101
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Li L, London NR, Chen X. Malignant Mucosal Melanoma of the Eustachian Tube With Extension Into the Ipsilateral External Ear Canal: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Ear Nose Throat J 2020; 100:730S-733S. [PMID: 32070121 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320904813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma arising in the middle ear or eustachian tube is uncommon. We present a patient with hearing loss and otalgia found to have mucosal melanoma which occurred in the eustachian tube with extension into the middle ear cavity and external ear canal. Otologic clinics was consulted and biopsy of the mass located at the external canal was performed to ascertain the pathological diagnosis. The patient refused immunotherapy and surgery instead of undergoing radiotherapy and died from hepatic metastasis 8 months later. The mucosal melanoma originated from the eustachian tube with extension into the external ear canal is exceedingly rare, and the differential diagnosis should be considered for tumors in external ear canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 117902Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nyall R London
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 1501Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA.,National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 117902Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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102
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Altamura G, Cardeti G, Cersini A, Eleni C, Cocumelli C, Bartolomé Del Pino LE, Razzuoli E, Martano M, Maiolino P, Borzacchiello G. Detection of Felis catus papillomavirus type-2 DNA and viral gene expression suggest active infection in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:494-501. [PMID: 31989718 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infection is associated with development of epithelial cancer in different species, including domestic cat (Felis catus). Felis catus PV type-2 (FcaPV-2) is considered the causative agent of a proportion of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), through the transforming properties of its E6 and E7 oncogenes. However, the possible role of FcaPVs in the aetiology of feline oral SCC (FOSCC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and gene expression of FcaPV-2 in FOSCC samples. We detected FcaPV-2 DNA in 10/32 (31%) of the analysed FOSCC by the use of PCR methods. Importantly, viral mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in 7/10 (70%) of DNA positive samples. In particular, FcaPV-2 L1, E2 and E6E7 genes were found to be expressed in 5/10 (50%), 3/10 (33%) and 5/10 (50%) samples, respectively. Viral DNA was also detected in non neoplastic oral ulcerative lesions (ULs) (4/11, 36%); qPCR suggested a difference in viral load between ULs and FOSCCs, particularly in those expressing E6E7, although it was not statistically significant. These data suggest, but do not definively prove, a possible role of FcaPV-2 in the development of a proportion of FOSCC. Moreover, L1 and E2 gene expression results indicate that FcaPV-2 infection associated with these tumours may possibly be productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Eleni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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103
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Hayden CA, Landrock D, Hung CY, Ostroff G, Fake GM, Walker JH, Kier A, Howard JA. Co-Administration of Injected and Oral Vaccine Candidates Elicits Improved Immune Responses over Either Route Alone. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E37. [PMID: 31973150 PMCID: PMC7157212 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and although efficacious vaccines are available for many diseases, some parenteral vaccines elicit little or no mucosal antibodies which can be a significant problem since mucosal tissue is the point of entry for 90% of pathogens. In order to provide protection for both serum and mucosal areas, we have tested a combinatorial approach of both parenteral and oral administration of antigens for diseases caused by a viral pathogen, Hepatitis B, and a fungal pathogen, Coccidioides. We demonstrate that co-administration by the parenteral and oral routes is a useful tool to increase the overall immune response. This can include achieving an immune response in tissues that are not elicited when using only one route of administration, providing a higher level of response that can lead to fewer required doses or possibly providing a better response for individuals that are considered poor or non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A. Hayden
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Chiung Yu Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Gary Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation St. Biotech 2, Suite 113, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Gina M. Fake
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
| | - John H. Walker
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Ann Kier
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.L.); (A.K.)
| | - John A. Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
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104
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Steiner KL, Kabir M, Priest JW, Hossain B, Gilchrist CA, Cook H, Ma JZ, Korpe PS, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Haque R, Petri WA. Fecal Immunoglobulin A Against a Sporozoite Antigen at 12 Months Is Associated With Delayed Time to Subsequent Cryptosporidiosis in Urban Bangladesh: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:323-326. [PMID: 31131855 PMCID: PMC6938969 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this prospective cohort study of Bangladeshi children, greater fecal immunoglobulin A, but not plasma immunoglobulin G, directed against the Cryptosporidium sporozoite-expressed antigen Cp23 at 12 months of age was associated with delayed time to subsequent cryptosporidiosis. This finding suggests a protective role for mucosal antibody-mediated immunity in naturally exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Steiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | - Jeffrey W Priest
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Carol A Gilchrist
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Heather Cook
- Department of Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jennie Z Ma
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Poonum S Korpe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,Correspondence: W. A. Petri, Jr, University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, PO Box 801340, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1340 ()
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105
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Abstract
Genital lichen planus (LP) is an underrecogonized dermatosis. The appearance is often unlike classical LP elsewhere, and hence, the condition goes undiagnosed in many. Vulvo-vaginal LP in particular, can be a distressing condition often leading to scarring and a poor quality of life. Treatment for most of the genital LP variants is similar to managing LP elsewhere; however, the erosive variant requires special attention as treatment outcomes are often disappointing and the disease runs a protracted course. Potential for development of malignancy also exists, as in oral LP, and hence close follow up is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Khurana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sidharth Tandon
- Department of Dermatology, Santosh Medical College, Gaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh S Marfatia
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nina Madnani
- Department of Dermatology, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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106
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Hudson H, D'Aquila R, Mustanski B, Morgan E. A Proportion of Self-Collected Rectal Swabs Yield Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sequences Phylogenetically Related to Those from Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:92-95. [PMID: 31523983 PMCID: PMC6944135 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined HIV-1 pol gene sequences from self-collected rectal swabs of HIV-positive young men who have sex with men and transgender women. HIV-1 pol was amplified from 39/96 (41%) rectal swabs, including 29/77 (38%) prevalent and 10/19 (53%) incident HIV-1 infections (p < .001). Pol did not amplify from rectal swabs from participants with plasma viral load <1,000 copies/mL. Each rectal swab-derived amplicon consensus sequence was most closely related to the paired plasma virion RNA-derived sequence from the same participant. Results document a rectal mucosal source of HIV-1 in infected persons and suggest usefulness for noninvasive study of biological mechanisms underlying the epidemiologic risk to an insertive partner of HIV-1 acquisition during condomless anal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hudson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ethan Morgan
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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107
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Scott NA, Mann ER. Regulation of mononuclear phagocyte function by the microbiota at mucosal sites. Immunology 2020; 159:26-38. [PMID: 31777068 PMCID: PMC6904663 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissues contain distinct microbial communities that differ drastically depending on the barrier site, and as such, mucosal immune responses have evolved to be tailored specifically for their location. Whether protective or regulatory immune responses against invading pathogens or the commensal microbiota occur is controlled by local mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs). Comprising macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), the functions of these cells are highly dependent on the local environment. For example, the intestine contains the greatest bacterial load of any site in the body, and hence, intestinal MNPs are hyporesponsive to bacterial stimulation. This is thought to be one of the major mechanisms by which harmful immune responses directed against the trillions of harmless bacteria that line the gut lumen are avoided. Regulation of MNP function by the microbiota has been characterized in the most depth in the intestine but there are several mucosal sites that also contain their own microbiota. In this review, we present an overview of how MNP function is regulated by the microbiota at mucosal sites, highlighting recent novel pathways by which this occurs in the intestine, and new studies elucidating these interactions at mucosal sites that have been characterized in less depth, including the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Scott
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Elizabeth R. Mann
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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108
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Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat and it is now clear that the current vaccine, BCG, is unable to arrest the global TB epidemic. A new vaccine is needed to either replace or boost BCG so that a better level of protection could be achieved. The route of entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism, is via inhalation making TB primarily a respiratory disease. There is therefore good reason to hypothesize that a mucosally delivered vaccine against TB could be more effective than one delivered via the systemic route. Areas covered: This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the area of TB mucosal vaccines in the last few years. It highlights some of the strengths and shortcomings of the published evidence and aims to discuss immunological and practical considerations in the development of mucosal vaccines. Expert opinion: There is a growing body of evidence that the mucosal approach to vaccination against TB is feasible and should be pursued. However, further key studies are necessary to both improve our understanding of the protective immune mechanisms operating in the mucosa and the technical aspects of aerosolized delivery, before such a vaccine could become a feasible, deployable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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109
