Psychological adjustment among left-behind children in rural China: the role of parental migration and parent-child communication

BACKGROUND

Left-behind children refer to those rural children who are under 18 years of age and are left at home when both or one of their parents migrate to urban area for work. Recent findings showed that left-behind children were disadvantaged by developmental, emotional and social problems.

METHOD

A sample of 1165 rural children and adolescents were recruited to examine the characteristics of left-behind children and explore the differences in psychological adjustment (including satisfaction, loneliness and happiness) by patterns of parental migration (i.e. no parent migrating, one parent migrating or two parents migrating) and the level of parent-child communication in rural China.

RESULTS

(1) Compared with children with one parent migrating, children with two parents migrating were separated from their parents at younger ages, for longer periods, and saw their migrant parents less frequently. (2) Children with two parents migrating reported the lowest level of satisfaction among the three groups of rural children. Both groups of children with one or two parents migrating experienced more loneliness compared with children with no parent migrating. There were no significant differences in school satisfaction and happiness among the three groups. (3) The children who reported a higher level of parent-child communication also reported a higher level of life and school satisfaction and happiness, and no differences in loneliness were found by levels of parent-child communication.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that loneliness was the most common and important experience of left-behind children. Parent-child communication is important for the development of all rural children, including those who were left behind by their migrant parents.

Insulin Action in Rats Is Influenced by Amount and Composition of Dietary Fat

The chronic influence of dietary fat composition on obesity and insulin action is not well understood. We examined the effect of amount (20% vs 60% of total calories) and type (saturated vs polyunsaturated) of fat on insulin action and body composition in mature male rats. Six months of feeding a high fat (HF) diet led to obesity and impaired insulin action (determined by a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp), neither of which were reversed by a subsequent 6 months of feeding a low fat (LF) diet. Within HF fed rats, type of fat did not affect body composition or insulin action. Six months of feeding a low fat diet led to only a slight decline in insulin action, with no difference due to type of dietary fat. From 6-9 months, insulin action became more impaired in LF rats fed the saturated diet than in LF rats fed the polyunsaturated diet. By 12 months, all groups were obese and had a similar impairment in insulin action. The amount and type of fat in the diet did not influence the overall degree of impairment in insulin action but did affect the time course. Both feeding a high fat diet and feeding a low fat saturated diet accelerated the impairment in insulin action relative to rats fed a low fat polyunsaturated fat diet.

Abstract 4858: Identification of ZDHHC14 as a novel tumor suppressor gene commonly downregulated in human cancers

Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) play critical roles in preventing tumorigenesis and they are frequently inactivated in tumours. Recently developed high-density microarrays can detect subchromosomal deletions, recurrence of which usually indicates the location of TSGs within the deleted region. We analyzed testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) clinical samples using SNP arrays and found a frequent small deletion on the region 6q25.3 containing only one known gene, ZDHHC14. While its cellular function is unknown, ZDHHC14 belongs to the recently discovered DHHC family, which are predicted to be involved in protein palmitoylation, a reversible lipid modification that regulates membrane tethering for key proteins in cell signaling, cancer, neuronal transmission, and membrane trafficking. Consistently, we found a dramatic under-expression of ZDHHC14 mRNA and protein in TGCTs, and this associated with chemoresistance. Oncomine database mining showed that ZDHHC14 is also under-expressed in lymphoma, liposarcoma, brain, kidney, lung and colorectal cancers. Thus, it appears that ZDHHC14 downregulation may be involved in other cancers. We studied ZDHHC14 expression in prostate cancer (PCa), detecting a decrease at mRNA and protein level. We also detected that ZDHHC14 mRNA was downregulated in a pilot study on breast cancer samples. As genomic loss of the ZDHHC14 region was only detected in a small number of PCa samples, we checked whether promoter hypermethylation was the cause for ZDHHC14 downregulation. However, no changes in methylation status were found. We then sequenced the whole genomic region surrounding ZDHHC14 by next generation sequencing in TGCTs and PCa and found several mutations in the promoter, the coding region, as well as in intronic regions. Finally, we tested the function of ZDHHC14 in cell-based studies. We generated a 293 T-REx tetracycline inducible ZDHHC14 overexpressing stable cell line, which showed that ZDHHC14 overexpression decreased cell viability. The induction of apoptosis by ZDHHC14 overexpression was detected both by FACS and caspase 7 and PARP cleavage analyses. This was confirmed by transient ZDHHC14 overexpression in the PCa cell line 22RV1. In vivo we xenografted mice using both tetracycline inducible ZDHHC14 overexpressing 293 T-REx cells and control cells transfected with the empty vector. ZDHHC14 expression was induced by tetracycline at the beginning of inoculation and we detected that ZDHHC14 overexpression blocked tumour initiation completely. In conclusion, these results implicate ZDHHC14 as a tumour suppressor gene commonly inactivated in human cancers, indicating that it might exert its tumor suppressor role through the induction of programmed cell death. This is the first study showing the involvement of ZDHHC14 in a specific pathway, the classic caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4858. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4858

