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Martínez GJ, Barboza GE. Natural pharmacopoeia used in traditional Toba medicine for the treatment of parasitosis and skin disorders (Central Chaco, Argentina). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 132:86-100. [PMID: 20678567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the knowledge and use of natural pharmacopoeia for the treatment of parasitosis and skin disorders, as well as for the control of their etiological agents or vectors, of a Toba community in Central Chaco, Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was obtained by open, extensive and recurrent interviews and semi-structured surveys. Plant and animal pharmacopoeia was documented by collecting material in field assays carried out in the company of informers. The list of applications with the greatest consensus of uses, the list of species with most medicinal applications and the list of species with the highest reputation (according to the level of fidelity) for the aforementioned disorders were obtained using quantitative methods. RESULTS A total of 178 medicinal uses were documented corresponding to 87 species (72 plant and 15 animal species) belonging to 51 different families (39 plant and 12 animal families). The most represented families according to the number of species were Solanaceae (7 species), Asteraceae (6 species) and Fabaceae (5 species) for plants, and Bovidae (3 species) for animals. CONCLUSIONS Although the list of medicinal species includes some symbolical applications, others are supported by phytochemical information. In other cases the applications coincide with other pharmacopoeias of the Gran Chaco region indicating the presence of an active exchange of knowledge through interethnic contacts.
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Feature photograph. Ochrosia borbonica J. F. Gmel, Apocynaceae. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:1079. [PMID: 20860435 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.492758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Kratchanova M, Nikolova M, Pavlova E, Yanakieva I, Kussovski V. Composition and properties of biologically active pectic polysaccharides from leek (Allium porrum). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2046-2051. [PMID: 20572062 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leek (Allium porrum) is very commonly used vegetable in Bulgaria and is distinctive with high content of bioactive components. Previously we obtained five crude pectic polysaccharides from leek through consecutive extraction. Some of them appeared to be good stimulators of the immune system. Schols and Voragen investigated the composition of modified hairy regions of pectic polysaccharides isolated from leek cell walls. Samuelson et al. identified the polysaccharide structures encountered in hairy regions as bioactive. The aim of this work was to study the isolation, composition and biological activities of pectic polysaccharides from leek. RESULTS Two pectic polysaccharides from leek were isolated through consecutive water and acid extraction. The water extractable pectin had higher polyuronic content, higher protein content and lower neutral sugar content. It was found that next to galacturonic acid they also contain glucuronic acid in ratio 9:1 for the water- and 3:1 for the acid-extractable polysaccharide. The main neutral sugar was galactose. The water-extractable pectic polysaccharide had higher molecular weight (10(6) Da) and homogeneity. It was shown that the pectic polysaccharides from leek have considerable immunostimulating activities. CONCLUSION Leek polysaccharides have relatively high galacturonic and glucuronic acid content and are distinguished with high biological activity.
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Ahmad R, Javed S, Bhandari U. Antiapoptotic potential of herbal drugs in cardiovascular disorders: an overview. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:358-374. [PMID: 20645713 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903133852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis has been reported in a number of cardiovascular disorders, including myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion, end-stage heart failure, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Prevention of myocyte apoptosis has emerged as a potential new target in a multimodel therapeutic approach to cardiac disease. Herbal therapy may be an alternative strategy for the prevention and treatment of heart disease. The present review summarizes the list of plants/herbal formulations studied for their antiapoptotic activity in cardiovascular disorders. However, despite extensive positive research data from experimental studies for herbal drugs in cardiovascular disorders, and the anecdotal clinical experience of many practitioners and patients, its potential in the field of cardiac apoptosis remains largely untapped, and large scale clinical trials are needed to explore the potential of herbal medicines as a new treatment regime for targeting cardiovascular apoptosis.
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Feature photograph. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:357. [PMID: 20645712 DOI: 10.3109/13880201003597504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Sullivan J, Greenfield J, Cumberford G, Grant J, Stewart J. Extraction efficiencies of heavy metals in hydroethanolic solvent from herbs of commerce. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:496-498. [PMID: 20480895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of herbal products is a major concern in the herbal and dietary supplement industry. Heavy metal exposure is well-documented to cause a variety of adverse human health effects and to negatively impact our environment. The Final Rule for Dietary Supplements for current good manufacturing practice regulation, 21 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Code of Federal Regulations 111, requires dietary supplement manufacturers to establish herbal purity limits for heavy metal contaminants considered safe for human consumption. Heavy metals may enter into the herbal manufacturing process via bioaccumulation from the harvest site or during postharvest processing phases, such as drying and/or liquid extraction. Traditionally, herbalists have used hydroethanolic solvents to extract herbal biomasses in pure food-grade ethanol-water combinations with solvent polarities capable of removing a wide range of hydrophilic and lipophilic constituents. The presented data demonstrate that hydroethanolic solvents are not completely efficient in the extraction of heavy metal accumulations from plant matrixes; and can act as an effective decontamination step in herbal product processing.
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Mannerås L, Fazliana M, Wan Nazaimoon WM, Lönn M, Gu HF, Ostenson CG, Stener-Victorin E. Beneficial metabolic effects of the Malaysian herb Labisia pumila var. alata in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:346-351. [PMID: 19883744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY New options are needed to prevent and treat metabolic disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Labisia pumila var. alata (LPva)-a Malaysian herb thought to have phytoestrogenic effects-has shown promise in reducing body weight gain in ovariectomized rats. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPva on body composition and metabolic features in female rats treated continuously with dihydrotestosterone, starting before puberty, to induce PCOS. MATERIAL AND METHODS At 9 weeks of age, the PCOS rats were randomly subdivided into two groups; PCOS LPva and PCOS control. PCOS LPva rats received a daily oral dose of LPva (50mg/kg body weight), dissolved in 1 ml of deionised water, for 4-5 weeks. PCOS controls received 1 ml of deionised water on the same schedule. RESULTS LPva increased uterine weight (27%) and insulin sensitivity (36%) measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma resistin levels were increased and lipid profile was improved in LPva rats. In adipose tissue, LPva decreased leptin mRNA expression but did not affect expression of resistin and adiponectin. No effects on body composition, adipocyte size, or plasma leptin levels were observed. CONCLUSION LPva increases uterine weight, indicating estrogenic effects, and improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in PCOS rats without affecting body composition.
