101
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Pacharra S, Ortiz R, McMahon S, Wang W, Viebahn R, Salber J, Quintana I. Surface patterning of a novel PEG-functionalized poly-l-lactide polymer to improve its biocompatibility: Applications to bioresorbable vascular stents. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:624-634. [PMID: 30091510 PMCID: PMC6585964 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Today, research in the field of bioresorbable vascular stents (BVS) not only focusses on a new material being nontoxic but also tries to enhance its biocompatibility in terms of endothelialization potential and hemocompatibility. To this end, we used picosecond laser ablation technology as a single‐step and contactless method for surface microstructuring of a bioresorbable polymer which can be utilized in stent manufacture. The method works on all materials via fast material removal, can be easily adapted for micropatterning of tubular or more complex sample shapes and scaled up by means of micropatterning of metal molds for manufacturing. Here, picosecond laser ablation was applied to a bioresorbable, biologically inactive and polyethylene glycol‐modified poly‐l‐lactide polymer (PEGylated PLLA) to generate parallel microgrooves with varying geometries. The different patterns were thoroughly evaluated by a series of cyto‐ and hemocompatibility tests revealing that all surfaces were non‐toxic and non‐hemolytic. More importantly, patterns with 20 to 25 µm wide and 6 to 7 µm deep grooves significantly enhanced endothelial cell adhesion in comparison to samples with smaller grooves. Here, human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells were found to align along the groove direction, which is thought to encourage endothelialization of intraluminal surfaces of BVS. © 2018 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 00B: 000–000, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 624–634, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pacharra
- Zentrum für klinische Forschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Chirurgische Klinik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rocio Ortiz
- Ultraprecision Processes Unit, IK4-TEKNIKER Technological Research Center, Eibar, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Sean McMahon
- Vornia Ltd, Laboratory A, Synergy Centre, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Vornia Ltd, Laboratory A, Synergy Centre, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Viebahn
- Zentrum für klinische Forschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Chirurgische Klinik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen Salber
- Zentrum für klinische Forschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Chirurgische Klinik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Iban Quintana
- Ultraprecision Processes Unit, IK4-TEKNIKER Technological Research Center, Eibar, Gipuzkoa, Spain
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102
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Guo L, Philippi M, Steinhart M. Substrate Patterning Using Regular Macroporous Block Copolymer Monoliths as Sacrificial Templates and as Capillary Microstamps. Small 2018; 14:e1801452. [PMID: 30027622 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) monoliths containing regular arrays of macropores (diameter ≈1.1 µm, depth ≈0.7 µm) at their surfaces are used to pattern substrates by patterning modes going beyond the functionality of classical solid elastomer stamps. In a first exemplary application, the macroporous PS-b-P2VP monoliths are employed as sacrificial templates for the deposition of NaCl nanocrystals and topographically patterned iridium films. One NaCl nanocrystal per macropore is formed by evaporation of NaCl solutions filling the macropores followed by iridium coating. Thermal PS-b-P2VP decomposition yields topographically patterned iridium films consisting of ordered arrays of hexagonal cells, each of which contains one NaCl nanocrystal. For the second exemplary application, spongy-continuous mesopore systems are generated in the macroporous PS-b-P2VP monoliths by selective-swelling induced pore generation. Infiltrating the spongy-continuous mesopore systems with ink allows capillary microstamping of continuous ink films with holes at the positions of the macropores onto glass slides compatible with advanced light microscopy. Capillary microstamping can be performed multiple times under ambient conditions without reinking and without quality deterioration of the stamped patterns. The macroporous PS-b-P2VP monoliths are prepared by double replication of primary macroporous silicon molds via secondary polydimethylsiloxane molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Guo
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Philippi
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany
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103
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Hou H, Hu K, Lin H, Forth J, Zhang W, Russell TP, Yin J, Jiang X. Reversible Surface Patterning by Dynamic Crosslink Gradients: Controlling Buckling in 2D. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803463. [PMID: 30066441 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the self-organization of soft materials to make complex, well-ordered surface patterns in a noninvasive manner is challenging. The wrinkling of thin films provides a compelling strategy to achieve this. Despite much attention, however, a simple, single-step, reversible method that gives rise to controlled, two-dimensional (2D) ordered, continuous, and discontinuous patterns has proven to be elusive. Here a novel, robust method is described to achieve this using an ultraviolet-light-sensitive anthracene-containing polymer thin film. The origin of the patterns is the local buckling of the thin film, where the control over the topology is given by laterally patterning out-of-plane gradients in the crosslink density of the film. The underlying buckling mechanics and formation of the surface features are well-described by finite element analysis. By illuminating the film with a photomask, local and long-range patterns that can be both continuous and discontinuous are able to be written. Furthermore, the patterning is fully reversible over multiple cycles. The results demonstrate a simple strategy for erasable storage of information in a surface topography that has applications in memory, anticounterfeiting, and plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kaiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongbo Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Joe Forth
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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104
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Abstract
Microcontact printing (μCP) is a valuable technique used to fabricate complex patterns on surfaces for applications such as sensors, cell seeding, self-assembled monolayers of proteins and nanoparticles, and micromachining. The process is very precise but is typically confined to depositing a single type of ink per print, which limits the complexity of using multifunctionality patterns. Here we describe a process by which two inks are printed concomitantly in a single operation to create an alternating pattern of hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics. The hydrophobic ink, PDMS, is deposited by evaporation on the noncontact region, while the hydrophilic polyelectrolyte is transferred on contact. We demonstrate that there is no gap between the two patterns using an optical-electrochemical method. We describe some potential applications of this method, including layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes for sensors and creation of a scaffold for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Ravi F Saraf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
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105
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Xiong C, Zhang L, Xie M, Sun R. Photoregulating of Stretchability and Toughness of a Self-Healable Polymer Hydrogel. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800018. [PMID: 29675886 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels that are assembled through dynamic host-guest interactions have presented apparent potential in the construction of materials with promising performance. Herein, a photoregulated hydrogel cross-linked by host-guest interactions with multifunctions of high stretchability, strong toughness, and rapid self-healing property is reported. The hydrogel exhibits unique light-responsive property due to the introduction of two photoisomerized groups. For example, the stress-strain curve of the original hydrogel indicates 1020% rupture strain with the maximum tensile strain value of 214 kPa. Upon 365 nm light irradiation for an hour, its tensile strain increases to 15 times with lower tensile stress indicating a better stretchability. Moreover, the hydrogel is photochromic and surface patternable, where it can reversibly switch color between luminous yellow and brown while exposed to 365 and 440 nm light irradiation. It holds great promise for applying in self-recovering optically controlled and labeled elastic mechanical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidong Zhang
