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Wang Z, Ahmad W, Zhu A, Geng W, Kang W, Ouyang Q, Chen Q. Identification of volatile compounds and metabolic pathway during ultrasound-assisted kombucha fermentation by HS-SPME-GC/MS combined with metabolomic analysis. Ultrason Sonochem 2023; 94:106339. [PMID: 36842214 PMCID: PMC9984899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current work combines headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) with multivariate analysis fusion metabonomics for examining metabolite profile changes. The correlation with metabolic pathways during the fermentation of kombucha tea were comprehensively explored. For optimizing the fermentation process, ultrasound-assisted factors were explored. A total of 132 metabolites released by fermented kombucha were detected by HS-SPME-GC/MS. We employed the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to present the relationship between aroma components and fermentation time, of which the first two principal components respectively accounted for 60.3% and 6.5% of the total variance. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that during the fermentation of kombucha tea, there were significant differences in the phenotypes of metabolites in the samples, and 25 characteristic metabolites were selected as biomarkers. Leaf alcohol was first proposed as the characteristic volatile in the fermentation process of kombucha. Furthermore, we addressed the generation pathways of characteristic volatiles, their formation mechanisms, and the transformational correlation among them. Our findings provide a roadmap for future kombucha fermentation processing to enhance kombucha flavor and aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Afang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wenhui Geng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wencui Kang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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152
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Yuan J, Huang W, Tong W, Chen Z, Li H, Chen J, Lin Z. In-situ growth of covalent organic framework on stainless steel needles as solid-phase microextraction probe coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for rapid and sensitive determination of tricyclic antidepressants in biosamples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463955. [PMID: 37004299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) including amitriptyline (AT), doxepin (DOX) and nortriptyline (NT) are the first-line drugs for the clinical treatment of depression; however, monitoring TCA concentrations in biological fluids and tissues is necessary to improve therapeutic effect and determine the cause of death in patients. It is of great significance to develop a rapid and sensitive method for real-time monitoring of TCAs in various biosamples. In this work, we fabricated a novel covalent organic framework (COF) based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probe by an in-situ step-by-step strategy, which was obtained by sequentially modifying 1,3,5-tri (4-aminophenyl) benzene (TPB) and 2, 5-divinylbenzaldehyde (DVA) on the surface of polydopamine layer. The TPB-DVA-COF-SPME probe possessed high specific surface area (1244 m2·g - 1), regular pores (3.23 nm), good hydrophobicity and stability, resulting in efficient enrichment for TCAs. Furthermore, the combination of TPB-DVA-COF-SPME probe and ambient electrospray ionization mass spectrometry system (ESI/MS) was firstly proposed for rapid and sensitive determination of TCAs in biosamples. As a result, the developed method exhibited low limits of detection (LODs) (0.1-0.5 μg∙L - 1), high enrichment factors (39-218), and low relative standard deviations (RSDs) for one probe (1.2-3.8%) and probe-to-probe (2.0-3.7%). Benefiting from these outstanding performance, TPB-DVA-COF-SPME probe was further successfully applied to biosamples (i.e., serum, liver, kidney, and brain) with excellent reusability, indicating the promising applicability of the TPB-DVA-COF-SPME-ESI/MS as a powerful tool for drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Weini Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Heming Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
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153
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Cui B, Zheng T, Deng P, Zhang S, Zhao Z. Chemotaxonomic Variation in Volatile Component Contents in Ancient Platycladus orientalis Leaves with Different Tree Ages in Huangdi Mausoleum. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052043. [PMID: 36903288 PMCID: PMC10003951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the differences in the composition and volatile components content in ancient Platycladus orientalis leaves with different tree ages in Huangdi Mausoleum, the volatile components were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method. The volatile components were statistically analyzed by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, and the characteristic volatile components were screened. The results exhibited that a total of 72 volatile components were isolated and identified in 19 ancient Platycladus orientalis leaves with different tree ages, and 14 common volatile components were screened. Among them, the contents of α-pinene (6.40-16.76%), sabinene (1.11-7.29%), 3-carene (1.14-15.12%), terpinolene (2.17-4.95%), caryophyllene (8.04-13.53%), α-caryophyllene (7.34-14.41%), germacrene D (5.27-12.13%), (+)-Cedrol (2.34-11.30%) and α-terpinyl acetate (1.29-25.68%) were relatively higher (>1%), accounting for 83.40-87.61% of the total volatile components. Nineteen ancient Platycladus orientalis trees were clustered into three groups through the HCA method based on the 14 common volatile components content. Combined with the results of OPLS-DA analysis, (+)-cedrol, germacrene D, α-caryophyllene, α-terpinyl acetate, caryophyllene, β-myrcene, β-elemene and epiglobulol were the differential volatile components to distinguish ancient Platycladus orientalis with different tree ages. The results revealed that the composition of the volatile components in ancient Platycladus orientalis leaves with different tree ages was different, showing different aroma characteristics, which provided a theoretical reference for the differential development and application of volatile components in ancient Platycladus orientalis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Cui
