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Guevara-Cruz M, Medina-Vera I, Flores-López A, Aguilar-López M, Smith CE, Parnell LD, Lee YC, Lai CQ, Tovar AR, Ordovás JM, Torres N. Development of a Genetic Score to Predict an Increase in HDL Cholesterol Concentration After a Dietary Intervention in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. J Nutr 2019; 149:1116-1121. [PMID: 31070756 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intervention (DI) is a primary strategy to attenuate some of the metabolic abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), including low HDL cholesterol. There is no biomarker that can identify individuals who respond to DI by increasing HDL cholesterol. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the predictive power of a genetic predisposition score (GPS) in Mexican adults with MetS to identify HDL cholesterol responders to DI. METHODS This study followed a prospective cohort design. Sixty-seven Mexican adults aged 20-60 y (21% men) with BMI ≥25 and ≤39.9 kg/m², who had at least 3 of 5 positive criteria for MetS, were included. Participants consumed a low saturated fat diet for 2.5 mo (<7% energy as saturated fat, <200 mg of cholesterol/d) and reduced their usual diet by ∼440 kcal/d, a reduction in total energy intake of about 25%. Anthropometry and serum biochemical markers, including HDL cholesterol, were measured before and after DI. A multilocus GPS was constructed using previously reported genetic variants associated with response to diet in subjects with MetS. GPS values, designed to predict the response of HDL cholesterol to the DI, were computed for each individual as the sum of the number of effect alleles across 14 SNPs. RESULTS Individuals were dichotomized as high and low GPS according to median GPS (-2.12) and we observed a difference in HDL cholesterol changes on DI of +3 mg/dL (6.3%) in subjects with low GPS, whereas those with high GPS had HDL cholesterol decreases of -3 mg/dL (-7.9%) (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with low GPS showed greater increases in their HDL cholesterol than those with high GPS. Therefore, the GPS can be useful for predicting the HDL cholesterol response to diet.
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Torres N, Torre-Villalvazo I, Tovar AR. NUTRIGENOMICS AS A TOOL IN THE PREVENTION OF LIPOTOXICITY: THE CASE OF SOY PROTEIN. REVISTA DE INVESTIGACION CLINICA-CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL INVESTIGATION 2019; 71:157-167. [PMID: 31184331 DOI: 10.24875/ric.18002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increase of several metabolic disorders leading to the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This is due in part to the ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in organs that are non-adipose tissues, leading to lipotoxicity. Particularly, in the liver, the accumulation of lipids, mainly of triglycerides, leads to the formation of fatty liver. The accumulation of lipids in skeletal muscle and pancreas associates with insulin resistance and a decrease in insulin secretion, respectively. In addition, it has been suggested that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can contribute to the process of lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues, especially in the liver. The aim of the present review is to highlight the mechanisms associated with the development of lipotoxicity, and how with the advances in nutrigenomics, it is now possible to understand the molecular mechanisms by which some nutrients can attenuate the ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues. Particularly, we emphasize research conducted on the molecular mechanisms of action of soy protein and some of its isoflavones, and how these can reduce lipotoxicity by preventing the accumulation of lipids in the liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, as well as their role on the gut microbiota to attenuate the development of fatty liver. Thus, nutrigenomics is opening new dietary strategies based on several functional foods that can be used to ameliorate the pathologies associated with lipotoxicity.
