: PMC5154122 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-016-0123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring quality has become a daily requirement in laboratories. In haemostasis, even more than in other disciplines of biology, quality is determined by a pre-analytical step that encompasses all procedures, starting with the formulation of the medical question, and includes patient preparation, sample collection, handling, transportation, processing, and storage until time of analysis. This step, based on a variety of manual activities, is the most vulnerable part of the total testing process and is a major component of the reliability and validity of results in haemostasis and constitutes the most important source of erroneous or un-interpretable results. Pre-analytical errors may occur throughout the testing process and arise from unsuitable, inappropriate or wrongly handled procedures. Problems may arise during the collection of blood specimens such as misidentification of the sample, use of inadequate devices or needles, incorrect order of draw, prolonged tourniquet placing, unsuccessful attempts to locate the vein, incorrect use of additive tubes, collection of unsuitable samples for quality or quantity, inappropriate mixing of a sample, etc. Some factors can alter the result of a sample constituent after collection during transportation, preparation and storage. Laboratory errors can often have serious adverse consequences. Lack of standardized procedures for sample collection accounts for most of the errors encountered within the total testing process. They can also have clinical consequences as well as a significant impact on patient care, especially those related to specialized tests as these are often considered as "diagnostic". Controlling pre-analytical variables is critical since this has a direct influence on the quality of results and on their clinical reliability. The accurate standardization of the pre-analytical phase is of pivotal importance for achieving reliable results of coagulation tests and should reduce the side effects of the influence factors. This review is a summary of the most important recommendations regarding the importance of pre-analytical factors for coagulation testing and should be a tool to increase awareness about the importance of pre-analytical factors for coagulation testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Magnette
- Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Haematology Laboratory, B-5530 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - M Chatelain
- Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Haematology Laboratory, B-5530 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - B Chatelain
- Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Haematology Laboratory, B-5530 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - H Ten Cate
- Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F Mullier
- Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Haematology Laboratory, B-5530 Yvoir, Belgium
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119
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Baranovskaya MD, Ugarov VI, Chetverina HV, Chetverin AB. Removal of protein S1 from Escherichia coli ribosomes without the use of affinity chromatography. Anal Biochem 2016; 517:53-55. [PMID: 27865825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The paper reports an inexpensive and efficient procedure for the removal of protein S1 from E. coli ribosomes. It comprises incubation of ribosomes in a pyrimidine polyribonucleotide solution followed by centrifugation of the sample through a sucrose cushion. To avoid co-sedimentation of the S1-bound polypyrimidine with the ribosomes, its length should not exceed several hundred nucleotides. Unlike popular affinity chromatography through a poly(U) Sepharose or poly(U) cellulose column, the method tolerates limited polyribonucleotide degradation by eventual traces of ribonucleases, and can readily be incorporated into standard protocols for the isolation of ribosomes by centrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna D Baranovskaya
- Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Victor I Ugarov
- Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Helena V Chetverina
- Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander B Chetverin
- Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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120
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Abstract
The use of stallion frozen semen minimizes the spread of disease, eliminates geographic barriers, and preserves the genetic material of the animal for an unlimited time. Significant progress on the frozen thawed stallion semen process and consequently fertility has been achieved over the last decade. These improvements not only increased fertility rates but also allowed cryopreservation of semen from "poor freezers." This article reviews traditional steps and new strategies for stallion semen handling and processing that are performed to overcome the deleterious effects of semen preservation and consequently improve frozen semen quality and fertility.
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121
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Perry M, O'Connor J, James AJ, Cudmore AP, Lewis AV, Salzmann MB, McDonald TJ. A cautionary tale: Unforeseen consequences of lean processing in a blood sciences laboratory. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1311-1312. [PMID: 27545982 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Perry
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - John O'Connor
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Alan J James
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Adrian P Cudmore
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Aled V Lewis
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Maurice B Salzmann
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, UK.
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122
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Abstract
Subfertility can be a confusing term because some semen of good quality can have reduced fertility following cooled transport if the semen is processed in an improper manner. General procedures aimed at processing stallion semen for cooled transport are well described. An array of factors could exist in reduced fertility of cool-transported semen. This article focuses on centrifugation techniques that can be used to maximize sperm quality of stallions whose semen is intended for cooled transport. Clinical cases are also provided for practical application of techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson D Varner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 500 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA.
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123
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Yonetani S, Ohnishi H, Ohkusu K, Matsumoto T, Watanabe T. Direct identification of microorganisms from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS using an in-house saponin method. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 52:37-42. [PMID: 27658644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a fast and reliable method for the identification of bacteria. A MALDI Sepsityper kit is generally used to prepare samples obtained directly from culture bottles. However, the relatively high cost of this kit is a major obstacle to introducing this method into routine clinical use. In this study, the accuracies of three different preparation methods for rapid direct identification of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles by MALDI-TOF MS analysis were compared. METHODS In total, 195 positive bottles were included in this study. RESULTS Overall, 78.5%, 68.7%, and 76.4% of bacteria were correctly identified to the genus level (score ≥1.7) directly from positive blood cultures using the Sepsityper, centrifugation, and saponin methods, respectively. The identification rates using the Sepsityper and saponin methods were significantly higher than that using the centrifugation method (Sepsityper vs. centrifugation, p<0.001; saponin vs. centrifugation, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the saponin method is superior to the centrifugation method and comparable to the Sepsityper method in the accuracy of rapid bacterial identification directly from blood culture bottles, and could be a less expensive alternative to the Sepsityper method.