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Research Center for the Conservation and Breeding Engineering of Ancient Trees, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- College of Biology Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Ping Deng
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Research Center for the Conservation and Breeding Engineering of Ancient Trees, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhong Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Research Center for the Conservation and Breeding Engineering of Ancient Trees, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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154
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He X, Gbiorczyk K, Jeleń HH. Can Volatiles Fingerprints be an Alternative to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry in the Botanical Origin Determination of Spirits? J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:2637-2643. [PMID: 36701260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based quasi-electronic nose using solid-phase microextraction to introduce volatiles directly to mass spectrometer without chromatographic separation (HS-SPME-MS) was used to discriminate 45 raw spirits produced from C3 (potato, rye, wheat) and C4 (corn, sorghum) plants. The samples were also subjected to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which unequivocally distinguished C3 from C4 samples; however, no clear differentiation was observed for C3 samples. On the contrary, HS-SPME-MS, which uses unresolved volatile compounds "fingerprints" in a form of ions of a given m/z range and various intensities provided excellent sample classification and prediction after OPLS-DA data processing verified also by the artificial neural network (ANN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Henryk H Jeleń
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
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155
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Sohn S, Huong VT, Nguyen PD, Ly NH, Jang S, Lee H, Lee C, Lee JI, Vasseghian Y, Joo SW, Zoh KD. Equilibria of semi-volatile isothiazolinones between air and glass surfaces measured by gas chromatography and Raman spectroscopy. Environ Res 2023; 218:114908. [PMID: 36442521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trace amounts of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of the two isothiazolinones of 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT) and 2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) were detected both in the air and on glass surfaces. Equilibria of SVOCs between air and glass were examined by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). Surface to air distribution ratios of Ksa for MIT and OIT were determined to be 5.10 m and 281.74 m, respectively, suggesting more abundant MIT in the gas phase by a factor of ∼55. In addition, a facile method of silver nanocube (AgNC)-assisted surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of MIT and OIT on glass surfaces. According to MIT and OIT concentration-correlated SERS intensities of Raman peaks at ∼1585 cm-1 and ∼1125 cm-1, respectively. Their calibration curves have been obtained in the concentration ranges between 10-3 to 10-10 M and 10-3 to 10-11 M with their linearity of 0.9986 and 0.9989 for MIT and OIT, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) of the two isothiazolinones were estimated at 10-10 M, and 10-11 M for MIT and OIT, respectively. Our results indicate that AgNC-assisted SERS spectra are a rapid and high-ultrasensitive method for the quantification of MIT and OIT in practical applications. The development of analytical methods and determination of the Ksa value obtained in this study can be applied to the prediction of the exposure to MIT and OIT from various chemical products and dynamic behaviors to assess human health risks in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoon Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu Thi Huong
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong-Dong Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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156
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Royle SH, Cropper L, Watson JS, Sinibaldi S, Entwisle M, Sephton MA. Solid-Phase Microextraction for Organic Contamination Control Throughout Assembly and Operational Phases of Space Missions. Astrobiology 2023; 23:127-143. [PMID: 36473197 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Space missions concerned with life detection contain highly sensitive instruments for the detection of organics. Terrestrial contamination can interfere with signals of indigenous organics in samples and has the potential to cause false-positive biosignature detections, which may lead to incorrect suggestions of the presence of life elsewhere in the solar system. This study assessed the capability of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) as a method for monitoring organic contamination encountered by spacecraft hardware during assembly and operation. SPME-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) analysis was performed on potential contaminant source materials, which are commonly used in spacecraft construction. The sensitivity of SPME-GC-MS to organics was assessed in the context of contaminants identified in molecular wipes taken from hardware surfaces on the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover. SPME was found to be effective at detecting a wide range of common organic contaminants that include aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing compounds, alcohols, and carbonyls. A notable example of correlation of contaminant with source material was the detection of benzenamine compounds in an epoxy adhesive analyzed by SPME-GC-MS and in the ExoMars rover surface wipe samples. The current form of SPME-GC-MS does not enable quantitative evaluation of contaminants, nor is it suitable for the detection of every group of organic molecules relevant to astrobiological contamination concerns, namely large and/or polar molecules such as amino acids. However, it nonetheless represents an effective new monitoring method for rapid, easy identification of organic contaminants commonly present on spacecraft hardware and could thus be utilized in future space missions as part of their contamination control and mitigation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Royle