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Herrington CS, Poulsom R, Coates PJ. Recent Advances in Pathology: the 2019 Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology. J Pathol 2019; 247:535-538. [PMID: 30734304 DOI: 10.1002/path.5255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology, we present 15 invited reviews on topical aspects of pathology, ranging from the impacts of the microbiome in human disease through mechanisms of cell death and autophagy to recent advances in immunity and the uses of genomics for understanding, classifying and treating human cancers. Each of the reviews is authored by experts in their fields and our intention is to provide comprehensive updates in specific areas of pathology in which there has been considerable recent progress. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Philip J Coates
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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110
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Meyer M, Yoshida A, Ramanathan P, Saphire EO, Collins PL, Crowe JE, Samal S, Bukreyev A. Antibody Repertoires to the Same Ebola Vaccine Antigen Are Differentially Affected by Vaccine Vectors. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1816-1829. [PMID: 30110638 PMCID: PMC6145141 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative immune response profiling is important for selecting next-generation vaccines. We comprehensively evaluated the antibody responses from a panel of nine respiratory vaccines against Ebola virus (EBOV) derived from human and avian paramyxoviruses expressing EBOV glycoprotein (GP). Most vaccines were protective in guinea pigs but yielded antibody repertoires that differed in proportion targeting key antigenic regions, avidity, neutralizing antibody specificities, and linear epitope preferences. Competition studies with monoclonal antibodies from human survivors revealed that some epitopes in GP targeted for neutralization were vector dependent, while EBOV-neutralizing titers correlated with the response magnitude toward the receptor-binding domain and GP1/GP2 interface epitopes. While an immunogen determines the breadth of antibody response, distinct vaccine vectors can induce qualitatively different responses, affecting protective efficacy. These data suggest that immune correlates of vaccine protection cannot be generalized for all vaccines against the same pathogen, even if they use the exact same immunogen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Ebola Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Ebola Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Ebola Vaccines/genetics
- Ebolavirus/drug effects
- Ebolavirus/genetics
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/pathogenicity
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/mortality
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Immune Sera/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccination
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Asuka Yoshida
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, MD 20742, USA
| | - Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- RNA Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Siba Samal
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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111
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Hua S. Advances in Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Approaches for Sublingual and Buccal Administration. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1328. [PMID: 31827435 PMCID: PMC6848967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The sublingual and buccal routes of administration have significant advantages for both local and systemic drug delivery. They have shown to be an effective alternative to the traditional oral route, especially when fast onset of action is required. Drugs can be rapidly and directly absorbed into the systemic circulation via venous drainage to the superior vena cava. Therefore, they are useful for drugs that undergo high hepatic clearance or degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, and for patients that have swallowing difficulties. Drugs administered via the sublingual and buccal routes are traditionally formulated as solid dosage forms (e.g., tablets, wafers, films, and patches), liquid dosage forms (e.g., sprays and drops), and semi-solid dosage forms (e.g., gels). Conventional dosage forms are commonly affected by physiological factors, which can reduce the contact of the formulation with the mucosa and lead to unpredictable drug absorption. There have been a number of advances in formulation development to improve the retention and absorption of drugs in the buccal and sublingual regions. This review will focus on the physiological aspects that influence buccal and sublingual drug delivery and the advances in nanoparticulate drug delivery approaches for sublingual and buccal administration. The clinical development pipeline with formulations approved and in clinical trials will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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112
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Divater V, Bali P, Nawab A, Hiremath N, Jain J, Kalaivanan D. Frenal attachment and its association with oral hygiene status among adolescents in Dakshina Kannada population: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:3664-3667. [PMID: 31803670 PMCID: PMC6881916 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_611_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Frenum is a mucous membrane fold that attaches the lip and the cheek to the alveolar mucosa, gingiva, and the underlying periosteum. The frena may jeopardize the gingival health when they are attached too closely to the gingival margin, either due to interference in the plaque control or due to muscle pull. Identifying labial frenum attachment and its association with oral hygiene helps in primary prevention of gingival health. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of the various types of maxillary labial frenum attachment and its association with oral hygiene status in adolescent population. METHODOLOGY A total of 300 adolescents between 13 and 18 years were selected randomly. They were clinically examined for maxillary frenum attachment. Placek's classification of the labial frenum attachments was used to check the origin of frenum. Oral hygiene index (simplified) was recorded and results were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS Among 300 examined children 53% were males and 47% were females. The prevalence of the maxillary labial frenum was gingival type (39%) followed by mucosal (28.3%), papillary (23.7%), and papillary penetrating type (9.0%). The gingival type of frenal attachment was statistically significant among different age of children and also between different types of frenal attachment and oral hygiene status (p value < 0.001). There was no significance between frenum attachment and gender. CONCLUSION The type of frenal attachment is strongly associated with oral hygiene status. as the age progresses the frenum tends to migrate apically. However, our study did not reveal any relationship between the gender and type of frenal attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Divater
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Bali
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Aftab Nawab
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Neel Hiremath
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayesh Jain
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanraj Kalaivanan
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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113
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Holt RL, Gordon JM, Ruaux C. Immediate effect of trans mucosal application of corn syrup or 50% dextrose solution on blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:630-634. [PMID: 31625689 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate and quantify the effects of mucosal corn syrup and 50% dextrose application on blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs, to assess the effectiveness of a widely used practice for treatment of hypoglycemia. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twelve client-owned dogs that were healthy, >1 year of age, weighing >5 kg, and had normal physical exam and biochemical profiles. INTERVENTIONS Dogs were fasted overnight for a minimum of 12 hours. Once normal physical exam and biochemical profile were confirmed, an IV catheter was placed in a peripheral vein for serial blood sampling. Each dog served as their own control and received each of 3 treatments, the orders of which were randomized for each dog. Treatments included mucosal application of commercially available corn syrup (Karo light syrup), water (control), and 50% dextrose solution, each at a dose of 1 mL/kg of body weight. Blood glucose was measured using a point-of-care glucometer. Samples were taken immediately prior to each treatment and at 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 30-, and 60-minute intervals. RESULTS All treatments were well tolerated and no adverse events were observed. A statistically significant increase in blood glucose was observed at the 15-, 20-, 30-, and 60-minute time points in the corn syrup and 50% dextrose groups as compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS A significant effect on the blood glucose concentrations of the treated animals was not observed until 15 minutes after application of concentrated glucose solutions. These findings suggest that, in more severely hypoglycemic patients, parenteral glucose administration may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L Holt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Jana M Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Craig Ruaux
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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114
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Stewart E, Triccas JA, Petrovsky N. Adjuvant Strategies for More Effective Tuberculosis Vaccine Immunity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E255. [PMID: 31409028 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is responsible for the most deaths by a single infectious agent worldwide, with 1.6 million deaths in 2017 alone. The World Health Organization, through its "End TB" strategy, aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% by 2035. In order to reach this goal, a more effective vaccine than the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine currently in use is needed. Subunit TB vaccines are ideal candidates, because they can be used as booster vaccinations for individuals who have already received BCG and would also be safer for use in immunocompromised individuals in whom BCG is contraindicated. However, subunit TB vaccines will almost certainly require formulation with a potent adjuvant. As the correlates of vaccine protection against TB are currently unclear, there are a variety of adjuvants currently being used in TB vaccines in preclinical and clinical development. This review describes the various adjuvants in use in TB vaccines, their effectiveness, and their proposed mechanisms of action. Notably, adjuvants with less inflammatory and reactogenic profiles that can be administered safely via mucosal routes, may have the biggest impact on future directions in TB vaccine design.