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124
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Procop GW, Taege AJ, Starkey C, Tungsiripat M, Warner D, Schold JD, Yen-Lieberman B. Preanalytic process linked to spuriously elevated HIV viral loads: improvement on an FDA-approved process. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 28647065 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The processing of specimens often occurs in a central processing area within laboratories. We demonstrated that plasma centrifuged in the central laboratory but allowed to remain within the primary tube following centrifugation was associated with spuriously elevated HIV viral loads compared with recentrifugation of the plasma just prior to testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Procop
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Alan J Taege
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Colleen Starkey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Diane Warner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jesse D Schold
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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125
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Binderup HG, Houlind K, Madsen JS, Brasen CL. Pre-storage centrifugation conditions have significant impact on measured microRNA levels in biobanked EDTA plasma samples. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:195-200. [PMID: 28955906 PMCID: PMC5613297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few years, an increasing number of studies have reported the potential use of microRNAs (miRNA) as circulating biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis of a wide variety of diseases. There is, however, a lack of reproducibility between studies. Due to the high miRNA content in platelets this may partly be explained by residual platelets in the plasma samples used. When collecting fresh plasma samples, it is possible to produce cell-free/platelet-poor plasma by centrifugation. In this study, we systematically investigated whether biobanked EDTA plasma samples could be processed to be suitable for miRNA analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from ten healthy volunteers and centrifuged to produce platelet-poor-plasma (PPP) and standard biobank plasma. After one week at -80 °C the biobanked EDTA plasma was re-centrifuged by different steps to remove residual platelets. Using RT-qPCR the levels of 14 miRNAs in the different plasma preparations were compared to that of PPP. RESULTS We were able to remove residual platelets from biobanked EDTA plasma by re-centrifugation of the thawed samples. Nevertheless, for most of the investigated miRNAs, the miRNA level was significantly higher in the re-centrifuged biobanked plasma compared to PPP, even when the platelet count was reduced to 0-1×109/L. CONCLUSION We found, that pre-storage centrifugation conditions have a significant impact on the measured EDTA plasma level of miRNAs known to be present in platelets. Even for the miRNAs found to be less effected, we showed that a 1.5-3 fold change in plasma levels may possible be caused by or easily overseen due to sample preparation and/or storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Glud Binderup
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Kim Houlind
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jonna Skov Madsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Claus Lohman Brasen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
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126
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Dong F, Valsami-Jones E, Kreft JU. New, rapid method to measure dissolved silver concentration in silver nanoparticle suspensions by aggregation combined with centrifugation. J Nanopart Res 2016; 18:259. [PMID: 27642257 PMCID: PMC5003901 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-016-3565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are exclusively mediated by the release of silver ions (Ag+) or, instead, are due to combined nanoparticle and silver ion effects. Therefore, it is essential to quantify dissolved Ag in nanosilver suspensions for investigations of nanoparticle toxicity. We developed a method to measure dissolved Ag in Ag+/AgNPs mixtures by combining aggregation of AgNPs with centrifugation. We also describe the reproducible synthesis of stable, uncoated AgNPs. Uncoated AgNPs were quickly aggregated by 2 mM Ca2+, forming large clusters that could be sedimented in a low-speed centrifuge. At 20,100g, the sedimentation time of AgNPs was markedly reduced to 30 min due to Ca2+-mediated aggregation, confirmed by the measurements of Ag content in supernatants with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. No AgNPs were detected in the supernatant by UV-Vis absorption spectra after centrifuging the aggregates. Our approach provides a convenient and inexpensive way to separate dissolved Ag from AgNPs, avoiding long ultracentrifugation times or Ag+ adsorption to ultrafiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Dong
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Jan-Ulrich Kreft
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Archibald PRT, Chandra A, Thomas D, Chose O, Massouridès E, Laâbi Y, Williams DJ. Comparability of automated human induced pluripotent stem cell culture: a pilot study. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1847-1858. [PMID: 27503483 PMCID: PMC5050253 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Consistent and robust manufacturing is essential for the translation of cell therapies, and the utilisation automation throughout the manufacturing process may allow for improvements in quality control, scalability, reproducibility and economics of the process. The aim of this study was to measure and establish the comparability between alternative process steps for the culture of hiPSCs. Consequently, the effects of manual centrifugation and automated non-centrifugation process steps, performed using TAP Biosystems’ CompacT SelecT automated cell culture platform, upon the culture of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line (VAX001024c07) were compared. This study, has demonstrated that comparable morphologies and cell diameters were observed in hiPSCs cultured using either manual or automated process steps. However, non-centrifugation hiPSC populations exhibited greater cell yields, greater aggregate rates, increased pluripotency marker expression, and decreased differentiation marker expression compared to centrifugation hiPSCs. A trend for decreased variability in cell yield was also observed after the utilisation of the automated process step. This study also highlights the detrimental effect of the cryopreservation and thawing processes upon the growth and characteristics of hiPSC cultures, and demonstrates that automated hiPSC manufacturing protocols can be successfully transferred between independent laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R T Archibald
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,Cell and Gene Therapy Platform CMC, GlaxoSmithKline PLC, Stevenage, UK
| | - Amit Chandra
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Dave Thomas
- TAP Biosystems, Part of the Sartorius Stedim Biotech Group, Royston, UK
| | - Olivier Chose
- CECS/I-Stem, AFM Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 2 rue Henri Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Massouridès