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorcan Cropper
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S Watson
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark A Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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157
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Kong J, Cao X, Huang W, Li C, Xian Q, Yang S, Li S, Sun C, He H. Predicting the bioavailability of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: ZIF-8/h-BN solid-phase microextraction versus Tenax extraction. Environ Pollut 2023; 318:120896. [PMID: 36535426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in sediments has been widely reported, but research on NPAH bioavailability is lacking. In this study, a self-made zeolite imidazolate framework-8/hexagonal boron nitride (ZIF-8/h-BN) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and commercial Tenax are compared as efficient tools to predict the bioavailability of NPAHs in sediments with bioassays using Cipangopaludina chinensis. During the process of SPME, the NPAH concentrations on the ZIF-8/h-BN fibers reached extraction equilibrium after 72 h. The fiber extraction of NPAHs in sediments was well-fitted by the pseudo first-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 2 × 10-2 h-1 (R2 > 0.98). The extraction rates ranking of NPAHs in sediments was 2-nitrobiphenyl>1-nitropyrene>5-nitroacenaphthene>2-nitrofluorene. Compared with SPME, NPAH concentrations reached equilibrium after 168 h for the Tenax extraction. The orders of magnitude of fast, slow, and very slow desorption rate constants were 10-1, 10-2, and 10-4, respectively. At extraction equilibrium (168 h), the SPME was close to the bioavailability of the NPAHs in sediments to Cipangopaludina chinensis with a slope statistically approximated to one. In addition, the linear regression for SPME (R2 = 0.7285) was slightly higher than that of the Tenax extraction (R2 = 0.7168) over a short time (6 h). This could be because the coating material of ZIF-8/h-BN can rapidly adsorb freely dissolved NPAHs, and the SPME fibers can accurately predict the bioaccumulated concentrations of NPAHs in exposed organisms by measuring the concentration of NPAHs in the pore water of sediment. This study provides a time-saving and easy procedure to predict the bioavailability of NPAHs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wen Huang
- Kaver Scientific Instruments, Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210000, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, PR China.
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158
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Hao QL, Yu LQ, Yang XQ, Xu RT, Lv YK. Two-Dimensional Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanosheets Derived from g-C 3N 4 /ZIF-8 for Solid-Phase Microextraction in Exhalation of Esophageal Cancer Patients. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:5990-5997. [PMID: 36689469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, two-dimensional (2D) nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (CNSs) were prepared through carbonizing MOFs (ZIF-8) in-situ grown using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a template. The developed ZIF-8 CNS was then used as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating for beneficiation of five biomarkers in exhalation of patients with esophageal cancer and in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for determination. The ZIF-8 CNS fiber exhibits satisfactory enrichment factors (3490-5631), wide linearity (5-1000 μg L-1), and low detection limits (0.26-0.96 μg L-1). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for six replicate extractions of the same ZIF-8 CNS fiber were between 2.0-3.9% (intra-day) and 2.8-5.2% (inter-day). The reproducibility of three fibers prepared by the same approach was in the range 6.8-12.3% (RSD). The developed ZIF-8 CNS fiber can persist in 120 SPME cycles with no prominent loss of extraction efficiency and precision. The high enrichment factors of the 2D ZIF-8 CNS coatings are attributed to the high specific surface area, ultrathin thickness, and nano-pore or interlayer channels; moreover, nitrogen doping also endows the π system with a strong electron absorption ability, which will enhance the π-π interaction between the ZIF-8 CNS and the aromatic ring. Ultimately, the self-made ZIF-8 CNS-coated SPME fiber was applied to the analysis of exhaled breath samples. The recoveries of spiked analytes are between 84 and 105%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Long Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Li-Qing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Rui-Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yun-Kai Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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159
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Dincel D, Rosales-Solano H, Zeinali S, Pawliszyn J. Standard Water Generating Vials for Lipophilic Compounds. Anal Chem 2023; 95:820-826. [PMID: 36546835 PMCID: PMC10848237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of non-polar compounds in aqueous environments has always been challenging due to their poor solubility in aqueous media. The low affinity of non-polar compounds toward polar solutions facilitates their attachment to glassware, which results in unstable sample concentrations. To address this challenge, and to enable the preparation of a stable mixture of hydrophobic compounds in an aquatic environment, we introduce an in-vial standard water generating system consisting of a vial containing appropriate aqueous solution and a polydimethylsiloxane thin film spiked with target compounds. In this system, a solution with a stable analyte concentration is attained once equilibrium between the thin-film and aqueous solution has been achieved. The developed standard water system was studied using endocannabinoids and phospholipids as model hydrophobic compounds of biological importance, with results indicating that the concentration of hydrophobic compounds in water can remain stable over multiple days. The results also showed that analytes released from the thin film can compensate for analyte loss due to extractions with solid-phase microextraction fibers, thereby re-establishing equilibrium. Thus, the vial is suitable for the repeatable generation of non-polar standards for routine analysis and quality control. The results of this work show that the developed system is stable and reproducible and therefore appropriate for studies requiring the measurement of free concentrations and accurate quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Dincel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | | | - Shakiba Zeinali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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160