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Wang JH, Shin JW, Son JY, Cho JH, Son CG. Antifibrotic effects of CGX, a traditional herbal formula, and its mechanisms in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:534-542. [PMID: 19833189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM CGX is a modification of a traditional herbal medicine for "liver cleaning," which is used to treat various chronic liver disorders in oriental clinics. This study investigated the antifibrotic effects and associated mechanisms of CGX. MATERIALS AND METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN; 10 mg kg(-1), ip) injection on 3 consecutive days per week for 4 weeks. CGX (100 or 200 mg kg(-1), po) was administrated once a day for 4 weeks. Three cell lines (HepG2, RAW 264.7, and HSC-T6) were used to examine its mechanisms. RESULTS CGX treatment dramatically ameliorated the change in liver and spleen weight and serum albumin (p<0.01), aspartate transaminase (p<0.01), alanine transaminase (p<0.01), alkaline phosphatase (p<0.01), and total bilirubin (p<0.01) levels. Histopathologically, CGX administration decreased necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and collagen accumulation. The antifibrotic effects of CGX were confirmed from hydroxyproline determination and the reduction in the numbers of activated hepatic stellate cells. In addition, antioxidant proteins, glutathione content, and glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were maintained in the CGX-treated groups compared with the DMN group. CGX downregulated fibrosis-related genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, connective tissue growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-beta) and decreased the protein levels of profibrotic cytokines (transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor-beta) in liver tissues. In the cell line-based studies, CGX showed supportive effects, such as the protection of hepatocytes from CCl(4)-toxicity, inhibition of NO production in RAW 264.7 cells, and inactivation of hepatic stellate cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the antifibrotic effects of CGX and the corresponding mechanisms associated with sustaining the antioxidative system and inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation via the downregulation of fibrogenic cytokines.
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Guerrero MF. [Elements for the effective evaluation of natural products with possible antihypertensive effects]. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2009; 29:547-557. [PMID: 20440453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Within the context of experimental pharmacology, some criteria are discussed for estimating the potential of natural products with possible pharmacological activity for the treatment of hypertension. This disorder has great epidemiological impact in Colombia as well as elsewhere. Discovery of these products can be accomplished by use of accessible pharmacological tests such as the following: developing models of arterial hypertension in the laboratory rat, in vitro tests, in vivo tests and microscopic analysis. Suitable protocols associated with these techniques can capture valuable information about possible effects on hypertension during the evaluation phase of a natural product.
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Grace MH, Yousef GG, Kurmukov AG, Raskin I, Lila MA. Phytochemical characterization of an adaptogenic preparation from Rhodiola heterodonta. Nat Prod Commun 2009; 4:1053-8. [PMID: 19768982 PMCID: PMC3815471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical constituents of a biologically active, standardized, 80% ethanol extract of Rhodiola heterodonta were characterized. The extract was fractionated over a Sephadex LH-20 column to afford two main fractions representing two classes of secondary metabolites: phenylethanoids and proanthocyanidins. This fractionation facilitated the identification and quantification of individual compounds in the fractions and sub-fractions using HPLC, and LC-MS. The major compounds in the phenylethanoid fraction were heterodontoside, tyrosol methyl ether, salidroside, viridoside, mongrhoside, tyrosol, and the cyanogenic glucoside rhodiocyanoside A. These seven compounds comprised 17.4% of the EtOH extract. Proanthocyanidins ranged from oligomers to polymers based on epigallocatechin and gallate units. The main identified oligomeric compounds in the proanthocyanidin fraction were epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and 3-O-galloyl-epigallocatechin-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, which constituted 1.75% of the ethanol extract. Tyrosol methyl ether, mongrhoside, and the two proanthocyanidin dimers were reported for the first time from this species in this study. Intraperitoneal injection of the 80% ethanol extract increased survival time of mice under hypoxia by 192%, as an indication of adaptogenic activity.
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Chavez-Santoscoy RA, Gutierrez-Uribe JA, Serna-Saldívar SO. Phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity of nine prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) juices. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 64:146-152. [PMID: 19468836 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-009-0117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Juices of nine prickly pears (Opuntia spp.) were characterized in terms of color, acidity, sugar content, phenolics, flavonoids, betalains and antioxidant activity and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. The juices had pH s, acidities and sugar ranging from 4.27 to 5.46, 0.03 to 0.27% and 8 to 14.7 degrees Brix, respectively. Juices also varied in color from white to purple and contained total phenolics, flavonoids, betaxanthins, betacyanins and antioxidant capacity ranging from 22 to 226 microg gallic acid eq/g, 95 to 374 microg quercetin eq/g, 3 to 189 microg/g, 1.6 to 300 microg/g and 17 to 25 micromoles Trolox eq./mL, respectively. Among the cancer lines tested, viability of prostate and colon cells were the most affected. Moradillo contained the highest flavonoids and diminished both prostate and colon cancer cell viability without affecting mammary or hepatic cancer cells. Rastrero reduced the growth of the four cancer cell lines without affecting normal fibroblast viability. The research shows intervarietal differences among prickly pears in terms of juice properties and phytochemicals that could prevent oxidative stress and cancer.
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Kongtun S, Jiratchariyakul W, Kummalue T, Tan-ariya P, Kunnachak S, Frahm AW. Cytotoxic properties of root extract and fruit juice of Trichosanthes cucumerina. PLANTA MEDICA 2009; 75:839-842. [PMID: 19288406 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1185455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The root extract of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. and bryonolic acid (1), its main constituent, as well as the fruit juice and cucurbitacin B (3), its main constituent, were tested for cytotoxicity against four human breast cancer cell lines (SKBR3, MCF7, T47D, and MDA-MB435), two lung cancer cell lines (A549 and SK-LU1), and one colon cancer cell line (Caco-2). The root extract had higher IC (50) values than bryonolic acid (1) against three breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 = 267/121, T47D = 316/124, MDA-MB435 = 140/90 microL/mL) and one lung cancer cell line (A549 = 106/100 microL/mL). The fruit juice also had higher IC (50) values than cucurbitacin B (3) against the four breast cancer cell lines (131/73, 375/35, 249/60, and 156/26 microL/mL, respectively) and one lung cancer cell line (141/41 microL/mL) as shown above, as well as against the colon cancer cell line (101/1.5 microL/mL). However, the root extract inhibited SK-LU1 more strongly than did the fruit juice, cucurbitacin B (3), and bryonolic acid (1) (149/169/180/>500 microL/mL, respectively). The root extract inhibited the two lung and three breast cancer cell lines (SKBR3, MDA-MB435, and MCF7) more strongly than the fruit juice. Bryonolic acid (1) inhibited MDA-MB435 somewhat better than the other tested human cancer cell lines. The fruit juice inhibited the colon cancer cell line (Caco-2) more strongly than the root extract. Cucurbitacin (3) inhibited human cancer cell lines, especially Caco-2, much more strongly than bryonolic acid (1). In addition to bryonolic acid (1), bryononic acid (2), cucurbitacin B (3), and dihydrocucurbitacin B (4) also were isolated from the root extract.