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Meiran Xie
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ruyi Sun
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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106
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Boden A, Bhave M, Wang PY, Jadhav S, Kingshott P. Binary Colloidal Crystal Layers as Platforms for Surface Patterning of Puroindoline-Based Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:2264-2274. [PMID: 29281884 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to form biofilms and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains have prompted the need to develop the next generation of antibacterial coatings. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are showing promise as molecules that can address these issues, especially if used when immobilized as a surface coating. We present a method that explores how surface patterns together with the selective immobilization of an AMP called PuroA (FPVTWRWWKWWKG-NH2) can be used to both kill bacteria and also as a tool to study bacterial attachment mechanisms. Surface patterning is achieved using stabilized self-assembled binary colloidal crystal (BCC) layers, allowing selective PuroA immobilization to carboxylated particles using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethyl carbodiimide (EDC) hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) coupling chemistry. Covalent immobilization of PuroA was compared with physical adsorption (i.e., without the addition of EDC/NHS). The AMP-functionalized colloids and BCC layers were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ζ potentials, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Surface antimicrobial activity was assessed by viability assays using Escherichia coli. MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that although not all of PuroA was successfully covalently immobilized, a relatively low density of PuroA (1.93 × 1013 molecules/cm2 and 7.14 × 1012 molecules/cm2 for covalent and physical immobilization, respectively) was found to be sufficient at significantly decreasing the viability of E. coli by 70% when compared to that of control samples. The findings provide a proof of concept that BCC layers are a suitable platform for the patterned immobilization of AMPs and the importance of ascertaining the success of small-molecule grafting reactions using surface-MALDI, something that is often assumed to be successful in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, 3122 VIC, Australia
| | - Mrinal Bhave
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, 3122 VIC, Australia
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, 3122 VIC, Australia
| | - Snehal Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, 3122 VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, 3122 VIC, Australia
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107
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Meng X, Hu J, Chao Z, Liu Y, Ju H, Cheng Q. Thermoresponsive Arrays Patterned via Photoclick Chemistry: Smart MALDI Plate for Protein Digest Enrichment, Desalting, and Direct MS Analysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:1324-1333. [PMID: 29239171 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sample desalting and concentration are crucial steps before matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis. Current sample pretreatment approaches require tedious fabrication and operation procedures, which are unamenable to high-throughput analysis and also result in sample loss. Here, we report the development of a smart MALDI substrate for on-plate desalting, enrichment, and direct MS analysis of protein digests based on thermoresponsive, hydrophilic/hydrophobic transition of surface-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microarrays. Superhydrophilic 1-thioglycerol microwells are first constructed on alkyne-silane-functionalized rough indium tin oxide substrates based on two sequential thiol-yne photoclick reactions, whereas the surrounding regions are modified with hydrophobic 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol. Surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization is then triggered in microwells to form PNIPAM arrays, which facilitate sample loading and enrichment of protein digests by concentrating large-volume samples into small dots and achieving on-plate desalting through PNIPAM configuration change at elevated temperature. The smart MALDI plate shows high performance for mass spectrometric analysis of cytochrome c and neurotensin in the presence of 1 M urea and 100 mM NaHCO3, as well as improved detection sensitivity and high sequence coverage for α-casein and cytochrome c digests in femtomole range. The work presents a versatile sample pretreatment platform with great potential for proteomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhicong Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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108
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Xie Z, Gordiichuk P, Lin QY, Meckes B, Chen PC, Sun L, Du JS, Zhu J, Liu Y, Dravid VP, Mirkin CA. Solution-Phase Photochemical Nanopatterning Enabled by High-Refractive-Index Beam Pen Arrays. ACS Nano 2017; 11:8231-8241. [PMID: 28617585 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput, solution-based, scanning-probe photochemical nanopatterning approach, which does not require the use of probes with subwavelength apertures, is reported. Specifically, pyramid arrays made from high-refractive-index polymeric materials were constructed and studied as patterning tools in a conventional liquid-phase beam pen lithography experiment. Two versions of the arrays were explored with either metal-coated or metal-free tips. Importantly, light can be channeled through both types of tips and the appropriate solution phase (e.g., H2O or CH3OH) and focused on subwavelength regions of a substrate to effect a photoreaction in solution that results in localized patterning of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated Au thin film substrate. Arrays with as many as 4500 pyramid-shaped probes were used to simultaneously initiate thousands of localized free-radical photoreactions (decomposition of a lithium acylphosphinate photoinitiator in an aqueous solution) that result in oxidative removal of the SAM. The technique is attractive since it allows one to rapidly generate features less than 200 nm in diameter, and the metal-free tips afford more than 10-fold higher intensity than the tips with nanoapertures over a micrometer propagation length. In principle, this mask-free method can be utilized as a versatile tool for performing a wide variety of photochemistries across multiple scales that may be important in high-throughput combinatorial screening applications related to chemistry, biology, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qing-Yuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jingshan S Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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109
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Cao B, Peng Y, Liu X, Ding J. Effects of Functional Groups of Materials on Nonspecific Adhesion and Chondrogenic Induction of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Free and Micropatterned Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:23574-23585. [PMID: 28616967 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional groups of materials are known to affect cell behaviors, yet the corresponding effect on stem cell differentiation is always coupled with that of cell spreading; it is thus unclear whether the chemical groups influence cell differentiation directly or via cell spreading indirectly. Herein we used a unique surface patterning technique to decouple the corresponding effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow were seeded on surfaces coated with alkanethiols with one of four functional end groups (-CH3, -OH, -COOH, and -NH2) and underwent 9 days of chondrogenic induction. The measurements of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation confirmed less proteins adsorbed from the cell culture media on the neutral -CH3 and -OH surfaces than on the charged -COOH and -NH2 surfaces. The neutral surfaces exhibited less cell spreading and higher extents of chondrogenic differentiation than the charged surfaces, according to the characterizations of immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We further used a transfer lithography technique to prepare patterned surfaces on nonfouling poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels to localize single MSCs on microislands with self-assembly monolayers of different alkanethiols, under given microisland areas and thus well-defined spreading areas of cells. While small microislands were always beneficial for chondrogenic induction, we found that the type of functional groups had no significant effect on chondrogenic induction under the given cell spreading areas, implying that the chemical groups influence cell differentiation only indirectly. Our results hence illustrate that functional groups regulate stem cell differentiation via tuning protein adsorption and then nonspecific cell adhesion and thus cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanmeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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110