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Zamani R, Yamini Y. On-Chip Electromembrane Surrounded Solid Phase Microextraction for Determination of Tricyclic Antidepressants from Biological Fluids Using Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as a Fiber Coating. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13010139. [PMID: 36671973 PMCID: PMC9856149 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, on-chip electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction (EM-SPME) was employed in the determination of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), including amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, maprotiline, and sertraline, from various biological fluids. In this regard, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-graphene oxide (PEDOT-GO) was electrodeposited on an SPME fiber as a conductive coating, then the fiber played the acceptor-electrode role during the extraction. Thus, the immigration of the analytes under the influence of an electric field and their absorption onto the fiber coating were accomplished simultaneously. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection for the target analytes were acquired in the range of 0.005-0.025 µg L-1 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The linearity of the method was 0.010-500 µg L-1 for the imipramine and sertraline, 0.025-500 µg L-1 for the amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and desipramine, and 1.000-250 µg L-1 for the maprotiline (R2 ≥ 0.9984). Moreover, this method provided suitable precision and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility, with RSDs ≤ 8.4%. The applicability of the proposed setup was eventually investigated for extraction of the drugs from human bone marrow aspirate, urine, plasma, and well water samples, in which satisfactory relative recoveries, from 93-105%, were obtained.
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161
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Li Z, Yang M, Shen X, Zhu H, Li B. The Preparation of Covalent Bonding COF-TpBD Coating in Arrayed Nanopores of Stainless Steel Fiber for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1393. [PMID: 36674147 PMCID: PMC9858968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF)-TpBD was grafted on the arrayed nanopores of stainless steel fiber (SSF) with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane as the cross-linking agent. The prepared SSF bonded with COF-TpBD showed high thermal and chemical stability and excellent repeatability. The prepared SSF bonded with COF-TpBD was also used for the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of seven kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in actual water samples, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) determination, which exhibited low limits of detection (LODs), good relative standard deviation (RSD) and high recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Xuetong Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Baohui Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071066, China
- Hebei Key Lab Power Plant Flue Gas Multipollutant, Baoding 071003, China
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162
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Figueiredo G, Costa CP, Lourenço J, Caetano T, Rocha SM, Mendo S. Linking Pedobacter lusitanus NL19 volatile exometabolome with growth medium composition: what can we learn using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry? Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2613-2627. [PMID: 36631573 PMCID: PMC10149447 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolomics allows understanding and to comprehensively analyse metabolites, and their related cellular and metabolic processes, that are produced and released to the extracellular environment under specific conditions. In that regard, the main objective of this research is to understand the impact of culture media changes in the metabolic profile of Pedobacter lusitanus NL19 (NL19) and Pedobacter himalayensis MTCC 6384 (MTCC6384) and respective influence on the production of biotechnologically relevant compounds. Solid-phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analyser (GC × GC-ToFMS) was applied to comprehensively study the metabolites produced by NL19 and MTCC6384 both in tryptic soy broth 100% (TSB100) and tryptic soy broth with 25% casein peptone (PC25). A total of 320 metabolites were putatively identified, which belong to different chemical families: alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, hydrocarbons, ketones, nitrogen compounds, sulphur compounds, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Metabolites that were statistically different from the control (sterile medium) were selected allowing for the construction of the metabolic profile of both strains. A set of 80 metabolites was tentatively associated to the metabolic pathways such as the metabolism of fatty acids, branched-chain aminoacids, phenylalanine, methionine, aromatic compounds, and monoterpene and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. This study allowed to better understand how slight changes of the culture media and thus the composition of nutrients impair the metabolic profile of bacteria, which may be further explored for metabolomics pipeline construction or biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Figueiredo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carina Pedrosa Costa
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Lourenço
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Caetano
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sílvia M Rocha
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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163