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Nanobashvili NB, Lobzhanidze MI. [Prospects of the cultivated medical plants in Georgia]. GEORGIAN MEDICAL NEWS 2009:105-110. [PMID: 19556654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research is to give botanic description, to analyze chemical composition and medical properties of plants. The names of plants in Russian are also provided. The main areas of propagation of medicinal plants are identified. The period of collection is recommended. The most important features of raw materials and extracts are represented. The information about the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs is depicted.
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Daglia M, Papetti A, Aceti C, Sordelli B, Gregotti C, Gazzani G. Isolation of high molecular weight components and contribution to the protective activity of coffee against lipid peroxidation in a rat liver microsome system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11653-11660. [PMID: 19053360 DOI: 10.1021/jf802018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the most extensively studied and best-established properties of coffee is its antioxidant activity. We have shown that coffee brew has the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation completely in a rat liver microsome biological system. The inhibitory activity was mainly due to the high molecular weight (HMW) fraction; this consisted of five components that were isolated, purified, and seen to occur in different amounts in the brew. Each component had different spectra and element compositions, although they all contained nitrogen. HMW, nitrogen content, and brown color enabled three components to be attributed to the melanoidin family; the two nonbrown components could not be considered as melanoidins. Each melanoidin and nonmelanoidin component contributes to a different extent to the protective action exerted by coffee brew. None of the isolated components completely inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation alone, suggesting that each acts at different sites and/or possesses different mechanisms of action. The protective activity of coffee brew is thus underpinned by the antiradical properties, reducing power, and metal chelating ability of the individual components, each contributing to a different extent.
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Lee TH, Choi JJ, Kim DH, Choi S, Lee KR, Son M, Jin M. Gastroprokinetic effects of DA-9701, a new prokinetic agent formulated with Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis Tuber. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:836-843. [PMID: 18490147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To develop a therapeutic for functional dyspepsia (FD), a prokinetic agent, DA-9701 has been newly formulated with Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis Tuber and we evaluated the gastroprokinetic effects of DA-9701 in comparison with conventional prokinetics. Oral administration with DA-9701 not only significantly accelerated gastric emptying in normal rats but also restored the delayed gastric emptying caused by apomorphine and cisplatin up to almost normal levels. For gastrointestinal transit, DA-9701 caused FITC-dextran to travel a significantly longer distance than the control, and in the delayed GI transit models induced by laparotomy and atopine, DA-9701 considerably increased the values of mean geometric center (MGC), while the conventional prokinetics rarely showed significant effects. Furthermore, DA-9701 drastically increased the gastric accommodation in Beagle dogs, shifting the pressure-volume curve toward considerably higher volume compared to the control, which was comparable to that of cisapride. These results indicate that DA-9701 has potential as a safe and effective therapeutic for FD patients with abnormalities in GI motor function.
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Tsuji M, Miyagawa K, Takeuchi T, Takeda H. [Pharmacological characterization and mechanisms of the novel antidepressive- and/or anxiolytic-like substances identified from Perillae Herba]. NIHON SHINKEI SEISHIN YAKURIGAKU ZASSHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 28:159-67. [PMID: 18800619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo (Perillae Herba) are commonly found in traditional oriental herbal medicines, which are primarily used to treat depression and anxiety-related disorders. We have recently identified rosmarinic acid as well as its major metabolite caffeic acid as novel antidepressive and/or anxiolytic-like substances from components within Perillae Herba. The present article will review our previous findings and also provide a view of future studies. Behavioral as well as analytical studies have demonstrated that first, the extracts from Perillae Herba, which produced an antidepressive-like effect in the forced swimming test, contained abundant rosmarinic acid; second, the extracts from another species of Perillae Herba, which contains only low levels of rosmarinic acid, did not have an antidepressive-activity; third, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid themselves also produced an antidepressive-like effect; finally, both compounds showed an anxiolytic-like activity in the conditioned fear stress test. Neurochemical studies have also revealed that neither rosmarinic acid nor caffeic acid affects the uptake of monoamines or monoamine oxidase activity, which may underlie the therapeutic value of existing clinically effective antidepressants. Furthermore, it has been found in the recent study that caffeic acid produces antidepressive- and/or anxiolytic-like effects through the modulation of the alpha1A-adrenoceptor-mediated signal transductions and also attenuates the down-regulation of BDNF transcription that results from the exposure to forced swimming stress. These results suggest that rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid may produce antidepressive- and/or anxiolytic-like effects via some mechanism(s) other than those of drugs that now clinically used. Therefore, further studies on the mechanisms involved in the antidepressive- and/or anxiolytic-like properties of both substances could help to explain the pathophysiology underlying depression and anxiety disorders, and pave the way for the development of new therapeutic drugs.
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García-Villalba R, León C, Dinelli G, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Garcia-Cañas V, Cifuentes A. Comparative metabolomic study of transgenic versus conventional soybean using capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1195:164-73. [PMID: 18508066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF-MS) is proposed to identify and quantify the main metabolites found in transgenic soybean and its corresponding non-transgenic parental line both grown under identical conditions. The procedure includes optimization of metabolites extraction, separation by CE, on-line electrospray-TOF-MS analysis and data evaluation. A large number of extraction procedures and background electrolytes are tested in order to obtain a highly reproducible and sensitive analytical methodology. Using this approach, a large number of metabolites were tentatively identified based on the high mass accuracy provided by TOF-MS analyzer, together with the isotopic pattern and expected electrophoretic mobility of these compounds. In general, the same metabolites and in similar amounts were found in the conventional and transgenic variety. However, significant differences were also observed in some specific cases when the conventional variety was compared with its corresponding transgenic line. The selection of these metabolites as possible biomarkers of transgenic soybean is discussed, although a larger number of samples need to be analyzed in order to validate this point. It is concluded that metabolomic procedures based on CE-MS can open new perspectives in the study of transgenic foods in order to corroborate (or not) the equivalence with their conventional counterparts.