- CECS/I-Stem, AFM Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 2 rue Henri Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Yacine Laâbi
- CECS/I-Stem, AFM Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 2 rue Henri Desbruères, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - David J Williams
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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Ogawa Y, Yanagida R, Ueda K, Aoki K, Iwasaki KI. The relationship between widespread changes in gravity and cerebral blood flow. Environ Health Prev Med 2016; 21:186-92. [PMID: 26860114 PMCID: PMC4907926 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the dose-effect relationship between wide changes in gravity from 0 to 2.0 Gz (Δ0.5 Gz) and cerebral blood flow (CBF), to test our hypothesis that CBF has a linear relationship with levels of gravity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ten healthy seated men were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Gz for 21 min, by using a tilt chair and a short-arm human centrifuge. Steady-state CBF velocity (CBFV) in the middle cerebral artery by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, mean arterial pressure (MAP) at the heart level (MAPHeart), heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and respiratory conditions were obtained for the last 6 min at each gravity level. Then, MAP in the middle cerebral artery (MAPMCA), reflecting cerebral perfusion pressure, was estimated. RESULTS Steady-state CBFV decreased stepwise from 0.5 to 2.0 Gz. Steady-state heart rate, stroke volume, estimated MAPMCA and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (ETCO2) also changed stepwise from hypogravity to hypergravity. On the other hand, steady-state MAPHeart and cardiac output did not change significantly. Steady-state CBFV positively and linearly correlated with estimated MAPMCA and ETCO2 in most subjects. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated stepwise gravity-induced changes in steady-state CBFV from 0.5 to 2.0 Gz despite unchanged steady-state MAPHeart. The combined effects of reduced MAPMCA and ETCO2 likely led to stepwise decreases in CBFV. We caution that a mild increase in gravity from 0 to 2.0 Gz reduces CBF, even if arterial blood pressure at the heart level is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yojiro Ogawa
- Division of Hygiene, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ryo Yanagida
- Division of Hygiene, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kaname Ueda
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ken Aoki
- Division of Hygiene, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Iwasaki
- Division of Hygiene, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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Vigliaturo R, Capella S, Rinaudo C, Belluso E. "Rinse and trickle": a protocol for TEM preparation and investigation of inorganic fibers from biological material. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:357-63. [PMID: 27151190 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2016.1175527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to define a sample preparation protocol that allows inorganic fibers and particulate matter extracted from different biological samples to be characterized morphologically, crystallographically and chemically by transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). The method does not damage or create artifacts through chemical attacks of the target material. A fairly rapid specimen preparation is applied with the aim of performing as few steps as possible to transfer the withdrawn inorganic matter onto the TEM grid. The biological sample is previously digested chemically by NaClO. The salt is then removed through a series of centrifugation and rinse cycles in deionized water, thus drastically reducing the digestive power of the NaClO and concentrating the fibers for TEM analysis. The concept of equivalent hydrodynamic diameter is introduced to calculate the settling velocity during the centrifugation cycles. This technique is applicable to lung tissues and can be extended to a wide range of organic materials. The procedure does not appear to cause morphological damage to the fibers or modify their chemistry or degree of crystallinity. The extrapolated data can be used in interdisciplinary studies to understand the pathological effects caused by inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Vigliaturo
- a Earth Sciences Department, University of Torino , Torino , Italy .,b Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio degli Amianti e di altri Particolati Nocivi "G. Scansetti" - Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Silvana Capella
- a Earth Sciences Department, University of Torino , Torino , Italy .,b Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio degli Amianti e di altri Particolati Nocivi "G. Scansetti" - Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Caterina Rinaudo
- c Science and Technological Innovation Department, University of Piemonte Orientale , Alessandria , Italy , and
| | - Elena Belluso
- a Earth Sciences Department, University of Torino , Torino , Italy .,b Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio degli Amianti e di altri Particolati Nocivi "G. Scansetti" - Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy .,d CNR, Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources , Torino , Italy
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Aloui F, Maazoun B, Gargouri Y, Miled N. Optimization of oil retention in sesame based halva using emulsifiers and fibers: an industrial assay. J Food Sci Technol 2016; 53:1540-50. [PMID: 27570279 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oil bleeding during storage oleaginous seeds based confectionery products is a major problem affecting acceptance by consumers. Halva is a popular sweet food prepared from a sesame paste and a sugar mixture. The objective of this work was to improve the oil retention in this product by incorporating commercial fibers and emulsifiers: soya lecithin and monoglycerides (MG1 or MG2) during manufacturing. Oil retention yield was optimized on small batches, by response surface methodology using a central composite design applied with two factors, emulsifier concentration (0.25-2.25 %) and fibers concentration (0-2 %) at three levels. A centrifugation test was optimized to assess oil retention in halva samples. The experimental response (oil retention) was fitted with quadratic equations for each emulsifier, using multiple regression analysis. The emulsion stability increased with increasing the emulsifier concentration, particularly to 2.25 %. The oil bleeding assessed at 45 °C was slow but yielded similar results to those estimated by centrifugation test. The latter seems an attractive rapid method to quantify oil retention in oleaginous seeds and crops based food matrices. At an industrial scale, the increase of MG1 concentration to 2.25 % in halva enhances the oil retention of the product but does not affect its color or textural characteristics. Microscopic observations allowed us to explain high oil retention in this product by a homogeneous dispersion of oil droplets in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aloui
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - B Maazoun