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Chen HY. Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2017; 8:1366-1374. [PMID: 28900592 PMCID: PMC5530612 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vapor-deposition processes and the resulting thin polymer films provide consistent coatings that decouple the underlying substrate surface properties and can be applied for surface modification regardless of the substrate material and geometry. Here, various ways to structure these vapor-deposited polymer thin films are described. Well-established and available photolithography and soft lithography techniques are widely performed for the creation of surface patterns and microstructures on coated substrates. However, because of the requirements for applying a photomask or an elastomeric stamp, these techniques are mostly limited to flat substrates. Attempts are also conducted to produce patterned structures on non-flat surfaces with various maskless methods such as light-directed patterning and direct-writing approaches. The limitations for patterning on non-flat surfaces are resolution and cost. With the requirement of chemical control and/or precise accessibility to the linkage with functional molecules, chemically and topographically defined interfaces have recently attracted considerable attention. The multifunctional, gradient, and/or synergistic activities of using such interfaces are also discussed. Finally, an emerging discovery of selective deposition of polymer coatings and the bottom-up patterning approach by using the selective deposition technology is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yeh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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111
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Abstract
Here reported is the approach to prepare the tunable 3D architecture and patterning through photoinduced orientation of azopolymer. The hemispherical PAzoMA array can be transformed into spindlelike, flat ellipsoidlike, thick spindlelike, near-hexagon, near-quadrangle, and near-rhombus arrays while being exposed to linearly polarized light (LPL). The size and alignment of the arrays can be precisely controlled by manipulating the irradiation time. Furthermore, complex 3D architectures of the PAzoMA array are readily fabricated through secondary irradiation along different direction. This technique is promising for functionalized surfaces and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tianchan Luo
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen 621005, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen 621005, China
| | - Shaoliang Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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112
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Brzozowska AM, Maassen S, Goh Zhi Rong R, Benke PI, Lim CS, Marzinelli EM, Jańczewski D, Teo SLM, Vancso GJ. Effect of Variations in Micropatterns and Surface Modulus on Marine Fouling of Engineering Polymers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:17508-17516. [PMID: 28481498 PMCID: PMC5445506 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on the marine fouling and fouling release effects caused by variations of surface mechanical properties and microtopography of engineering polymers. Polymeric materials were covered with hierarchical micromolded topographical patterns inspired by the shell of the marine decapod crab Myomenippe hardwickii. These micropatterned surfaces were deployed in field static immersion tests. PDMS, polyurethane, and PMMA surfaces with higher elastic modulus and hardness were found to accumulate more fouling and exhibited poor fouling release properties. The results indicate interplay between surface mechanical properties and microtopography on antifouling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Maria Brzozowska
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Stan Maassen
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
- Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rubayn Goh Zhi Rong
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Peter Imre Benke
- Singapore
Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
- Environmental
Research Institute, National University
of Singapore, 21 Lower
Kent Ridge Road, 119077 Singapore
| | - Chin-Sing Lim
- St
John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science
Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore
| | - Ezequiel M. Marzinelli
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School
of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
- Laboratory of Technological
Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw
University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- E-mail: . Tel: +48 22 234 5583. Fax: +48 22 234 5504
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- St
John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science
Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore
- E-mail: . Tel: +65 6774 9887. Fax: +65 6776 1455
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Institute of Chemical
and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, 627833 Singapore
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Science
and Technology of Polymers, University of
Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Tel.: +31 53 489 2974. Fax: +31 53 489 3823
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113
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Galati E, Tebbe M, Querejeta-Fernández A, Xin HL, Gang O, Zhulina EB, Kumacheva E. Shape-Specific Patterning of Polymer-Functionalized Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2017; 11:4995-5002. [PMID: 28460162 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemically and topographically patterned nanoparticles (NPs) with dimensions on the order of tens of nanometers have a diverse range of applications and are a valuable system for fundamental research. Recently, thermodynamically controlled segregation of a smooth layer of polymer ligands into pinned micelles (patches) offered an approach to nanopatterning of polymer-functionalized NPs. Control of the patch number, size, and spatial distribution on the surface of spherical NPs has been achieved, however, the role of NP shape remained elusive. In the present work, we report the role of NP shape, namely, the effect of the local surface curvature, on polymer segregation into surface patches. For polymer-functionalized metal nanocubes, we show experimentally and theoretically that the patches form preferentially on the high-curvature regions such as vertices and edges. An in situ transformation of the nanocubes into nanospheres leads to the change in the number and distribution of patches; a process that is dominated by the balance between the surface energy and the stretching energy of the polymer ligands. The experimental and theoretical results presented in this work are applicable to surface patterning of polymer-capped NPs with different shapes, thus enabling the exploration of patch-directed self-assembly, as colloidal surfactants, and as templates for the synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Galati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Moritz Tebbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Huolin L Xin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Oleg Gang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ekaterina B Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Saint Petersburg, 199004, Russia
- Saint Petersburg National University of Informational Technologies , Mechanics and Optics, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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114
