151
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Dreo J, Attia D, Pirtošek Z, Repovš G. The P3 cognitive ERP has at least some sensory modality-specific generators: Evidence from high-resolution EEG. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:416-428. [PMID: 28039922 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The P3 can arguably be named the most intensely studied ERP. In spite of more than 40 years of research, fundamental questions regarding the nature of its neural generators remain unresolved. While most studies conclude that the P3 is a true classical "endogenous" potential, and that its surface potential distribution remains constant across sensory modalities, these results are largely based on low-density EEG recordings, without the use of high-resolution methods such as the spherical spline Laplacian (SSL). Seventeen healthy participants performed a three-stimulus oddball task in visual and auditory modality while their EEG was recorded using a 128-channel system. Comparison of amplitude-normalized SSL estimated P3 brain-surface potentials, and analysis of spatial and temporal correlations revealed significant differences between visual and auditory evoked P3 topographies from target and distractor stimuli (but not target minus frequent or distractor minus frequent comparisons). Based on these results, we postulate the likely existence of at least some sensory modality-specific neuronal generators of the P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurij Dreo
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Attia
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zvezdan Pirtošek
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Chair of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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152
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Skottun BC. A few words on differentiating magno- and parvocellular contributions to vision on the basis of temporal frequency. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:756-760. [PMID: 27984055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of authors have proposed that changes in temporal frequency within the range of 0-30Hz may be used to differentiate contributions from the magno- and parvocellular systems. The present analyses estimate the percentage of active magnocellular cells as a function of frequency based on published cut-off values for magno- and parvocellular cells. These analyses indicate that varying the temporal frequency over the range of 0-30Hz has little effect upon the percentage of active magnocellular cells. The analyses were also carried out for a series of hypothetical cut-off frequencies and standard deviations of these frequencies for magnocellular cells. The results of these simulations indicate that even large alterations in these values do not alter the above conclusion to a noteworthy extent.
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153
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Stewart CR, Sanchez SS, Grenesko EL, Brown CM, Chen CP, Keehn B, Velasquez F, Lincoln AJ, Müller RA. Sensory Symptoms and Processing of Nonverbal Auditory and Visual Stimuli in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:1590-601. [PMID: 25652601 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atypical sensory responses are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While evidence suggests impaired auditory-visual integration for verbal information, findings for nonverbal stimuli are inconsistent. We tested for sensory symptoms in children with ASD (using the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile) and examined unisensory and bisensory processing with a nonverbal auditory-visual paradigm, for which neurotypical adults show bisensory facilitation. ASD participants reported more atypical sensory symptoms overall, most prominently in the auditory modality. On the experimental task, reduced response times for bisensory compared to unisensory trials were seen in both ASD and control groups, but neither group showed significant race model violation (evidence of intermodal integration). Findings do not support impaired bisensory processing for simple nonverbal stimuli in high-functioning children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Stewart
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sandra S Sanchez
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emily L Grenesko
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine M Brown
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Pacific Science and Engineering Group, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Colleen P Chen
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Keehn
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Francisco Velasquez
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan J Lincoln
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 6363 Alvarado Ct., Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
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154
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Sommer S, Pollmann S. Putamen Activation Represents an Intrinsic Positive Prediction Error Signal for Visual Search in Repeated Configurations. Open Neuroimag J 2016; 10:126-138. [PMID: 27867436 PMCID: PMC5101634 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001610010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated fMRI responses to visual search targets appearing at locations that were predicted by the search context. Based on previous work in visual category learning we expected an intrinsic reward prediction error signal in the putamen whenever the target appeared at a location that was predicted with some degree of uncertainty. Comparing target appearance at locations predicted with 50% probability to either locations predicted with 100% probability or unpredicted locations, increased activation was observed in left posterior putamen and adjacent left posterior insula. Thus, our hypothesis of an intrinsic prediction error-like signal was confirmed. This extends the observation of intrinsic prediction error-like signals, driven by intrinsic rather than extrinsic reward, to memory-driven visual search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sommer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pollmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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155
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Bosen AK, Fleming JT, Allen PD, O'Neill WE, Paige GD. Accumulation and decay of visual capture and the ventriloquism aftereffect caused by brief audio-visual disparities. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:585-95. [PMID: 27837258 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Visual capture and the ventriloquism aftereffect resolve spatial disparities of incongruent auditory visual (AV) objects by shifting auditory spatial perception to align with vision. Here, we demonstrated the distinct temporal characteristics of visual capture and the ventriloquism aftereffect in response to brief AV disparities. In a set of experiments, subjects localized either the auditory component of AV targets (A within AV) or a second sound presented at varying delays (1-20 s) after AV exposure (A2 after AV). AV targets were trains of brief presentations (1 or 20), covering a ±30° azimuthal range, and with ±8° (R or L) disparity. We found that the magnitude of visual capture generally reached its peak within a single AV pair and did not dissipate with time, while the ventriloquism aftereffect accumulated with repetitions of AV pairs and dissipated with time. Additionally, the magnitude of the auditory shift induced by each phenomenon was uncorrelated across listeners and visual capture was unaffected by subsequent auditory targets, indicating that visual capture and the ventriloquism aftereffect are separate mechanisms with distinct effects on auditory spatial perception. Our results indicate that visual capture is a 'sample-and-hold' process that binds related objects and stores the combined percept in memory, whereas the ventriloquism aftereffect is a 'leaky integrator' process that accumulates with experience and decays with time to compensate for cross-modal disparities.
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156
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Dima D, de Jong S, Breen G, Frangou S. The polygenic risk for bipolar disorder influences brain regional function relating to visual and default state processing of emotional information. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:838-44. [PMID: 27857885 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wise association studies have identified a number of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), each of small effect, associated with risk to bipolar disorder (BD). Several risk-conferring SNPs have been individually shown to influence regional brain activation thus linking genetic risk for BD to altered brain function. The current study examined whether the polygenic risk score method, which models the cumulative load of all known risk-conferring SNPs, may be useful in the identification of brain regions whose function may be related to the polygenic architecture of BD. We calculated the individual polygenic risk score for BD (PGR-BD) in forty-one patients with the disorder, twenty-five unaffected first-degree relatives and forty-six unrelated healthy controls using the most recent Psychiatric Genomics Consortium data. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to define task-related brain activation patterns in response to facial affect and working memory processing. We found significant effects of the PGR-BD score on task-related activation irrespective of diagnostic group. There was a negative association between the PGR-BD score and activation in the visual association cortex during facial affect processing. In contrast, the PGR-BD score was associated with failure to deactivate the ventromedial prefrontal region of the default mode network during working memory processing. These results are consistent with the threshold-liability model of BD, and demonstrate the usefulness of the PGR-BD score in identifying brain functional alternations associated with vulnerability to BD. Additionally, our findings suggest that the polygenic architecture of BD is not regionally confined but impacts on the task-dependent recruitment of multiple brain regions.