- The Factory Confiserie TRIKI-Le Moulin, Route de Gabes km 3, 3052 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Y Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - N Miled
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether any of the observed changes in mouse sperm function tests secondary to mechanical stresses (centrifugation and pipetting) correlate with sperm fertilization ability. Chinese Kunming mice were used as sperm and oocyte donors. Sperm samples were allocated evenly into centrifugation, pipette, and control groups. Sperm plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP), baseline and stimulated intracellular ROS, and sperm fertilization ability were measured by hypo-osmotic swelling, flow cytometry, and fertilization tests. Parallel studies were conducted and all tests were repeated six times. Our results showed that after centrifugation, the progressive motility, average path velocity, and overall sperm motility and PMI decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, the MMP level decreased significantly in viable sperm when the centrifugation condition reached 1,400 g × 15 minutes (p < 0.05). When pipetting was performed two or more times, progressive motility, average path velocity, and overall sperm motility decreased significantly (p < 0.05); when it was performed four or more times, sperm membrane integrity and intracellular basal ROS level of viable sperm was also significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, various mechanical stresses seem to affect sperm function, however this does not appear to alter fertilization rate. Laboratory handling steps should be minimized to avoid unnecessary mechanical stresses being applied to sperm samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shi
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Ting Wang
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Zhuo Lin Qiu
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Ke Li
- b Center for Clinical Medicine Research, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Liu Li
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Carol Pui Shan Chan
- c Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Si Mei Chan
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Tian-Chiu Li
- c Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Song Quan
- a Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
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Sobral JM, Malheiro VN, Clyne TW, Harris J, Rezk R, O'Neill W, Markaki AE. An accelerated buoyancy adhesion assay combined with 3-D morphometric analysis for assessing osteoblast adhesion on microgrooved substrata. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 60:22-37. [PMID: 26773651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An accelerated negative buoyancy method has been developed to assess cell adhesion strength. This method has been used in conjunction with 3-D morphometric analysis to understand the effects of surface topology on cell response. Aligned micro-grooved surface topographies (with a range of groove depths) were produced on stainless steel 316L substrates by laser ablation. An investigation was carried out on the effect of the micro-grooved surface topography on cell adhesion strength, cell and nucleus volumes, cell phenotypic expression and attachment patterns. Increased hydrophobicity and anisotropic wettability was observed on surfaces with deeper grooves. A reduction was noted in cell volume, projected areas and adhesion sites for deeper grooves, linked to lower cell proliferation and differentiation rates and also to reduced adhesion strength. The results suggest that the centrifugation assay combined with three-dimensional cell morphometric analysis has considerable potential for obtaining improved understanding of the cell/substrate interface.
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Hwang SH, Kim DE, Im JH, Kang SJ, Lee DH, Son SJ. Rapid visual identification of PCR amplified nucleic acids by centrifugal gel separation: Potential use for molecular point-of-care tests. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:829-34. [PMID: 26774997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, nucleic acid amplification and detection techniques have progressed based on advances in in microfluidics, microelectronics, and optical systems. Nucleic acids amplification based point-of-care test (POCT) in resource-limited settings requires simple visual detection methods. Several biosensing methods including lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) were previously used to visually detect nucleic acids. However, prolonged assay time, several washing steps, and a need for specific antibodies limited their use. Here we developed a novel, rapid method to visualize amplified nucleic acids with naked eyes in clinical samples. First, we optimized conditions based on separation using very low centrifugal force and a density medium to detect human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 DNA in cervical specimens. After DNA extraction, HPV16 PCR was performed with biotin-labeled forward primer and Cy3-labeled reverse primer. PCR amplicon was mixed with streptavidin-magnetic beads, introduced into the density medium. After two-minute centrifugation, the result was visually identified. This system showed identical results with commercial HPV real-time PCR for 30 clinical samples and could detect up to 10(2)copies/mL of HPV DNA without any optical instruments. This robust and sensitive visual detection system is suitable for non-specialist personnel and point-of-care diagnosis in low-resource settings.
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Abstract
Viral coat proteins expressed in plants often form virus-like particles (VLPs) which are good vaccine candidates as they are safe and highly immunogenic and can be easily purified. The VLPs can be purified by rate-zonal density centrifugation which is based on the size of the VLP or they can be purified by isopycnic centrifugation which is a fast and simple method and results in isolation of VLPs with the same density. Details on how to apply both rate-zonal and isopycnic centrifugation for VLP purification from plants are provided in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertha R van Zyl
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
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Lesche D, Geyer R, Lienhard D, Nakas CT, Diserens G, Vermathen P, Leichtle AB. Does centrifugation matter? Centrifugal force and spinning time alter the plasma metabolome. Metabolomics 2016; 12:159. [PMID: 27729833 PMCID: PMC5025507 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centrifugation is an indispensable procedure for plasma sample preparation, but applied conditions can vary between labs. AIM Determine whether routinely used plasma centrifugation protocols (1500×g 10 min; 3000×g 5 min) influence non-targeted metabolomic analyses. METHODS Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) data were evaluated with sparse partial least squares discriminant analyses and compared with cell count measurements. RESULTS Besides significant differences in platelet count, we identified substantial alterations in NMR and HRMS data related to the different centrifugation protocols. CONCLUSION Already minor differences in plasma centrifugation can significantly influence metabolomic patterns and potentially bias metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Lesche