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Alemán G, Castro AL, Vigil-Martínez A, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A, Noriega LG, Medina-Vera I, Ordáz G, Torres N, Tovar AR. Interaction between the amount of dietary protein and the environmental temperature on the expression of browning markers in adipose tissue of rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31178938 PMCID: PMC6549346 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background A low-protein diet increases the expression and circulating concentration of FGF21. FGF21 stimulates the browning process of WAT by enhancing the expression of UCP1 coupled with an increase in PGC1α. Interestingly, the consumption of a low-protein diet could stimulate WAT differentiation into beige/brite cells by increasing FGF21 expression and Ucp1 mRNA abundance. However, whether the stimulus of a low-protein diet on WAT browning can synergistically interact with another browning stimulus, such as cold exposure, remains elusive. Results In the present study, rats were fed 6% (low), 20% (adequate), or 50% (high) dietary protein for 10 days and subsequently exposed to 4 °C for 72 h. Body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured, as well as WAT browning and BAT thermogenesis markers and FGF21 circulating levels. The results showed that during cold exposure, the consumption of a high-protein diet reduced UCP1, TBX1, Cidea, Cd137, and Prdm16 in WAT when compared with the consumption of a low-protein diet. In contrast, at room temperature, a low-protein diet increased the expression of UCP1, Cidea, and Prdm16 associated with an increase in FGF21 expression and circulating levels when compared with a consumption of a high-protein diet. Consequently, the consumption of a low-protein diet increased energy expenditure. Conclusions These results indicate that in addition to the environmental temperature, WAT browning is nutritionally modulated by dietary protein, affecting whole-body energy expenditure. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Lucarelli A, Guarmit B, Calvez M, Guedj ME, Huber F, Torres N, Vaz T, Epelboin L, Nacher M. État des lieux après deux ans de consultation PREP en Amazonie française. Med Mal Infect 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.04.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sánchez-Tapia M, Martínez-Medina J, Tovar AR, Torres N. Natural and Artificial Sweeteners and High Fat Diet Modify Differential Taste Receptors, Insulin, and TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Pathways in Adipose Tissues of Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040880. [PMID: 31010163 PMCID: PMC6520815 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to know if the cause for obesity is the type of sweetener, high fat (HF) content, or the combination of sweetener and fat. The purpose of the present work was to study different types of sweeteners; in particular, steviol glycosides (SG), glucose, fructose, sucrose, brown sugar, honey, SG + sucrose (SV), and sucralose on the functionality of the adipocyte. Male Wistar rats were fed for four months with different sweeteners or sweetener with HF added. Taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 were differentially expressed in the tongue and intestine by sweeteners and HF. The combination of fat and sweetener showed an additive effect on circulating levels of GIP and GLP-1 except for honey, SG, and brown sugar. In adipose tissue, sucrose and sucralose stimulated TLR4, and c-Jun N-terminal (JNK). The combination of HF with sweeteners increased NFκB, with the exception of SG and honey. Honey kept the insulin signaling pathway active and the smallest adipocytes in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue and the highest expression of adiponectin, PPARγ, and UCP-1 in BAT. The addition of HF reduced mitochondrial branched-chain amino transferase (BCAT2) branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (BCKDH) and increased branched chain amino acids (BCAA) levels by sucrose and sucralose. Our data suggests that the consumption of particular honey maintained functional adipocytes despite the consumption of a HF diet.
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Cornejo-Granados F, Calderón de la Barca AM, Torres N, Martínez-Romero E, Torres J, López-Vidal Y, Soberón X, Partida-Martínez LP, Pinto-Cardoso S, Alcaraz LD, Pardo-López L, Canizales-Quinteros S, Puente JL, Ochoa-Leyva A. Microbiome-MX 2018: microbiota and microbiome opportunities in Mexico, a megadiverse country. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:235-241. [PMID: 30922683 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A weekly conference series paired with lectures entitled "Microbiome-MX: exploring the Microbiota and Microbiome Research in Mexico" was organized to provide a multidisciplinary overview of the most recent research done in Mexico using high-throughput sequencing. Scientists and postgraduate students from several disciplines such as microbiology, bioinformatics, virology, immunology, nutrition, and medical genomics gathered to discuss state of the art in each of their respective subjects of expertise, as well as advances, applications and new opportunities on microbiota/microbiome research. In particular, high-throughput sequencing is a crucial tool to understand the challenges of a megadiverse developing country as Mexico, and moreover to know the scientific capital and capabilities available for collaboration. The conference series addressed three main topics important for Mexico: i) the complex role of microbiota in health and prevalent diseases such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis, HIV, autoimmune diseases and gastric cancer; ii) the use of local, traditional and prehispanic products as pre/probiotics to modulate the microbiota and improve human health; and iii) the impact of the microbiota in shaping the biodiversity of economically important terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Herein, we summarize the contributions that Mexican microbiota/microbiome research is making to the global trends, describing the highlights of the conferences and lectures, rather than a review of the state-of-the-art of this research. This meeting report also presents the efforts of a multidisciplinary group of scientist to encourage collaborations and bringing this research field closer for younger generations.