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Ansari HM, Niu Z, Ge C, Dregia SA, Akbar SA. Spontaneous Rippling and Subsequent Polymer Molding on Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (110) Surfaces. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2257-2265. [PMID: 28165701 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous nanoripple formation on (110) surfaces of yttria-stabilized zirconia, YSZ-(110), is achieved by diffusional surface doping with rare-earth oxides. Periodic arrays of parallel nanobars separated by channels (period ∼100 nm) grow out of the dopant sources, covering relatively wide areas of the surface (∼10 μm). The nanobars mound up on the surface by diffusion, exhibiting morphological uniformity and alignment, with their long axis lying parallel to the [11̅0] direction in the YSZ-(110) surface. The process for forming these nanobar arrays can be as simple as sprinkling of rare-earth oxide powder (dopant source) on YSZ-(110) surface and annealing in a high temperature air furnace. However, higher control on dopant dispersion on the surface is demonstrated with other techniques, including photolithography and inkjet printing. The ripple arrays extend anisotropically on the (110) surface, obeying the parabolic growth law, and showing principal values of the rate constant along [11̅0] (maximum) and [001] (minimum), as expected from the symmetry of the (110) surface. The self-patterned ceramic substrates are well-suited for pattern transfer by replica molding, as illustrated by single-step molding with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is a widely used biomaterial in cell-culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris M Ansari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chen Ge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Suliman A Dregia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sheikh A Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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115
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Liang S, Li Y, Zhou T, Yang J, Zhou X, Zhu T, Huang J, Zhu J, Zhu D, Liu Y, He C, Zhang J, Zhou X. Microfluidic Patterning of Metal Structures for Flexible Conductors by In Situ Polymer-Assisted Electroless Deposition. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2017; 4:1600313. [PMID: 28251052 PMCID: PMC5323856 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost, solution-processed, versatile, microfluidic approach is developed for patterning structures of highly conductive metals (e.g., copper, silver, and nickel) on chemically modified flexible polyethylene terephthalate thin films by in situ polymer-assisted electroless metal deposition. This method has significantly lowered the consumption of catalyst as well as the metal plating solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Tingjiao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jinbin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinN.T., Hong Kong SARP. R. China
| | - Taipeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Junqiao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Julie Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Deyong Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Yizhen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
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116
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Liu M, Su B, Kaneti YV, Chen Z, Tang Y, Yuan Y, Gao Y, Jiang L, Jiang X, Yu A. Dual-Phase Transformation: Spontaneous Self-Template Surface-Patterning Strategy for Ultra-transparent VO 2 Solar Modulating Coatings. ACS Nano 2017; 11:407-415. [PMID: 28009507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dual-phase transformation has been developed as a template-free surface patterning technique in this study. Ordered VO2 honeycomb structures with a complex hierarchy have been fabricated via this method, and the microstructures of the obtained VO2(M) coatings are tunable by tailoring the pertinent variables. The VO2(M) honeycomb-structured coatings have excellent visible light transmittance at 700 nm (Tvis) up to 95.4% with decent solar modulating ability (ΔTsol) of 5.5%, creating the potential as ultratransparent smart solar modulating coatings. Its excellent performance has been confirmed by a proof-of-principle demonstration. The dual-phase transformation technique has dramatically simplified the conventional colloidal lithography technique as a scalable surface patterning technique for achieving high-performance metal oxide coatings with diverse applications, such as catalysis, sensing, optics, electronics, and superwettable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yusuf V Kaneti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Zhang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuchuan Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Aibing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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117
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Guo J, Fang W, Welle A, Feng W, Filpponen I, Rojas OJ, Levkin PA. Superhydrophobic and Slippery Lubricant-Infused Flexible Transparent Nanocellulose Films by Photoinduced Thiol-Ene Functionalization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:34115-34122. [PMID: 27960438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Films comprising nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) are suitable substrates for flexible devices in analytical, sensor, diagnostic, and display technologies. However, some major challenges in such developments include their high moisture sensitivity and the complexity of current methods available for functionalization and patterning. In this work, we present a facile process for tailoring the surface wettability and functionality of NFC films by a fast and versatile approach. First, the NFC films were coated with a layer of reactive nanoporous silicone nanofilament by polycondensation of trichlorovinylsilane (TCVS). The TCVS afforded reactive vinyl groups, thereby enabling simple UV-induced functionalization of NFC films with various thiol-containing molecules via the photo "click" thiol-ene reaction. Modification with perfluoroalkyl thiols resulted in robust superhydrophobic surfaces, which could then be further transformed into transparent slippery lubricant-infused NFC films that displayed repellency against both aqueous and organic liquids with surface tensions as low as 18 mN·m-1. Finally, transparent and flexible NFC films incorporated hydrophilic micropatterns by modification with OH, NH2, or COOH surface groups, enabling space-resolved superhydrophobic-hydrophilic domains. Flexibility, transparency, patternability, and perfect superhydrophobicity of the produced nanocellulose substrates warrants their application in biosensing, display protection, and biomedical and diagnostics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wenqian Feng
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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118
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Surmeneva M, Nikityuk P, Hans M, Surmenev R. Deposition of Ultrathin Nano-Hydroxyapatite Films on Laser Micro-Textured Titanium Surfaces to Prepare a Multiscale Surface Topography for Improved Surface Wettability/Energy. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:ma9110862. [PMID: 28773985 PMCID: PMC5457199 DOI: 10.3390/ma9110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to analyse the correlation between topographical features and chemical composition with the changes in wettability and the surface free energy of microstructured titanium (Ti) surfaces. Periodic microscale structures on the surface of Ti substrates were fabricated via direct laser interference patterning (DLIP). Radio-frequency magnetron sputter deposition of ultrathin nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HA) films was used to form an additional nanoscale grain morphology on the microscale-structured Ti surfaces to generate multiscale surface structures. The surface characteristics were evaluated using atomic force microscopy and contact angle and surface free energy measurements. The structure and phase composition of the HA films were investigated using X-ray diffraction. The HA-coated periodic microscale structured Ti substrates exhibited a significantly lower water contact angle and a larger surface free energy compared with the uncoated Ti substrates. Control over the wettability and surface free energy was achieved using Ti substrates structured via the DLIP technique followed by the deposition of a nanostructured HA coating, which resulted in the changes in surface chemistry and the formation of multiscale surface topography on the nano- and microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Surmeneva
- Department of Experimental Physics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634029, Russia.
| | - Polina Nikityuk
- Department of Experimental Physics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634029, Russia.
| | - Michael Hans
- Functional Materials, Materials Science Department, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.
| | - Roman Surmenev
- Department of Experimental Physics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634029, Russia.