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157
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Ridder A, Müller MLTM, Kotagal V, Frey KA, Albin RL, Bohnen NI. Impaired contrast sensitivity is associated with more severe cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 34:15-19. [PMID: 27742131 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dopaminergic degeneration affects both nigrostriatal projection neurons and retinal amacrine cells in Parkinson disease (PD). Parkinsonian retinopathy is associated with impaired color discrimination and contrast sensitivity. Some prior studies described associations between color discrimination deficits and cognitive deficits in PD, suggesting that contrast discrimination deficits are due, at least in part, to cognitive deficits in PD. We investigated the relationship between cognitive deficits and impaired contrast sensitivity in PD. METHODS PD subjects, n = 43; 15F/28M; mean age 66.5 ± 8.2, Hoehn and Yahr stage 2.6 ± 0.6, and duration of disease of 6.2 ± 5.0 years underwent neuropsychological and Rabin contrast sensitivity testing. RESULTS Mean Rabin contrast sensitivity score was 1.34 ± 0.40. Bivariate analyses showed significant correlation between Rabin contrast sensitivity scores and global cognitive z-scores (R = 0.54, P = 0.0002). Cognitive domain Z-score post hoc analysis demonstrated most robust correlation between Rabin scores and executive functions (R = 0.49, P = 0.0009), followed by verbal learning (R = 0.44, P = 0.0028), visuospatial (R = 0.39, P = 0.001) and attention z-scores (R = 0.32, P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Impaired contrast sensitivity in PD is robustly associated with cognitive deficits, particularly executive function deficits. These results suggest that contrast sensitivity may be a useful biomarker for cognitive changes in PD and may have implications for driving safety evaluations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ridder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M L T M Müller
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - V Kotagal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K A Frey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N I Bohnen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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158
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Xu W, Tian J, Shao X, Zhu L, Huang K, Luo Y. A rapid and visual aptasensor for Lipopolysaccharides detection based on the bulb-like triplex turn-on switch coupled with HCR-HRP nanostructures. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:795-801. [PMID: 27816585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For previously reported aptasensor, the sensitivity and selectivity of aptamers to targets were often suppressed due to the reporter label of single-stranded molecular beacon or hindrance of the duplex DNA strand displacement. To solve the affinity declining of aptamers showed in traditional way and realize on-site rapid detection of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we developed an ingenious structure-switching aptasensor based on the bulb-like triplex turn-on switch (BTTS) as the effective molecular recognition and signal transduction element and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase modified hybridization chain reaction (HCR-HRP) nanocomposites as the signal amplifier and signal report element. In the presence of LPS, the bulb-like LPS-aptamer (BLA) and LPS formed the LPS/aptamer complex, while the BTTS disassembled and liberated the dissociative bridge probes (BP) to achieve molecular recognition and signal transduction. Immobilized BP, captured by immobilized capture probes (CP), triggered hybridization chain reactions (HCR) to amplify the switching signal, and the HCR products were then modified with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) to form HCR-HRP nanostructures to output colorimetric signals. In less than four hours, the proposed biosensor showed a detection limit of 50pg/mL of LPS quantitatively with the portable spectrophotometer and the observation limit of 20ng/mL semi-quantitatively with the naked eye, opening up new opportunities for LPS detection in future clinical diagnosis, food security and environment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangli Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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159
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Abstract
The present article is aimed to investigate whether there are any differences between youngsters and adults in their working and long-term memory functioning. The theory of Depth of Processing (Craik and Lockhart in J Verbal Learning Verbal Behav 11:671-684, 1972) discusses the varying degrees of strengths of memory traces as the result of differential levels of processing on the retrieved input. Additionally, they claim that there are three levels of visual, auditory and semantic processes applied on the stimuli in the short-term memory leading to discrepancy in the durability of the memory traces and the later ease of recall and retrieval. In the present article, it is tried to demonstrate if there are evidences of more durable memory traces formed after semantic, visual and auditory processions of the incoming language data in two groups of (a) children in their language learning critical age and (b) youngsters who have passed the critical age period. The comparisons of the results made using two-way ANOVAs revealed the superiority of semantic processing for both age groups in recall, retention and consequently recognition of the new English vocabularies by EFL learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela Kheirzadeh
- Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
- Sobhe Sadegh Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan, Iran.
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160
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Abstract
Objective To measure the static visual vertical and the effect of visual rotation on the perception of visual vertical in migraine and vestibular migraine subjects. By so doing, we may better understand the vestibular contribution to the pathophysiology of migraine, as well as the capacity for visual compensation. Methods The perception of visual vertical in the presence of static and dynamic visual cues was prospectively studied in 10 subjects with migraine, 6 subjects with vestibular migraines, and 10 controls. Subjects used a dial to rotate a fluorescent green line to the vertical position. Static visual vertical (SVV) was measured with a black background, as well as with a static random-dot visual pattern. This pattern was then rotated at various velocities to measure dynamic visual vertical (DVV). Results Migraine subjects had greater deviation from true vertical than controls in SVV (P < 0.05). The DVV in migraine subjects was greater than controls when rotated in the counterclockwise at −5°/s (P < 0.01), −20°/s (P < 0.01), and −80°/s (P < 0.01), but not when the line was rotated clockwise. Vestibular migraine subjects did not deviate significantly from controls in SVV (P < 0.37, P < 0.22), but did show greater deviation in the DVV tasks at −80 and −20°/s (P < 0.05, P < 0.03). Migraine and vestibular migraine subjects demonstrated a wider range of vertical deviance when compared to controls (P < 0.02). Conclusions This study demonstrates a significant deviation of the perceived static as well as dynamic visual vertical in migraine subjects. Moving stimuli may have a greater influence on migraine and vestibular migraine subjects, which suggests an underlying sensory integration disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Miller
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin T. Crane
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 629, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Rochester601 Elmwood AvenueBox 629RochesterNY14642USA
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161
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Murray J, Williams B, Hoskins G, Skar S, McGhee J, Treweek S, Sniehotta FF, Sheikh A, Brown G, Hagen S, Cameron L, Jones C, Gauld D. A theory-informed approach to developing visually mediated interventions to change behaviour using an asthma and physical activity intervention exemplar. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2016; 2:46. [PMID: 27965863 PMCID: PMC5154090 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-016-0091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visualisation techniques are used in a range of healthcare interventions. However, these frequently lack a coherent rationale or clear theoretical basis. This lack of definition and explicit targeting of the underlying mechanisms may impede the success of and evaluation of the intervention. We describe the theoretical development, deployment, and pilot evaluation, of a complex visually mediated behavioural intervention. The exemplar intervention focused on increasing physical activity among young people with asthma. We employed an explicit five-stage development model, which was actively supported by a consultative user group. The developmental stages involved establishing the theoretical basis, establishing a narrative structure, visual rendering, checking interpretation, and pilot testing. We conducted in-depth interviews and focus groups during early development and checking, followed by an online experiment for pilot testing. A total of 91 individuals, including young people with asthma, parents, teachers, and health professionals, were involved in development and testing. RESULTS Our final intervention consisted of two components: (1) an interactive 3D computer animation to create intentions and (2) an action plan and volitional help sheet to promote the translation of intentions to behaviour. Theory was mediated throughout by visual and audio forms. The intervention was regarded as highly acceptable, engaging, and meaningful by all stakeholders. The perceived impact on asthma understanding and intentions was reported positively, with most individuals saying that the 3D computer animation had either clarified a range of issues or made them more real. Our five-stage model underpinned by extensive consultation worked well and is presented as a framework to support explicit decision-making for others developing theory informed visually mediated interventions. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the ability to develop theory-based visually mediated behavioural interventions. However, attention needs to be paid to the potential ambiguity associated with images and thus the concept of visual literacy among patients. Our revised model may be helpful as a guide to aid development, acceptability, and ultimately effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Murray
- Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN UK
| | - Brian Williams
- Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN UK
| | - Gaylor Hoskins
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Unit 13 Scion House, Stirling Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF Scotland
| | - Silje Skar
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Unit 13 Scion House, Stirling Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF Scotland
| | - John McGhee
- 3D Visualisation Aesthetics Lab, Art & Design University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shaun Treweek
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland
| | - Falko F. Sniehotta
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, The Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX England
- Fuse, the UK CRC Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Public Health, NewCastle, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Volunteer Centre Borders, First Floor, Riverside House, Ladhope Vale, Galashiels, TD1 1BT Scotland
| | - Gordon Brown
- Asthma UK Scotland, Hayweight House, 4th Floor, 23 Lauriston Street, Edinburgh, EH3 9DQ Scotland
| | - Suzanne Hagen
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA UK
| | - Linda Cameron
- University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Claire Jones
- Health Informatics Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland
| | - Dylan Gauld
- Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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162
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Abstract
To successfully interact with the environment requires a combination of stimulus recognition as well as localization in both space and time, with information moreover coming from multiple senses. Several studies have shown that auditory stimuli last subjectively longer than visual ones of equal duration. Recently, it has also been suggested that stimulus position affects duration perception. The present study investigated how lateral spatial presentation influences sub-second visual and auditory duration judgments. Five experiments were conducted using the duration discrimination paradigm, wherein two stimuli are presented sequentially and participants are asked to judge whether the second stimulus (comparison) is shorter or longer in duration than the first (standard). The number of stimulus positions and the way in which different modality trials were presented (mixed or blocked) varied. Additionally, comparisons were made either within or across modalities. No stable effect of location itself was found. However, in mixed modality experiments there was a clear over-estimation of duration in visual trials when the location of the comparison was different from the standard. This effect was reversed in the same location trials. Auditory judgments were unaffected by location manipulations. Based on these results, we propose the existence of an error-mechanism, according to which a specific duration is added in order to compensate for the loss of duration perception caused by spatial attention shifts between different locations. This mechanism is revealed in spatial and modality-mixed circumstances wherein its over-activation results in a systematic temporal bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Retsa
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK; The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Naish
- The Sackler Centre for Consiousness Science University of Sussex, UK
| | | | - Thomas H Bak
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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163
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Zmigrod L, Garrison JR, Carr J, Simons JS. The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:113-23. [PMID: 27473935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data was used to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying auditory-verbal and visual hallucinations (AVHs and VHs). Consistent activation across studies during AVHs, but not VHs, in Wernicke's and Broca's areas is consistent with involvement of speech and language processes in the experience of hearing voices when none are present. Similarly, greater activity in auditory cortex during AVHs and in visual cortex during VHs supports models proposing over-stimulation of sensory cortices in the generation of these perceptual anomalies. Activation across studies in the medial temporal lobe highlights a role for memory intrusions in the provision of content for AVHs, whereas insula activation may relate to the involvement of awareness and self-representation. Finally, activation in the paracingulate region of medial prefrontal cortex during AVHs is consistent with models implicating reality monitoring impairment in the misattribution of self-generated information as externally perceived. In the light of the results, the need for unified theoretical frameworks that account for the full range of hallucinatory experiences is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane R Garrison
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Carr
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK.