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Palacios-González B, Vargas-Castillo A, Velázquez-Villegas LA, Vasquez-Reyes S, López P, Noriega LG, Aleman G, Tovar-Palacio C, Torre-Villalvazo I, Yang LJ, Zarain-Herzberg A, Torres N, Tovar AR. Genistein increases the thermogenic program of subcutaneous WAT and increases energy expenditure in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 68:59-68. [PMID: 31030168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) can differentiate into beige adipose tissue by the browning process. Some polyphenols, including isoflavones, particularly genistein, are suggested to increase the expression of browning markers. There is evidence that consumption of genistein can attenuate body weight gain and improve glucose tolerance and blood lipid levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential mechanisms of stimulation by which genistein activates the browning of WAT. We studied the stimulation of the expression of browning markers in the following models: mice fed genistein; preadipocytes from 3 T3-L1 cells; and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from the inguinal adipose tissue of mice. The results indicated that genistein can stimulate the browning process by at least two mechanisms. An indirect mechanism was involved in the induction of PGC-1α/FNDC5 in skeletal muscle leading to an increase in the myokine irisin. In preadipocytes, irisin was able to increase the expression of Ucp1 and Tmem26, markers of browning, to increase energy expenditure. Interestingly, genistein was also able to activate browning by a direct mechanism. Incubation of preadipocytes with genistein increased UCP1 expression as well as some biomarkers of browning in a concentration-dependent manner, possibly via phosphorylation of AMPK. The effect of genistein was accompanied by an increase in the number of mitochondria as well as in the maximum respiration rate of the adipocytes. In conclusion, this study indicated that genistein can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the browning process directly in preadipocytes and indirectly by increasing the circulating levels of irisin.
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Medina-Vera I, Sanchez-Tapia M, Noriega-López L, Granados-Portillo O, Guevara-Cruz M, Flores-López A, Avila-Nava A, Fernández ML, Tovar AR, Torres N. A dietary intervention with functional foods reduces metabolic endotoxaemia and attenuates biochemical abnormalities by modifying faecal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2018; 45:122-131. [PMID: 30266575 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the effects of a functional food-based dietary intervention on faecal microbiota and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS This placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study included 81 patients with T2D divided into two 3-month treatment groups: one following a reduced-energy diet with a dietary portfolio (DP) comprising high-fibre, polyphenol-rich and vegetable-protein functional foods; the other taking a placebo (P). The primary outcome was the effect of the DP on faecal microbiota. Secondary endpoints were biochemical parameters, lipopolysaccharide, branched-chain amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and free fatty acids (FFAs). RESULTS Patients with T2D exhibited intestinal dysbiosis characterized by an increase in Prevotella copri. Dietary intervention with functional foods significantly modified faecal microbiota compared with P by increasing alpha diversity and modifying the abundance of specific bacteria, independently of antidiabetic drugs. There was a decrease in P. copri and increases in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila, two bacterial species known to have anti-inflammatory effects. The DP group also exhibited significant reductions in areas under the curve for glucose, total and LDL cholesterol, FFAs, HbA1c (P< 0.05), triglycerides and CRP, and an increase in antioxidant activity (P< 0.01) vs. the P group. CONCLUSION Long-term adherence to a high-fibre, polyphenol-enriched and vegetable-protein-based diet provides benefits for the composition of faecal microbiota, and may offer potential therapies for improvement of glycaemic control, dyslipidaemia and inflammation.