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115
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Matchett WE, Anguiano-Zarate SS, Nehete PN, Shelton K, Nehete BP, Yang G, Dorta-Estremera S, Barnette P, Xiao P, Byrareddy SN, Villinger F, Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL, Sastry KJ, Barry MA. Divergent HIV-1-Directed Immune Responses Generated by Systemic and Mucosal Immunization with Replicating Single-Cycle Adenoviruses in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2019; 93:e02016-18. [PMID: 30842321 PMCID: PMC6498041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02016-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections begin at mucosal surfaces. Providing a barrier of protection at these may assist in combating the earliest events in infection. Systemic immunization by intramuscular (i.m.) injection can drive mucosal immune responses, but there are data suggesting that mucosal immunization can better educate these mucosal immune responses. To test this, rhesus macaques were immunized with replicating single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ad) vaccines expressing clade B HIV-1 gp160 by the intranasal (i.n.) and i.m. routes to compare mucosal and systemic routes of vaccination. SC-Ad vaccines generated significant circulating antibody titers against Env after a single i.m. immunization. Switching the route of second immunization with the same SC-Ad serotype allowed a significant boost in these antibody levels. When these animals were boosted with envelope protein, envelope-binding antibodies were amplified 100-fold, but qualitatively different immune responses were generated. Animals immunized by only the i.m. route had high peripheral T follicular helper (pTfh) cell counts in blood but low Tfh cell counts in lymph nodes. Conversely, animals immunized by the i.n. route had high Tfh cell counts in lymph nodes but low pTfh cell counts in the blood. Animals immunized by only the i.m. route had lower antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibody activity, whereas animals immunized by the mucosal i.n. route had higher ADCC antibody activity. When these Env-immunized animals were challenged rectally with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strain SF162P3 (SHIVSF162P3), they all became infected. However, mucosally SC-Ad-immunized animals had lower viral loads in their gastrointestinal tracts. These data suggest that there may be benefits in educating the immune system at mucosal sites during HIV vaccination.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infections usually start at a mucosal surface after sexual contact. Creating a barrier of protection at these mucosal sites may be a good strategy for to protect against HIV-1 infections. While HIV-1 enters at mucosa, most vaccines are not delivered here. Most are instead injected into the muscle, a site well distant and functionally different than mucosal tissues. This study tested if delivering HIV vaccines at mucosa or in the muscle makes a difference in the quality, quantity, and location of immune responses against the virus. These data suggest that there are indeed advantages to educating the immune system at mucosal sites with an HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Matchett
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Pramod N Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Shelton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Bharti P Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Guojun Yang
- Department of Oncology Research for Biologics and Immunotherapy Translation, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie Dorta-Estremera
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
- Department of Oncology Research for Biologics and Immunotherapy Translation, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston and Bastrop, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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116
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Rhyan J, Nol P, Wehtje M, Bosco-Lauth A, Marlenee N, McCollum M, Bruce S, Hartwig A, Stelting S, Robbe-Austerman S, Bowen R. PARTIAL PROTECTION IN BALB/C HOUSE MICE ( MUS MUSCULUS) AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK ( CERVUS CANADENSIS) AFTER VACCINATION WITH A KILLED, MUCOSALLY DELIVERED BRUCELLA ABORTUS VACCINE. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:794-803. [PMID: 31009310 [PMID: 31009310 DOI: 10.7589/2018-08-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, has been eliminated from livestock in the US. Remaining wildlife reservoirs are the bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus canadensis) populations in Yellowstone National Park and the surrounding area, from which there is periodic exposure and transmission to surrounding livestock herds. Elk account for nearly all of the livestock exposure, and the infection appears to be expanding in the elk population. Currently, there are no known effective vaccines for brucellosis in elk. We conducted three experiments to evaluate the efficacy and practicality of delivering a killed B. abortus vaccine compounded with montmorillonite clay as a carrying agent to oral, nasal, and conjunctival mucosa. The first study, conducted in laboratory mice (Mus musculus), demonstrated protection against infection equal to that produced by the currently approved cattle (Bos taurus) vaccine RB51. The second experiment, conducted as a pilot study in a small sample of elk, demonstrated partial protection against B. abortus infection. Results of the third experiment showed that elk consumed the majority of a surrogate vaccine compounded with montmorillonite mixed in hay with oral, nasal, conjunctival, and gastrointestinal exposure to the vaccine. These results suggest that multiple exposures to a mucosally delivered vaccine may provide an effective method of vaccinating wildlife.
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117
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Erdoğar N, Akkın S, Bilensoy E. Nanocapsules for Drug Delivery: An Updated Review of the Last Decade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 12:252-266. [PMID: 30674269 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190123153711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the past few decades, there has been considerable research interest in drug delivery strategies using nanoparticulate systems as carriers for a wide range of active pharmaceutical ingredients. OBJECTIVE It is known that nanoparticulate drug delivery systems comprise a wide variety of dosage forms including nanospheres, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, dendrimers, magnetic nanoparticles, and nanocapsules. METHODS This review describes nanocapsule preparation techniques and their applications for the treatment of several diseases using patents and examples from the literature. RESULTS Nanocapsules are vesicular systems consisting of an inner liquid core (aqueous/oily) surrounded by a polymeric wall that has immense potential as drug carriers because of the many advantages like improving poor aqueous solubility, stabilizing drugs by protecting the molecule from the environment, providing the desired pharmacokinetic profile, allowing controlled release, as well as facilitating oral administration. CONCLUSION The present study discusses and summarizes patents related to preparation methods of and recent studies from the last 10 years on nanocapsules as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Erdoğar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safiye Akkın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erem Bilensoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye-Ankara, Turkey
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118
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Brunner K, Samassa F, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A. Shigella-mediated immunosuppression in the human gut: subversion extends from innate to adaptive immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1317-1325. [PMID: 30964713 PMCID: PMC6663138 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1594132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteropathogen, Shigella, is highly virulent and remarkably adjusted to the intestinal environment of its almost exclusive human host. Key for Shigella pathogenicity is the injection of virulence effectors into the host cell via its type three secretion system (T3SS), initiating disease onset and progression by the vast diversity of the secreted T3SS effectors and their respective cellular targets. The multifaceted modulation of host signaling pathways exerted by Shigella T3SS effectors, which include the subversion of host innate immune defenses and the promotion of intracellular bacterial survival and dissemination, have been extensively reviewed in the recent past. This review focuses on the human species specificity of Shigella by discussing some possible evasion mechanisms towards the human, but not non-human or rodent gut innate defense barrier, leading to the lack of a relevant animal infection model. In addition, subversion mechanisms of the adaptive immune response are highlighted summarizing research advances of the recent years. In particular, the new paradigm of Shigella pathogenicity constituted of invasion-independent T3SS effector-mediated targeting of activated, human lymphocytes is discussed. Along with consequences on vaccine development, these findings offer new directions for future research endeavors towards a better understanding of immunity to Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Brunner
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Fatoumata Samassa
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
- Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cellular Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
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119
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Abstract
There is an urgent and unmet need to develop effective vaccines to reduce the global burden of infectious disease in both animals and humans, and in particular for the majority of pathogens that infect via mucosal sites. Here we summarise the impediments to developing mucosal vaccines and review the new and emerging technologies aimed at overcoming the lack of effective vaccine delivery systems that is the major obstacle to developing new mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miquel-Clopés
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - E G Bentley
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J P Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S R Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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120
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Fujisawa Y, Yoshikawa S, Minagawa A, Takenouchi T, Yokota K, Uchi H, Noma N, Nakamura Y, Asai J, Kato J, Fujiwara S, Fukushima S, Uehara J, Hoashi T, Kaji T, Fujimura T, Namikawa K, Yoshioka M, Murao N, Ogata D, Matsuyama K, Hatta N, Shibayama Y, Fujiyama T, Ishikawa M, Yamada D, Kishi A, Nakamura Y, Shimiauchi T, Fujii K, Fujimoto M, Ihn H, Katoh N. Clinical and histopathological characteristics and survival analysis of 4594 Japanese patients with melanoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2146-2156. [PMID: 30932370 PMCID: PMC6536943 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of melanoma among those of an Asian ethnicity is lower than in Caucasians; few large‐scale Asian studies that include follow‐up data have been reported. Objectives To investigate the clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with melanoma and to evaluate the prognostic factors. Methods Detailed patient information was collected from the database of Japanese Melanoma Study Group of the Japanese Skin Cancer Society. The American Joint Committee on Cancer seventh Edition system was used for TNM classification. The Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate the impact of clinical and histological parameters on disease‐specific survival in patients with invasive melanoma. Results In total, 4594 patients were included in this analysis. The most common clinical type was acral lentiginous melanoma (40.4%) followed by superficial spreading melanoma (20.5%), nodular melanoma (10.0%), mucosal melanoma (9.5%), and lentigo maligna melanoma (8.1%). The 5‐year disease‐specific survival for each stage was as follows: IA = 98.0%, IB = 93.9%, IIA = 94.8%, IIB = 82.4%, IIC = 71.8%, IIIA = 75.0%, IIIB = 61.3%, IIIC = 41.7%, and IV = 17.7%. Although multivariate analysis showed that clinical classifications were not associated with survival across all stages, acral type was an independent poor prognostic factor in stage IIIA. Conclusions Our study revealed the characteristics of melanoma in the Japanese population. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival of each stage showed a similar trend to that of Caucasians. While clinical classification was not associated with survival in any stages, acral type was associated with poor survival in stage IIIA. Our result might indicate the aggressiveness of acral type in certain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Prognosis and Statistical Investigation Committee of the Japanese Skin Cancer Society, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yoshikawa
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akane Minagawa
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takenouchi
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Niigata Cancer Center, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Yokota
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Nagoya, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Kyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Noma
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Jun Asai
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Kato
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Fujiwara
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jiro Uehara
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hoashi
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kaji
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimura
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Namikawa
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Yoshioka
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environment Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Naoki Murao
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dai Ogata
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuyama
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Naohito Hatta
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Shibayama
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masashi Ishikawa