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164
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Sebastian P, Balakrishnan R, Yadav B, John S. Outcome of radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2016; 21:466-72. [PMID: 27489518 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome and toxicities and its correlation to patient related and treatment related factors. BACKGROUND Pituitary adenomas are treated by radiation therapy (RT) as one of the modalities along with surgery and medical therapy. RT to pituitary adenomas is a challenge due to adjacent dose limiting structures such as optic apparatus and hypothalamus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2004 and December 2010, 94 patients treated for pituitary adenoma with RT who had hospital records of a minimum follow-up of 1 year were included in the analysis. Tests of correlation were done with regards to treatment factors. RESULTS Male preponderance was noted in our patient population. Nonfunctioning and functioning tumors were equal in number in this series. Hypopituitarism was associated in 58.5% of patients prior to RT. Radiological tumor progression was seen in one patient (1/94) who had a nonfunctioning tumor. Among functioning tumors, biochemical remission was seen in 93.6% of patients at a median follow-up of 6 years. CONCLUSIONS Visual complication was seen in 5.3% of patients and worsening or new onset hypopituitarism was seen in 6.4%. Conventional 3-field technique was associated with significantly more visual complication compared to Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (SRT) technique. Doses ≤50.4 Gy showed a trend of reduced rate of visual and endocrine complications with no compromise in efficacy.
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Key Words
- 3DCRT, 3 dimensional conformal radiotherapy
- ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
- CR, complete response
- CT, computerized tomography
- Complications
- FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone
- FSRT, fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy
- GH, growth hormone
- GTC, Gill Thomas Cosman
- Gy, Gray
- Hypopituitarism
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MV, megavoltage
- PR, partial response
- Pituitary
- RT, radiation therapy
- Radiotherapy
- SD, stable disease
- SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
- SRS, stereotactic radiosurgery
- SRT, stereotactic radiotherapy
- Visual
- cGy, centiGray
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sebastian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Bijesh Yadav
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Subhashini John
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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165
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Feingold D, Hasson-Ohayon I, Laukka P, Vishne T, Dembinsky Y, Kravets S. Emotion recognition deficits among persons with schizophrenia: Beyond stimulus complexity level and presentation modality. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240:60-65. [PMID: 27085665 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that persons with schizophrenia have lower accuracy in emotion recognition compared to persons without schizophrenia. However, the impact of the complexity level of the stimuli or the modality of presentation has not been extensively addressed. Forty three persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 43 healthy controls, matched for age and gender, were administered tests assessing emotion recognition from stimuli with low and high levels of complexity presented via visual, auditory and semantic channels. For both groups, recognition rates were higher for high-complexity stimuli compared to low-complexity stimuli. Additionally, both groups obtained higher recognition rates for visual and semantic stimuli than for auditory stimuli, but persons with schizophrenia obtained lower accuracy than persons in the control group for all presentation modalities. Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia did not present a level of complexity specific deficit or modality-specific deficit compared to healthy controls. Results suggest that emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia are beyond level of complexity of stimuli and modality, and present a global difficulty in cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feingold
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | | | - Petri Laukka
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Social Sciences, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Yael Dembinsky
- Psychiatry Department, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Kravets
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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166
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Gilmore CS, Camchong J, Davenport ND, Nelson NW, Kardon RH, Lim KO, Sponheim SR. Deficits in Visual System Functional Connectivity after Blast-Related Mild TBI are Associated with Injury Severity and Executive Dysfunction. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00454. [PMID: 27257516 PMCID: PMC4873652 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately, 275,000 American service members deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan have sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with 75% of these incidents involving an explosive blast. Visual processing problems and cognitive dysfunction are common complaints following blast-related mTBI. METHODS In 127 veterans, we examined resting fMRI functional connectivity (FC) of four key nodes within the visual system: lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), primary visual cortex (V1), lateral occipital gyrus (LO), and fusiform gyrus (FG). Regression analyses were performed (i) to obtain correlations between time-series from each seed and all voxels in the brain, and (ii) to identify brain regions in which FC variability was related to blast mTBI severity. Blast-related mTBI severity was quantified as the sum of the severity scores assigned to each of the three most significant blast-related injuries self-reported by subjects. Correlations between FC and performance on executive functioning tasks were performed across participants with available behavioral data (n = 94). RESULTS Greater blast mTBI severity scores were associated with lower FC between: (A) LGN seed and (i) medial frontal gyrus, (ii) lingual gyrus, and (iii) right ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus; (B) V1 seed and precuneus; (C) LO seed and middle and superior frontal gyri; (D) FG seed and (i) superior and medial frontal gyrus, and (ii) left middle frontal gyrus. Finally, lower FC between visual network regions and frontal cortical regions predicted worse performance on the WAIS digit-symbol coding task. CONCLUSION These are the first published results that directly illustrate the relationship between blast-related mTBI severity, visual pathway neural networks, and executive dysfunction - results that highlight the detrimental relationship between blast-related brain injury and the integration of visual sensory input and executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey S. Gilmore
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury CenterMinneapolisMinnesota
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Jazmin Camchong
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Nicholas D. Davenport
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesota
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Nathaniel W. Nelson
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesota
- Univ. of St. ThomasGraduate School of Professional PsychologyMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Randy H. Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual ScienceUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemIowa CityIowa
| | - Kelvin O. Lim
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury CenterMinneapolisMinnesota
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesota
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesota
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
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Harrison NR, Woodhouse R. Modulation of auditory spatial attention by visual emotional cues: differential effects of attentional engagement and disengagement for pleasant and unpleasant cues. Cogn Process 2016; 17:205-11. [PMID: 26842012 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-016-0749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that threatening, compared to neutral pictures, can bias attention towards non-emotional auditory targets. Here we investigated which subcomponents of attention contributed to the influence of emotional visual stimuli on auditory spatial attention. Participants indicated the location of an auditory target, after brief (250 ms) presentation of a spatially non-predictive peripheral visual cue. Responses to targets were faster at the location of the preceding visual cue, compared to at the opposite location (cue validity effect). The cue validity effect was larger for targets following pleasant and unpleasant cues compared to neutral cues, for right-sided targets. For unpleasant cues, the crossmodal cue validity effect was driven by delayed attentional disengagement, and for pleasant cues, it was driven by enhanced engagement. We conclude that both pleasant and unpleasant visual cues influence the distribution of attention across modalities and that the associated attentional mechanisms depend on the valence of the visual cue.
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168
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Milz P, Pascual-Marqui RD, Lehmann D, Faber PL. Modalities of Thinking: State and Trait Effects on Cross-Frequency Functional Independent Brain Networks. Brain Topogr 2016; 29:477-90. [PMID: 26838167 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional states of the brain are constituted by the temporally attuned activity of spatially distributed neural networks. Such networks can be identified by independent component analysis (ICA) applied to frequency-dependent source-localized EEG data. This methodology allows the identification of networks at high temporal resolution in frequency bands of established location-specific physiological functions. EEG measurements are sensitive to neural activity changes in cortical areas of modality-specific processing. We tested effects of modality-specific processing on functional brain networks. Phasic modality-specific processing was induced via tasks (state effects) and tonic processing was assessed via modality-specific person parameters (trait effects). Modality-specific person parameters and 64-channel EEG were obtained from 70 male, right-handed students. Person parameters were obtained using cognitive style questionnaires, cognitive tests, and thinking modality self-reports. EEG was recorded during four conditions: spatial visualization, object visualization, verbalization, and resting. Twelve cross-frequency networks were extracted from source-localized EEG across six frequency bands using ICA. RMANOVAs, Pearson correlations, and path modelling examined effects of tasks and person parameters on networks. Results identified distinct state- and trait-dependent functional networks. State-dependent networks were characterized by decreased, trait-dependent networks by increased alpha activity in sub-regions of modality-specific pathways. Pathways of competing modalities showed opposing alpha changes. State- and trait-dependent alpha were associated with inhibitory and automated processing, respectively. Antagonistic alpha modulations in areas of competing modalities likely prevent intruding effects of modality-irrelevant processing. Considerable research suggested alpha modulations related to modality-specific states and traits. This study identified the distinct electrophysiological cortical frequency-dependent networks within which they operate.