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Salinas-Rubio D, Tovar AR, Torre-Villalvazo I, Granados-Portillo O, Torres N, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Noriega LG. Interaction between leucine and palmitate catabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary adipocytes from control and obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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López P, Sánchez M, Perez-Cruz C, Velázquez-Villegas LA, Syeda T, Aguilar-López M, Rocha-Viggiano AK, Del Carmen Silva-Lucero M, Torre-Villalvazo I, Noriega LG, Torres N, Tovar AR. Long-Term Genistein Consumption Modifies Gut Microbiota, Improving Glucose Metabolism, Metabolic Endotoxemia, and Cognitive Function in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800313. [PMID: 29979819 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study is to assess whether the long-term addition of genistein to a high-fat diet can ameliorate the metabolic and the cognitive alterations and whether the changes can be associated with modifications to the gut microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS C57/BL6 mice were fed either a control (C) diet, a high-fat (HF) diet, or a high-fat diet containing genistein (HFG) for 6 months. During the study, indirect calorimetry, IP glucose tolerance tests, and behavioral analyses were performed. At the end of the study, plasma, liver, brain, and fecal samples were collected. The results showed that mice fed the HFG diet gained less weight, had lower serum triglycerides, and an improvement in glucose tolerance than those fed an HF diet. Mice fed the HFG diet also modified the gut microbiota that was associated with lower circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver compared to those fed HF diet. The reduction in LPS by the consumption of genistein was accompanied by an improvement of the cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Genistein is able to regulate the gut microbiota, reducing metabolic endotoxemia and decreasing the neuroinflammatory response despite the consumption of a HF diet.
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Torres N, Galicia J, Plasencia Y, Cano A, Echevarría F, Desdin-Garcia L, Reguera E. Implications of structural differences between Cu-BTC and Fe-BTC on their hydrogen storage capacity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Plata C, Reyes‐Camacho A, López‐Barradas AA, Ramírez‐González V, Noriega L, Cruz C, Vázquez N, Gamba G, Torres N, Tovar‐Palacio A. A BUTYRATE AND NIACIN SUPPLEMENTED DIET REDUCES CORPORAL FAT GAIN AND INDUCES SEVERE KIDNEY DAMAGE IN A MURINE MODEL (C57BL/6). FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.719.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Guevara-Cruz M, Vargas-Morales JM, Méndez-García AL, López-Barradas AM, Granados-Portillo O, Ordaz-Nava G, Rocha-Viggiano AK, Gutierrez-Leyte CA, Medina-Cerda E, Rosado JL, Morales JC, Torres N, Tovar AR, Noriega LG. Amino acid profiles of young adults differ by sex, body mass index and insulin resistance. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:393-401. [PMID: 29422298 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An increase in plasma branched-chain amino acids is associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about the basal plasma amino acid concentrations in young adults. Our aim was to determine the plasma amino acid profiles of young adults and to evaluate how these profiles were modified by sex, body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR). METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a transversal study with 608 Mexican young adults aged 19.9 ± 2.4 years who were applicants to the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. The subjects underwent a physical examination and provided a clinical history and a blood sample for biochemical, hormonal and amino acid analyses. The women had higher levels of arginine, aspartate and serine and lower levels of α-aminoadipic acid, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, urea and valine than the men. The obese subjects had higher levels of alanine, aspartate, cysteine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline and tyrosine and lower levels of glycine, ornithine and serine than the normal weight subjects. Subjects with IR (defined as HOMA > 2.5) had higher levels of arginine, alanine, aspartate, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, taurine and valine than the subjects without IR. Furthermore, we identified two main groups in the subjects with obesity and/or IR; one group was composed of amino acids that positively correlated with the clinical, biochemical and hormonal parameters, whereas the second group exhibited negative correlations. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that young adults with obesity or IR have altered amino acid profiles characterized by an increase in alanine, aspartate, proline and tyrosine and a decrease in glycine.