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Saitama Prefectural Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kishi
- Japanese Melanoma Study Group, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Toranomon Hospital, Minato-ku, Japan
| | | | - Takatoshi Shimiauchi
- Prognosis and Statistical Investigation Committee of the Japanese Skin Cancer Society, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Fujii
- Prognosis and Statistical Investigation Committee of the Japanese Skin Cancer Society, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Prognosis and Statistical Investigation Committee of the Japanese Skin Cancer Society, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Prognosis and Statistical Investigation Committee of the Japanese Skin Cancer Society, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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121
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Rabbie R, Ferguson P, Molina‐Aguilar C, Adams DJ, Robles‐Espinoza CD. Melanoma subtypes: genomic profiles, prognostic molecular markers and therapeutic possibilities. J Pathol 2019; 247:539-551. [PMID: 30511391 PMCID: PMC6492003 DOI: 10.1002/path.5213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is characterised by its ability to metastasise at early stages of tumour development. Current clinico-pathologic staging based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria is used to guide surveillance and management in early-stage disease, but its ability to predict clinical outcome has limitations. Herein we review the genomics of melanoma subtypes including cutaneous, acral, uveal and mucosal, with a focus on the prognostic and predictive significance of key molecular aberrations. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Rabbie
- Experimental Cancer GeneticsThe Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUK
- Cambridge Cancer CentreCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Peter Ferguson
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyAustralia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Christian Molina‐Aguilar
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer GeneticsThe Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUK
| | - Carla D Robles‐Espinoza
- Experimental Cancer GeneticsThe Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUK
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma HumanoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSantiago de QuerétaroMexico
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122
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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123
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Abstract
ILC2s were originally identified as IL-5 and IL-13 secreting "natural helper cells" present within the fat-associated lymphoid clusters of the mesenteries in both mouse and man. The presence of ILCs in adipose tissue has more recently expanded to include all ILC groups. Since their initial discovery, our knowledge of these cells and their role in adipose immune responses has expanded significantly. In this review we summarize the current literature on the role that ILC2s play in orchestrating adipose tissue function in both lean and obese states. We go on to address new data detailing interactions of adipose ILCs with innate like B-cells (IBC) and discuss how this interaction results in localized protection of mucosal sites during infection and inflammation via the production of innate antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bénézech
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Helen Jackson-Jones
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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124
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Jafri Z, Sultan N, Ahmad N, Daing A. An infrequent clinical case of mucosal fenestration: Treated with an interdisciplinary approach and regenerative therapy. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019; 23:168-171. [PMID: 30983790 PMCID: PMC6434736 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_325_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal fenestration is a clinical finding in which a portion of the tooth root is denuded of the overlying alveolar bone and gingiva or oral mucosa, thus exposing the root to the oral cavity. If left untreated, they may be a source of infection by giving entry to oral pathogen, leading to further progression of periodontal disease. Depending on their site of presence, they may also be a reason of esthetic concern to some patients. This paper reports one such infrequent case of mucosal fenestration of lower incisor region that was well treated by an interdisciplinary approach and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Jafri
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishat Sultan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nafis Ahmad
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anika Daing
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
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Khanna K, Mishra KP, Chanda S, Eslavath MR, Ganju L, Kumar B, Singh SB. Effects of Acute Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia on Mucosal Barrier Injury and the Gastrointestinal Immune Axis in Rats. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 20:35-44. [PMID: 30484710 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High altitude-induced gastrointestinal (GI) problems are potentially life-threatening. GI tract bleeding and inflammation are the major problems induced by hypobaric hypoxia (HH). In this study, effects of acute exposure to HH up to 14 days at 7620 m on GI immune function have been studied. To fulfill these objectives, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into five groups namely Control and HH exposed (1, 3, 7, and 14 days). All groups except control were exposed to 7620 m of HH in an animal decompression chamber for the respective time intervals. Different degrees of intestinal mucosal damage in terms of increased mucosal permeability and disruption of intestinal villi were observed for different time intervals. HH exposure also upregulated secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and proinflammatory cytokines in GI lavage along with proinflammatory markers such as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). HH exposure of rats for 7 days significantly increased interleukin-17 (IL-17) and natural killer (NK) cell and dendritic cell populations compared with unexposed control rats. However, the number of naive T cells was significantly decreased in Peyer's patches. Our results connect HH to GI immune axis and highlight Th17 cells and proinflammatory molecules as potential therapeutic targets to counteract HH-induced GI dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjan Khanna
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) , Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Kamla Prasad Mishra
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) , Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Sudipta Chanda
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) , Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Eslavath
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) , Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) , Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) , Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) , Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi, India
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Li J, Zhao J, Shen J, Wu C, Liu J. Intranasal immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3615c induces sustained adaptive CD4 + T-cell and antibody responses in the respiratory tract. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:596-609. [PMID: 30353641 PMCID: PMC6307849 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained adaptive immunity to pathogens provides effective protection against infections, and effector cells located at the site of infection ensure rapid response to the challenge. Both are essential for the success of vaccine development. To explore new vaccination approach against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, we have shown that Rv3615c, identified as ESX-1 substrate protein C of M.tb but not expressed in BCG, induced a dominant Th1-type response of CD4+ T cells from patients with tuberculosis pleurisy, which suggests a potential candidate for vaccine development. But subcutaneous immunization with Rv3615c induced modest T-cell responses systemically, and showed suboptimal protection against virulent M.tb challenge at the site of infection. Here, we use a mouse model to demonstrate that intranasal immunization with Rv3615c induces sustained capability of adaptive CD4+ T- and B-cell responses in lung parenchyma and airway. Rv3615c contains a dominant epitope of mouse CD4+ T cells, Rv3615c41-50 , and elicits CD4+ T-cell response with an effector-memory phenotype and multi-Th1-type cytokine coexpressions. Since T cells resident at mucosal tissue are potent at control of infection at early stage, our data show that intranasal immunization with Rv3615c promotes a sustained regional immunity to M.tb, and suggests a potency in control of M.tb infection. Our study warranties a further investigation of Rv3615c as a candidate for development of effective vaccination against M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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127
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Abstract
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, and understanding the role of IgA in both protection from HIV acquisition and modulation of HIV disease progression is a field of considerable controversy and renewed research interest. Analysis of the RV144 clinical trial associated plasma HIV envelope-specific monomeric IgA from vaccines with reduced vaccine efficacy. The RV144 trial, however, only assessed for plasma IgA, which was not further subclassed, and the role of mucosal IgA was not addressed as mucosal samples were not collected. On the other hand, several studies have detected envelope-specific IgA in mucosal secretions of highly exposed persistently seronegative cohorts, while recent macaque simian-HIV passive immunization studies have suggested a potentially protective role for mucosal IgA. It is well established that total IgA in serum appears to correlate with HIV disease progression. In contrast, a selective deficit of anti-HIV IgA responses in HIV infection is apparent, with a number of recent studies beginning to elucidate the mechanisms behind these dysfunctional IgA responses. In this review, we highlight the dichotomy that exists in the literature as to whether anti-HIV IgA is protective or harmful to the host. Herein, we emphasize the importance of distinguishing between monomeric, multimeric, and isoforms of IgA and review what is known about the complex and diverse interactions of various molecular forms of IgA with HIV in both the systemic circulation and mucosal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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128
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Corfield AP. The Interaction of the Gut Microbiota with the Mucus Barrier in Health and Disease in Human. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030078. [PMID: 30072673 PMCID: PMC6163557 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins are major players in the mucus protective barrier in the gastrointestinal and other mucosal surfaces. In particular the mucus glycoproteins, or mucins, are responsible for the protective gel barrier. They are characterized by their high carbohydrate content, present in their variable number, tandem repeat domains. Throughout evolution the mucins have been maintained as integral components of the mucosal barrier, emphasizing their essential biological status. The glycosylation of the mucins is achieved through a series of biosynthetic pathways processes, which generate the wide range of glycans found in these molecules. Thus mucins are decorated with molecules having information in the form of a glycocode. The enteric microbiota interacts with the mucosal mucus barrier in a variety of ways in order to fulfill its many normal processes. How bacteria read the glycocode and link to normal and pathological processes is outlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Level 7, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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129
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Gyires K, Laszlo SB, Lazar B, Zadori ZS. Similar and Distinct Mechanisms in the Protective Processes of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1936-1946. [PMID: 29766781 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180516101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal integrity is based on the balance of aggressive and protective mechanisms. Mucosal damage may occur when the injurious factors become dominant or the mucosal defensive processes are impaired. The main target of the therapy against GI mucosal injury is the reduction of aggressive factors, however, the therapeutic possibilities for stimulation of mucosal defensive processes are rather limited. This overview focuses on the gastric and intestinal mucosal protective mechanisms and discusses the main targets that increase protective processes and increase the mucosal resistance to injurious stimuli at pre-epithelial, epithelial and sub-epithelial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sz B Laszlo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z S Zadori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
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130
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Brinchmann MF, Patel DM, Pinto N, Iversen MH. Functional Aspects of Fish Mucosal Lectins-Interaction with Non-Self. Molecules 2018; 23:E1119. [PMID: 29747390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are of key importance in protecting animals against external threats including pathogens. In the mucosal surfaces, host molecules interact with non-self to prevent infection and disease. Interestingly, both inhibition and stimulation of uptake hinder infection. In this review, the current knowledgebase on teleost mucosal lectins’ ability to interact with non-self is summarised with a focus on agglutination, growth inhibition, opsonisation, cell adhesion, and direct killing activities. Further research on lectins is essential, both to understand the immune system of fishes, since they rely more on the innate immune system than mammals, and also to explore these molecules’ antibiotic and antiparasitic activities against veterinary and human pathogens.