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Urate A, Uematsu M, Tazawa E, Akakabe Y. Characterization of Aroma Compounds in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis Mazel ex Houz. De ehaie) Stem Powders Using Solid Phase Microextraction. J Oleo Sci 2023; 72:1049-1054. [PMID: 37914266 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize aroma compounds from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis Mazel ex Houz. De ehaie) stem powders with a headspace solid phase microextraction - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method and reconstruct the fresh stem aroma. A total of 32 aroma compounds were identified from the powders, comprising monoterpene hydrocarbons (40.03%), hydrocarbons (26.27%), aliphatic aldehydes (13.82%), norisoprenoids (7.93%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3.40%), aliphatic ketones (2.47%), an aromatic alcohol (1.34%) and an acid (1.30%). The most abundant aroma compound was limonene (32.95%) and the absolute configuration and optical purities were determined as (R)-form with 98.17 ± 0.27% enantiomeric excess. The odor active values (OAVs) showed thirteen aroma active compounds (OAVs > 1.00) were determined, including seven aliphatic aldehydes, three monoterpene hydrocarbons, two norisoprenoids and one aliphatic ketone. We have compared the aroma profiles between the Moso bamboo stem powders and a reconstructed one on the basis of quantitative data and characterized the active compounds that can be responsible for the fresh stem aroma by sensory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Urate
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University
| | - Mao Uematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Yoshihiko Akakabe
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University
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164
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Goudarzi S, Fahimirad B, Rajabi M, Baigenzhenov O, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A. Recruiting chemical grafting method for surface modification of stainless steel to fabricate a selective sorbent for solid phase microextraction of mercury metal ion. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:3121-3132. [PMID: 35945321 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Keeping selectiveness and efficiency in view with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of metal ions, this work was aimed at synthesis of a novel modified sorbent on a stainless-steel surface to fabricate a selective and efficient fiber for SPME of mercury ions from real food and biological samples. After the confirmation of sorbent structure grafted on the stainless-steel surface, by different techniques, the synthesized fiber was utilized for extraction and preconcentration of mercury before its measurement by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). For optimizing the efficiency, the influences of various factors on the extraction of Hg (II) ion were scrutinized. The optimized values used for extraction were pH 7.0, adsorption time 8 min, desorption time 5 min, 5 mL of eluent solvent containing nitric acid with concentration of 0.5 mol L-1, and stirring rate of 300 rpm. Underneath optimum condition, the relative standard deviation for 30 extractions, done by one synthesized fiber, was calculated to be 2.89% and for five extractions, done by 5 synthesized fibers, was calculated to be 1.78%. The high performance of the synthesized fiber was checked with high recoveries obtained from 30 successive sorption-desorption cycles, using a unique synthesized fiber. Finally, the suggested procedure was triumphally exploited for extraction and pre-concentration of Hg (II) ion in real food and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Goudarzi
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, 35195-363, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, 35195-363, Iran.
| | - Omirserik Baigenzhenov
- Department of Metallurgical Sciences, Satbayev University, 22a Satbaev str., Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
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165
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Castro R, Durán-Guerrero E. Determination of Volatile Metabolites in Vinegar by Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2571:13-20. [PMID: 36152146 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2699-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an easy, sensitive, and environmentally friendly technique that has been employed, coupled to gas chromatography or liquid chromatography, to determine a huge amount of analytes with different volatilities. The present work describes the procedure to follow in order to determine volatile compounds in vinegar by SPME-GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remedios Castro
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences-IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Enrique Durán-Guerrero
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences-IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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166
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Xuan G, Guo M, Lin H, Sui J, Wang J. Study on Volatile Chemicals as Spoilage Indexes of Salmon by HS-SPME-GC-MS Technique during Non-Frozen Storage. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010013. [PMID: 36615209 PMCID: PMC9822355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Freshness is the most fundamental and important factor to assess raw fish quality. The purpose of our study was to determine the potential spoilage indexes of salmon during non-frozen storage by using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 300 volatile compounds in salmon were detected when sensory scores declined gradually following the quality changes of salmon at different temperatures. And there were 27 and 31 compounds that showed concentration variations when stored at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Among them, the contents of 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene, acetic acid, and 3-methyl-1-butanol increased significantly in the later storage period and were in accordance with the salmon's qualities. The present study provides valuable information on the volatile chemical spoilage indexes that are closely related to the freshness of salmon, which may provide an efficient alternative way for quality evaluation of salmon.