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Weina PJ. Artemisinins from folklore to modern medicine--transforming an herbal extract to life-saving drugs. PARASSITOLOGIA 2008; 50:25-29. [PMID: 18693553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The history of the artemisinins from Ge Hong in China during the 4th century, to the re-discovery of the qing hao derivatives in the 1970s, to the explosion of artemisinin derivatives and combinations throughout the world today is a fascinating story. The central and underappreciated role of the United States Army's 'drug company' known as the Division of Experimental Therapeutics at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research is a story worth relating. From being the first group outside China to extract the active component of qing hao, to leading the work on neurotoxicity of the class in animals, to bringing a Good Manufacturing Practices intravenous formulation to the worldwide market is traced.
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Silva WJ, Dória GAA, Maia RT, Nunes RS, Carvalho GA, Blank AF, Alves PB, Marçal RM, Cavalcanti SCH. Effects of essential oils on Aedes aegypti larvae: alternatives to environmentally safe insecticides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:3251-5. [PMID: 17662602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The essential oils from leaves of Hyptis fruticosa (Lamiaceae) Salzm., H. pectinata (Lamiaceae) Poit., and Lippia gracilis (Verbenaceae) HBK were investigated for their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and analyzed by GC/MS. Fifty-nine compounds, representing 91.28-98.39% of the essential oils, have been identified. A standard solution was used to make 20 mL solutions ranging from 30 to 2000 ppm. Twenty larvae between third and fourth stages were added to the essential oil solution. A mortality count was conducted 24 h after treatment. Essential oils LC50 and their confidence limits at 95% probability were calculated by the methods of Reed-Muench and Pizzi, respectively. The essential oil of Lippia gracilis showed potent insecticidal effect against Aedes aegypti larvae, the vector of dengue fever. Carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide were the main responsible for the activity of L. gracilis and H. pectinata. Minor compounds are probably acting synergistically to achieve H. fruticosa activity.
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Korzhachkina NB, Li AA, Kotenko KV. [Using some new technologies in medical rehabilitation in chronic prostatitis]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOI FIZICHESKOI KULTURY 2007:34-42. [PMID: 18277406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Lin S, Fujii M, Hou DX. Molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by schizandrae-derived lignans in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:590-7. [PMID: 17950515 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizandrae chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine herb, has been used to treat hepatitis B disease in Chinese hospital clinic. We have isolated two bioactive compounds, deoxyschizandrin and gamma-schizandrin, from S. chinensis. In the present, we reported that deoxyschizandrin and gamma-schizandrin could induce apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60), as characterized by DNA fragmentation and poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Further molecular analysis showed that deoxyschizandrin and gamma-schizandrin caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), cytochrome c release from mitochondrion to cytosol, truncation of Bid protein, and activation of caspase-3 and -9. However, they did not increase the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and catalase did not block the apoptosis induced by deoxyschizandrin or gamma-schizandrin. These findings suggest that deoxyschizandrin and gamma-schizandrin-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells involved ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Tang Q, Yang C, Ye W, Liu J, Zhao S. Preparative isolation and purification of bioactive constituents from Aconitum coreanum by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:203-7. [PMID: 17280679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was employed for the isolation and purification of alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum coreanum (Lèvl.) Rapaics. The two-phase solvent system used in HSCCC was n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-0.2M HCl (1:3.5:2:4.5, v/v/v/v). Six alkaloids were obtained and yielded 10.4 mg of Guanfu base P, 9.2 mg of Guanfu base G, 9.5 mg of Guanfu base F, 8.9 mg of atisine, 11.9 mg of Guanfu base A and 25.7 mg of Guanfu base I from 2 g of crude extracts. The purity of these compounds was 96.9%, 95.7%, 91.5%, 98.9%, 95.8% and 95.5%, respectively, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their chemical structures were identified by MS, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR.
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123
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Abstract
Can weakly active phytochemicals be combined synergistically to produce new antibacterial treatments?
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124
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Zhao YM, Zhang ML, Shi QW, Kiyota H. Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Inula. Chem Biodivers 2007; 3:371-84. [PMID: 17193274 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200690041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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125
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Coppens P, Delmulle L, Gulati O, Richardson D, Ruthsatz M, Sievers H, Sidani S. Use of Botanicals in Food Supplements. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 50:538-54. [PMID: 17191027 DOI: 10.1159/000098146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In the European Union, an elaborate legal framework regulates botanical products both under food and medicinal law. The decision as to which legal framework applies to an individual product may differ between the Member States. In the case of botanical food supplements, all food law provisions apply to their manufacturing, composition and marketing, including the new claims legislation. METHODS Elements from EU and national law, scientific and other publications are brought together to investigate how to clarify the differentiation between the use of botanicals for medicinal and health-promoting purposes on a scientific basis. RESULTS Guidance on the safety assessment and quality evaluation of botanicals is proposed in light of the different approaches described in the scientific literature with particular attention to the concept of long-term use as an integral part of safety evaluation. Guidance on claims substantiation is also included, taking into consideration the proposed legislation, the concept of long-term experience and grading of evidence. CONCLUSIONS A model for safety and efficacy assessment of botanical food supplements in the EU is proposed, and should be taken into consideration in the development of legislation and scientific research on botanicals.
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Bell EC, Ravis WR, Lloyd KB, Stokes TJ. Effects of St. John's wort supplementation on ibuprofen pharmacokinetics. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41:229-34. [PMID: 17284505 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1h602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND St. John's wort is a popular herbal supplement that has been involved in various herb-drug interactions. Experimental findings suggest that the supplement may impact CYP2C9 metabolism. CYP2C9 is responsible for the irreversible metabolism of ibuprofen. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of 3 weeks of St. John's wort administration on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen. METHODS Eight male subjects participated in this study. The single-dose pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen were evaluated before and after 21 days of St. John's wort administration. Plasma ibuprofen concentrations were determined, using a stereoselective, reversed-phase HPLC assay. Model independent methods were used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of each ibuprofen enantiomer. Data were analyzed by 2 way ANOVA testing and confidence interval testing. RESULTS S(+)-ibuprofen mean +/- SD AUC and maximum concentration (C(max)) values were 131.6 +/- 26.8 microg x h/mL and 31.8 +/- 7.33 microg/mL, respectively, for control samples and 122.4 +/- 32.9 microg x h/mL and 33.6 +/- 7.83 microg/mL, respectively, after St. John's wort treatment. R(-)-ibuprofen mean AUC and C(max) values were 85.1 +/- 26.6 microg x h/mL and 28.4 +/- 8.72 microg/mL, respectively, for control samples and 87.7 +/- 30.1 microg x h/mL and 30.0 +/- 8.97 microg/mL, respectively, for St. John's wort treatment samples. St. John's wort administration resulted in no significant effects on the C(max) and AUC of either stereoisomer. A 31% decrease in S(+)-ibuprofen mean residence time (p = 0.02) was observed. CONCLUSIONS St. John's wort administration for 21 days had no apparent clinically important impact on the single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters of S(+)- and R(-)-ibuprofen. Although St. John's wort treatment appears to significantly reduce the mean residence time of S-ibuprofen, no ibuprofen dose adjustments appear warranted when the drug is administered orally with St. John's wort, due to the lack of significant change observed in ibuprofen AUC and C(max) for either enantiomer.