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Torre‐Villalvazo I, Bunt AE, Alemán G, Marquez‐Mota CC, Diaz‐Villaseñor A, Noriega LG, Estrada I, Figueroa‐Juárez E, Tovar‐Palacio C, Rodriguez‐López LA, López‐Romero P, Torres N, Tovar AR. Adiponectin synthesis and secretion by subcutaneous adipose tissue is impaired during obesity by endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5970-5984. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Orozco-Ruiz X, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Tovar AR, Torres N, Medina-Vera I, Prinelli F, Lafortuna CL, Guevara-Cruz M. Reply-Letter to the Editor-Superiority of new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1085-1086. [PMID: 29459214 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Torre-Villalvazo I, Cervantes-Pérez LG, Noriega LG, Jiménez JV, Uribe N, Chávez-Canales M, Tovar-Palacio C, Marfil-Garza BA, Torres N, Bobadilla NA, Tovar AR, Gamba G. Inactivation of SPAK kinase reduces body weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet by improving energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E53-E65. [PMID: 29066461 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00108.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) controls the activity of the electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters (SLC12 family) and thus physiological processes such as modulation of cell volume, intracellular chloride concentration [Cl-]i, and transepithelial salt transport. Modulation of SPAK kinase activity may have an impact on hypertension and obesity, as STK39, the gene encoding SPAK, has been suggested as a hypertension and obesity susceptibility gene. In fact, the absence of SPAK activity in mice in which the activating threonine in the T loop was substituted by alanine (SPAK-KI mice) is associated with decreased blood pressure; however its consequences in metabolism have not been explored. Here, we fed wild-type and homozygous SPAK-KI mice a high-fat diet for 17 wk to evaluate weight gain, circulating substrates and hormones, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity. SPAK-KI mice exhibit resistance to HFD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis associated with increased energy expenditure, higher thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue, increased mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle, and reduced white adipose tissue hypertrophy mediated by augmented whole body insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Our data reveal a previously unrecognized role for the SPAK kinase in the regulation of energy balance, thermogenesis, and insulin sensitivity, suggesting that this kinase could be a new drug target for the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Orozco-Ruiz X, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Tovar AR, Torres N, Medina-Vera I, Prinelli F, Lafortuna CL, Guevara-Cruz M. Development and validation of new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in adults with overweight and obesity. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:2198-2205. [PMID: 29169857 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Accurate predictive equations of resting energy expenditure (REE) are crucial in devising nutritional strategies to manage overweight/obesity, especially in countries where these are highly prevalent. REE is the most common measurement used to estimate energy requirements in the nutritional context; the most accurate method of measuring REE is indirect calorimetry (IC). However, this method is costly and often rarely feasible in many clinical settings. The objective of the present study was to develop and validate a new equation for predicting REE in adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study including 410 men and women with overweight and obesity (20-60 y). Participants were randomly assigned; the development group included 200 subjects and the validation group 210 subjects. The new predictive equation was derived using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The accuracy of the new equation was compared to several existing predictive equations (PEs). The accuracy rate was calculated as the percentage of subjects whose REE-PE was within ±10% of the REE-IC. REE was measured by IC and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS One predictive equation was developed (NEQ) in which weight was the strongest predictor of REE. Compared with others predicted equations already using, the new designed equation showed the less mean bias (Kj/day): NEQ: 25.7, Valencia:129, WHO/FAO/United Nations University: 270, Mifflin-St Jeor: 308, Owen: -808, Carrasco: -1097, Korth: -36.4, Johnstone: -375, Livingstone: -315, De Lorenzo: -28.3, Lazzer: -123, Muller: -145, Huang: -399 and Bernstein: -1335. CONCLUSIONS The present equation had the highest predictive accuracy in subjects with overweight or obesity compared with the previous equations derived from different populations. Thus, these new equation can be used to assist the nutritional management of these subjects.