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169
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Maher S, Ekstrom T, Tong Y, Nickerson LD, Frederick B, Chen Y. Greater sensitivity of the cortical face processing system to perceptually-equated face detection. Brain Res 2016; 1631:13-21. [PMID: 26592952 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Face detection, the perceptual capacity to identify a visual stimulus as a face before probing deeper into specific attributes (such as its identity or emotion), is essential for social functioning. Despite the importance of this functional capacity, face detection and its underlying brain mechanisms are not well understood. This study evaluated the roles that the cortical face processing system, which is identified largely through studying other aspects of face perception, play in face detection. Specifically, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the activations of the fusifom face area (FFA), occipital face area (OFA) and superior temporal sulcus (STS) when face detection was isolated from other aspects of face perception and when face detection was perceptually-equated across individual human participants (n=20). During face detection, FFA and OFA were significantly activated, even for stimuli presented at perceptual-threshold levels, whereas STS was not. During tree detection, however, FFA and OFA were responsive only for highly salient (i.e., high contrast) stimuli. Moreover, activation of FFA during face detection predicted a significant portion of the perceptual performance levels that were determined psychophysically for each participant. This pattern of result indicates that FFA and OFA have a greater sensitivity to face detection signals and selectively support the initial process of face vs. non-face object perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maher
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - T Ekstrom
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Y Tong
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - L D Nickerson
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - B Frederick
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Y Chen
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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170
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Noel JP, Wallace M. Relative contributions of visual and auditory spatial representations to tactile localization. Neuropsychologia 2016; 82:84-90. [PMID: 26768124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spatial localization of touch is critically dependent upon coordinate transformation between different reference frames, which must ultimately allow for alignment between somatotopic and external representations of space. Although prior work has shown an important role for cues such as body posture in influencing the spatial localization of touch, the relative contributions of the different sensory systems to this process are unknown. In the current study, we had participants perform a tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) under different body postures and conditions of sensory deprivation. Specifically, participants performed non-speeded judgments about the order of two tactile stimuli presented in rapid succession on their ankles during conditions in which their legs were either uncrossed or crossed (and thus bringing somatotopic and external reference frames into conflict). These judgments were made in the absence of 1) visual, 2) auditory, or 3) combined audio-visual spatial information by blindfolding and/or placing participants in an anechoic chamber. As expected, results revealed that tactile temporal acuity was poorer under crossed than uncrossed leg postures. Intriguingly, results also revealed that auditory and audio-visual deprivation exacerbated the difference in tactile temporal acuity between uncrossed to crossed leg postures, an effect not seen for visual-only deprivation. Furthermore, the effects under combined audio-visual deprivation were greater than those seen for auditory deprivation. Collectively, these results indicate that mechanisms governing the alignment between somatotopic and external reference frames extend beyond those imposed by body posture to include spatial features conveyed by the auditory and visual modalities - with a heavier weighting of auditory than visual spatial information. Thus, sensory modalities conveying exteroceptive spatial information contribute to judgments regarding the localization of touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Noel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mark Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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171
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Tal Z, Geva R, Amedi A. The origins of metamodality in visual object area LO: Bodily topographical biases and increased functional connectivity to S1. Neuroimage 2015; 127:363-375. [PMID: 26673114 PMCID: PMC4758827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence from blind participants suggests that visual areas are task-oriented and sensory modality input independent rather than sensory-specific to vision. Specifically, visual areas are thought to retain their functional selectivity when using non-visual inputs (touch or sound) even without having any visual experience. However, this theory is still controversial since it is not clear whether this also characterizes the sighted brain, and whether the reported results in the sighted reflect basic fundamental a-modal processes or are an epiphenomenon to a large extent. In the current study, we addressed these questions using a series of fMRI experiments aimed to explore visual cortex responses to passive touch on various body parts and the coupling between the parietal and visual cortices as manifested by functional connectivity. We show that passive touch robustly activated the object selective parts of the lateral–occipital (LO) cortex while deactivating almost all other occipital–retinotopic-areas. Furthermore, passive touch responses in the visual cortex were specific to hand and upper trunk stimulations. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis suggests that LO is functionally connected to the hand area in the primary somatosensory homunculus (S1), during hand and shoulder stimulations but not to any of the other body parts. We suggest that LO is a fundamental hub that serves as a node between visual-object selective areas and S1 hand representation, probably due to the critical evolutionary role of touch in object recognition and manipulation. These results might also point to a more general principle suggesting that recruitment or deactivation of the visual cortex by other sensory input depends on the ecological relevance of the information conveyed by this input to the task/computations carried out by each area or network. This is likely to rely on the unique and differential pattern of connectivity for each visual area with the rest of the brain. We studied cross-modal effects of passive somatosensory inputs on the visual cortex. Passive touch on the body evoked massive deactivation in the visual cortex. Passive hand stimulation evoked unique activation in visual object area LO. This area was also uniquely connected to the hand area in Penfield's homunculus — S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Tal
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel.
| | - Ran Geva
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel
| | - Amir Amedi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel; Program of Cognitive Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel
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172
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Gopalakrishnan R, Burgess RC, Plow EB, Floden DP, Machado AG. Early event related fields during visually evoked pain anticipation. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:1855-63. [PMID: 26733321 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain experience is not only a function of somatosensory inputs. Rather, it is strongly influenced by cognitive and affective pathways. Pain anticipatory phenomena, an important limitation to rehabilitative efforts in the chronic state, are processed by associative and limbic networks, along with primary sensory cortices. Characterization of neurophysiological correlates of pain anticipation, particularly during very early stages of neural processing is critical for development of therapeutic interventions. METHODS Here, we utilized magnetoencephalography to study early event-related fields (ERFs) in healthy subjects exposed to a 3 s visual countdown task that preceded a painful stimulus, a non-painful stimulus or no stimulus. RESULTS We found that the first countdown cue, but not the last cue, evoked critical ERFs signaling anticipation, attention and alertness to the noxious stimuli. Further, we found that P2 and N2 components were significantly different in response to first-cues that signaled incoming painful stimuli when compared to non-painful or no stimuli. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that early ERFs are relevant neural substrates of pain anticipatory phenomena and could be potentially serve as biomarkers. SIGNIFICANCE These measures could assist in the development of neurostimulation approaches aimed at curbing the negative effects of pain anticipation during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Richard C Burgess
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ela B Plow
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Darlene P Floden
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andre G Machado
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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173
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Matusz PJ, Retsa C, Murray MM. The context-contingent nature of cross-modal activations of the visual cortex. Neuroimage 2015; 125:996-1004. [PMID: 26564531 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-world environments are nearly always multisensory in nature. Processing in such situations confers perceptual advantages, but its automaticity remains poorly understood. Automaticity has been invoked to explain the activation of visual cortices by laterally-presented sounds. This has been observed even when the sounds were task-irrelevant and spatially uninformative about subsequent targets. An auditory-evoked contralateral occipital positivity (ACOP) at ~250ms post-sound onset has been postulated as the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of this cross-modal effect. However, the spatial dimension of the stimuli was nevertheless relevant in virtually all prior studies where the ACOP was observed. By manipulating the implicit predictability of the location of lateralised sounds in a passive auditory paradigm, we tested the automaticity of cross-modal activations of visual cortices. 128-channel ERP data from healthy participants were analysed within an electrical neuroimaging framework. The timing, topography, and localisation resembled previous characterisations of the ACOP. However, the cross-modal activations of visual cortices by sounds were critically dependent on whether the sound location was (un)predictable. Our results are the first direct evidence that this particular cross-modal process is not (fully) automatic; instead, it is context-contingent. More generally, the present findings provide novel insights into the importance of context-related factors in controlling information processing across the senses, and call for a revision of current models of automaticity in cognitive sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel J Matusz
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Attention, Brain, and Cognitive Development Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK; University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Chrysa Retsa
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micah M Murray
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; EEG Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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174
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Mickleborough MJS, Ekstrand C, Gould L, Lorentz EJ, Ellchuk T, Babyn P, Borowsky R. Attentional Network Differences Between Migraineurs and Non-migraine Controls: fMRI Evidence. Brain Topogr 2015; 29:419-28. [PMID: 26526045 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a headache disorder characterized by sensitivity to light and sound. Recent research has revealed abnormal visual-spatial attention in migraineurs in between headache attacks. Here, we ask whether these attentional abnormalities can be attributed to specific regions of the known attentional network to help characterize the abnormalities in migraine. Specifically, the ventral frontoparietal network of attention is involved with assessing the behavioural relevance of unattended stimuli. Given the decreased suppression of unattended stimuli reported in migraineurs, we hypothesized that migraineurs would have abnormal processing in the ventral portion of the frontoparietal network of attention. To address this, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the attentional control networks during visual spatial-orienting tasks in migraineurs (N = 16) as compared to non-migraine controls (N = 16). We employed two visual orienting paradigms with target discrimination tasks: (1) voluntary orienting to central arrow cues, and (2) reflexive orienting to peripheral flash cues. While both groups showed activation in the key areas of attentional processing networks, migraineurs showed less activation than non-migraine controls in a key area of the ventral frontoparietal network of attention, the right temporal parietal junction (rTPJ), during both voluntary and reflexive visual spatial orienting. Given the role of rTPJ is to assess the visual environment for behaviorally relevant sensory stimuli outside the focus of attention and signal other attentional areas to reorient attention to behaviorally salient stimuli, our findings fit with previous research showing that migraineurs lack suppression of unattended events and have heightened orienting to sudden onset stimuli in peripheral locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla J S Mickleborough
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
| | - Chelsea Ekstrand
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Layla Gould
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Eric J Lorentz
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Tasha Ellchuk
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Paul Babyn
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Ron Borowsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
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175
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Modi S, Kumar M, Kumar P, Khushu S. Aberrant functional connectivity of resting state networks associated with trait anxiety. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:25-34. [PMID: 26385540 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trait anxiety, a personality dimension, has been characterized by functional consequences such as increased distractibility, attentional bias in favor of threat-related information and hyper-responsive amygdala. However, literature on the association between resting state brain functional connectivity, as studied using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and reported anxiety levels in the sub-clinical population is limited. In the present study, we employed rs-fMRI to investigate the possible alterations in the functional integrity of Resting State Networks (RSNs) associated with trait anxiety of the healthy subjects (15 high anxious and 14 low anxious). The rs-fMRI data was analyzed using independent component analysis and a dual regression approach that was applied on 12 RSNs that were identified using FSL. High anxious subjects showed significantly reduced functional connectivity in regions of the default mode network (posterior cingulate gyrus, middle and superior temporal gyrus, planum polare, supramarginal gyrus, temporal pole, angular gyrus and lateral occipital gyrus) which has been suggested to be involved in episodic memory, theory of mind, self-evaluation, and introspection, and perceptual systems including medial visual network, auditory network and another network involving temporal, parieto-occipital and frontal regions. Reduction in resting state connectivity in regions of the perceptual networks might underlie the perceptual, attentional and working memory deficits associated with trait anxiety. To our knowledge, this is the first study to relate trait anxiety to resting state connectivity using independent component analysis.