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127
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Spök A. Molecular farming on the rise – GMO regulators still walking a tightrope. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:74-82. [PMID: 17174425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent increases in EU commercial and academic activities in molecular farming, and the proximity to market-stage of the first plant-made pharmaceuticals, represent a call to action for EU regulators. Drawing on the North American debate on molecular farming, it will be argued that both the rationale and the risks of molecular farming will differ significantly from those of first generation GM crops. Based on these differences, the suitability of the existing regulatory frameworks, which were developed in response to the arrival of earlier products, is discussed, and specific options for adapting the already complex EU regulatory system to cater for molecular farming are examined.
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Berlin A, Balakshin M, Gilkes N, Kadla J, Maximenko V, Kubo S, Saddler J. Inhibition of cellulase, xylanase and β-glucosidase activities by softwood lignin preparations. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:198-209. [PMID: 16621087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuel ethanol typically involves a disruptive pretreatment process followed by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the cellulose and hemicellulose components to fermentable sugars. Attempts to improve process economics include protein engineering of cellulases, xylanases and related hydrolases to improve their specific activity or stability. However, it is recognized that enzyme performance is reduced during lignocellulose hydrolysis by interaction with lignin or lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC), so the selection or engineering of enzymes with reduced lignin interaction offers an alternative means of enzyme improvement. This study examines the inhibition of seven cellulase preparations, three xylanase preparations and a beta-glucosidase preparation by two purified, particulate lignin preparations derived from softwood using an organosolv pretreatment process followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The two lignin preparations had similar particle sizes and surface areas but differed significantly in other physical properties and in their chemical compositions determined by a 2D correlation HSQC NMR technique and quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy. The various cellulases differed by up to 3.5-fold in their inhibition by lignin, while the xylanases showed less variability (< or = 1.7-fold). Of all the enzymes tested, beta-glucosidase was least affected by lignin.
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Sandhya T, Lathika KM, Pandey BN, Mishra KP. Potential of traditional ayurvedic formulation, Triphala, as a novel anticancer drug. Cancer Lett 2006; 231:206-14. [PMID: 15899544 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 01/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Triphala, an ayurvedic formulation, were investigated on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and a transplantable mouse thymic lymphoma (barcl-95). The viability of treated cells was found to decrease with the increasing concentrations of Triphala. On the other hand, treatment of normal breast epithelial cells, MCF-10 F, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, mouse liver and spleen cells, with similar concentrations of Triphala did not affect their cytotoxicity significantly. The drug treatment was found to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and barcl-95 cells in vitro as determined by annexin-V fluorescence and proportion of apoptotic cells was found dependent on Triphala concentration. MCF-7 cells treated with Triphala when subjected to single cell gel electrophoresis, revealed a pattern of DNA damage, characteristic of apoptosis. Studies on Triphala treated MCF-7 and barcl-95 cells showed significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration dependent manner. ROS increase was, however, found to be insignificant in MCF-10 F as well as in murine spleen and liver normal cells. In vivo, direct oral feeding of Triphala to mice (40 mg/kg body weight) transplanted with barcl-95 produced significant reduction in tumor growth as evaluated by tumor volume measurement. It was also found that apoptosis was significantly higher in the excised tumor tissue of Triphala fed mice as compared to the control, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in tumor growth reduction. These results suggest that Triphala possessed ability to induce cytotoxicity in tumor cells but spared the normal cells. The differential effect of Triphala on normal and tumor cells seems to be related to its ability to evoke differential response in intracellular ROS generation. The differential response of normal and tumor cells to Triphala in vitro and the substantial regression of transplanted tumor in mice fed with Triphala points to its potential use as an anticancer drug for clinical treatment.
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Folmer F, Blasius R, Morceau F, Tabudravu J, Dicato M, Jaspars M, Diederich M. Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB by kava (Piper methysticum) derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:1206-18. [PMID: 16464438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The inducible transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a central role in the regulation of immune, inflammatory and carcinogenic responses. While normal activation of NF-kappaB is required for cell survival and immunity, its deregulated expression is a characteristic of inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms induced by lactones and chalcones isolated from Fijian kava (Piper methysticum) used in traditional medicine against urinary tract infections and asthma. In order to understand underlying regulatory mechanisms, inhibition of both NF-kappaB-driven reporter gene expression and TNFalpha-induced binding of NF-kappaB to a consensus response element was achieved at concentrations of 320 microM (flavokavain A), 175 microM (flavokavain B) and 870 microM (kavain and dihydrokavain). Moreover, kavain and flavokavains A and B treatment led to inhibition of both inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) degradation and subsequent translocation of p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits from the cytoplasm to the nucleus as shown by Western blot analysis. Additionally, kinase selectivity screening demonstrates that flavokavain A, but not kavain, nor flavokavain B, inhibits the IkappaB kinase (IKK) as well as PRAK (p38-regulated/activated kinase), MAPKAP-K3 (MAPK-activated protein kinase 3), DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-phosporylated and regulated kinase 1A) and Aurora B. Altogether, these results give a first insight into anti-inflammatory mechanisms triggered by traditionally used chemopreventive kava compounds.
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Vera N, Popich S, Luna L, Cravero R, González Sierra M, Bardón A. Toxicity and Synergism in the Feeding Deterrence of Some Coumarins onSpodoptera frugiperdaSmith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Chem Biodivers 2006; 3:21-6. [PMID: 17193211 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200690002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phagodepression activity of five coumarins (= 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones), 6-hydroxy-7-isoprenyloxycoumarin (1), 6-methoxy-7-isoprenyloxycoumarin (2), 6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin (3), 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin (4), and 6-methoxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)coumarin (5), from the Argentine native herb Pterocaulon polystachyum, was tested against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Two analogs, scopoletin (6) and 2-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3H-chromen-5-one (7), synthesized in our laboratory, were also evaluated for comparison. The compounds were added to an artificial diet at doses ranging from 50 to 200 microg per g of diet. Natural coumarins induced 100% of phagodepression when 200 microg were added per g of diet. Binary equimolar mixtures of the natural coumarins were phagodepressors against S. frugiperda surpassing the expected additive responses, indicating that these compounds can act synergistically against S. frugiperda larvae. Compounds 1 and 3 (non-methoxylated coumarins), and the equimolar mixture of both, displayed the strongest phagodepression. Additionally, 50 microg/g of 1 and 3 incorporated to the larval diet caused 80 and 50% of pupal mortality, respectively, while a 100 microg/g dose of compounds 2, 4, 6, and 7 produced 60, 50, 10, and 80% pupal mortality, respectively. Larval growing rate during the early larval instars was significantly reduced by treatments with the methylenedioxycoumarins 3 and 4. Coincidentally, the larval period duration was significantly increased by the latter compounds.