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, INO F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Geyer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, INO F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lienhard
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, INO F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christos T. Nakas
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, INO F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biometry, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Gaëlle Diserens
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology (AMSM), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology (AMSM), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander B. Leichtle
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, INO F, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Wu D, Tang X, Yoon HS, Wang K, Olivier A, Li X. MOCVD Growth of High-Quality and Density-Tunable GaAs Nanowires on ITO Catalyzed by Au Nanoparticles Deposited by Centrifugation. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:410. [PMID: 26487507 PMCID: PMC4615929 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-quality and density-tunable GaAs nanowires (NWs) are directly grown on indium tin oxide (ITO) using Au nanoparticles (NPs) as catalysts by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Au catalysts were deposited on ITO glass substrate using a centrifugal method. Compared with the droplet-only method, high-area density Au NPs were uniformly distributed on ITO. Tunable area density was realized through variation of the centrifugation time, and the highest area densities were obtained as high as 490 and 120 NP/μm(2) for 10- and 20-nm diameters of Au NPs, respectively. Based on the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism, the growth rates of GaAs NWs at 430 °C were 18.2 and 21.5 nm/s for the highest area density obtained of 10- and 20-nm Au NP-catalyzed NWs. The growth rate of the GaAs NWs was reduced with the increase of the NW density due to the competition of precursor materials. High crystal quality of the NWs was also obtained with no observable planar defects. 10-nm Au NP-induced NWs exhibit wurtzite structure whereas zinc-blende is observed for 20-nm NW samples. Controllable density and high crystal quality of the GaAs NWs on ITO demonstrate their potential application in hybrid a solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- OPTIMUS, Photonics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Tang
- OPTIMUS, Photonics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ho Sup Yoon
- Division of Structural Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Aurelien Olivier
- CINTRA UMI 3288, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Level 6, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Xianqiang Li
- OPTIMUS, Photonics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Kim K, Shin H, Moon M, Ryu BG, Han JI, Yang JW, Chang YK. Evaluation of various harvesting methods for high-density microalgae, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:828-835. [PMID: 26457831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Five technologies, coagulation, electro-flotation (EF), electro-coagulation-flotation (ECF), centrifugation, and membrane filtration, were systematically assessed for their adequacy of harvesting Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101, a heterotrophic microalgal species that has much higher biomass concentration than photoautotrophic species. Coagulation, EF, and ECF were found to have limited efficiency. Centrifugation was overly powerful to susceptible cells like Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101, inducing cell rupture and consequently biomass loss of over 13%. Membrane filtration, in particular equipped with an anti-fouling turbulence generator, turned out to be best suited: nearly 100% of harvesting efficiency and low water content in harvested biomass were achieved. With rotation rate increased, high permeate fluxes could be attained even with extremely concentrated biomass: e.g., 219.0 and 135.0 L/m(2)/h at 150.0 and 203.0 g/L, respectively. Dynamic filtration appears to be indeed a suitable means especially to obtain highly concentrated biomass that have no need of dewatering and can be directly processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyochan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myounghoon Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gon Ryu
- Decontamination and Decommissioning Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 989-111 Daedukdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-353, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Yazigi Junior JA, Dos Santos JBG, Xavier BR, Fernandes M, Valente SG, Leite VM. Quantification of platelets obtained by different centrifugation protocols in SHR rats. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50:729-38. [PMID: 27218087 PMCID: PMC4867912 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the platelet concentration in the blood of SHR rats, by means of different centrifugation protocols, and to evaluate what the most effective method for obtaining platelets is. METHODS We used 40 male rats of the isogenic SHR lineage. The animals were divided into three groups: control, using whole blood without centrifugation; single centrifugation, using whole blood subjected to a single centrifugation at 200 × g and 400 × g; and double centrifugation, using whole blood subjected one centrifugation at different rotations, followed by collection of whole plasma subjected to another centrifugation at different rotations: 200 × g + 200 × g; 200 × g + 400 × g; 200 × g + 800 × g; 400 × g + 400 × g; 400 × g + 800 × g. Samples of 3 ml of blood were drawn from each animal by means of cardiac puncture. The blood was stored in Vacutainer collection tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate. The blood from the control group animals was analyzed without being subjected to centrifugation. After the blood from the other groups of animals had been subjected to centrifugation, the whole plasma was collected and subjected to platelet counting in the lower third of the sample. RESULTS We obtained greatest platelet enrichment in the subgroup with two centrifugations comprising 400 × g for 10 min + 400 × g for 10 min, in which the mean platelet concentration was 11.30 times higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSION It was possible to obtain a high platelet concentration using viable simple techniques, by means of centrifugation of whole blood and use of commonly used materials. The most effective method for obtaining platelet concentrate was found in samples subjected to two centrifugations.
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Castroagudin MR, Zhai Y, Li Z, Marnell MG, Glavy JS. Cyto-3D-print to attach mitotic cells. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1641-5. [PMID: 26464272 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cyto-3D-print is an adapter that adds cytospin capability to a standard centrifuge. Like standard cytospinning, Cyto-3D-print increases the surface attachment of mitotic cells while giving a higher degree of adaptability to other slide chambers than available commercial devices. The use of Cyto-3D-print is cost effective, safe, and applicable to many slide designs. It is durable enough for repeated use and made of biodegradable materials for environment-friendly disposal.