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131
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Abstract
Human γδ T-cells include some of the most common "antigen-specific" cell types in peripheral blood and are enriched yet further at mucosal barrier sites where microbial infection and tumors often originate. While the γδ T-cell compartment includes multiple subsets with highly flexible effector functions, human mucosal tissues are dominated by host stress-responsive Vδ1+ T-cells and microbe-responsive Vδ2+ T-cells. Widely recognized for their potent cytotoxicity, emerging data suggest that γδ T-cells also exert strong influences on downstream adaptive immunity to pathogens and tumors, in particular via activation of antigen-presenting cells and/or direct stimulation of other mucosal leukocytes. These unique functional attributes and lack of MHC restriction have prompted considerable interest in therapeutic targeting of γδ T-cells. Indeed, several drugs already in clinical use, including vedolizumab, infliximab, and azathioprine, likely owe their efficacy in part to modulation of γδ T-cell function. Recent clinical trials of Vδ2+ T-cell-selective treatments indicate a good safety profile in human patients, and efficacy is set to increase as more potent/targeted drugs continue to be developed. Key advances will include identifying methods of directing γδ T-cell recruitment to specific tissues to enhance host protection against invading pathogens, or alternatively, retaining these cells in the circulation to limit peripheral inflammation and/or improve responses to blood malignancies. Human γδ T-cell control of mucosal immunity is likely exerted via multiple mechanisms that induce diverse responses in other types of tissue-resident leukocytes. Understanding the microenvironmental signals that regulate these functions will be critical to the development of new γδ T-cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E. McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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132
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Corthésy B, Bioley G. Lipid-Based Particles: Versatile Delivery Systems for Mucosal Vaccination against Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:431. [PMID: 29563912 PMCID: PMC5845866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the process of administering immunogenic formulations in order to induce or harness antigen (Ag)-specific antibody and T cell responses in order to protect against infections. Important successes have been obtained in protecting individuals against many deleterious pathological situations after parenteral vaccination. However, one of the major limitations of the current vaccination strategies is the administration route that may not be optimal for the induction of immunity at the site of pathogen entry, i.e., mucosal surfaces. It is now well documented that immune responses along the genital, respiratory, or gastrointestinal tracts have to be elicited locally to ensure efficient trafficking of effector and memory B and T cells to mucosal tissues. Moreover, needle-free mucosal delivery of vaccines is advantageous in terms of safety, compliance, and ease of administration. However, the quest for mucosal vaccines is challenging due to (1) the fact that Ag sampling has to be performed across the epithelium through a relatively limited number of portals of entry; (2) the deleterious acidic and proteolytic environment of the mucosae that affect the stability, integrity, and retention time of the applied Ags; and (3) the tolerogenic environment of mucosae, which requires the addition of adjuvants to elicit efficient effector immune responses. Until now, only few mucosally applicable vaccine formulations have been developed and successfully tested. In animal models and clinical trials, the use of lipidic structures such as liposomes, virosomes, immune stimulating complexes, gas-filled microbubbles and emulsions has proven efficient for the mucosal delivery of associated Ags and the induction of local and systemic immune reponses. Such particles are suitable for mucosal delivery because they protect the associated payload from degradation and deliver concentrated amounts of Ags via specialized sampling cells (microfold cells) within the mucosal epithelium to underlying antigen-presenting cells. The review aims at summarizing recent development in the field of mucosal vaccination using lipid-based particles. The modularity ensured by tailoring the lipidic design and content of particles, and their known safety as already established in humans, make the continuing appraisal of these vaccine candidates a promising development in the field of targeted mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre des Laboratoires d'Epalinges, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Bioley
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre des Laboratoires d'Epalinges, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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133
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Abstract
Dermoscopy, a non-invasive technique for cutaneous diagnosis is being increasingly studied in various disorders of the skin, nails and scalp. However, it has been under-utilized for the diagnosis and characterization of mucosal disorders. The dermoscopic characterization of cutaneous lichen planus and its variants has been well documented with Wickham’s striae constituting the hallmark of the condition. However, the dermoscopic features of oral lichen planus with hand-held or videodermoscopy remain to be elucidated. We present the case of a young adult man who presented with asymptomatic white lacy lesions over a bluish-black background over the tongue, patchy hyperpigmentation of the buccal mucosae and gingivae, and longitudinal melanonychia involving some nails. History of intake of any drugs preceding the lesions, smoking, chewing of betel nut and dental implants was negative. Family history was non-contributory. There were no cutaneous lesions suggestive of lichen planus. Mucoscopy (dermoscopy of the mucosa, oral in this case) and onychoscopy were done followed by biopsy from the tongue that confirmed the diagnosis of lichen planus. Oral mucoscopy of the tongue revealed a tri-colored pattern with structureless veil-like grey-white areas (modified Wickham’s striae), well-demarcated red glossy erosions, and violaceous-to-brown clods. Additionally, vascular pattern of dotted and linear to curved vessels along the borders of leukoplakia-like areas and erosions were observed. Onychoscopy confirmed lichen planus-associated melanonychia. Dermoscopy also proved useful in conveniently ruling out other disorders typified by mucosal and nail pigmentation such as Laugier Hunziker syndrome and drug-induced changes. Although direct oral microscopy has been used in defining features of oral lichen planus, to the best of our knowledge this case is the first report on mucoscopy or dermoscopy of oral lichen planus
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Sonthalia
- Skinnocence: The Skin Clinic & Research Centre, C-2246, Sushant Lok-1, Block-C, Gurugram, 122009, India
| | - Sangeeta Varma
- Department of Dermatology, Kalyani Hospital & Twachapal Skin Clinic, Gurugram-122016, Haryana, India
| | - Abhijeet Kumar Jha
- Department of Dermatology & STD, Patna Medical College & Hospital (PMCH), Ashok Rajpath, Patna-400008, Bihar, India
| | - Deepak Jakhar
- Department of Dermatology & STD, Hindu Rao Hospital, Sabji Mandi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Feroze Kaliyadan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
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134
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Abstract
Oral biofilm and its molecular analysis provide a basis for investigating various dental research and clinical questions. Knowledge of biofilm composition leads to a better understanding of cariogenic and periopathogenic mechanisms. Microbial changes taking place in the oral cavity during childhood are of interest for several reasons. The evolution of the child oral microbiota and shifts in its composition need to be analyzed further to understand and possibly prevent the onset of disease. At the same time, advanced knowledge of the natural composition of oral biofilm is needed. Early stages of caries-free permanent dentition with healthy gums provide a widely unaffected subgingival habitat that can serve as an in situ baseline for studying features of oral health and disease. Analysis of children's oral biofilm during different stages in life is thus an important theme in the field. Modern molecular analysis methods can provide comprehensive information about the bacterial diversity of such biofilms. To enable microbiota data comparison, it is important to standardize each step in the procedure for molecular data generation. This procedure spans from clinical sampling, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), bioinformatic data processing, to taxonomic interpretation. One of the most critical factors here is biofilm sampling. Sampling in children is even more challenging in particular due to limited space in subgingival areas. We thus focus on the use of paper points for subgingival sampling. This article provides a detailed protocol for oral biofilm sampling of the subgingival sulcus, the mucosa, and saliva in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Santigli
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz
| | - Martin Koller
- Division of Preventive and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz
| | - Barbara Klug
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz;
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135