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Dey M, Ribnicky D, Kurmukov AG, Raskin I. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of a seed preparation containing phenethylisothiocyanate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 317:326-33. [PMID: 16373530 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.096511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter cress (Barbarea verna) seed preparations rich in phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) had strong in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, significantly reducing the size of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. This in vivo effect was comparable with that of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin. The seed preparation, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced the mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes such as the inducible forms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Activity of the seed preparation was similar to that of the synthetic PEITC. PEITC was the most active of five different forms of isothiocyanate tested for their effects on in vitro proinflammatory gene expression. In vitro activity of the seed preparation was also compared with that of two known anti-inflammatory drugs. We conclude that Barbarea verna seed preparation may function as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, interfering with the transcription of proinflammatory genes.
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133
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Chu X, Sun A, Liu R. Preparative isolation and purification of five compounds from the Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1097:33-9. [PMID: 16298183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to the separation and purification of five compounds from the Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. The crude extracts from P. cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc were treated with light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (2:5:4:6, v/v). Sample 1 was obtained from the lower phase and sample 2 from the upper phase. The sample 1 was separated with light petroleum-ethyl acetate-water (1:5:5, v/v) and yielded 19.3mg of piceid, 17.6 mg of anthraglycoside B from 200mg of sample 1. The sample 2 was separated with light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (3:5:4:6, v/v) and light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (3:5:7:3, v/v) in a gradient elution and yielded 18.5mg of resveratrol, 35.3mg of emodin and 8.2mg of physcion from 220 mg of sample 2. The purity of each compound is over 95% as determined by HPLC. The chemical structures of these components were identified by (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR.
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Kruglova EB, Ermak EL, Soloshchuk TP, Potopal'skiĭ AI, Potopal'skaia IA. [Berberine and amitozine binding with calf thymus DNA]. UKRAINS'KYI BIOKHIMICHNYI ZHURNAL (1999 ) 2005; 77:70-6. [PMID: 16568606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Binding of amitozine and berberine to DNA has been investigated by VIS- and UV-spectroscopy. It has been found that amitozine forms one type of complex and berberine forms two types of complexes with DNA. Observed concentration dependences of absorption spectra were analyzed using the DALSMOD optimization program and association constants were calculated (K(BCl)= 3 x 10(3) M(-1), K(Am) = 1.6 x 10(3)-10(4) M(-1)). Competitive binding of berberine to DNA in presence of ethidium bromide has been investigated as well. It has been shown that it competes with berberine for DNA binding sites.
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Scholey A, Kennedy D, Wesnes K. The psychopharmacology of herbal extracts: issues and challenges. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:705-7; author reply 708-11. [PMID: 15657784 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hong SH, Yi JM, Kim H, Choi HY, Kim YK, Chae HJ, Kim HR, Kim CH, Kim HM. Inhibitory effects of Okbyungpoong-Gamhmi on anaphylactic responses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 98:361-365. [PMID: 15814273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a herbal formulation Okbyungpoong-Gamhmi (OG) on mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reactions by intra-rectal administration. OG concentration dependently inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis-like response and ear swelling response with doses of 0.01-1g/kg. OG also inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis at the same concentrations. The histamine release induced by compound 48/80 or IgE from the rat peritoneal mast cells was reduced by 64.2 and 63.6%, respectively, at 1g/l. These results provide evidence that intra-rectal therapy of OG may be beneficial in the treatment of anaphylactic response.
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Suvitayavat W, Tunglert S, Thirawarapan SS, Bunyapraphatsara N. Effects of Ya-hom on blood pressure in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:503-508. [PMID: 15740887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Ya-hom, a traditional Thai herbal formulation, on blood pressure were evaluated to verify its use for fainting treatment. Ya-hom has several recipes, which are composed of different medicinal plants in varying ratio. We have selected the most popular commercial preparation to determine the effect on the blood pressure in rats. The water extract of Ya-hom at doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g/kg initially transiently decreased pressure and over time, increased blood pressure. The duration of the Ya-hom effect on decreasing and increasing blood pressure was dose dependent. The time to maximal effect of Ya-hom on increasing blood pressure was also dose dependent. Phentolamine attenuated the blood pressure decreasing effect but did not affect the blood pressure increasing effect of Ya-hom. Ya-hom was previously shown to increase aortic ring contraction, which was partially inhibited by phentolamine, and increased atrial contraction. It is possible that phentolamine inhibits the effect of Ya-hom on vascular smooth muscle contraction resulting in a prominent positive inotropic effect. This may be the same reason that phentolamine does not influence the effect of Ya-hom on increasing blood pressure. The dominant effect of Ya-hom on increasing blood pressure supports the use of Ya-hom for the treatment of fainting.
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Tonevitsky AG, Agapov II, Pevzner IB, Malyuchenko NV, Moisenovich MM, Pfueller U, Kirpichnikov MP. Cloning and expression of catalytic subunit of MLIII, the ribosome-inactivating protein from Viscum album. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 69:642-50. [PMID: 15236603 DOI: 10.1023/b:biry.0000033737.79960.a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned the gene encoding a precursor of mistletoe (Viscum album) toxin MLIII. Analyses of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of this gene revealed significant differences between MLI and MLIII preprotoxin genes. Immunochemical properties of recombinant A-subunit expressed in Escherichia coli and renatured were investigated using a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against three mistletoe toxins (MLI, MLII, and MLIII). Ribosome-inactivating activity of recombinant MLIII A-subunit was detected in cell-free lysate of rabbit reticulocytes.