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Torres-Villalobos G, Hamdan-Pérez N, Díaz-Villaseñor A, Tovar AR, Torre-Villalvazo I, Ordaz-Nava G, Morán-Ramos S, Noriega LG, Martínez-Benítez B, López-Garibay A, Torres-Landa S, Ceballos-Cantú JC, Tovar-Palacio C, Figueroa-Juárez E, Hiriart M, Medina-Santillán R, Castillo-Hernández C, Torres N. Autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue transplants improve adipose tissue metabolism and reduce insulin resistance and fatty liver in diet-induced obesity rats. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/17/e12909. [PMID: 27582062 PMCID: PMC5027344 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long‐term dietary and pharmacological treatments for obesity have been questioned, particularly in individuals with severe obesity, so a new approach may involve adipose tissue transplants, particularly autologous transplants. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) transplants into two specific intraabdominal cavity sites (omental and retroperitoneal) after 90 days. The study was performed using two different diet‐induced obesity (DIO) rat models: one using a high‐fat diet (HFD) and the other using a high‐carbohydrate diet (HCHD). Autologous SAT transplant reduced hypertrophic adipocytes, improved insulin sensitivity, reduced hepatic lipid content, and fasting serum‐free fatty acids (FFAs) concentrations in the two DIO models. In addition, the reductions in FFAs and glycerol were accompanied by a greater reduction in lipolysis, assessed via the phosphorylation status of HSL, in the transplanted adipose tissue localized in the omentum compared with that localized in the retroperitoneal compartment. Therefore, the improvement in hepatic lipid content after autologous SAT transplant may be partially attributed to a reduction in lipolysis in the transplanted adipose tissue in the omentum due to the direct drainage of FFAs into the liver. The HCHD resulted in elevated fasting and postprandial serum insulin levels, which were dramatically reduced by the autologous SAT transplant. In conclusion, the specific intraabdominal localization of the autologous SAT transplant improved the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of adipose tissue in obese rats and selectively corrected the metabolic parameters that are dependent on the type of diet used to generate the DIO model.
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Velázquez-Villegas LA, Tovar-Palacio C, Palacios-González B, Torres N, Tovar AR, Díaz-Villaseñor A. Recycling of glucagon receptor to plasma membrane increases in adipocytes of obese rats by soy protein; implications for glucagon resistance. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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70
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Sánchez-Tapia M, Aguilar-López M, Pérez-Cruz C, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Wang M, Donovan SM, Tovar AR, Torres N. Nopal (Opuntia ficus indica) protects from metabolic endotoxemia by modifying gut microbiota in obese rats fed high fat/sucrose diet. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4716. [PMID: 28680065 PMCID: PMC5498631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current efforts are directed to reducing the gut dysbiosis and inflammation produced by obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether consuming nopal, a vegetable rich in dietary fibre, vitamin C, and polyphenols can reduce the metabolic consequences of obesity by modifying the gut microbiota and preventing metabolic endotoxemia in rats fed a high fat and sucrose diet. With this aim, rats were fed a high fat diet with 5% sucrose in the drinking water (HFS) for 7 months and then were fed for 1 month with HFS + 5% nopal (HFS + N). The composition of gut microbiota was assessed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Nopal modified gut microbiota and increased intestinal occludin-1 in the HFS + N group. This was associated with a decrease in metabolic endotoxemia, glucose insulinotropic peptide, glucose intolerance, lipogenesis, and metabolic inflexibility. These changes were accompanied by reduced hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in adipose tissue and brain, and improved cognitive function, associated with an increase in B. fragilis. This study supports the use of nopal as a functional food and prebiotic for its ability to modify gut microbiota and to reduce metabolic endotoxemia and other obesity-related biochemical abnormalities.
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71
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Vargas-Castillo A, Fuentes-Romero R, Rodriguez-Lopez LA, Torres N, Tovar AR. Understanding the Biology of Thermogenic Fat: Is Browning A New Approach to the Treatment of Obesity? Arch Med Res 2017; 48:401-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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72
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Lafortuna CL, Tovar AR, Rastelli F, Tabozzi SA, Caramenti M, Orozco-Ruiz X, Aguilar-Lopez M, Guevara-Cruz M, Avila-Nava A, Torres N, Bertoli G. Clinical, functional, behavioural and epigenomic biomarkers of obesity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:1655-1681. [PMID: 28410138 DOI: 10.2741/4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent conditions worldwide, linked to an increased risk for death, disability and disease due to metabolic and biochemical abnormalities affecting the biological human system throughout different domains. Biomarkers, defined as indicators of biological processes in health and disease, relevant for body mass excess management have been identified according to different criteria, including anthropometric and molecular indexes, as well as physiological and behavioural aspects. Analysing these different biomarkers, we identified their potential role in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Epigenetic biomarkers, cellular mediators of inflammation and factors related to microbiota-host interactions may be considered to have a theranostic value. Though, the molecular processes responsible for the biological phenomenology detected by the other analysed markers, is not clear yet. Nevertheless, these biomarkers possess valuable diagnostic and prognostic power. A new frontier for theranostic biomarkers can be foreseen in the exploitation of parameters defining behaviours and lifestyles linked to the risk of obesity, capable to describe the effects of interventions for obesity prevention and treatment which include also behaviour change strategies.