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Porter KA, Turpin J, Begg L, Brown G, Chakhtoura N, Church E, Grossman C, Wira C, Veronese F. Understanding the Intersection of Young Age, Mucosal Injury, and HIV Susceptibility. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 32:1149-1158. [PMID: 27726428 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent boys and girls are disproportionately affected in the current HIV epidemic. Numerous sociobehavioral studies have addressed the indirect drivers surrounding this vulnerability-for example, socioeconomic, geographical locale, and all forms of violence. However, the direct factors that may influence infection, such as the anatomical and physiological maturation of the anogenital tracts of adolescents or the trauma and wound-healing processes of injured mucosal tissue, are understudied and represent a gap within the HIV prevention field. This article reviews the epidemiology of HIV infection and violence in adolescents and the available basic science knowledge attending this research area. More importantly, this review highlights the most critical gaps that need to be addressed to design preventive interventions that are safe and effective for this population, which is key to ending the HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Porter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jim Turpin
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Begg
- Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gina Brown
- Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nahida Chakhtoura
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Church
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cynthia Grossman
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Charles Wira
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Fulvia Veronese
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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136
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Naglik JR, König A, Hube B, Gaffen SL. Candida albicans-epithelial interactions and induction of mucosal innate immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:104-112. [PMID: 29156234 PMCID: PMC5733685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen that causes millions of mucosal and life-threatening infections annually. C. albicans initially interacts with epithelial cells, resulting in fungal recognition and the formation of hyphae. Hypha formation is critical for host cell damage and immune activation, which are both driven by the secretion of Candidalysin, a recently discovered peptide toxin. Epithelial activation leads to the production of inflammatory mediators that recruit innate immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages and innate Type 17 cells, which together work with epithelial cells to clear the fungal infection. This review will focus on the recent discoveries that have advanced our understanding of C. albicans-epithelial interactions and the induction of mucosal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Annika König
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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137
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Amit M, Tam S, Abdelmeguid AS, Kupferman ME, Su SY, Raza SM, DeMonte F, Hanna EY. Role of Adjuvant Treatment in Sinonasal Mucosal Melanoma. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2017; 78:512-518. [PMID: 29142805 PMCID: PMC5683413 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a locally aggressive tumor. This study aimed to define the role of adjuvant treatment and its association with survival outcomes of SNMM. Methods This retrospective study investigated 152 patients with SNMM treated between 1991 and 2016 in MD Anderson Cancer Center. Patients were divided into the following treatment groups: surgery alone, surgery with postoperative radiotherapy (PORT), surgery with postoperative chemoradiation (POCRT), and induction chemotherapy followed by surgery and PORT. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival, and relapse-free survival were compared. Survival between the groups was compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results The median follow-up was 28 months (range: 2-220 months). Five-year OS rates were 39, 42, 47, and 27% for the surgery only, PORT, POCRT, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy groups, respectively (log rank p = 0.73). Distant metastasis was the most common form of treatment failure and occurred in 59 (39%) patients. Five-year distant metastasis rates were 51, 45, and 58% for patients treated with surgery alone, PORT, and POCRT, respectively (log rank p = 0.21) but unable to be estimated in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group due to low OS rates. Multivariate analysis demonstrated tumor site (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-4.15) and smoking status (HR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.02-3.1) to be significant prognostic factors for survival. Conclusion Tumor site and smoking status were significant prognosticators in SNMM. A high rate of distant metastatic disease suggests that further investigation into novel, systemic therapies is required to improve outcomes in this disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Samantha Tam
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ahmed S. Abdelmeguid
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine,
Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Michael E. Kupferman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Shirley Y. Su
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Shaan M. Raza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Franco DeMonte
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ehab Y. Hanna
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
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138
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Bergeron AC, Seman BG, Hammond JH, Archambault LS, Hogan DA, Wheeler RT. Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interact To Enhance Virulence of Mucosal Infection in Transparent Zebrafish. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00475-17. [PMID: 28847848 PMCID: PMC5649025 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00475-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections often include both fungi and bacteria and can complicate patient treatment and resolution of infection. Cross-kingdom interactions among bacteria, fungi, and/or the immune system during infection can enhance or block virulence mechanisms and influence disease progression. The fungus Candida albicans and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa are coisolated in the context of polymicrobial infection at a variety of sites throughout the body, including mucosal tissues such as the lung. In vitro, C. albicans and P. aeruginosa have a bidirectional and largely antagonistic relationship. Their interactions in vivo remain poorly understood, specifically regarding host responses in mediating infection. In this study, we examine trikingdom interactions using a transparent juvenile zebrafish to model mucosal lung infection and show that C. albicans and P. aeruginosa are synergistically virulent. We find that high C. albicans burden, fungal epithelial invasion, swimbladder edema, and epithelial extrusion events serve as predictive factors for mortality in our infection model. Longitudinal analyses of fungal, bacterial, and immune dynamics during coinfection suggest that enhanced morbidity is associated with exacerbated C. albicans pathogenesis and elevated inflammation. The P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing-deficient ΔlasR mutant also enhances C. albicans pathogenicity in coinfection and induces extrusion of the swimbladder. Together, these observations suggest that C. albicans-P. aeruginosa cross talk in vivo can benefit both organisms to the detriment of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Bergeron
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Brittany G Seman
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - John H Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Linda S Archambault
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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139
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Teh YL, Goh WL, Tan SH, Yong G, Sairi ANH, Soo KC, Ong J, Chia C, Tan G, Soeharno H, Tan MH, Chan M, Sathiyamoorthy S, Sittampalam K, Teh J, Chin F, Sethi V, Teo M, Quek R, Farid M. Treatment and outcomes of melanoma in Asia: Results from the National Cancer Centre Singapore. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 14:e95-e102. [PMID: 29052960 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acral melanoma (AM) and mucosal melanoma (MM) make up more than half of melanomas in Asia but comprise only 5% of cases in Caucasians, where cutaneous melanoma (CM) predominates. AM and MM are thought to be genetically and biologically distinct from CM. We report the characteristics and outcomes of melanoma patients from the National Cancer Centre Singapore. METHODS Case records of 210 patients treated between 2002 and 2014 were reviewed. RESULTS Median follow-up was 2.5 years. CM, AM and MM made up of 37.6%, 33.8% and 16.2% of cases, respectively, with 6.2% each having ocular melanoma and unknown primary. Caucasians made up 16.2% of patients, accounting for 36.7% of CM but only 2.8 of AM and 2.9% of MM. Patients with MM (2.9% stage I, 14.7% stage IV) presented with higher American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage than those with AM (16.9% stage I, 5.6% stage IV) or CM (24.1% stage I, 8.9% stage IV) (P = 0.01). Median overall survival (OS) was 5.7 years for all patients, and 1.0 year for metastatic disease. Considering stage I-III disease, multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated age ≥60 years and higher stage to be independent adverse prognostic factors for RFS and OS. Sentinel lymph node biopsy, undertaken for 56 stage I-III patients (25 AM, 31 CM) did not influence outcome. CONCLUSION Our study reinforces the known unique clinicopathologic features of melanomas in Asians where AM and MM predominate. Age and stage remain the most critical prognostic factors across all subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin Teh
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Grace Yong
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Johnny Ong