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Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Zeggwagh NA, Michel JB. Study of the hypoglycaemic activity of Lepidium sativum L. aqueous extract in normal and diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:391-395. [PMID: 15707780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Revised: 11/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The hypoglycaemic effect of an aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum L. (LS) seeds was investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After a acute (single dose) or chronic (15 daily repeated administration) oral treatments, the aqueous LS extract (20 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease on blood glucose levels in STZ diabetic rats (p < 0.001); the blood glucose levels were normalised 2 weeks after daily repeated oral administration of aqueous LS extract (20 mg/kg) (p < 0.001). Significant reduction on blood glucose levels were noticed in normal rats after both acute (p < 0.01) and chronic treatment (p < 0.001). In addition, no changes were observed in basal plasma insulin concentrations after treatment either in normal or STZ diabetic rats indicating that the underlying mechanism of this pharmacological activity seems to be independent of insulin secretion. We conclude that the aqueous extract of LS exhibits a potent hypoglycaemic activity in rats without affecting basal plasma insulin concentrations.
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Okine LKN, Nyarko AK, Osei-Kwabena N, Oppong IV, Barnes F, Ofosuhene M. The antidiabetic activity of the herbal preparation ADD-199 in mice: a comparative study with two oral hypoglycaemic drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:31-38. [PMID: 15652271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the herbal preparation ADD-199 were investigated in STZ-induced diabetic C(3)H mice and results were compared with two allopathic hypoglycaemic drugs, glibenclamide and metformin. Plasma glucose, insulin and lipids as well as liver glycogen, lipids and lipid peroxidation were measured following treatment for 8 weeks. The results indicated that plasma insulin levels in normal controls at termination were about 76 micromol/L compared to trace levels in untreated diabetic mice. Glibenclamide and ADD-199 increased insulin levels in diabetic mice up to 70% of levels in untreated non-diabetic mice whilst metformin had no effect. Basal plasma glucose levels in diabetic controls (18.8 mM) were reduced to 14.0 mM by 100 mg/kg ADD-199 in <2 weeks compared to 4 and 6 weeks for glibenclamide and metformin, respectively. This hypoglycaemic effect of ADD-199 appeared to be associated with the alkaloidal content of the extract. Treatment with ADD-199 or the hypoglycaemic agents reversed the observed elevation in plasma lipids but increased hepatic glycogen, triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels. Treatment also increased glucose uptake by isolated diaphragms and attenuated hepatic lipid peroxidation. These antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant actions of ADD-199 at a dose of 100mg/kg/day are comparable to those of the maximum daily therapeutic doses of glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg) and metformin (50 mg/kg). These could explain the basis for use of this plant extract to manage diabetes mellitus (DM).
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141
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Kim SJ, Lee EJ, Song YS, Jeong HJ, Lee KM, Kim HR, Chae HJ, Shin TY, Kim YK, Hong SH, Kim HM. Cheongyeolsaseuptang inhibits production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 as well as NF-kappa B activation in human mast cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:83-88. [PMID: 15652280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 10/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Korean medicine, Cheongyeolsaseuptang (CYSST) has been widely applied as a treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Korea. However, its effect in experimental models remains unknown. Recent reports suggest that in patients with RA, synovial mast cells increase in number and show signs of activation and production of cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effect of CYSST on production of cytokines by activated human mast cell line, HMC-1. When CYSST (1mg/ml) was added, the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 was significantly inhibited about 37, 33.6, and 48%, respectively on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated HMC-1 cells. In addition, CYSST inhibited PMA plus A23187-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. These findings may help understanding the mechanism of action of this medicine leading to control activated mast cells on inflammatory condition like RA.
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142
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Kaur S, Michael H, Arora S, Härkönen PL, Kumar S. The in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of Triphala--an Indian herbal drug. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:15-20. [PMID: 15652269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2003] [Revised: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A study on cytotoxic effect of acetone extract of "Triphala" whose antimutagenicity has already been tested. The in vitro antimutagenic activity of Triphala--an Indian herbal drug. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 40, 47-54) was extended to test its cytotoxic effects on cancer cell-lines using Shionogi 115 (S115) and MCF-7 breast cancer cells and PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells as models. The results revealed that acetone extract of "Triphala" showed a significant cytotoxic effect on these cancer cell-lines and the effect was similar on all cancer cell lines used in this study. The major phenolic compounds in the most potent acetone extracts were isolated and purified. Structural analysis was conducted using spectroscopic techniques including mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) which showed gallic acid as the major component. The suppression of the growth of cancer cells in cytotoxic assays may be due to the gallic acid-a major polyphenol observed in "Triphala".
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143
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Scherrer AM, Motti R, Weckerle CS. Traditional plant use in the areas of Monte Vesole and Ascea, Cilento National Park (Campania, Southern Italy). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:129-43. [PMID: 15652287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present ethnobotanical field study conducted during summer 2003 in two distinct regions of the Cilento National Park (Mt Vesole and Ascea) documents the local use of 90 different plant species for medicinal, food and domestic purposes. Overall, 59 people native to the area were interviewed, and 883 use-reports have been recorded. The scientific names, local names, plant parts used, preparation and administration processes are given and compared with practices in other Italian regions. In total, 63 species are documented as medicinal, 49 as food, and 22 as craft plants. Over 40% of all species are used in more than one category and over half of the food plants are also used for medicinal purposes. In general the recorded species are well known in the traditional phytotherapy of Campania and Italy. However, some uses are unusual and are discussed in detail.
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144
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Jadhav AN, Bhutani KK. Ayurveda and gynecological disorders. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:151-9. [PMID: 15652289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The science of life--Ayurveda is practiced in India since time immemorial. Besides being cheap and easily available Ayurvedic drugs are considered safe. Moreover, there is surge in the interest in Ayurveda due to quest of alternative medicines. Many of the gynecological disorders being not reported to the physicians, are treated with household remedies in India. The science of Ayurveda deals with these issues in a systematic manner as evident from the classification of diseases available and the number of plant drugs or the combinations thereof available for the treatment. In the present article, Ayurvedic herbal formulations and single plant drugs used traditionally in treatment of gynecological disorders are described.
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145
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Koyama J, Morita I, Fujiyoshi H, Kobayashi N. Simultaneous Determination of Anthraquinones, Their 8-.BETA.-D-Glucosides, and Sennosides of Rhei Rhizoma by Capillary Electrophoresis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:573-5. [PMID: 15863933 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous separation and determination of major anthraquinones (emodin, chrysophanol, rhein and their glucosides, aloe-emodin, sennoside A, and sennoside B) of Rhei Rhizoma were achieved by cyclodextrin modified capillary zone electrophoresis. The running electrolyte used in this method was 0.005 M alpha-cyclodextrin in 0.03 M borate buffer (pH 10.0) containing 20% acetonitrile, with an applied voltage of 20 kV.