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Mennaa FZ, Arbib Z, Perales JA. Urban wastewater treatment by seven species of microalgae and an algal bloom: Biomass production, N and P removal kinetics and harvestability. Water Res 2015; 83:42-51. [PMID: 26117372 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the capacity of seven species and a Bloom of microalgae to grow in urban wastewater. Nutrient removal kinetics and biomass harvesting by means of centrifugation and coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation have been also tested. Results show that the best biomass productivities ranged from between 118 and 108 mgSS L(-1) d(-1) for the Bloom (Bl) and Scenedesmus obliquus (Sco). Regarding nutrient removal, microalgae were able to remove the total dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations by more than 80% and 87% respectively, depending on the species tested. The final total dissolved concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture media complies with the European Commission Directive 98/15/CE on urban wastewater treatment. Regarding harvesting, the results of coagulation-flocculation sedimentation using a 60 mg L(-1) dose of Ferric chloride were similar between species, exceeding the biomass removal efficiency by more than 90%. The results of centrifugation (time required to remove 90% of solids at 1000 rpm) were not similar between species, with the shortest time being 2.9 min for Sco, followed by the bloom (7.25 min). An overall analysis suggested that the natural bloom and Scenedesmus obliquus seem to be the best candidates to grow in pre-treated wastewater, according to their biomass production, nutrient removal capability and harvestability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Mennaa
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico & Industrial de la Bahía de Algeciras, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Algeciras, Universidad de Cádiz, Avda. Ramón Puyol s/n, 11202 Algeciras Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Zouhayr Arbib
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnología Marinas (CACYTMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Aqualia Gestión Integral del Agua, SA, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Perales
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnología Marinas (CACYTMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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Evans JM, Ribeiro LC, Moore FB, Wang S, Zhang Q, Kostas V, Ferguson CR, Serrador J, Falvo M, Stenger MB, Goswami N, Rask JC, Smith JD, Knapp CF. Hypovolemic men and women regulate blood pressure differently following exposure to artificial gravity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2631-40. [PMID: 26438067 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In addition to serious bone, vestibular, and muscle deterioration, space flight leads to cardiovascular dysfunction upon return to gravity. In seeking a countermeasure to space flight-induced orthostatic intolerance, we previously determined that exposure to artificial gravity (AG) training in a centrifuge improved orthostatic tolerance of ambulatory subjects. This protocol was more effective in men than women and more effective when subjects exercised. METHODS We now determine the orthostatic tolerance limit (OTL) of cardiovascularly deconditioned (furosemide) men and women on one day following 90 min of AG compared to a control day (90 min of head-down bed rest, HDBR). RESULTS There were three major findings: a short bout of artificial gravity improved orthostatic tolerance of hypovolemic men (30 %) and women (22 %). Men and women demonstrated different mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation on AG and HDBR days; women maintained systolic blood pressure the same after HDBR and AG exposure while men's systolic pressure dropped (11 ± 2.9 mmHg) after AG. Third, as presyncopal symptoms developed, men's and women's cardiac output and stroke volume dropped to the same level on both days, even though the OTL test lasted significantly longer on the AG day, indicating cardiac filling as a likely variable to trigger presyncope. CONCLUSIONS (1) Even with gender differences, AG should be considered as a space flight countermeasure to be applied to astronauts before reentry into gravity, (2) men and women regulate blood pressure during an orthostatic stress differently following exposure to artificial gravity and (3) the trigger for presyncope may be cardiac filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | | | | | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Vladimir Kostas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Connor R Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jorge Serrador
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Falvo
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Jon C Rask
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles F Knapp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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142
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Chen M, Lee JH, Hur J. Effects of sampling methods on the quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter in sediment pore waters as revealed by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:14841-14851. [PMID: 25994263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite literature evidence suggesting the importance of sampling methods on the properties of sediment pore waters, their effects on the dissolved organic matter (PW-DOM) have been unexplored to date. Here, we compared the effects of two commonly used sampling methods (i.e., centrifuge and Rhizon sampler) on the characteristics of PW-DOM for the first time. The bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption, and excitation-emission matrixes coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) of the PW-DOM samples were compared for the two sampling methods with the sediments from minimal to severely contaminated sites. The centrifuged samples were found to have higher average values of DOC, UV absorption, and protein-like EEM-PARAFAC components. The samples collected with the Rhizon sampler, however, exhibited generally more humified characteristics than the centrifuged ones, implying a preferential collection of PW-DOM with respect to the sampling methods. Furthermore, the differences between the two sampling methods seem more pronounced in relatively more polluted sites. Our observations were possibly explained by either the filtration effect resulting from the smaller pore size of the Rhizon sampler or the desorption of DOM molecules loosely bound to minerals during centrifugation, or both. Our study suggests that consistent use of one sampling method is crucial for PW-DOM studies and also that caution should be taken in the comparison of data collected with different sampling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilian Chen
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Lee
- NEO Environmental Business Corporation, Bucheon, 420-806, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea.