The expression and clinical significance of GTP-binding RAS-like 3 (ARHI) and microRNA 221 and 222 in prostate cancer

Globally, prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men and there is no biomarker for defining tumour invasion and progression. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding RAS-like 3 (ARHI) is a tumour suppressor gene that has been found to be downregulated in the prostate cancer cell line PC-3. MicroRNA 221 and 222 have been shown to regulate ARHI expression negatively. This study evaluated tissue samples from patients with prostate cancer (n = 35) that were designated as aggressive or non-aggressive according to their Gleason grade. Expression of ARHI and microRNA 221 and 222 was measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The level of ARHI mRNA was significantly lower in aggressive compared with non-aggressive prostate cancer tissue samples. In contrast, microRNA 221 and 222 levels were significantly higher in aggressive compared with non-aggressive prostate cancer tissue samples. Whether ARHI and microRNA 221 and 222 could be considered as biomarkers for disease progression in prostate cancer requires further investigation.

Dental abnormalities in eight captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China

Dental data from eight adult giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) (four females and four males) were collected at the Beijing Zoo from February 2009 to July 2010. Examination findings were recorded in dental charts. All the pandas had different degrees of tooth wear. Incisors, canines and second premolars had the most abnormalities. Five animals had caries; molars were the most affected. Chip fractures were found in seven teeth (incisor, canine and premolar) of five pandas; two had complicated fractures of their canines. Premolars and other teeth were missing in three pandas. Different degrees of dental plaque and calculus were found in all animals. Two pandas had mild gingivitis; the depth of periodontal pockets in all pandas was normal (0-2 mm). Five pandas had abnormal tooth mobility. Samples of dental plaque were collected for microbial culture. Two hundred and fifty-three bacterial strains belonging to 48 species of 23 genera were isolated. Streptococcus, Moraxella, Peptostreptococcus and Porphyromonas were the dominant genera. Further research with larger sample sizes of free-ranging and captive giant pandas will be required in order to demonstrate the absence of the premolar tooth, tooth fractures and the relatively low prevalence of periodontal disease in captive giant pandas.

Purification and characterization of two new allergens from the salivary glands of the horsefly, Tabanus yao

BACKGROUND

Horsefly bite can cause allergic reactions in humans. There is no information about allergenic horsefly proteins.

OBJECTIVES

The current work aims to purify and characterize IgE-binding proteins from horsefly salivary glands.

METHODS

Two IgE-binding proteins, Tab a 1 and Tab a 2 with molecular weight of 26 and 35 kd, respectively, were purified and characterized from 60,000 pairs of horsefly salivary glands of Tabanus yao, respectively. Their primary sequences were determined by Edman degradation and cDNA cloning. Their allergenicity was examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ELISA inhibition tests, and immunoblots.

RESULTS

Immunoblotting demonstrated IgE binding by 32 and 34 of 37 (86.5% and 91.8%) subjects' sera to Tab a 1 and Tab a 2, respectively. They were identified as an antigen 5-related (Ag 5) protein and hyaluronidase, respectively. ELISA inhibitions of serum IgE reactivity to the horsefly salivary gland extract (SGE) using purified Tab a 1 and Tab a 2 were significant (about 45%). In addition, these proteins showed some IgE-binding capacity to sera of subjects with wasp sting allergy.

CONCLUSIONS

We have first identified and characterized two IgE-binding proteins, Tab a 1, an Ag 5-like protein and Tab a 2, a hyaluronidase, from the horsefly salivary glands. They appear to be of importance for the allergic reactions induced by horsefly bite. These allergens are thus not only found in stinging but also found in hematophagous insects. These results also provided support for the presence of the so-called wasp-horsefly syndrome (WHS).