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Grace Tan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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140
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Amit M, Tam S, Abdelmeguid AS, Roberts DB, Raza SM, Su SY, Kupferman ME, DeMonte F, Hanna EY. Approaches to regional lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma. Cancer 2017; 124:514-520. [PMID: 29044491 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal melanomas in the head and neck region are most often located in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. To the authors' knowledge, the prognostic effects of lymph node metastasis in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) have not been established. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of lymph node metastasis on survival. METHODS The current study included 198 patients with SNMM who had been treated between 1985 and 2016 at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Patients' clinical and pathologic lymph node statuses were evaluated and characterized. A multivariate analysis was used to assess the associations between regional spread and survival outcomes. RESULTS Therapeutic neck dissection was performed in 23 patients with SNMM (11.6%). Regional disease recurrence occurred in 7 of the patients who had lymph node metastasis at the time of presentation (30.4%) and in 30 of those who had N0 disease at the time of presentation (17.1%) (P = .15). Metastasis to the contralateral lymph nodes was present in 7 patients (3.5%). The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 66% in patients with lymph node spread compared with 45% in patients with N0 status (P = .04, log-rank test). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that distant metastasis was the only variable found to be independently associated with both overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-6.95 [P = .01]) and disease-specific survival (hazard ratio, 3.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.79-7.14 [P = 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrated that lymph node status in patients with SNMM was not a significant predictor of outcome. This finding, together with the low incidence of lymph node metastases in patients with SNMM, suggests that elective treatment of the neck should be highly selective in this patient population. Cancer 2018;124:514-20. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Amit
- Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samantha Tam
- Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ahmed S Abdelmeguid
- Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Dianna B Roberts
- Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shaan M Raza
- Division of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shirley Y Su
- Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E Kupferman
- Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Franco DeMonte
- Division of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ehab Y Hanna
- Division of Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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141
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Ogendi BMO, Bakshi RK, Sabbaj S, Brown L, Lee JY, Kapil R, Geisler WM. Distinct peripheral vs mucosal T-cell phenotypes in chlamydia-infected women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28949051 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Differences in circulating (peripheral) and mucosal T-cell phenotypes in chlamydia-infected women remain largely unknown. METHOD OF STUDY Thirteen paired mononuclear cell specimens from blood and cervicovaginal lavages collected from chlamydia-infected women were stained and analyzed using ten-color cell surface flow cytometry for T-cell distribution, activation status, homing, and T helper (Th)-associated chemokine receptors (CKRs). RESULTS A higher proportion of genital mucosal T-cells were activated (CD38+ HLA-DR+ ) and expressed CCR5 and Th1-associated CKR CXCR3+ CCR5+ compared to peripheral T-cells, but a lower proportion of mucosal T-cells expressed homing CKR CCR7, Th-2 associated CKR CCR4, and CXCR3+ CCR4+ for both T-cell subsets. CONCLUSION T-cell phenotypes differed in the peripheral vs genital mucosa compartments in chlamydia-infected women. As chlamydia infects mucosal epithelial cells, the finding of a higher frequency of activated T-cells and Th-1 phenotypes in the mucosa likely reflects an adaptive immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M O Ogendi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rakesh K Bakshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Steffanie Sabbaj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - LaDraka' Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeannette Y Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richa Kapil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William M Geisler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Jiao J, Zhou C, Guan LL, McSweeney CS, Tang S, Wang M, Tan Z. Shifts in Host Mucosal Innate Immune Function Are Associated with Ruminal Microbial Succession in Supplemental Feeding and Grazing Goats at Different Ages. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1655. [PMID: 28912767 PMCID: PMC5582421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota may play an important role in regulating host mucosal innate immune function. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that age (non-rumination, transition and rumination) and feeding type [Supplemental feeding (S) vs. Grazing (G)] could alter ruminal microbial diversity and maturation of host mucosal innate immune system in goat kids. MiSeq sequencing was applied to investigate ruminal microbial composition and diversity, and RT-PCR was used to test expression of immune-related genes in ruminal mucosa. Results showed that higher (P < 0.05) relative abundances of Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Methanobrevibacter.gottschalkii, Neocallimastix, Anoplodinium-Diplodinium, and Polyplastron, and lower relative abundance of Methanosphaera (P = 0.042) were detected in the rumen of S kids when compared to those in G kids. The expression of genes encoding TLRs, IL1α, IL1β and TICAM2 was down-regulated (P < 0.01), while expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins was up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the ruminal mucosa of S kids when compared to that in G kids. Moreover, irrespective of feeding type, relative abundances of ruminal Prevotella, Fibrobacter, Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, Methanobrevibacter, Neocallimastix, and Entodinium increased with age. The expression of most genes encoding TLRs and cytokines increased (P < 0.05) from day 0 to 7, while expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins declined with age (P < 0.05). This study revealed that the composition of each microbial domain changed as animals grew, and these changes might be associated with variations in host mucosal innate immune function. Moreover, supplementing goat kids with concentrate could modulate ruminal microbial composition, enhance barrier function and decrease local inflammation. The findings provide useful information in interpreting microbiota and host interactions, and developing nutritional strategies to improve the productivity and health of rumen during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhen Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production SafetyChangsha, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production SafetyChangsha, China
| | - L L Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, EdmontonAB, Canada
| | - C S McSweeney
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St LuciaQLD, Australia
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production SafetyChangsha, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production SafetyChangsha, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production SafetyChangsha, China
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143
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Toprani VM, Hickey JM, Sahni N, Toth RT 4th, Robertson GA, Middaugh CR, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Structural Characterization and Physicochemical Stability Profile of a Double Mutant Heat Labile Toxin Protein Based Adjuvant. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3474-85. [PMID: 28780391 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel protein adjuvant double-mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, LT (R192G/L211A) or dmLT, is in preclinical and early clinical development with various vaccine candidates. Structural characterization and formulation development of dmLT will play a key role in its successful process development, scale-up/transfer, and commercial manufacturing. This work describes extensive analytical characterization of structural integrity and physicochemical stability profile of dmLT from a lyophilized clinical formulation. Reconstituted dmLT contained a heterogeneous mixture of intact holotoxin (AB5, ∼75%) and free B5 subunit (∼25%) as assessed by analytical ultracentrifugation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Intact mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed presence of Lys84 glycation near the native sugar-binding site in dmLT, and forced degradation studies using liquid chromatography-MS peptide mapping demonstrated specific Asn deamidation and Met oxidation sites. Using multiple biophysical measurements, dmLT was found most stable between pH 6.5 and 7.5 and at temperatures ≤50°C. In addition, soluble aggregates and particle formation were observed upon shaking stress. By identifying the physicochemical degradation pathways of dmLT using newly developed stability-indicating analytical methods from this study, we aim at developing more stable candidate formulations of dmLT that will minimize the formation of degradants and improve storage stability, as both a frozen bulk substance and eventually as a liquid final dosage form.