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143
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Dümmer M, Forreiter C, Galland P. Gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana: Root-specific action of the EHB gene and violation of the resultant law. J Plant Physiol 2015; 189:24-33. [PMID: 26496692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropic bending of seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to centrifugal accelerations was determined in a range between 0.0025 and 4×g to revisit and validate the so-called resultant law, which claims that centrifugation causes gravitropic organs to orient parallel to the resultant stimulus vector. We show here for seedlings of A. thaliana that this empirical law holds for hypocotyls but surprisingly fails for roots. While the behavior of hypocotyls could be modeled by an arc tangent function predicted by the resultant law, roots displayed a sharp maximum at 1.8×g that substantially overshoots the predicted value and that represents a novel phenomenon, diagravitropism elicited by centrifugal acceleration. The gravitropic bending critically depended on the orientation of the seedling relative to the centrifugal acceleration. If the centrifugal vector pointed toward the cotyledons, gravitropic bending of hypocotyls and roots was substantially enhanced. The complex behavior of Arabidopsis seedlings provides strong evidence that gravitropic bending entails a cosine component (longitudinal stimulus) to which the seedlings were more sensitive than to the classical sine component. The absolute gravitropic thresholds of hypocotyls and roots were determined in a clinostat-centrifuge and found to be below 0.015×g. A tropism mutant lacking the EHB1 protein, which interacts with ARF-GAP (ARF GTPase-activating protein) and thus indirectly with a small ARF-type G protein, displayed a lower gravitropic threshold for roots and also enhanced bending, while the responses of the hypocotyls remained nearly unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dümmer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Forreiter
- Abteilung für Biologie, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Adolf Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Paul Galland
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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144
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Laird BD, Weiseth B, Packull-McCormick SR, Peak D, Dodd M, Siciliano SD. Solid-liquid separation method governs the in vitro bioaccessibility of metals in contaminated soil-like test materials. Chemosphere 2015; 134:544-549. [PMID: 25600322 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro gastrointestinal model was used to explore the role of solid-liquid separation method on the bioaccessibility of trace elements in a smelter-impacted soil (NIST-2711) from Helena, MT and a mine overburden from an open-pit gold and silver mine in Mount Nansen, YK (YK-OVB). Separation methods studied included centrifugation (5,000 g, 12,000 g), syringe microfiltration (0.45 μm), and ultrafiltration (1,000 kDa, 50 kDa, 30 kDa, 10 kDa, 3 kDa). Results indicated that the use of syringe microfiltration generally yields the same bioaccessibility as the use of centrifugation and that the speed of centrifugation does not typically affect metal bioaccessibility. However, ultrafiltration consistently yields a significantly lower bioaccessibility than the use of centrifugation and syringe microfiltration. There are rarely any differences between bioaccessibility estimates generated using a low-resistance (1,000 kDa) and a high-resistance (3 kDa) ultrafiltration membrane; therefore, under the in vitro gastrointestinal conditions modeled herein, negligible quantities of trace elements are complexed to small molecules between 3 and 1,000 kDa. The primary exceptions to these trends were observed for Pb in NIST-2711 (5,000 g>12,000 g>0.45 μm>ultrafiltration) and for Tl in NIST-2711 and YK-OVB (5000 g∼12,000 g>0.45 μm>ultrafiltration). These results provide valuable information to researchers attempting to expand the use of in vitro bioaccessibility beyond soil Pb and As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Laird
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Blake Weiseth
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Derek Peak
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matt Dodd
- Royal Roads University, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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145
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Kim J, Tan Z, Lubman DM. Exosome enrichment of human serum using multiple cycles of centrifugation. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2017-26. [PMID: 26010067 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we compared the use of repeated cycles of centrifugation at conventional speeds for enrichment of exosomes from human serum compared to the use of ultracentrifugation (UC). After removal of cells and cell debris, a speed of 110 000 × g or 40 000 × g was used for the UC or centrifugation enrichment process, respectively. The enriched exosomes were analyzed using the bicinchoninic acid assay, 1D gel separation, transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis. It was found that a five-cycle repetition of UC or centrifugation is necessary for successful removal of nonexosomal proteins in the enrichment of exosomes from human serum. More significantly, 5× centrifugation enrichment was found to provide similar or better performance than 5× UC enrichment in terms of enriched exosome protein amount, Western blot band intensity for detection of CD-63, and numbers of identified exosome-related proteins and cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins. A total of 478 proteins were identified in the LC-MS/MS analyses of exosome proteins obtained from 5× UCs and 5× centrifugations including many important CD membrane proteins. The presence of previously reported exosome-related proteins including key exosome protein markers demonstrates the utility of this method for analysis of proteins in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhijing Tan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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146
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Yoshimatsu S, Kato-Matsumaru T, Aono A, Chikamatsu K, Yamada H, Mitarai S. Factors contribute to efficiency of specimen concentration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by centrifugation and magnetic beads. Int J Mycobacteriol 2015; 4:245-9. [PMID: 27649873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A concentration of specimen is recommended for the effective recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), but the bacteriological efficiency is not well evaluated. The present study evaluated the factors contributing to concentration efficiency of centrifugation and bead-based technique (TB-Beads; Microsens, UK) to recover MTB by using simple in vitro specimens. METHODS Four specimens were prepared (6.5×10(3); 8.1×10(4); 7.9×10(5); and 6.4×10(6)cfu/mL) of different concentrations with or without 5×10(4) of THP-1 cells (RIKEN BRC, Japan). Specimens were subjected to centrifugation at 2000, 3000, and 4000g for 15min, and to TB-Beads. The concentration and recovery rate were calculated to evaluate the efficiency of each method. RESULTS The specimens containing a higher number of bacteria and THP-1 cells had a tendency to yield a higher concentration and recovery rate (p=0.001-0.083). MTB was recovered more efficiently with THP-1 cells from the 6.5×10(3)cfu/mL specimen by centrifugation (p⩽0.001) than without them; 24.7-54.4% of MTB were recovered with THP-1 cells by centrifugation at 3000g for 15min, while the recovery using TB-Beads was a maximum of 12.7%. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of centrifugation depends on the bacterial density and the co-existence of THP-1 cells. The efficiency of TB-Beads was not as high as centrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yoshimatsu
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Kato-Matsumaru
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan; Department of Basic Mycobacteriosis, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Akio Aono