Prognostic impact of proliferative index determined by quantitative image analysis and the International Prognostic Index in patients with mantle cell lymphoma

Background: The proliferative index (PI) is a powerful prognostic factor in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL); however, its utility is hampered by interobserver variability. The mantle cell international prognostic index (MIPI) has been reported to have prognostic importance. In this study, we determined the prognostic value of the PI as determined by quantitative image analysis in MCL.

Patients and methods: Eighty-eight patients with adequate tissue were included in this analysis. Patients were treated with one of two treatment programs: sequential therapy with high-dose therapy consolidation or radioimmunotherapy followed by combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone. Patients were divided into four groups based on PI (<10%, 10%–29.9%, 30%–49.9%, and >50%), and outcomes were analyzed.

Results: Thirty percent was identified as the optimal cut-off for PI. By univariate analysis, intensive treatment and a low PI were associated with a superior progression-free survival (PFS); only PI was associated with overall survival. By multivariate analysis, both intensive treatment and PI correlated with PFS. The MIPI had no prognostic impact.

Conclusions: PI is the most important prognostic factor in MCL. The cut-off of 30% is clinically meaningful and can be used to tailor the intensity of therapy in future clinical trials.

Use of age and BMD to predict fracture risk in men on androgen deprivation therapy

9517

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) decreases bone mineral density by reducing estrogens to castrate levels and, as a result, increases fracture risk. We recently completed a two-year trial in 1382 men in which we examined the ability of toremifene to reduce fracture risk in men on ADT. Herein we describe analyses of the placebo group to assess the baseline characteristics associated with new fractures. Methods: We conducted a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial in 1382 men with histologically confirmed prostate cancer on ADT. Entry criteria included age ≥ 50 years, continous ADT for 6 months or longer or intermittent ADT for 12 months or longer. Subjects on intermittent ADT at enrollment had to remain on continuous ADT for their duration on study. Subjects were randomized to receive either 80mg toremifene citrate daily or matching placebo. The primary end point was the incidence of new morphometric vertebral fractures. Secondary endpoints included bone mineral density, clinical fragility fractures, bone turnover markers, lipid profile, hot flashes, and gynecomastia. Results: The modified intent to treat (MITT) population included subjects who took study medication and had an on-study radiograph. There were 467 subjects in the placebo MITT population. To identify factors associated with fracture risk in men on ADT we compared placebo subjects who suffered a fracture or during the first year on study suffered 7% or greater bone loss with those placebo subjects who did not. Baseline characteristics included: BMD (spine, hip, femoral neck), Age, history of fracture, ADT duration, bone turnover markers, and race. Logistic regression models of the probability of fracture/bone loss as a function of country showed that each of BMD at all sites, age, race, CTX, and history of previous fracture independently predicted fracture/7% bone loss. When all characteristics were analyzed in a multivariable model lower spine BMD (p=0.006) and older age (p=0.018) were significantly associated with incident fractures. Conclusions: In prostate cancer patients on ADT older age and lower baseline spine BMD were associated with a greater risk of fracture in untreated patients.

[Table: see text]

Role of IκBα as a negative regulator of EGFR and a molecular determinant of prognosis in glioblastoma multiforme

2028

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme is a complex disease that involves the deregulation of overlapping signaling pathways. Constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been broadly associated with various human cancers, including glioblastomas, and their therapy resistance and may be due to cross-coupling with other oncogenic pathways, such as epidermal growth factor signaling. Methods: Multidimensional analysis involving gene and transcript data for the endogenous NF-κB modulator IκBα/NFKBIA and clinical patient profiles of 482 glioblastomas/high-grade gliomas from multiple institutions in the United States and The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project. Functional analyses using LN229, U87, and U118 glioblastoma cells, and human embryonic kidney 293T cells with transgene phenotypes for IκBα. IκBα promoter and coding sequence and promoter methylation analyses in a resistance model of 15 glioblastomas cell lines with in vitro and/or in vivo resistance to O6-alkylating agents. Results: We have identified a regulatory circuit between NF-κB and EGFR signaling in glioblastomas, where IκBα binds to EGFR and attenuates EGFR signaling by immobilizing its kinase domain into an inactive conformation. We found the NFKBIA gene at 14q13.2 deleted in 25% of glioblastomas and its occurrence mutually exclusive with EGFR amplification. Loss of NFKBIA associates independently with patient survival. Functional analyses uncover a bona fide tumor suppressor role for IκBα in glioblastoma cells, where it functions to constrain tumorigenic and migratory potential, and induce spontaneous cellular senescence, and apoptosis in response to treatment. IκBα expression is an independent predictor of patient prognosis in multiple glioblastoma populations. Glioblastomas with initially high IκBα expression significantly repress IκBα upon tumor recurrence, suggesting an acquired mechanism to evade its tumor-suppressive and/or chemo-sensitizing effects during tumor progression. Conclusions: IκBα is a molecular determinant of biological tumor behavior and patient survival in glioblastoma multiforme. Deletion of NFKBIA could present an alternate mechanism to activate EGFR signaling in EGFR non-amplified glioblastomas.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Overview of recent studies of community-acquired pneumonia