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176
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Wanderer JP, Gruss CL, Ehrenfeld JM. Using Visual Analytics to Determine the Utilization of Preoperative Anesthesia Assessments. Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6:629-37. [PMID: 26767060 DOI: 10.4338/aci-2015-02-cr-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative assessments are a required and essential element of anesthetic care, yet little is known about the utilization of these documents by clinicians who are not part of the anesthesia care team. As part of perioperative workflow restructuring, we implemented a data visualization technique of electronic medical record audit log data to understand the utilization of preoperative anesthesia assessments by non-anesthesia personnel. METHODS An audit log cache containing 140 days of data was queried for all accesses of preoperative anesthesia assessment documents for any patient who had a preoperative anesthesia assessment that was accessed during that period. User roles were aggregated into categories. Descriptive statistics and data visualization were generated using R (R Software Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Comparisons were performed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test with continuity correction. RESULTS During the study period, 73 802 (0.015%) of the 485 062 902 audit log accesses were preoperative anesthesia assessments representing 412 departments, 302 user roles, and 3 916 distinct users who accessed preoperative anesthesia assessments from 14 235 surgical cases. Each assessment was accessed 2.9 times on average. Assessments performed in the preoperative anesthesia assessment clinic were accessed more frequently than those created on the day of surgery in the preoperative holding room (3.58 ± 5.18 v. 1.98 ± 1.76 average views; p<0.0001). We observed accesses of these documents by pathology and general surgery researchers, as well as orthopedics attending physicians accessing documents that were two years old. CONCLUSIONS This approach revealed patterns of utilization that had not been previously identified, including usage by surgical residents, surgical faculty, and pathology researchers both before and after the surgical event for which the documents are generated. Knowledge of these dependencies directly informed perioperative workflow restructuring efforts. This visual analytic approach could be broadly utilized to understand documentation dependencies in a variety of clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Wanderer
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, United States
| | - C L Gruss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, United States
| | - J M Ehrenfeld
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Biomedical Informatics and Surgery, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, United States
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177
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Milz P, Faber PL, Lehmann D, Koenig T, Kochi K, Pascual-Marqui RD. The functional significance of EEG microstates--Associations with modalities of thinking. Neuroimage 2015; 125:643-656. [PMID: 26285079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The momentary, global functional state of the brain is reflected by its electric field configuration. Cluster analytical approaches consistently extracted four head-surface brain electric field configurations that optimally explain the variance of their changes across time in spontaneous EEG recordings. These four configurations are referred to as EEG microstate classes A, B, C, and D and have been associated with verbal/phonological, visual, subjective interoceptive-autonomic processing, and attention reorientation, respectively. The present study tested these associations via an intra-individual and inter-individual analysis approach. The intra-individual approach tested the effect of task-induced increased modality-specific processing on EEG microstate parameters. The inter-individual approach tested the effect of personal modality-specific parameters on EEG microstate parameters. We obtained multichannel EEG from 61 healthy, right-handed, male students during four eyes-closed conditions: object-visualization, spatial-visualization, verbalization (6 runs each), and resting (7 runs). After each run, we assessed participants' degrees of object-visual, spatial-visual, and verbal thinking using subjective reports. Before and after the recording, we assessed modality-specific cognitive abilities and styles using nine cognitive tests and two questionnaires. The EEG of all participants, conditions, and runs was clustered into four classes of EEG microstates (A, B, C, and D). RMANOVAs, ANOVAs and post-hoc paired t-tests compared microstate parameters between conditions. TANOVAs compared microstate class topographies between conditions. Differences were localized using eLORETA. Pearson correlations assessed interrelationships between personal modality-specific parameters and EEG microstate parameters during no-task resting. As hypothesized, verbal as opposed to visual conditions consistently affected the duration, occurrence, and coverage of microstate classes A and B. Contrary to associations suggested by previous reports, parameters were increased for class A during visualization, and class B during verbalization. In line with previous reports, microstate D parameters were increased during no-task resting compared to the three internal, goal-directed tasks. Topographic differences between conditions included particular sub-regions of components of the metabolic default mode network. Modality-specific personal parameters did not consistently correlate with microstate parameters except verbal cognitive style which correlated negatively with microstate class A duration and positively with class C occurrence. This is the first study that aimed to induce EEG microstate class parameter changes based on their hypothesized functional significance. Beyond the associations of microstate classes A and B with visual and verbal processing, respectively, our results suggest that a finely-tuned interplay between all four EEG microstate classes is necessary for the continuous formation of visual and verbal thoughts. Our results point to the possibility that the EEG microstate classes may represent the head-surface measured activity of intra-cortical sources primarily exhibiting inhibitory functions. However, additional studies are needed to verify and elaborate on this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Milz
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 1931, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - P L Faber
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 1931, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - D Lehmann
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 1931, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - T Koenig
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - K Kochi
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 1931, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - R D Pascual-Marqui
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 1931, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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178
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Carter S, Gutierrez G. The concurrent validity of three computerized methods of muscle activity onset detection. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:731-41. [PMID: 26250750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the visual (VIS) method for muscle activation onset detection has been the gold standard, this method has been criticized because of its moderate reproducibility and for being laborious. The simple threshold (STH), approximated generalized likelihood-step (AGL-step), and k-means (KM) algorithms are more repeatable and less laborious but require validation for gait speeds encountered in clinical research. We, therefore, assessed the intra-rater reliability of the VIS method and the concurrent validity of the algorithms against the VIS for 3 gait speeds. We recruited 10 healthy young adults (4 male, 6 female; mean age=28.5±4.2). Participants completed 10 walking trials each at 3 speeds. Electromyographic data from 1 gait cycle (GC) were collected from 6 right lower extremity muscles during each trial. We used custom Labview programs to determine muscle activity onset for all 4 methods. Repeatability coefficients for the VIS method ranged from 12.51% to 45.08% of the GC, depending on the muscle. The AGL-step algorithm agreed best with the VIS method (root mean squared error (RMSE) 0.86-6.95% of GC) followed by the STH (1.19-15.6% of GC) and KM (4.6-16.9% of GC) methods. A single rater demonstrated large errors (RMSE 8-23% of GC) between VIS assessments. Based on this study's parameters, the AGL-step agreed best with the VIS method and may be an alternative to the VIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Carter
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gregory Gutierrez
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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179
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Skottun BC. On the use of spatial frequency to isolate contributions from the magnocellular and parvocellular systems and the dorsal and ventral cortical streams. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:266-75. [PMID: 26188134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many authors have claimed that suprathreshold achromatic stimuli of low and high spatial frequency can be used to separate responses from different entities in the visual system. Most prominently, it has been proposed that such stimuli can differentiate responses from the magnocellular and parvocellular systems. As is reviewed here, investigators who have examined stimulus specificity of neurons in these systems have found little difference between magno- and parvocellular cells. It has also been proposed that spatial frequency can be used to selectively activate the "magnocellular-dorsal stream". The present review indicates that cells in Area MT of the dorsal stream do prefer very low spatial frequencies. However, the review also shows that cells in Area V4 of the ventral stream respond, not only to relatively high spatial frequencies, but also to low frequency stimuli. Thus, low spatial frequencies cannot be relied upon to selectively activate the dorsal stream.