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167
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Tong X, Zhang H, Fan X, Yang S, Chen D, Feng J, Tan S, Zeng D. Rapid determination of 14 odorous compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction pretreatment. Anal Methods 2022; 14:5076-5080. [PMID: 36453467 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and effective method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 14 odorous compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) pretreatment. The influencing factors including SPME fiber, ionic strength, temperature and time on the pretreatment procedure were evaluated systematically. Under the optimized conditions, 10 mL of the samples added with 1.0 g sodium chloride was extracted by CAR/PDMS fiber at 60 °C for 30 min and then desorbed at 280 °C for 3 min. The analytes achieved good linearity as the mass concentrations were in the range of 0.0020-10.0 μg L-1 with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs) ranging between 0.2 and 50 ng L-1 were lower than the olfactory threshold of these studied compounds. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained ranging from 84.8% to 110.6%, and good reproducibility indicated by relative standard deviation (RSD) in the range of 0.50-9.5% was obtained as well. The proposed method was convenient, sensitive and accurate, which was suitable for the routine monitoring 14 odorous compounds in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Tong
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
| | - Xiang Fan
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
| | - Shengyuan Yang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
| | - JiaLi Feng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
| | - Shan Tan
- Department of General Medicine, School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, 410219, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
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168
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Ilbeigi V, Valadbeigi Y, Slováková L, Matejčík Š. Solid Phase Microextraction-Multicapillary Column-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (SPME-MCC-IMS) for Detection of Methyl Salicylate in Tomato Leaves. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:15593-15601. [PMID: 36459422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a plant-signaling molecule that plays an essential role in the regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic pathogens. In this work, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and a multicapillary column (MCC) are coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to detect MeSA in tomato leaves. The SPME-MCC-IMS method provides two-dimensional (2D) separation by both MCC and IMS, based on the retention and drift times. The effect of the IMS polarity on the separation efficiency of MCCs was also investigated. In the positive polarity, ionization of MeSA resulted in [MeSA + H]+ formation while, in the negative, deprotonated ions, [MeSA - H]-, and the O2- adduct ion, [MeSA + O2]-, were formed. In the real sample analysis, the negative polarity operation resulted in the suppression of many matrix molecules and thus in the reduction of interferences. Four different SPME fibers were used for head space analysis, and four MCC columns were investigated. In the negative polarity, complete separation was achieved for all of the MCCs columns. The limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1 μg mL-1 and linear range of 0.25-12 μg mL-1 were obtained for the measurement of MeSA in a standard solution (H2O/CH3OH, 50:50) by the SPME-IMS method with a 5 min extraction time using an SPME with a PDMS fiber, in the negative mode of IMS. The MeSA contents of fresh tomato leaves were determined as 1.5-9.8 μg g-1, 24-96 h after inoculation by tomato mosaic ringspot virus (ToRSV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ilbeigi
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran
| | - L'udmila Slováková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Matejčík
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
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169
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Maletti L, D’Eusanio V, Durante C, Marchetti A, Tassi L. VOCs Analysis of Three Different Cultivars of Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.) Whole Dietary Fiber. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248747. [PMID: 36557880 PMCID: PMC9785562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the trend of VOCs of dietary fiber samples, coming from three different watermelon cultivars Citrullus lanatus L. (variety Gavina®®, Crimson Sweet, and Asahi Miyako) was investigated. This foodstuff, obtained as a by-product of residual agri-food production, has gained increasing attention because of its many bioactive components and high dietary fiber content. The result is a fibrous material for specific applications in food manufacturing, such as corrector for some functional and technological properties. In this study, a method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the aromatic profiles of the dried raw materials. Therefore, the VOCs of the samples of the three cultivars were investigated. Experimental results have shown that watermelon fibers generate VOCs, which can be grouped into six common classes of analytes. The different distributions of the identified compounds made it possible to effectively differentiate the three cultivars studied based on their peculiar aroma profiles. In particular, Gavina®® fiber is distinguished by the high content of terpenes, Asahi Miyako by the presence of aldehydes generated as fatty acid metabolites, and Crimson Sweet by the higher content of acetyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maletti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Veronica D’Eusanio
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Durante
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tassi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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170
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Eggermont D, Spadafora ND, Aspromonte J, Purcaro G. Unraveling the impact of the capsule material on the aroma of brewed coffee by headspace analysis using a HiSorb probe followed by reverse fill/flush flow modulation GC×GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2511-2521. [PMID: 36482082 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present paper discusses the use of a high-concentration-capacity tool, HiSorb, to investigate the impact of capsule material on the aroma profile of espresso-brewed coffee. The specific high-concentration-capacity probe used is characterized by a sorbent volume (63 μL) intermediate between the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber (0.6 μL) and the stir-bar sorptive extraction rod (126 μL). The extraction performance of the HiSorb was compared, in terms of both absolute signal and compound coverage, with both an equivalent sorbent (polydimethylsiloxane) and a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber using both targeted and untargeted approaches. The HiSorb showed superior extraction compared with the SPME fibers. The HiSorb was then optimized in terms of extraction time and temperature and used to investigate the volatile profile of 23 espresso-brewed coffees prepared with capsules made of different materials-aluminum, compostable, and aluminum multilayer pack-prepared using a refillable capsule. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with a reverse fill/flush flow modulator and coupled to mass spectrometry was used to obtain a chromatographic fingerprint of the volatile profile of the brewed coffee. The data were aligned and compared using a tile-based approach, and the results were obtained by performing raw data mining within the same software platform. The data mining enabled the extraction of informative features responsible for the differentiation between the different capsule materials, showing a significant depletion in aroma intensity in the compostable capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Eggermont