All recent studies of antibacterial drugs for the indication of community-acquired pneumonia submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration have been designed as noninferiority studies. We provide a summary of results of 7 recent clinical studies of oral antibacterial drugs for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. In these 7 studies, the majority of patients enrolled had Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team scores of I or II. The percentage of randomized subjects with pathogens identified at baseline ranged from 47% to 76%, and the percentage of subjects with Streptoccocus pneumoniae isolated at baseline ranged from approximately 6% to 20%. The primary end point in these studies was clinical cure, assessed 7-21 days after completion of therapy. Clinical cure rates were >80% in the intent-to-treat populations and >90% in the per-protocol populations. We also briefly summarize the results from several recently submitted clinical studies of intravenously administered antibacterial drugs for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, in which we found similar results.

An investigation on performance of Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) for the comparisons of several treatments with one control in the presence of small-variance genes

One of multiple testing problems in drug finding experiments is the comparison of several treatments with one control. In this paper we discuss a particular situation of such an experiment, i.e., a microarray setting, where the many-to-one comparisons need to be addressed for thousands of genes simultaneously. For a gene-specific analysis, Dunnett's single step procedure is considered within gene tests, while the FDR controlling procedures such as Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Benjamini and Hochberg (BH) False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment are applied to control the error rate across genes. The method is applied to a microarray experiment with four treatment groups (three microarrays in each group) and 16,998 genes. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the performance of the SAM method and the BH-FDR procedure with regard to controlling the FDR, and to investigate the effect of small-variance genes on the FDR in the SAM procedure.

Review and pooled analysis of studies on MTHFR C677T polymorphism and esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer has been associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption, gastric reflux, exposure to nitrosamines from food or other environmental sources, and diets lacking folate. Susceptibility to esophageal cancer may be modified by functional polymorphisms in genes along the folate metabolic pathway, such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The C677T polymorphism is the most common functional variant, leading to a reduction in enzyme activity. We report a pooled analysis of 5 studies on the association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism and esophageal cancer, including 725 cases and 1531 controls. A significant association between the MTHFR 677 TT genotype and esophageal cancer was observed (OR=2.63, 95% CI: 1.75-3.94), although there was significant heterogeneity between studies. A sensitivity analysis excluded one study; the association between TT genotype and esophageal cancer was still present, although of reduced magnitude (OR=1.57, 95% CI: 0.96-2.56). A significant interaction between smoking and TT genotype on esophageal cancer risk was observed, while no interaction was observed between alcohol consumption and genotype.

Genomewide association for schizophrenia in the CATIE study: results of stage 1

Little is known for certain about the genetics of schizophrenia. The advent of genomewide association has been widely anticipated as a promising means to identify reproducible DNA sequence variation associated with this important and debilitating disorder. A total of 738 cases with DSM-IV schizophrenia (all participants in the CATIE study) and 733 group-matched controls were genotyped for 492,900 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using the Affymetrix 500K two-chip genotyping platform plus a custom 164K fill-in chip. Following multiple quality control steps for both subjects and SNPs, logistic regression analyses were used to assess the evidence for association of all SNPs with schizophrenia. We identified a number of promising SNPs for follow-up studies, although no SNP or multimarker combination of SNPs achieved genomewide statistical significance. Although a few signals coincided with genomic regions previously implicated in schizophrenia, chance could not be excluded. These data do not provide evidence for the involvement of any genomic region with schizophrenia detectable with moderate sample size. However, a planned genomewide association study for response phenotypes and inclusion of individual phenotype and genotype data from this study in meta-analyses hold promise for eventual identification of susceptibility and protective variants.