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180
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Vilela MA, Pellanda LC, Fassa AG, Castagno VD. Prevalence of asthenopia in children: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2015; 91:320-5. [PMID: 25986614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of asthenopia in 0-18 year-old children through a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies. SOURCES Inclusion criteria were population-based studies from 1960 to May of 2014 reporting the prevalence of asthenopia in children. The search was performed independently by two reviewers in the PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS databases, with no language restriction. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and the PRISMA Statement. Downs and Black score was used for quality assessment. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Out of 1692 potentially relevant citations retrieved from electronic databases and searches of reference lists, 26 were identified as potentially eligible. Five of these studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 2465 subjects. Pooled prevalence of asthenopia was 19.7% (12.4-26.4%). The majority of children with asthenopia did not present visual acuity or refraction abnormalities. The largest study evaluated 1448 children aged 6 years and estimated a prevalence of 12.6%. Associated risk factors were not clearly established. CONCLUSION Although asthenopia is a frequent and relevant clinical problem in childhood, with potential consequences for learning, the scarcity of studies about the prevalence and clinical impact of asthenopia hinders the effective planning of public health measures.
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181
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Indraccolo A, Spence C, Vatakis A, Harrar V. Combined effects of motor response, sensory modality, and stimulus intensity on temporal reproduction. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:1189-98. [PMID: 25869739 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to estimate a filled interval of time is affected by numerous non-temporal factors, such as the sensory modality, duration, and the intensity of the stimulus. Here we explore the role of modality (auditory or visual), stimulus intensity (low vs. high), and motor response speed on the ability to reproduce the duration of short (<1 s) filled intervals. In accordance with the literature, the reproduced duration was affected by both the modality and the intensity of the stimulus; longer reproduction times were generally observed for visual as compared to auditory stimuli, and for low as compared to high-intensity stimuli. We used general estimating equations in order to determine whether these factors independently affected participants' ability to reproduce a given duration, after eliminating the variability associated with reaction time, since it covaried with the reproduced durations. This analysis revealed that stimulus duration, modality, and intensity were all significant independent predictors of the reproduced durations. Additionally, duration interacted with intensity when reproducing auditory intervals. That is, after taking into account the general speeding-up effect that high-intensity stimuli have on responses, they seem to have an additional effect on the rate of the internal clock. These results support previous evidence suggesting that auditory and visual clocks run at different speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Indraccolo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Human Science, Università Europea di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Vanessa Harrar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,School of Optometry, University of Montreal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, QC, H3T 1P1, Canada.
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182
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Chen CP, Keown CL, Jahedi A, Nair A, Pflieger ME, Bailey BA, Müller RA. Diagnostic classification of intrinsic functional connectivity highlights somatosensory, default mode, and visual regions in autism. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:238-45. [PMID: 26106547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite consensus on the neurological nature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), brain biomarkers remain unknown and diagnosis continues to be based on behavioral criteria. Growing evidence suggests that brain abnormalities in ASD occur at the level of interconnected networks; however, previous attempts using functional connectivity data for diagnostic classification have reached only moderate accuracy. We selected 252 low-motion resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scans from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) including typically developing (TD) and ASD participants (n = 126 each), matched for age, non-verbal IQ, and head motion. A matrix of functional connectivities between 220 functionally defined regions of interest was used for diagnostic classification, implementing several machine learning tools. While support vector machines in combination with particle swarm optimization and recursive feature elimination performed modestly (with accuracies for validation datasets <70%), diagnostic classification reached a high accuracy of 91% with random forest (RF), a nonparametric ensemble learning method. Among the 100 most informative features (connectivities), for which this peak accuracy was achieved, participation of somatosensory, default mode, visual, and subcortical regions stood out. Whereas some of these findings were expected, given previous findings of default mode abnormalities and atypical visual functioning in ASD, the prominent role of somatosensory regions was remarkable. The finding of peak accuracy for 100 interregional functional connectivities further suggests that brain biomarkers of ASD may be regionally complex and distributed, rather than localized. Machine learning of resting fMRI attains high diagnostic accuracy for autism. Peak accuracy is seen for a complex pattern of 100 connectivities. Somatosensory regions are overall most informative. Default mode and visual regions also contribute to diagnostic accuracy.
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Key Words
- AUD, audio
- Autism
- CEB, cerebellum.
- COTC, cingulo-opercular task control
- DA, dorsal attention
- DMN, default mode network
- Default mode
- FPTC, frontal parietal task control
- Functional connectivity MRI
- MR, memory retrieval
- Machine learning
- Random forest
- SAL, salience
- SMH, somatosensory and motor [hand]
- SMM, somatosensory and motor [mouth]
- SUB, subcortical
- Somatosensory
- UN, unknown
- VA, ventral attention
- VIS, visual
- Visual
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183
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Lewkowicz DJ, Minar NJ, Tift AH, Brandon M. Perception of the multisensory coherence of fluent audio visual speech in infancy: its emergence and the role of experience. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 130:147-62. [PMID: 25462038 PMCID: PMC4258456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the developmental emergence of the perception of the multisensory coherence of native and non-native audiovisual fluent speech, we tested 4-, 8- to 10-, and 12- to 14-month-old English-learning infants. Infants first viewed two identical female faces articulating two different monologues in silence and then in the presence of an audible monologue that matched the visible articulations of one of the faces. Neither the 4-month-old nor 8- to 10-month-old infants exhibited audiovisual matching in that they did not look longer at the matching monologue. In contrast, the 12- to 14-month-old infants exhibited matching and, consistent with the emergence of perceptual expertise for the native language, perceived the multisensory coherence of native-language monologues earlier in the test trials than that of non-native language monologues. Moreover, the matching of native audible and visible speech streams observed in the 12- to 14-month-olds did not depend on audiovisual synchrony, whereas the matching of non-native audible and visible speech streams did depend on synchrony. Overall, the current findings indicate that the perception of the multisensory coherence of fluent audiovisual speech emerges late in infancy, that audiovisual synchrony cues are more important in the perception of the multisensory coherence of non-native speech than that of native audiovisual speech, and that the emergence of this skill most likely is affected by perceptual narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lewkowicz
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Minar
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Amy H Tift
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Melissa Brandon
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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184
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Gonzalez-Bellido PT, Wardill TJ, Buresch KC, Ulmer KM, Hanlon RT. Expression of squid iridescence depends on environmental luminance and peripheral ganglion control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:850-8. [PMID: 24622892 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.091884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Squid display impressive changes in body coloration that are afforded by two types of dynamic skin elements: structural iridophores (which produce iridescence) and pigmented chromatophores. Both color elements are neurally controlled, but nothing is known about the iridescence circuit, or the environmental cues, that elicit iridescence expression. To tackle this knowledge gap, we performed denervation, electrical stimulation and behavioral experiments using the long-fin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii. We show that while the pigmentary and iridescence circuits originate in the brain, they are wired differently in the periphery: (1) the iridescence signals are routed through a peripheral center called the stellate ganglion and (2) the iridescence motor neurons likely originate within this ganglion (as revealed by nerve fluorescence dye fills). Cutting the inputs to the stellate ganglion that descend from the brain shifts highly reflective iridophores into a transparent state. Taken together, these findings suggest that although brain commands are necessary for expression of iridescence, integration with peripheral information in the stellate ganglion could modulate the final output. We also demonstrate that squid change their iridescence brightness in response to environmental luminance; such changes are robust but slow (minutes to hours). The squid's ability to alter its iridescence levels may improve camouflage under different lighting intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Gonzalez-Bellido
- Program in Sensory Physiology and Behavior, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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185
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Orenes I, Santamaría C. Visual content of words delays negation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 153:107-12. [PMID: 25463550 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown the advantage of processing visualizable words over non-visualizables due to the associated image code. The present paper reports the case of negation in which imagery could slow down processing. Negation reverses the truth value of a proposition from false to true or vice versa. Consequently, negation works only on propositions (reversing their truth value) and cannot apply directly to other forms of knowledge representation such as images (although they can be veridical or not). This leads to a paradoxical hypothesis: despite the advantage of visualizable words for general processing, the negation of clauses containing words related to the representation of an image would be more difficult than negation containing non-visualizable words. Two experiments support this hypothesis by showing that sentences with a previously negated visualizable word took longer to be read than sentences with previously negated non-visualizable words. The results suggest that a verbal code is used to process negation.