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119
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Bernardeschi I, Tricinci O, Mattoli V, Filippeschi C, Mazzolai B, Beccai L. Three-Dimensional Soft Material Micropatterning via Direct Laser Lithography of Flexible Molds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:25019-25023. [PMID: 27606899 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensionally micropatterned surfaces are attracting increasing interest in soft robotics owing to the potential of mimicking natural morphologies at the micro/nanoscale. We employ direct laser lithography to fabricate molds with complex three-dimensional (3D) micrometric features, in a positive photoresist on flexible substrates, to pattern curved macroscopic soft surfaces with shapes not achievable with standard methods (e.g., reentrant angles). We present several 3D intricate microstructures in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and show a soft cylinder patterned with 3D microstructures with one molding process. Finally, we deform PDMS-based 3D architectures and show soft microgripping capability, indicating the potentiality of this approach for future application in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bernardeschi
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Omar Tricinci
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Carlo Filippeschi
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Lucia Beccai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
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120
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Maoz R, Burshtain D, Cohen H, Nelson P, Berson J, Yoffe A, Sagiv J. Site-Targeted Interfacial Solid-Phase Chemistry: Surface Functionalization of Organic Monolayers via Chemical Transformations Locally Induced at the Boundary between Two Solids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12366-71. [PMID: 27611648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effective control of chemistry at interfaces is of fundamental importance for the advancement of methods of surface functionalization and patterning that are at the basis of many scientific and technological applications. A conceptually new type of interfacial chemical transformations has been discovered, confined to the contact surface between two solid materials, which may be induced by exposure to X-rays, electrons or UV light, or by the application of electrical bias. One of the reacting solids is a removable thin film coating that acts as a reagent/catalyst in the chemical modification of the solid surface on which it is applied. Given the diversity of thin film coatings that may be used as solid reagents/catalysts and the lateral confinement options provided by the use of irradiation masks, conductive AFM probes or stamps, and electron beams in such solid-phase reactions, this approach is suitable for precise targeting of different desired chemical modifications to predefined surface sites spanning the macro- to nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Maoz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Peter Nelson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Berson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Yoffe
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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121
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Bae DG, Jeong JE, Kang SH, Byun M, Han DW, Lin Z, Woo HY, Hong SW. A Nonconventional Approach to Patterned Nanoarrays of DNA Strands for Template-Assisted Assembly of Polyfluorene Nanowires. Small 2016; 12:4254-4263. [PMID: 27351291 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA molecules have been widely recognized as promising building blocks for constructing functional nanostructures with two main features, that is, self-assembly and rich chemical functionality. The intrinsic feature size of DNA makes it attractive for creating versatile nanostructures. Moreover, the ease of access to tune the surface of DNA by chemical functionalization offers numerous opportunities for many applications. Herein, a simple yet robust strategy is developed to yield the self-assembly of DNA by exploiting controlled evaporative assembly of DNA solution in a unique confined geometry. Intriguingly, depending on the concentration of DNA solution, highly aligned nanostructured fibrillar-like arrays and well-positioned concentric ring-like superstructures composed of DNAs are formed. Subsequently, the ring-like negatively charged DNA superstructures are employed as template to produce conductive organic nanowires on a silicon substrate by complexing with a positively charged conjugated polyelectrolyte poly[9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumhexyl)fluorene dibromide] (PF2) through the strong electrostatic interaction. Finally, a monolithic integration of aligned arrays of DNA-templated PF2 nanowires to yield two DNA/PF2-based devices is demonstrated. It is envisioned that this strategy can be readily extended to pattern other biomolecules and may render a broad range of potential applications from the nucleotide sequence and hybridization as recognition events to transducing elements in chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Geun Bae
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hee Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Byun
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
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122
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Wang S, Yu N, Wang T, Ge P, Ye S, Xue P, Liu W, Shen H, Zhang J, Yang B. Morphology-Patterned Anisotropic Wetting Surface for Fluid Control and Gas-Liquid Separation in Microfluidics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:13094-13103. [PMID: 27128986 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article shows morphology-patterned stripes as a new platform for directing flow guidance of the fluid in microfluidic devices. Anisotropic (even unidirectional) spreading behavior due to anisotropic wetting of the underlying surface is observed after integrating morphology-patterned stripes with a Y-shaped microchannel. The anisotropic wetting flow of the fluid is influenced by the applied pressure, dimensions of the patterns, including the period and depth of the structure, and size of the channels. Fluids with different surface tensions show different flowing anisotropy in our microdevice. Moreover, the morphology-patterned surfaces could be used as a microvalve, and gas-water separation in the microchannel was realized using the unidirectional flow of water. Therefore, benefiting from their good performance and simple fabrication process, morphology-patterned surfaces are good candidates to be applied in controlling the fluid behavior in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Nianzuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Research Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110004, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shunsheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Peihong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wendong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Huaizhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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123
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Ventre M, Netti PA. Controlling Cell Functions and Fate with Surfaces and Hydrogels: The Role of Material Features in Cell Adhesion and Signal Transduction. Gels 2016; 2:E12. [PMID: 30674144 DOI: 10.3390/gels2010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In their natural environment, cells are constantly exposed to a cohort of biochemical and biophysical signals that govern their functions and fate. Therefore, materials for biomedical applications, either in vivo or in vitro, should provide a replica of the complex patterns of biological signals. Thus, the development of a novel class of biomaterials requires, on the one side, the understanding of the dynamic interactions occurring at the interface of cells and materials; on the other, it requires the development of technologies able to integrate multiple signals precisely organized in time and space. A large body of studies aimed at investigating the mechanisms underpinning cell-material interactions is mostly based on 2D systems. While these have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the recognition of and reaction to material stimuli, they lack the ability to capture central features of the natural cellular environment, such as dimensionality, remodelling and degradability. In this work, we review the fundamental traits of material signal sensing and cell response. We then present relevant technologies and materials that enable fabricating systems able to control various aspects of cell behavior, and we highlight potential differences that arise from 2D and 3D settings.
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124
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Huang F, Zhou X, Yao D, Xiao S, Liang H. DNA Polymer Brush Patterning through Photocontrollable Surface-Initiated DNA Hybridization Chain Reaction. Small 2015; 11:5800-5806. [PMID: 26382921 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of DNA polymer brushes with spatial resolution onto a solid surface is a crucial step for biochip research and related applications, cell-free gene expression study, and even artificial cell fabrication. Here, for the first time, a DNA polymer brush patterning method is reported based on the photoactivation of an ortho-nitrobenzyl linker-embedded DNA hairpin structure and a subsequent surface-initiated DNA hybridization chain reaction (HCR). Inert DNA hairpins are exposed to ultraviolet light irradiation to generate DNA duplexes with two active sticky ends (toeholds) in a programmable manner. These activated DNA duplexes can initiate DNA HCR to generate multifunctional patterned DNA polymer brushes with complex geometrical shapes. Different multifunctional DNA polymer brush patterns can be fabricated on certain areas of the same solid surface using this method. Moreover, the patterned DNA brush surface can be used to capture target molecules in a desired manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dongbao Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haojun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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125
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Wei M, Wang Y. Surface Attachment of Gold Nanoparticles Guided by Block Copolymer Micellar Films and Its Application in Silicon Etching. Materials (Basel) 2015; 8:3793-805. [PMID: 28793407 DOI: 10.3390/ma8073793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patterning metallic nanoparticles on substrate surfaces is important in a number of applications. However, it remains challenging to fabricate such patterned nanoparticles with easily controlled structural parameters, including particle sizes and densities, from simple methods. We report on a new route to directly pattern pre-formed gold nanoparticles with different diameters on block copolymer micellar monolayers coated on silicon substrates. Due to the synergetic effect of complexation and electrostatic interactions between the micellar cores and the gold particles, incubating the copolymer-coated silicon in a gold nanoparticles suspension leads to a monolayer of gold particles attached on the coated silicon. The intermediate micellar film was then removed using oxygen plasma treatment, allowing the direct contact of the gold particles with the Si substrate. We further demonstrate that the gold nanoparticles can serve as catalysts for the localized etching of the silicon substrate, resulting in nanoporous Si with a top layer of straight pores.