Diffusion tensor imaging in children with periventricular leukomalacia: variability of injuries to white matter tracts

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Conventional MR imaging shows evidence of brain injury and/or maldevelopment in 70%-90% of children with cerebral palsy (CP), though its capability to identify specific white matter tract injury is limited. The great variability of white matter lesions in CP already demonstrated by postmortem studies is thought to be one of the reasons why response to treatment is so variable. Our hypothesis is that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a suitable technique to provide in vivo characterization of specific white matter tract lesions in children with CP associated with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 24 children with CP associated with PVL and 35 healthy controls were evaluated with DTI. Criteria for identification of 26 white matter tracts on the basis of 2D DTI color-coded maps were established, and a qualitative scoring system, based on visual inspection of the tracts in comparison with age-matched controls, was used to grade the severity of abnormalities. An ordinal grading system (0=normal, 1=abnormal, 2=severely abnormal or absent) was used to score each white matter tract.

RESULTS

There was marked variability in white matter injury pattern in patients with PVL, with the most frequent injury to the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule, posterior thalamic radiation, superior corona radiata, and commissural fibers.

CONCLUSION

DTI is a suitable technique for in vivo assessment of specific white matter lesions in patients with PVL and, thus, a potentially valuable diagnostic tool. The tract-specific evaluation revealed a family of tracts that are highly susceptible in PVL, important information that can potentially be used to tailor treatment options in the future.

Treatment of wastewater containing acid rose red dye by biologically aerated filter after chemical oxidation

Combined processes of pre-chemical oxidation and biological aerated filter (BAF) were used to treat wastewater containing non-biodegradable acid rose red dye. Advance oxidation processes (AOPs) of ozone and Fenton reagent were applied for pre-chemical oxidation, which reduced the degree of color and organic matter simultaneously increasing the biodegradability of the wastewater. The majority of the organic matter was removed by BAF. When using ozone as pre-chemical oxidation, the operation is simpler. The combined processes of AOPs, including ozone and Fenton reagent, followed by BAF reduced the color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to less than 20 degrees and 40 mg l(-1), respectively from the influent concentration of about 4000 degree color and 300 mg l(-1) COD. The effluent water quality could meet the required standard for grey water reuses.

Cotrimoxazole for prophylaxis or treatment of opportunistic infections of HIV/AIDS in patients with previous history of hypersensitivity to cotrimoxazole

BACKGROUND

Opportunistic infections continue to cause a significant amount of morbidity and mortality worldwide in patients infected with HIV. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of several opportunistic infections. In patients with HIV/AIDS, cotrimoxazole use can cause a higher rate of adverse drug reactions than in the general population. Given the cost-effectiveness of cotrimoxazole, the management of these adverse reactions has included continuing the drug (treating-through) and reintroducing the drug at a later date, either using dose-escalation (desensitization), or rechallenge at full dose. This systematic review is the first to examine the differences in patient outcomes between these strategies.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the rate of discontinuation of cotrimoxazole and adverse reactions among the three strategies of treating-through, desensitization, and rechallenge in patients living with HIV who previously had an adverse reaction to cotrimoxazole.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, The Cochrane Library, Meeting Abstracts, AIDSTRIALS, ACTIS, Current Controlled Trials, The National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry, and CenterWatch (search date May 2006).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised trials comparing treating-through, rechallenge, or desensitization of cotrimoxazole treatment or prophylaxis in adults (age 18 years or over) and/or children (age 17 years or under).

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two reviewers independently assessed trial eligibility and quality, and extracted data. Where data were incomplete or unclear, a third reviewer resolved conflicts and/or trial authors were contacted for further details.

MAIN RESULTS

Three trials that examined cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and involving 268 adults were included. Meta-analysis of these studies found a beneficial effect of using a desensitization protocol over a rechallenge protocol at six months of follow-up for preventing discontinuation of cotrimoxazole (number needed to treat (NNT) 7.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0-33.0), and for lower incidence of overall hypersensitivity (NNT 4.55, 95% CI 3.03-9.09). No severe hypersensitivity reactions occurred for either protocol in the three studies.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

In the small trials included in this review, when compared to cotrimoxazole rechallenge for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections, cotrimoxazole desensitization resulted in fewer treatment discontinuations and overall adverse reactions in HIV-infected patients with a previous history of mild or moderate hypersensitivity to cotrimoxazole. Paediatric data and trials in resource-poor settings are urgently required. Further randomised controlled trials are also needed for the treatment of opportunistic infections, treating-through, adjunctive medications, and different desensitization-dosing schedules.