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186
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Massé IO, Guillemette S, Laramée ME, Bronchti G, Boire D. Strain differences of the effect of enucleation and anophthalmia on the size and growth of sensory cortices in mice. Brain Res 2014; 1588:113-26. [PMID: 25242615 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anophthalmia is a condition in which the eye does not develop from the early embryonic period. Early blindness induces cross-modal plastic modifications in the brain such as auditory and haptic activations of the visual cortex and also leads to a greater solicitation of the somatosensory and auditory cortices. The visual cortex is activated by auditory stimuli in anophthalmic mice and activity is known to alter the growth pattern of the cerebral cortex. The size of the primary visual, auditory and somatosensory cortices and of the corresponding specific sensory thalamic nuclei were measured in intact and enucleated C57Bl/6J mice and in ZRDCT anophthalmic mice (ZRDCT/An) to evaluate the contribution of cross-modal activity on the growth of the cerebral cortex. In addition, the size of these structures were compared in intact, enucleated and anophthalmic fourth generation backcrossed hybrid C57Bl/6J×ZRDCT/An mice to parse out the effects of mouse strains and of the different visual deprivations. The visual cortex was smaller in the anophthalmic ZRDCT/An than in the intact and enucleated C57Bl/6J mice. Also the auditory cortex was larger and the somatosensory cortex smaller in the ZRDCT/An than in the intact and enucleated C57Bl/6J mice. The size differences of sensory cortices between the enucleated and anophthalmic mice were no longer present in the hybrid mice, showing specific genetic differences between C57Bl/6J and ZRDCT mice. The post natal size increase of the visual cortex was less in the enucleated than in the anophthalmic and intact hybrid mice. This suggests differences in the activity of the visual cortex between enucleated and anophthalmic mice and that early in-utero spontaneous neural activity in the visual system contributes to the shaping of functional properties of cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian O Massé
- Département d׳anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7.
| | - Sonia Guillemette
- Département d׳anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7.
| | - Marie-Eve Laramée
- Département d׳anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7.
| | - Gilles Bronchti
- Département d׳anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7.
| | - Denis Boire
- Département d׳anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7; École d׳optométrie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
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187
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Lange J, Keil J, Schnitzler A, van Dijk H, Weisz N. The role of alpha oscillations for illusory perception. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:294-301. [PMID: 24931795 PMCID: PMC4111906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alpha oscillations are a prominent electrophysiological signal measured across a wide range of species and cortical and subcortical sites. Alpha oscillations have been viewed for a long time as an "idling" rhythm, purely reflecting inactive sites. Despite earlier evidence from neurophysiology, awareness that alpha oscillations can substantially influence perception and behavior has grown only recently in cognitive neuroscience. Evidence for an active role of alpha for perception comes mainly from several visual, near-threshold experiments. In the current review, we extend this view by summarizing studies showing how alpha-defined brain states relate to illusory perception, i.e. cases of perceptual reports that are not "objectively" verifiable by distinct stimuli or stimulus features. These studies demonstrate that ongoing or prestimulus alpha oscillations substantially influence the perception of auditory, visual or multisensory illusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Lange
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Julian Keil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Hospital, St. Hedwig Hospital, Große Hamburger Straße 5-11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hanneke van Dijk
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nathan Weisz
- CIMeC - Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, via delle Regole, 101, 38060 Mattarello, TN, Italy
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188
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Mickleborough MJS, Chapman CM, Toma AS, Handy TC. Cognitive processing of visual images in migraine populations in between headache attacks. Brain Res 2014; 1582:167-75. [PMID: 25072184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE People with migraine headache have altered interictal visual sensory-level processing in between headache attacks. Here we examined the extent to which these migraine abnormalities may extend into higher visual processing such as implicit evaluative analysis of visual images in between migraine events. METHODS Specifically, we asked two groups of participants--migraineurs (N=29) and non-migraine controls (N=29)--to view a set of unfamiliar commercial logos in the context of a target identification task as the brain electrical responses to these objects were recorded via event-related potentials (ERPs). Following this task, participants individually identified those logos that they most liked or disliked. We applied a between-groups comparison of how ERP responses to logos varied as a function of hedonic evaluation. RESULTS Our results suggest migraineurs have abnormal implicit evaluative processing of visual stimuli. Specifically, migraineurs lacked a bias for disliked logos found in control subjects, as measured via a late positive potential (LPP) ERP component. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest post-sensory consequences of migraine in between headache events, specifically abnormal cognitive evaluative processing with a lack of normal categorical hedonic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla J S Mickleborough
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC, Canada.
| | - Christine M Chapman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Andreea S Toma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Todd C Handy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC, Canada
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189
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Abstract
This special issue on temporal processing within and across senses was the outcome of a two-day workshop that took place in Tübingen, Germany. The aim of the workshop and this special issue was to advance our knowledge on timing and the senses and to bring together two lines of research that have not yet interacted, those of synchrony and duration perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argiro Vatakis
- Cognitive Systems Research Institute (CSRI), Athens, Greece.
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190
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Zahabi S, Arguin M. A crowdful of letters: disentangling the role of similarity, eccentricity and spatial frequencies in letter crowding. Vision Res 2014; 97:45-51. [PMID: 24561213 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the joint impact of target-flanker similarity and of spatial frequency content on the crowding effect in letter identification. We presented spatial frequency filtered letters to neurologically intact non-dyslexic readers while manipulating target-flanker distance, target eccentricity and target-flanker confusability (letter similarity metric based on published letter confusion matrices). The results show that high target-flanker confusability magnifies crowding. They also reveal an intricate pattern of interactions of the spatial frequency content of the stimuli with target eccentricity, flanker distance and similarity. The findings are congruent with the notion that crowding results from the inappropriate pooling of target and flanker features and that this integration is more likely to match a response template at a subsequent decision stage with similar than dissimilar flankers. In addition, the evidence suggests that crowding from similar flankers is biased towards relatively high spatial frequencies and that crowding shifts towards lower spatial frequencies as target eccentricity is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Zahabi
- Centre de recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Arguin
- Centre de recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Canada.
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191
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Cattaneo Z, Renzi C, Casali S, Silvanto J, Vecchi T, Papagno C, D'Angelo E. Cerebellar vermis plays a causal role in visual motion discrimination. Cortex 2014; 58:272-80. [PMID: 24656591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar patients have been found to show deficits in visual motion discrimination, suggesting that the cerebellum may play a role in visual sensory processing beyond mediating motor control. Here we show that triple-pulse online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over cerebellar vermis but not over the cerebellar hemispheres significantly impaired motion discrimination. Critically, the interference caused by vermis TMS on motion discrimination did not depend on an indirect effect of TMS over nearby visual areas, as demonstrated by a control experiment in which TMS over V1 but not over cerebellar vermis significantly impaired orientation discrimination. These findings demonstrate the causal role of the cerebellar vermis in visual motion processing in neurologically normal participants.
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192
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Skottun BC. A few observations on linking VEP responses to the magno- and parvocellular systems by way of contrast-response functions. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 91:147-54. [PMID: 24440598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that magno- and parvocellular contributions to Visually Evoked Potentials (VEPs) can be isolated, or differentiated, by noting the contrast-response relationships of the responses. This suggestion is examined quantitatively by determining the similarity between various sets of VEP data that have been attributed to the magno- and parvocellular systems and previously reported contrast-response functions for different kinds of neurons (magno- and parvocellular neurons and V1, V4, and MT cells) and combinations of the contrast-response functions for these neurons. It is found that other neurons, or combinations of other neurons, typically give better fits to the data than do magno- and parvocellular cells. Thus, to attribute VEP responses to the magno- or parvocellular systems based on contrast-responses properties faces difficulties.
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193
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Yung A, Haagsma JA, Polinder S. A systematic review on the influence of pre-existing disability on sustaining injury. Accid Anal Prev 2014; 62:199-208. [PMID: 24172087 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review studies measuring the influence of pre-existing disability on the risk of sustaining an injury. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases searched included Medline (Pubmed), ProQuest, Ovid and EMBASE. INCLUSION CRITERIA Studies (1990-2010) in international peer-reviewed journals were identified with main inclusion criteria being that the study assessed involvement of injury sustained by persons with and without pre-existing disability. METHODS Studies were collated by design and methods, and evaluation of results. RESULTS Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria of our review. All studies found that persons with disabilities were at a significantly higher risk of sustaining injuries than those without. Persons with disability had a 30-450% increased odds (odds ratio 1.3-5.5) of sustaining injury compared to persons without disability. Among persons with pre-existing disability, the high risk groups of sustaining an injury are children and elderly. CONCLUSIONS People with disabilities experience a higher risk to sustain an injury in comparison to the healthy population. There is a high need for large epidemiological studies of injury among persons with disability, to better address these unique risk profiles in order to prevent additional disability or secondary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yung
- Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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194
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Mishra J, Martinez A, Hillyard SA. Audition influences color processing in the sound-induced visual flash illusion. Vision Res 2013; 93:74-9. [PMID: 24161662 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multisensory interactions can lead to illusory percepts, as exemplified by the sound-induced extra flash illusion (SIFI: Shams, Kamitani, & Shimojo, 2000, 2002). In this illusion, an audio-visual stimulus sequence consisting of two pulsed sounds and a light flash presented within a 100 ms time window generates the visual percept of two flashes. Here, we used colored visual stimuli to investigate whether concurrent auditory stimuli can affect the perceived features of the illusory flash. Zero, one or two pulsed sounds were presented concurrently with either a red or green flash or with two flashes of different colors (red followed by green) in rapid sequence. By querying both the number and color of the participants' visual percepts, we found that the double flash illusion is stimulus specific: i.e., two sounds paired with one red or one green flash generated the percept of two red or two green flashes, respectively. This implies that the illusory second flash is induced at a level of visual processing after perceived color has been encoded. In addition, we found that the presence of two sounds influenced the integration of color information from two successive flashes. In the absence of any sounds, a red and a green flash presented in rapid succession fused to form a single orange percept, but when accompanied by two sounds, this integrated orange percept was perceived to flash twice on a significant proportion of trials. In addition, the number of concurrent auditory stimuli modified the degree to which the successive flashes were integrated to an orange percept vs. maintained as separate red-green percepts. Overall, these findings show that concurrent auditory input can affect both the temporal and featural properties of visual percepts.