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146
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Wacker R, Stoeva S, Betzel C, Voelter W. Complete structure determination ofN-acetyl-D-galactosamine-binding mistletoe lectin-3 fromViscum album L. album. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:289-302. [PMID: 15635663 DOI: 10.1002/psc.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of the B chain of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-recognizing mistletoe lectin-3 (ML-3B) has been deduced from proteolytic digest peptides of the purified glycoprotein, their HPLC-separation and Edman degradation and confirmation of the peptide sequences by MALDI-MS. ML-3B consists of 262 amino acid residues including 10 cysteine moieties. The structure and linkage of the carbohydrate side chains, connected to two N-glycosylation sites at positions Asn(95) and Asn(135) of the lectin, were determined by a combination of glycosidase treatment and MALDI-MS of corresponding glycopeptide fragments. The sequence alignment reveals a high homology with other B chains of type-II RIPs, although there are remarkable differences in the D-galactose-specific mistletoe lectin-1B chain. The recently published primary structure of the mistletoe lectin-3A chain1 and the now available primary sequence of the 3B chain allowed the construction of a preliminary homology model of ML-3. The model demonstrates, unequivocally, that ML-3 is a member of the type-II RIP family with rigid conservation of the enzymatic active site of the A chain and an identical overall protein fold. Specific amino acid residue exchanges and the different glycosylation pattern in comparison with ML-1 are discussed and related to the properties of the two glycoproteins. The knowledge of the complete primary structure of mistletoe lectin-3 is a major contribution towards more insight into the mechanism of the biological activity of commercial mistletoe preparations.
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147
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Moon TC, Lin CX, Lee JS, Kim DS, Bae K, Son KH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Son JK, Chang HW. Antiinflammatory Activity of Astilbic Acid from Astilbe chinensis. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:24-6. [PMID: 15635157 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of astilbic acid (3beta,6beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid), which is a herbal medicine isolated from Astilbe chinensis. Astilbic acid inhibited 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-dependent leukotriene C4 (LTC4) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 2.1 microM. In addition, astilbic acid was tested in a rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction assay by administering 10 to 50 mg/kg i.p. Astilbic acid dose dependently inhibited the PCA reaction, which was activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. Furthermore, this compound inhibited mouse acetic acid-induced writhing (47-62% inhibition at 0.4-50 mg/kg) after being administered orally, while aspirin (200 mg/kg) showed 62% inhibition. These results suggest that astilbic acid may be beneficial in regulating various inflammatory processes.
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148
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Rho S, Kang M, Choi B, Sim D, Lee J, Lee E, Cho C, Oh JW, Park S, Ko S, Shin M, Hong M, Bae H. Effects of Yukmijihwang-tang Derivatives (YMJd), a Memory Enhancing Herbal Extract, on the Gene-Expression Profile in the Rat Hippocampus. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:87-93. [PMID: 15635169 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The herbal extract Yukmijihwang-tang (YMJ) has been widely used for centuries as an anti-aging herbal medicine in Asian countries. Among the various modified prescriptions of YMJ, YMJ derivatives (YMJd) were formulated to enhance memory retention. This study has three goals: 1) to quantitatively evaluate the memory-enhancing effect of YMJd using behavior tasks; 2) to use cDNA micro-array tools to identify candidate genes responsible for enhancing memory; and 3) to statistically evaluate the specific gene expression patterns using Real-time PCR. Memory retention abilities are addressed by the passive avoidance task with SD male rat. The retention time of the YMJd group was significantly delayed (ca. 100%), whereas with Ginkgo biloba and Soya lecithin treatment, this was only delayed 20% and 10%, respectively. The cDNA from the hippocampi of YMJd and rat control groups were applied to an Incyte rat GEM2 cDNA microarray. The microarray results showed that transthyretin and PEP-19 were abundantly expressed in the YMJd treated group. Importantly, PEP-19 is a neuron-specific protein that inhibits apoptotic processes. On the other hand, neuronal genes involved in neuronal death or neurodegeneration, such as pentraxin and spectrin, were abundantly expressed in the control group. The list of differentially expressed genes may provide further insight into the action and mechanism behind the memory-enhancing effect of herbal extracts of YMJd.
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149
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Carratù B, Sanzini E. [Biologically-active phytochemicals in vegetable food]. ANNALI DELL'ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITA 2005; 41:7-16. [PMID: 16037643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals constitute a heterogeneous group of substances and evidence for their role in the protective effect on human health, when their dietary intake is significant, is emerging. These compounds have biological properties as antioxidant activity, modulation of detoxification enzymes, stimulation of the immune system, decrease of platelet aggregation and modulation of hormone metabolism. Glucosinolates and widely group of polyphenols, including the main category of flavonoids, are examined. Since their weak estrogenic activity is of interest at present, isoflavones are discussed at length. Numerous factors affect the phytochemical content and availability in plants; these factors include environmental conditions and industrial or domestic processing. The bioavailability of phytochemicals can be influenced by intrinsic factors in food and/or in human, in general the substances are little adsorbed, largely metabolized and rapidly eliminated. For this reason it is advisable that their consumption is constant in the time to maintain high concentrations of metabolites in the blood.
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150
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Ohtake N, Yamamoto M, Takeda S, Aburada M, Ishige A, Watanabe K, Inoue M. The herbal medicine Sho-Saiko-To selectively inhibits CD8+ T-cell proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 507:301-10. [PMID: 15659321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sho-saiko-to (SST), a Chinese/Japanese traditional herbal medicine, has been widely used to treat chronic hepatitis in Japan, and the immunomodulatory properties of SST are likely to mediate its beneficial effect. In the present study, we examined the effects of SST and its various ingredients on the count and proliferation of T-cell subsets in cultured splenocytes and hepatic mononuclear cells. SST, wogonin-7-O-glucuronoside (a major SST ingredient), and wogonin (an intestinal metabolite of wogonin-7-O-glucuronoside) increased CD4/CD8 ratio via a decrease of CD8+ T-cell counts with no effect on CD4+ T-cell counts. Flow cytometric analyses of viability, proliferation, and cell cycle revealed that wogonin suppressed CD8+ T-cell proliferation without inducing cell death. SST and wogonin administered to mice increased the CD4/CD8 ratio in hepatic mononuclear cells but not in splenocytes. These findings suggest that SST may modulate the CD4/CD8 ratio via the selective inhibition of CD8+ T-cell proliferation by the SST ingredient wogonin-7-O-glucuronoside or its metabolite wogonin.
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