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Chikamatsu
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan; Department of Basic Mycobacteriosis, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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147
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Ashok BC, Nagaraj PK, Ananteshwar YN, Srikanth V. A novel and innovative technique of using a disposable syringe and mesh for harvesting fat for structural fat grafting. Indian J Plast Surg 2015; 48:79-80. [PMID: 25991892 PMCID: PMC4413496 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.155275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Successful restoration of structure and function using autologous free fat grafts has remained elusive. Review of literature shows that various harvesting and preparation techniques have been suggested. The goal of these techniques is to obtain greater adipocyte cell survival and consequently more reliable clinical results. Materials and Methods: In our technique, a piece of mesh is kept at one end of the lipoaspiration syringe, which is then connected to the Suction pump. As one syringe fills, it is replaced by another one until the required amount of fat is obtained. Results: By using a polypropylene mesh in our technique, we can separate the transfusate from the harvested fat graft during harvesting itself. The fat graft thus obtained is dense and concentrated, with fewer impurities. Conclusion: Hence, we recommend our technique as a reliable method for extracting sterile emulsified fat in an economical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Ashok
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Y N Ananteshwar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Srikanth
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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148
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Staicu LC, van Hullebusch ED, Oturan MA, Ackerson CJ, Lens PNL. Removal of colloidal biogenic selenium from wastewater. Chemosphere 2015; 125:130-138. [PMID: 25559175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic selenium, Se(0), has colloidal properties and thus poses solid-liquid separation problems, such as poor settling and membrane fouling. The separation of Se(0) from the bulk liquid was assessed by centrifugation, filtration, and coagulation-flocculation. Se(0) particles produced by an anaerobic granular sludge are normally distributed, ranging from 50 nm to 250 nm, with an average size of 166±29 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.18. Due to its nanosize range and protein coating-associated negative zeta potential (-15 mV to -23 mV) between pH 2 and 12, biogenic Se(0) exhibits colloidal properties, hampering its removal from suspension. Centrifugation at different centrifugal speeds achieved 22±3% (1500 rpm), 73±2% (3000 rpm) and 91±2% (4500 rpm) removal. Separation by filtration through 0.45 μm filters resulted in 87±1% Se(0) removal. Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate were used as coagulants in coagulation-flocculation experiments. Aluminum sulfate achieved the highest turbidity removal (92±2%) at a dose of 10(-3) M, whereas ferric chloride achieved a maximum turbidity removal efficiency of only 43±4% at 2.7×10(-4) M. Charge repression plays a minor role in particle neutralization. The sediment volume resulting from Al2(SO3)4 treatment is three times larger than that produced by FeCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian C Staicu
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box␣3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands; Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, EA 4508, UPEM, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, EA 4508, UPEM, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Mehmet A Oturan
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, EA 4508, UPEM, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Christopher J Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States
| | - Piet N L Lens
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box␣3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
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149
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Tajino J, Ito A, Nagai M, Zhang X, Yamaguchi S, Iijima H, Aoyama T, Kuroki H. Intermittent application of hypergravity by centrifugation attenuates disruption of rat gait induced by 2 weeks of simulated microgravity. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:276-84. [PMID: 25819803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intermittent hypergravity on gait alterations and hindlimb muscle atrophy in rats induced by 2 weeks of simulated microgravity were investigated. Rats were submitted to hindlimb unloading for 2 weeks (unloading period), followed by 2 weeks of reloading (recovery period). During the unloading period, animals were subjected to the following treatments: (1) free in cages (Control); (2) continuous unloading (UL); (3) released from unloading for 1 hour per day (UL+1G); (4) hypergravity for 1h per day using a centrifuge for small animals (UL+2G). The relative weights of muscles to the whole body weight and kinematics properties of hindlimbs during gait were evaluated. UL rats walked with their hindlimbs overextended, and the oscillation of their limb motion had become narrowed and forward-shifted after the unloading period, and this persisted for at least 2 weeks after the termination of unloading. However, these locomotor alterations were attenuated in rats subjected to UL+2G centrifugation despite minor systematic changes in muscle recovery. These findings indicate hypergravity application could counteract the adverse effects of simulated or actual microgravity environments.
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150
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Griggs TF, Bochkov YA, Nakagome K, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Production, purification, and capsid stability of rhinovirus C types. J Virol Methods 2015; 217:18-23. [PMID: 25724434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The rhinovirus C (RV-C) were discovered in 2006 and these agents are an important cause of respiratory morbidity. Little is known about their biology. RV-C15 (C15) can be produced by transfection of recombinant viral RNA into cells and subsequent purification over a 30% sucrose cushion, even though yields and infectivity of other RV-C genotypes with this protocol are low. The goal of this study was to determine whether poor RV-C yields were due to capsid instability, and moreover, to develop a robust protocol suitable for the purification of many RV-C types. Capsid stability assays indicated that virions of RV-C41 (refractory to purification) have similar tolerance for osmotic and temperature stress as RV-A16 (purified readily), although C41 is more sensitive to low pH. Modification to the purification protocol by removing detergent increased the yield of RV-C. Addition of nonfat dry milk to the sucrose cushion increased the virus yield but sacrificed purity of the viral suspension. Analysis of virus distribution following centrifugation indicated that the majority of detectable viral RNA (vRNA) was found in pellets refractory to resuspension. Reduction of the centrifugal force with commiserate increase in spin-time improved the recovery of RV-C for both C41 and C2. Transfection of primary lung fibroblasts (WisL cells) followed by the modified purification protocol further improved yields of infectious C41 and C2. Described herein is a higher yield purification protocol suitable for RV-C types refractory to the standard purification procedure. The findings suggest that aggregation-adhesion problems rather than capsid instability influence RV-C yield during purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor F Griggs
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States; Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States.
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States; Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
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