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195
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Gjini K, Boutros NN, Haddad L, Aikins D, Javanbakht A, Amirsadri A, Tancer ME. Evoked potential correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees with history of exposure to torture. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1492-8. [PMID: 23835042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence and magnitude of information processing deviations associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are far from being well-characterized. In this study we assessed the auditory and visually evoked cerebral responses in a group of Iraqi refugees who were exposed to torture and developed PTSD (N = 20), Iraqi refugees who had been exposed to similar trauma but did not develop PTSD (N = 20), and non-traumatized controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity (N = 20). We utilized two paired-stimulus paradigms in auditory and visual sensory modalities, respectively. We found significantly smaller amplitudes of both the auditory P50 and the visual N75 responses in PTSD patients compared to controls, reflecting decreased response to simple sensory input during a relatively early phase of information processing (interval 50-75 ms post stimulus). In addition, deficient suppression of the P50/N75 response to repeating stimuli at this early stage in both modalities is indicative of difficulty in filtering out irrelevant sensory input. Among associations between electrophysiological and clinical measures, a significant positive correlation was found between dissociation score and P50 S1 amplitudes (p = 0.024), as well as stronger auditory P50 gating correlated with higher quality-of-life index scores (p = 0.013). In addition, smaller amplitudes of N150 visual evoked response to S1 showed a significant association with higher avoidance scores (p = 0.015). The results of this study highlight the importance of early automatic auditory and visual evoked responses in probing the information processing and neural mechanisms underlying symptomatology in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klevest Gjini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Clinical Electrophysiology Lab, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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196
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Engel-Yeger B, Hamed-Daher S. Comparing participation in out of school activities between children with visual impairments, children with hearing impairments and typical peers. Res Dev Disabil 2013; 34:3124-3132. [PMID: 23880031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hearing or visual impairments may negatively affect child's development and participation. Yet the literature about participation of children with hearing or visual impairments is insufficient. The present study aimed to compare participation patterns of children with visual impairments to those of children with hearing impairments and to typical peers and to examine the correlations between participation and socio-demographic parameters in each group. Participants were 70 children between the ages of 6-11: 25 with hearing impairments, 20 with visual impairments and 25 typical peers. All children filled the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE). This self-report refers to participation in daily out of school activities. Children with hearing or visual impairments showed significant limited participation compared to typical peers, expressed in lower number of activities, lower participation intensity; more activities performed at home and with someone else. The limited participation was more emphasized among children with visual impairments. Socio-demographic variables (age, mother's education and socio-economic level) correlated with participation dimensions in both study groups. In conclusion, children with hearing or visual impairments may have restricted participation in out of school activities. Socio-demographic parameters may play a role in encouraging child's participation. Participation among these populations should be further studied in order to assist service providers to create intervention programs together with the child, for enhancing his/her inclusion in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batya Engel-Yeger
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
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197
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Fradcourt B, Peyrin C, Baciu M, Campagne A. Behavioral assessment of emotional and motivational appraisal during visual processing of emotional scenes depending on spatial frequencies. Brain Cogn 2013; 83:104-13. [PMID: 23954668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies performed on visual processing of emotional stimuli have revealed preference for a specific type of visual spatial frequencies (high spatial frequency, HSF; low spatial frequency, LSF) according to task demands. The majority of studies used a face and focused on the appraisal of the emotional state of others. The present behavioral study investigates the relative role of spatial frequencies on processing emotional natural scenes during two explicit cognitive appraisal tasks, one emotional, based on the self-emotional experience and one motivational, based on the tendency to action. Our results suggest that HSF information was the most relevant to rapidly identify the self-emotional experience (unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral) while LSF was required to rapidly identify the tendency to action (avoidance, approach, and no action). The tendency to action based on LSF analysis showed a priority for unpleasant stimuli whereas the identification of emotional experience based on HSF analysis showed a priority for pleasant stimuli. The present study confirms the interest of considering both emotional and motivational characteristics of visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fradcourt
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, F-38040 Grenoble, France
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198
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Terhune DB, Wudarczyk OA, Kochuparampil P, Cohen Kadosh R. Enhanced dimension-specific visual working memory in grapheme-color synesthesia. Cognition 2013; 129:123-37. [PMID: 23892185 PMCID: PMC3757159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grapheme–color synesthetes display superior color working memory than controls. This effect is independent of color familiarity and color discrimination abilities. Controls and synesthetes do not differ in grapheme working memory. These results support enhanced color processing in synesthesia. They also support research linking sensory processing and working memory.
There is emerging evidence that the encoding of visual information and the maintenance of this information in a temporarily accessible state in working memory rely on the same neural mechanisms. A consequence of this overlap is that atypical forms of perception should influence working memory. We examined this by investigating whether having grapheme–color synesthesia, a condition characterized by the involuntary experience of color photisms when reading or representing graphemes, would confer benefits on working memory. Two competing hypotheses propose that superior memory in synesthesia results from information being coded in two information channels (dual-coding) or from superior dimension-specific visual processing (enhanced processing). We discriminated between these hypotheses in three n-back experiments in which controls and synesthetes viewed inducer and non-inducer graphemes and maintained color or grapheme information in working memory. Synesthetes displayed superior color working memory than controls for both grapheme types, whereas the two groups did not differ in grapheme working memory. Further analyses excluded the possibilities of enhanced working memory among synesthetes being due to greater color discrimination, stimulus color familiarity, or bidirectionality. These results reveal enhanced dimension-specific visual working memory in this population and supply further evidence for a close relationship between sensory processing and the maintenance of sensory information in working memory.
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199
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Mishra J, Zanto T, Nilakantan A, Gazzaley A. Comparable mechanisms of working memory interference by auditory and visual motion in youth and aging. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1896-906. [PMID: 23791629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrasensory interference during visual working memory (WM) maintenance by object stimuli (such as faces and scenes), has been shown to negatively impact WM performance, with greater detrimental impacts of interference observed in aging. Here we assessed age-related impacts by intrasensory WM interference from lower-level stimulus features such as visual and auditory motion stimuli. We consistently found that interference in the form of ignored distractions and secondary task interruptions presented during a WM maintenance period, degraded memory accuracy in both the visual and auditory domain. However, in contrast to prior studies assessing WM for visual object stimuli, feature-based interference effects were not observed to be significantly greater in older adults. Analyses of neural oscillations in the alpha frequency band further revealed preserved mechanisms of interference processing in terms of post-stimulus alpha suppression, which was observed maximally for secondary task interruptions in visual and auditory modalities in both younger and older adults. These results suggest that age-related sensitivity of WM to interference may be limited to complex object stimuli, at least at low WM loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Physiology and Psychiatry, Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco-Mission Bay, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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200
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Masuda A, Narikiyo K, Someya N, Aou S. Multisensory interaction mediates the social transmission of avoidance in rats: dissociation from social transmission of fear. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:334-8. [PMID: 23769998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction enables animals to transmit various types of sensory information that can modulate learned avoidance behavior and fear responses, which are important to survival. We previously reported that, under a passive avoidance paradigm, avoidance behavior is facilitated when a rat observes another rat (demonstrator) receiving a shock when performing a specific behavior. However, the sensory mechanisms underlying this 'social facilitation of avoidance' are not well understood. The present study examined the role of sensory pathways for social transmission of avoidance, focusing on the olfactory and visual systems. The olfactory ability of observer rats was blocked by an intranasal application of ZnSO4, and their visual ability was blocked by an opaque partition placed between observer and demonstrator rats. We found that blocking either olfactory or visual input drastically diminished the social transmission of avoidance. Interestingly the social transmission of fear responses remained intact even when olfactory or visual information was blocked. These results indicate that the social transmission of avoidance is mediated not by any single sensory modality but by multisensory interaction in rats, suggesting a distinct sensory mechanism from that underlying the social transmission of fear.
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