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144
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Thurman AR, Yousefieh N, Chandra N, Kimble T, Asin S, Rollenhagen C, Anderson SM, Herold BC, Freiermuth JL, Starkman BS, Mesquita PM, Richardson-Harman N, Cunningham T, Hillier S, Rabe L, Schwartz JL, Doncel GF. Comparison of Mucosal Markers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Susceptibility in Healthy Premenopausal Versus Postmenopausal Women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:807-819. [PMID: 28398069 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize cervicovaginal (CV) mucosal factors modulating susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in healthy premenopausal (PRE) and postmenopausal (POST) women before and after treatment with estradiol (E2). We compared CV mucosal epithelial histology and immune cells, vaginal microbiota, antimicrobial activity of and soluble mucosal protein concentrations in the CV fluid lavage (CVL), and p24 antigen production after ex vivo infection of ectocervical tissues with HIV-1BaL among PRE women (n = 20) in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and POST women (n = 17) at baseline and after ∼1 month of treatment with 0.01% vaginal E2 cream. Compared to PRE women, we measured higher levels of p24 antigen after ex vivo infection in tissues from POST women. POST women had a significantly thinner vaginal epithelium with decreased tight junction proteins and a higher density of mucosal immune T cells and lower levels of CD1a antigen-presenting cells, antimicrobial peptides, and inflammatory cytokines in the CVL (p values <.05). POST women had higher vaginal pH and lower vaginal Lactobacilli (p values <.05) than PRE women. After vaginal E2 therapy, CV endpoints and ex vivo HIV replication in POST tissues were similar to those observed in PRE tissues. The CV mucosa in POST women is thinned and compromised, with increased HIV-target immune cells and decreased antimicrobial factors, being more susceptible to HIV infection. After POST women receive topical E2 treatment, mucosal endpoints are similar to PRE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ries Thurman
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Nazita Yousefieh
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Neelima Chandra
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Thomas Kimble
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Susana Asin
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Christiane Rollenhagen
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Sharon M. Anderson
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tina Cunningham
- Center for Health Analytics and Discovery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Sharon Hillier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorna Rabe
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jill L. Schwartz
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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145
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Riahi RR, Cohen PR. Dasatinib-induced Seborrheic Dermatitis-like Eruption. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2017; 10:23-27. [PMID: 29104720 PMCID: PMC5605220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dasatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. It has been investigated in treating other neoplasms, including non-small-cell lung cancer and a subset of melanomas. Seborrheic dermatitis is characterized by erythematous patches or plaques with scaling typically affecting the external ear, glabella, hair-bearing areas of the face, nasolabial fold, and scalp. Antitumor agents are often associated with mucocutaneous side effects, including seborrheic dermatitis. We describe the case of a 79-year-old woman with a history of sinonasal melanoma who developed a seborrheic dermatitis-like eruption while taking dasatinib. We also review the molecular abnormalities associated with melanoma, summarize the mucocutaneous side effects of dasatinib, and list the other antineoplastic agents associated with a seborrheic dermatitis-like eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Riahi
- Dr. Riahi is with DermSurgery Associates, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip R Cohen
- Dr. Riahi is with DermSurgery Associates, Houston, Texas
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146
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Abstract
The complexity of helminth macroparasites is reflected in the intricate network of host cell types that participate in the Type 2 immune response needed to battle these organisms. In this context, adaptive T helper 2 cells and the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 have been the focus of research for years, but recent work has demonstrated that the innate immune system plays an essential role. Some innate immune cells that promote Type 2 immunity are relatively abundant, such as macrophages and eosinophils. However, we now appreciate that more rare cell types including group 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells make significant contributions to these responses. These cells are found at low frequency but they are specialized to their roles - located at sites such as the skin, lung and gut, where the host combats helminth parasites. These cells respond rapidly and robustly to worm antigens and worm-induced damage to produce essential cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and histamine to activate damaged epithelium and to recruit other effectors. Thus, a greater understanding of how these cells operate is essential to understand how the host protects itself during helminth infection.
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147
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Amit M, Tam S, Abdelmeguid AS, Roberts DB, Takahashi Y, Raza SM, Su SY, Kupferman ME, DeMonte F, Hanna EY. Mutation status among patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma and its impact on survival. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1564-1571. [PMID: 28494469 PMCID: PMC5518854 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) comprises <1% of all melanomas and lacks well-characterised molecular markers. Our aim was to determine the frequencies of common mutations and examine their utility as molecular markers in a large series of primary SNMMs. METHODS SNMM patients seen at our institution from August 1991 through July 2016 were identified. Genomic DNA was extracted from 66 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumours and screened for mutations by direct sequencing. We investigated the association of mutations with clinicopathological features and survival outcomes. RESULTS Overall, 41% (27 out of 66) of the SNMMs harboured mutations. BRAF and KIT mutations were identified in 8% (five patients) and 5% (three patients) of SNMMs, respectively, whereas NRAS mutations were detected in 30% (20 patients) of SNMMs. Mutation rates in these oncogenes were similar between SNMMs located in the paranasal sinuses and those in the nasal cavity (30% and 13%, respectively, P=0.09). In a multivariate analysis, patients with negative margins had significantly better overall survival (hazard ratio 5.43, 95% confidence interval 1.44-21.85, P=0.01) and disease-specific survival (hazard ratio 21.9, 95% confidence interval 3.71-180, P=0.0004). The mutation status of the tumours showed no association with survival outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In SNNM, mutation status does not affect survival outcomes, but NRAS mutations are relatively frequent and could be targeted in this disease by MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Samantha Tam
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ahmed S Abdelmeguid
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 77030-4009, Egypt
| | - Dianna B Roberts
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Yoko Takahashi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Shaan M Raza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Shirley Y Su
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Michael E Kupferman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Franco DeMonte
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ehab Y Hanna
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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Gupta A, Gomes F, Lorigan P. The role for chemotherapy in the modern management of melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2017; 4:125-136. [PMID: 30190915 PMCID: PMC6094602 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of malignant melanoma has changed beyond recognition in the last 7 years. Where previously single agent dacarbazine was often the only treatment used for advanced disease, now there are potentially multiple lines of treatment, based on immunotherapy and targeted treatment options, either as monotherapy or in combination. In this brave new world the question arises, does chemotherapy still have any relevance in the modern management of melanoma? In this review, we summarize the various chemotherapeutic options that have been trialled in melanoma to date, and discuss the role chemotherapy may still play in treating melanoma, potentially in combination with more novel agents, or in certain subtypes of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Fabio Gomes
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Paul Lorigan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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149
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Abstract
The first rudimentary evidence that the human body harbors a microbiota hinted at the complexity of host-associated microbial ecosystems. Now, almost 400 years later, a renaissance in the study of microbiota spatial organization, driven by coincident revolutions in imaging and sequencing technologies, is revealing functional relationships between biogeography and health, particularly in the vertebrate gut. In this Review, we present our current understanding of principles governing the localization of intestinal bacteria, and spatial relationships between bacteria and their hosts. We further discuss important emerging directions that will enable progressing from the inherently descriptive nature of localization and -omics technologies to provide functional, quantitative, and mechanistic insight into this complex ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kristen A Earle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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150
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McKenzie Z, Kendall M, Mackay RM, Whitwell H, Elgy C, Ding P, Mahajan S, Morgan C, Griffiths M, Clark H, Madsen J. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) inhibits agglomeration and macrophage uptake of toxic amine modified nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2017; 9:952-62. [PMID: 25676620 PMCID: PMC4486002 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.992487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The lung provides the main route for nanomaterial exposure. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an important respiratory innate immune molecule with the ability to bind or opsonise pathogens to enhance phagocytic removal from the airways. We hypothesised that SP-A, like surfactant protein D, may interact with inhaled nanoparticulates, and that this interaction will be affected by nanoparticle (NP) surface characteristics. In this study, we characterise the interaction of SP-A with unmodified (U-PS) and amine-modified (A-PS) polystyrene particles of varying size and zeta potential using dynamic light scatter analysis. SP-A associated with both 100 nm U-PS and A-PS in a calcium-independent manner. SP-A induced significant calcium-dependent agglomeration of 100 nm U-PS NPs but resulted in calcium-independent inhibition of A-PS self agglomeration. SP-A enhanced uptake of 100 nm U-PS into macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner but in contrast inhibited A-PS uptake. Reduced association of A-PS particles in RAW264.7 cells following pre-incubation of SP-A was also observed with coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Consistent with these findings, alveolar macrophages (AMs) from SP-A(-/-) mice were more efficient at uptake of 100 nm A-PS compared with wild type C57Bl/6 macrophages. No difference in uptake was observed with 500 nm U-PS or A-PS particles. Pre-incubation with SP-A resulted in a significant decrease in uptake of 100 nm A-PS in macrophages isolated from both groups of mice. In contrast, increased uptake by AMs of U-PS was observed after pre-incubation with SP-A. Thus we have demonstrated that SP-A promotes uptake of non-toxic U-PS particles but inhibits the clearance of potentially toxic A-PS particles by blocking uptake into macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofi McKenzie
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Michaela Kendall
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Rose-Marie Mackay
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Harry Whitwell
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Christine Elgy
- b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ping Ding
- c Facility for Environmental Nanoscience Analysis and Characterisation (FENAC), School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,e Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK
| | - Cliff Morgan
- f Leukocyte Biology, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College London , London , UK , and
| | - Mark Griffiths
- f Leukocyte Biology, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College London , London , UK , and
| | - Howard Clark
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,g National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK
| | - Jens Madsen
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,g National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK
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