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126
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Falahati H, Kim E, Barz DPJ. Fabrication and Characterization of Thin Film Nickel Hydroxide Electrodes for Micropower Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:12797-12808. [PMID: 26000783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of micropower sources is attractive in portable microfluidic devices where only low-power densities and energy contents are required. In this work, we report on the microfabrication of patterned α-Ni(OH)2 films on glass substrates which can be used for rechargeable microbatteries as well as for microcapacitors. A multilayer deposition technique is developed based on e-beam evaporation, ultraviolet lithography, and electroplating/electrodeposition which creates thin-film electrodes that are patterned with arrays of micropillars. The morphology and the structure of the patterned electrode films are characterized by employing field emission scanning electron microscopy. The chemical (elemental) composition is investigated by using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements are used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the patterned thin film electrodes compared to patternless electrodes. We observe that patterning of the electrodes results in significantly improved stability and, thus, longer endurance while good electrochemical performance is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Falahati
- Queen's-RMC Fuel Cell Research Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5L9, Canada
| | - Edward Kim
- Queen's-RMC Fuel Cell Research Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5L9, Canada
| | - Dominik P J Barz
- Queen's-RMC Fuel Cell Research Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5L9, Canada
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127
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Li J, Li L, Du X, Feng W, Welle A, Trapp O, Grunze M, Hirtz M, Levkin PA. Reactive superhydrophobic surface and its photoinduced disulfide-ene and thiol-ene (bio)functionalization. Nano Lett 2015; 15:675-81. [PMID: 25486338 DOI: 10.1021/nl5041836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive superhydrophobic surfaces are highly promising for biotechnological, analytical, sensor, or diagnostic applications but are difficult to realize due to their chemical inertness. In this communication, we report on a photoactive, inscribable, nonwettable, and transparent surface (PAINTS), prepared by polycondensation of trichlorovinylsilane to form thin transparent reactive porous nanofilament on a solid substrate. The PAINTS shows superhydrophobicity and can be conveniently functionalized with the photoclick thiol-ene reaction. In addition, we show for the first time that the PAINTS bearing vinyl groups can be easily modified with disulfides under UV irradiation. The effect of superhydrophobicity of PAINTS on the formation of high-resolution surface patterns has been investigated. The developed reactive superhydrophobic coating can find applications for surface biofunctionalization using abundant thiol or disulfide bearing biomolecules, such as peptides, proteins, or antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Li
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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128
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Abstract
We demonstrate the high fidelity transfer printing of an electroactive polymer nanocomposite thin film onto a conductive electrode. Polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films of thickness ∼200 nm containing 68 vol % Prussian Blue nanoparticles are assembled on a UV-curable photopolymer stamp and transferred in their entirety onto ITO-coated glass creating ∼2.5 μm-wide line patterns with ∼1.25 μm spacing. AFM and SEM are used to investigate pattern fidelity and morphology, while cyclic voltammetry confirms the electroactive nature of the film and electrical connectivity with the electrode. The patterning strategy presented here could be used to pattern electroactive thin films containing a high density of nanoparticles onto individually addressable microelectrodes for a variety of applications ranging from biosensor arrays to flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi Ç Cebeci
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University , Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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129
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Qiu ZY, Chen C, Wang XM, Lee IS. Advances in the surface modification techniques of bone-related implants for last 10 years. Regen Biomater 2014; 1:67-79. [PMID: 26816626 PMCID: PMC4668999 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At the time of implanting bone-related implants into human body, a variety of biological responses to the material surface occur with respect to surface chemistry and physical state. The commonly used biomaterials (e.g. titanium and its alloy, Co-Cr alloy, stainless steel, polyetheretherketone, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and various calcium phosphates) have many drawbacks such as lack of biocompatibility and improper mechanical properties. As surface modification is very promising technology to overcome such problems, a variety of surface modification techniques have been being investigated. This review paper covers recent advances in surface modification techniques of bone-related materials including physicochemical coating, radiation grafting, plasma surface engineering, ion beam processing and surface patterning techniques. The contents are organized with different types of techniques to applicable materials, and typical examples are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ye Qiu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Cen Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Xiu-Mei Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - In-Seop Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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130
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Hamon C, Novikov S, Scarabelli L, Basabe-Desmonts L, Liz-Marzán LM. Hierarchical self-assembly of gold nanoparticles into patterned plasmonic nanostructures. ACS Nano 2014; 8:10694-703. [PMID: 25263238 DOI: 10.1021/nn504407z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of nanoparticle superstructures into daily life applications faces major challenges including the simplification of the self-assembly process, reduced cost, and scalability. It is, however, often difficult to improve on one aspect without losing on another. We present in this paper a benchtop method that allows patterning a macroscopic substrate with gold nanoparticle supercrystals in a one-step process. The method allows parallelization, and patterned substrates can be made with high-throughput. The self-assembly of a variety of building blocks into crystalline superstructures takes place upon solvent evaporation, and their precise placement over millimeter scale areas is induced by confinement of the colloidal suspension in micron-sized cavities. We mainly focus on gold nanorods and demonstrate their hierarchical organization up to the device scale. The height of the formed nanorod supercrystals can be tuned by simply varying nanorod concentration, so that the topography of the substrate and the resulting optical properties can be readily modulated. The crystalline order of the nanorods results in homogeneous and high electric field enhancements over the assemblies, which is demonstrated by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Hamon
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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131
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Abstract
The immobilization of DNA molecules onto a solid support is a crucial step in biochip research and related applications. In this work, we report a DNA photolithography method based on photocleavage of 2-nitrobenzyl linker-modified DNA strands. These strands were subjected to ultraviolet light irradiation to generate multiple short DNA strands in a programmable manner. Coupling the toehold-mediated DNA strand-displacement reaction with DNA photolithography enabled the fabrication of a DNA chip surface with multifunctional DNA patterns having complex geometrical structures at the microscale level. The erasable DNA photolithography strategy was developed to allow different paintings on the same chip. Furthermore, the asymmetrical modification of colloidal particles was carried out by using this photolithography strategy. This strategy has broad applications in biosensors, nanodevices, and DNA-nanostructure fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaguo Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Research at the Interface of Bio/Nano, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Haojun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Address correspondence to ,
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132
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Wang H, Wang W, Li L, Zhu J, Wang W, Zhang D, Xie Z, Fuchs H, Lei Y, Chi L. Surface microfluidic patterning and transporting organic small molecules. Small 2014; 10:2549-2552. [PMID: 24623611 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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133