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Bât. G1 Chimie des agro-biosystèmes, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Natasha Damiana Spadafora
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juan Aspromonte
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Bât. G1 Chimie des agro-biosystèmes, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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171
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Chen W, Zou Y, Mo W, Di D, Wang B, Wu M, Huang Z, Hu B. Onsite Identification and Spatial Distribution of Air Pollutants Using a Drone-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction Array Coupled with Portable Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry via Continuous-Airflow Sampling. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:17100-17107. [PMID: 36395360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous air pollutants can be unintentionally and intentionally released in many cases, such as industrial emissions, accidental events, and pesticide application. Under such events, the onsite operation is highly dependent on the molecular composition and spatial distribution of air pollutants in ambient air. However, it is usually difficult for people to reach hazardous and upper sites rapidly. In this work, we designed a new drone-based microextraction sampler array in which a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was mounted on drones for remote-control sampling at different spaces and was then coupled with a portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PGC-MS) approach for quickly identifying hazardous air pollutants and their spatial distribution in ambient air within minutes. Acceptable analytical performances, including good sensitivity (detection limit at nanogram per liter level), reproducibility (relative standard deviation < 20%, n = 6), analytical speed (single sample within minutes), and excellent linear dynamic response (3 orders of magnitude) were obtained for direct measurement of air samples. The drone-SPME sampling mechanism of air pollutants involving an airflow adsorptive microextraction process was proposed. Overall, this drone-SPME sampling array can access hard-to-reach and dangerous environmental sites and provide air pollution distribution in different spaces, showing versatile potential applications in environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weini Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Yingtong Zou
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Wenzheng Mo
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Dandan Di
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
- Guangdong MS Institute of Scientific Instrument Innovation, Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangdong MS Institute of Scientific Instrument Innovation, Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Manman Wu
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Zhengxu Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
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172
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Gokool VA, Crespo-Cajigas J, Mallikarjun A, Collins A, Kane SA, Plymouth V, Nguyen E, Abella BS, Holness HK, Furton KG, Johnson ATC, Otto CM. The Use of Biological Sensors and Instrumental Analysis to Discriminate COVID-19 Odor Signatures. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:1003. [PMID: 36421122 PMCID: PMC9688190 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The spread of SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease COVID-19, is difficult to control as some positive individuals, capable of transmitting the disease, can be asymptomatic. Thus, it remains critical to generate noninvasive, inexpensive COVID-19 screening systems. Two such methods include detection canines and analytical instrumentation, both of which detect volatile organic compounds associated with SARS-CoV-2. In this study, the performance of trained detection dogs is compared to a noninvasive headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) approach to identifying COVID-19 positive individuals. Five dogs were trained to detect the odor signature associated with COVID-19. They varied in performance, with the two highest-performing dogs averaging 88% sensitivity and 95% specificity over five double-blind tests. The three lowest-performing dogs averaged 46% sensitivity and 87% specificity. The optimized linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model, developed using HS-SPME-GC-MS, displayed a 100% true positive rate and a 100% true negative rate using leave-one-out cross-validation. However, the non-optimized LDA model displayed difficulty in categorizing animal hair-contaminated samples, while animal hair did not impact the dogs' performance. In conclusion, the HS-SPME-GC-MS approach for noninvasive COVID-19 detection more accurately discriminated between COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative samples; however, dogs performed better than the computational model when non-ideal samples were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidia A. Gokool
- Global Forensic and Justice Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Janet Crespo-Cajigas
- Global Forensic and Justice Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Amritha Mallikarjun
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Collins
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah A. Kane
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victoria Plymouth
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nguyen
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Abella
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Penn Acute Research Collaboration, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Howard K. Holness
- Global Forensic and Justice Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Furton
- Global Forensic and Justice Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alan T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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173