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73
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Gómez-Ibáñez A, Serratosa J, Guillamón E, Garcés M, Giráldez B, Toledo M, Salas-Puig J, López-González F, Rodríguez-Uranga J, Castillo A, Mauri J, Camacho J, López-Gomáriz E, Giner P, Torres N, Palau J, Molins A, Villanueva V. Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine-acetate in elderly patients with focal epilepsy: Case series. Seizure 2017; 48:53-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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74
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Rosas-Villegas A, Sánchez-Tapia M, Avila-Nava A, Ramírez V, Tovar AR, Torres N. Differential Effect of Sucrose and Fructose in Combination with a High Fat Diet on Intestinal Microbiota and Kidney Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040393. [PMID: 28420148 PMCID: PMC5409732 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is controversial information about the adverse effect of sucrose (S) or fructose (F) in the development of obesity. Thus, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of S or F in a high fat diet (HF) on gut microbiota and renal oxidative stress. Rats were fed for four months with either high-fat + sucrose (HFS) or high-fat + fructose (HFF) or a control diet (C). Half of the HFS or HFF groups were maintained with the same diet and the other half were switched to the consumption of C. HFS and HFF groups increased 51% and 19% body weight, respectively, compared with the C group. Body fat mass, metabolic inflexibility, glucose intolerance, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), insulin, renal reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), Nadphox, and Srebp-1 were significantly higher and antioxidant enzymes and lean body mass were significantly lower in the HFS group with respect to the HF-F group. Change in the consumption of HFS or HFF to a C diet ameliorated the insulin and glucose intolerance. The type of carbohydrate differentially modified the microbiota composition, however, both groups significantly decreased C. eutactus with respect to the C group. Thus, metabolic alterations with the HFS diet had a more detrimental effect than HFF.
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75
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Moran-Ramos S, He X, Chin EL, Tovar AR, Torres N, Slupsky CM, Raybould HE. Nopal feeding reduces adiposity, intestinal inflammation and shifts the cecal microbiota and metabolism in high-fat fed rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171672. [PMID: 28196086 PMCID: PMC5308786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nopal is a cactus plant widely consumed in Mexico that has been used in traditional medicine to aid in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. We previously showed that chronic consumption of dehydrated nopal ameliorated hepatic steatosis in obese (fa/fa) rats; however, description of the effects on other tissues is sparse. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nopal cladode consumption on intestinal physiology, microbial community structure, adipose tissue, and serum biochemistry in diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed either a normal fat (NF) diet or a HF diet containing 4% of dietary fiber from either nopal or cellulose for 6 weeks. Consumption of nopal counteracted HF-induced adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy, and induced profound changes in intestinal physiology. Nopal consumption reduced biomarkers of intestinal inflammation (mRNA expression of IL-6) and oxidative stress (ROS), modfied gut microbiota composition, increasing microbial diversity and cecal fermentation (SCFA), and altered the serum metabolome. Interestingly, metabolomic analysis of dehydrated nopal revealed a high choline content, which appeared to generate high levels of serum betaine, that correlated negatively with hepatic triglyceride (TAG) levels. A parallel decrease in some of the taxa associated with the production of trimethylamine, suggest an increase in choline absorption and bioavailability with transformation to betaine. The latter may partially explain the previously observed effect of nopal on the development of hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence on the effects of nopal consumption on normal and HF-diet induced changes in the intestine, the liver and systemic metabolism.
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