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Shirai K, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Extended nanofluidic immunochemical reaction with femtoliter sample volumes. Small 2014; 10:1514-1522. [PMID: 24339226 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The growing need to optimize immunoassay performance driven by interest in analyzing individual cells has resulted in a decrease in the amount of sample required. Miniaturized immunoassays that use ultra-small femtoliter to attoliter sample volumes, a range known as the extended nanospace, can satisfy this analytical need; however, capturing every targeted molecule without loss in extended nanochannels for subsequent detection remains challenging. This is the first report of a successful extended nanofluidics-based quantitative immunochemical reaction capable of high capture efficiency using a femtoliter-scale sample volume. A novel patterning method using a photolithographic technique with vacuum ultraviolet light and low-temperature (100 °C) bonding enables patterning of functional groups for antibody immobilization before bonding, resulting in an immunochemical reaction space of only 86 fL. Reaction rate analyses indicate a decrease in the required sample volume to 810 fL and improvement in the limit of detection to 3 zmol, 5-6 orders of magnitude better than possible with the microfluidic immunoassay format. Highly efficient (near 100%) immunochemical reactions on a seconds time scale are possible due to the nm-scale diffusion length, which should be advantageous for the analysis of ultra-low-volume samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Shirai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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134
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Abstract
Smooth contact pads that evolved in insects, amphibians and mammals to enhance the attachment abilities of the animals' feet are often dressed with surface micropatterns of different shapes that act in the presence of a fluid secretion. One of the most striking surface patterns observed in contact pads of these animals is based on a hexagonal texture, which is recognized as a friction-oriented feature capable of suppressing both stick-slip and hydroplaning while enabling friction tuning. Here, we compare this design of natural friction surfaces to textures developed for working in similar conditions in disposable safety razors. When slid against lubricated human skin, the hexagonal surface texture is capable of generating about twice the friction of its technical competitors, which is related to it being much more effective at channelling of the lubricant fluid out of the contact zone. The draining channel shape and contact area fraction are found to be the most important geometrical parameters governing the fluid drainage rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tsipenyuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, , Haifa 32000, Israel
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135
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Xin Z, Deng M, Wen Y, Song Y. Controlled inkjetting of a conductive pattern of silver nanoparticles based on the coffee-ring effect. Adv Mater 2013; 25:6714-8. [PMID: 24123367 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conductive patterns with line widths of 5-10 µm are successfully fabricated by utilizing the coffee-ring effect in inkjet printing, resulting in transmittance values of up to 91.2% in the visible to near-infrared region. This non-lithographic approach broadens the range of fabrication procedures that can be used to create various nanoparticle-based microstructures and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China; Research Center of Analysis and Test, Shandong Polytechnic University, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
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136
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Yao X, Peng R, Ding J. Cell-material interactions revealed via material techniques of surface patterning. Adv Mater 2013; 25:5257-5286. [PMID: 24038153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-material interactions constitute a key fundamental topic in biomaterials study. Various cell cues and matrix cues as well as soluble factors regulate cell behaviors on materials. These factors are coupled with each other as usual, and thus it is very difficult to unambiguously elucidate the role of each regulator. The recently developed material techniques of surface patterning afford unique ways to reveal the underlying science. This paper reviews the pertinent material techniques to fabricate patterns of microscale and nanoscale resolutions, and corresponding cell studies. Some issues are emphasized, such as cell localization on patterned surfaces of chemical contrast, and effects of cell shape, cell size, cell-cell contact, and seeding density on differentiation of stem cells. Material cues to regulate cell adhesion, cell differentiation and other cell events are further summed up. Effects of some physical properties, such as surface topography and matrix stiffness, on cell behaviors are also discussed; nanoscaled features of substrate surfaces to regulate cell fate are summarized as well. The pertinent work sheds new insight into the cell-material interactions, and is stimulating for biomaterial design in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and high-throughput detection, diagnosis, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
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137
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Lin EC, Fang J, Park SC, Stauden T, Pezoldt J, Jacobs HO. Effective collection and detection of airborne species using SERS-based detection and localized electrodynamic precipitation. Adv Mater 2013; 25:3554-3559. [PMID: 23723098 PMCID: PMC3759703 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three different delivery concepts (standard diffusion, global electrodynamic precipitation, and localized nanolens-based precipitation) and three different SERS enhancement layers (a silver film, a nanolens-based localized silver nanoparticle film, and the standard AgFON) are compared. The nanolens concept is applied to increase the SERS signal: a factor of 633, when compared to a standard mechanism of diffusion, is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Chiang Lin
- University of Minnesota, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rm. 4-178, 200 Union St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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138
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Chen Y, Ding X, Lin SCS, Yang S, Huang PH, Nama N, Zhao Y, Nawaz AA, Guo F, Wang W, Gu Y, Mallouk TE, Huang TJ. Tunable nanowire patterning using standing surface acoustic waves. ACS Nano 2013; 7:3306-14. [PMID: 23540330 PMCID: PMC3989880 DOI: 10.1021/nn4000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Patterning of nanowires in a controllable, tunable manner is important for the fabrication of functional nanodevices. Here we present a simple approach for tunable nanowire patterning using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW). This technique allows for the construction of large-scale nanowire arrays with well-controlled patterning geometry and spacing within 5 s. In this approach, SSAWs were generated by interdigital transducers, which induced a periodic alternating current (ac) electric field on the piezoelectric substrate and consequently patterned metallic nanowires in suspension. The patterns could be deposited onto the substrate after the liquid evaporated. By controlling the distribution of the SSAW field, metallic nanowires were assembled into different patterns including parallel and perpendicular arrays. The spacing of the nanowire arrays could be tuned by controlling the frequency of the surface acoustic waves. Additionally, we observed 3D spark-shaped nanowire patterns in the SSAW field. The SSAW-based nanowire-patterning technique presented here possesses several advantages over alternative patterning approaches, including high versatility, tunability, and efficiency, making it promising for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shikuan Yang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ahmad Ahsan Nawaz
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yeyi Gu
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Address correspondence to
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139
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Abstract
The present scanning tunneling microscopy study describes the high-temperature growth of TiO2 nanostripes with tunable width, orientation, and spacing, mediated by thermally stable micellar Pt and Au NPs deposited on TiO2(110). This phenomenon could not be explained by spillover effects but is based on the preferential stabilization of [11̅0] step edges on TiO2(110) by the metal NPs. Contrary to the behavior of physical-vapor-deposited NPs, which are known to move toward step edges upon annealing, our micellar NPs remain immobile up to 1000 °C. Instead, the mobility of TiO2 step edges toward the micellar NPs, where they become stabilized, is observed. Our findings are relevant to the technological application of nanostructured materials in the fields of catalysis, molecular electronics, and plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Behafarid
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - B Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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140
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Hancock MJ, Yanagawa F, Jang YH, He J, Kachouie NN, Kaji H, Khademhosseini A. Designer hydrophilic regions regulate droplet shape for controlled surface patterning and 3D microgel synthesis. Small 2012; 8:393-403. [PMID: 22162397 PMCID: PMC3285541 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple technique is presented for controlling the shapes of micro- and nanodrops by patterning surfaces with special hydrophilic regions surrounded by hydrophobic boundaries. Finite element method simulations link the shape of the hydrophilic regions to that of the droplets. Shaped droplets are used to controllably pattern planar surfaces and microwell arrays with microparticles and cells at the micro- and macroscales. Droplets containing suspended sedimenting particles, initially at uniform concentration, deposit more particles under deeper regions than under shallow regions. The resulting surface concentration is thus proportional to the local fluid depth and agrees well with the measured and simulated droplet profiles. A second application is also highlighted in which shaped droplets of prepolymer solution are crosslinked to synthesize microgels with tailored 3D geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hancock
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Fumiki Yanagawa
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Yun-Ho Jang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Jiankang He
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA). State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 (China)
| | - Nezamoddin N. Kachouie
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA). Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579 (Japan)
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA). Partners Research Building, Room 252, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA). Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 (USA). Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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141
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Abstract
Depositing multiple proteins on the same substrate in positions similar to the natural cellular environment is essential to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, the development and verification of a multiprotein microcontact printing (μCP) technique is described. It is shown that patterns of multiple proteins can be created by the sequential printing of proteins with micrometer precision in registration using an inverted microscope. Soft polymeric stamps were fabricated and mounted on a microscope stage while the substrate to be stamped was placed on a microscope objective and kept at its focal distance. This geometry allowed for visualization of patterns during the multiple stamping events and facilitated the alignment of multiple stamped patterns. Astrocytes were cultured over stamped lane patterns and were seen to interact and align with the underlying protein patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vladimir Hlady
- Corresponding author:Vladimir Hlady, Professor, Department of Bioengineering, 20 S. 2030 E., Rm. 108A, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, , Tel: 801-581-5042, Fax: 801-585-5151
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142
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Liao X, Braunschweig AB, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Force- and time-dependent feature size and shape control in molecular printing via polymer-pen lithography. Small 2010; 6:1082-6. [PMID: 19859944 PMCID: PMC3930342 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liao
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA); Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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143
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Giovambattista N, Debenedetti PG, Rossky PJ. Enhanced surface hydrophobicity by coupling of surface polarity and topography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15181-5. [PMID: 19706474 PMCID: PMC2741225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905468106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We use atomistic computer simulation to explore the relationship between mesoscopic (liquid drop contact angle) and microscopic (surface atomic polarity) characteristics for water in contact with a model solid surface based on the structure of silica. We vary both the magnitude and direction of the solid surface polarity at the atomic scale and characterize the response of an aqueous interface in terms of the solvent molecular organization and contact angle. We show that when the topography and polarity of the surface act in concert with the asymmetric charge distribution of water, the hydrophobicity varies substantially and, further, can be maximal for a surface with significant polarity. The results suggest that patterning of a surface on several length scales, from atomic to mum lengths, can make important independent contributions to macroscopic hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210-2889
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-5263; and
| | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-5263; and
| | - Peter J. Rossky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712
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144
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Krishnamoorthy S, Himmelhaus M. Confinement-Induced Enhancement of Antigen-Antibody Interactions within Binary Nanopatterns to Achieve Higher Efficiency of On-Chip Immunosensors. Adv Mater 2008; 20:2782-2788. [PMID: 25213907 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200702188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
By combining molecular self-assembly, nanosphere lithography and reactive ion etching, large-scale nanopatterns of antibodies are fabricated for direct application in state-of-the-art on-chip immunosensors. Using in-situ surface plasmon resonance, the patterns are studied in view of their antigen binding capacity, which shows an increase of up to 120% solely in the case of antibody confinement into the nanopatches by means of a nonfouling embedding matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
- Frontier Research Department Bio-Nanotechnology Research Project Fujirebio, Inc. 51 Komiya-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0031 (Japan)
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145
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Mathijssen SGJ, van Hal PA, van den Biggelaar TJM, Smits ECP, de Boer B, Kemerink M, Janssen RAJ, de Leeuw DM. Manipulating the Local Light Emission in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by using Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers. Adv Mater 2008; 20:2703-2706. [PMID: 25213893 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200800299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Patterned organic light-emitting diodes are fabricated by using microcontact- printed self-assembled monolayers on a gold anode (see background figure). Molecules with dipole moments in opposite directions result in an increase or a decrease of the local work function (foreground picture), providing a direct handle on charge injection and enabling local modification of the light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G J Mathijssen
- Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Applied Physics P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands); Philips Research Laboratories High Tech Campus 4 5656 AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands).
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146
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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147
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Abstract
Colloidal crystals of polymeric or inorganic microspheres are of extensive interest due to their potential applications in such as sensing, optics, photonic bandgap and surface patterning. The article highlights a set of approaches developed in our group, which are efficient to prepare colloidal crystals with ordered voids, patterned colloidal crystals on non-planar surfaces, heterogeneous colloidal crystals of different building blocks, colloidal crystals composed of non-spherical polyhedrons, and colloidal crystals of non-close-packed colloidal microspheres in particular. The use of these colloidal crystals as templates for different microstructures range from nanoscale to micron-scale is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Lab for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- Key Lab for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
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