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Huang Y, Fang S, Xiang Z, Liu S, Ouyang G. In vivo environmental metabolomic profiling via a novel microextraction fiber unravels sublethal effects of environmental norfloxacin in gut bacteria. Sci Total Environ 2022; 845:157335. [PMID: 35842160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs), especially antibiotics, have significantly polluted the environment and threaten the living circumstance of organisms. Environmental metabolomic has emerged to investigate the sublethal effects of ECs. However, lacking noninvasive and real-time sample pretreatment techniques restricts its development in environmental toxicology. Hence, in this study, a real-time and in vivo untargeted analytical technique towards microbial endogenous metabolites was developed via a novel composite solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber of ZIF-67 and polystyrene to realize the high-coverage capture of living gut microbial metabolites. To reveal the exposure risks of typical antibiotic - norfloxacin (NFX) to gut bacteria, four representative bacteria were exposed to NFX at environmentally relevant levels. Using the proposed SPME fiber, 70 metabolites were identified to obtain an apparent metabolic separation feature between control and NFX-treated (10 ng/mL) microbial groups, which revealed that the low environmental relevant concentration of NFX would affect normal metabolism of gut bacteria. Additionally, NFX exhibited species-specific toxic effects on microbial growth, especially Escherichia coli displaying a distinct dose-dependent trend. Antioxidative enzymatic activities results demonstrated that beneficial bacteria maintained the state of oxidative stress while symbiotic bacteria suffered from oxidative stress injury under NFX contamination, further corroborating its impact on human intestinal health. This study highlights the suitability of in vivo SPME in the field of metabolite extraction and simultaneously possesses a brilliant application foreground in the environmental metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Huang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuting Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhangmin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
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174
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FENG J, SUN M, FENG Y, XIN X, DING Y, SUN M. [Recent advances in the use of graphene for sample preparation]. Se Pu 2022; 40:953-965. [PMID: 36351804 PMCID: PMC9654959 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.07012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is playing an increasingly important role in sample analysis. The enrichment efficiency of the target and the removal effect of the sample matrix are strongly dependent on the extraction material. Therefore, the development of efficient extraction materials is an important research focus in the field of sample preparation. Various advanced materials such as nanomaterials, mesoporous materials, ionic liquids, aerogels, carbon materials, metal-organic frameworks, and covalent organic frameworks have been introduced to produce a diverse range of extraction materials for sample preparation. Owing to its unique physical and chemical properties, graphene, an excellent carbon nanomaterial, has attracted significant attention in different areas. Due to their unique advantages of large surface area, large π-electrons, excellent adsorption properties, abundant functional groups, and facile chemical modification, graphene-based materials have displayed excellent extraction performance for diverse analytes. Furthermore, graphene-based extraction materials have been applied to pretreat real samples from different fields. This paper provides an overview of the recent advances in graphene sample preparation from 2020 to date. The manuscript covers the use of graphene, graphene oxide, and the related functionalized materials as sorbents, as well as their specific applications in cartridge solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fiber solid-phase microextraction, and in-tube solid-phase microextraction. To prevent the aggregation of graphene, three-dimensional graphene, porous graphene aerogels, graphene-modified silica, and stainless-steel mesh were developed for cartridge solid-phase extraction. Furthermore, some graphene-based extraction materials were used to develop online solid-phase extraction, which allowed for automatic and high-throughput tests. Graphene nanosheets and their hybrid materials with molybdenum disulfide or zinc oxide nanoparticles have been applied to dispersive solid-phase extraction, and several types of contaminants, including metal ions, bisphenol endocrine disruptors, paraben preservatives, and phthalates, could be captured. By combination with magnetic materials using the coprecipitation method or via chemical post-modification, many magnetic graphene extraction materials have been produced for magnetic solid-phase extraction. The introduction of magnetic graphene not only enhanced the extraction efficiency but also simplified the test process, making it highly suitable for complex samples such as food and biological samples. Similar to magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction is a very simple and efficient extraction method that shows good extraction performance for metal ions and organic pollutants from environmental water, medicines in urine, and organic pollutants in cosmetics. In addition to its excellent applicability to solid-phase extraction, graphene delivered satisfactory performance for solid-phase microextraction. Graphene has been used as an extraction coating for the extraction of fibers or tubes by coupling solid-phase microextraction with chromatographic detection, and many kinds of organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene, xylenes, organophosphorus pesticides, phenoxy acid herbicides, and antibiotics, in environmental or biological samples have been successfully determined. The extraction mechanism, including π-π, electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions, is also discussed. Because of the mixed-mode interactions and rich functionalization, graphene-based extraction materials could effectively capture and selectively enrich different types of species. These extraction or microextraction techniques have been coupled with detection methods such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy and widely used in environmental monitoring, food safety, and biochemical analysis. The future development of graphene in the field of sample pretreatment focuses on the following aspects: 1) functionalization of graphene with specific groups such as affinity groups, chelating groups, and molecularly imprinted sites to achieve unique extraction selectivity; 2) combination of graphene with the advanced materials, including covalent organic frameworks, metal organic frameworks, aerogels, and nanomaterials, thus realizing the complementary advantages between materials, so that the hybrid graphene materials find broad application prospects in sample preparation; 3) combination of electromagnetic materials with graphene to form electromagnetic composites, as well as the use of electromagnetic fields to improve extraction selectivity and efficiency; 4) exploiting the good performance of graphene-based materials to overcome the difficulty encountered in the pretreatment of complex samples; 5) development of more green methods to prepare graphene-based extraction materials or functionalize graphene, in line with the trends in green chemistry; 6) application of more graphene-based materials to online sample preparation for meeting the development trends in the field of analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min SUN
- Tel:(0531)82765475,E-mail:(孙敏)
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175
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Heidarbeigi M, Saraji M, Jafari MT. Silica aerogel modified electrospun polyacrylonitrile as a sorbent for thin-film microextraction of chlorpyrifos from real samples coupled with corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry detection. Anal Methods 2022; 14:4106-4112. [PMID: 36205746 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01310j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, modified polyacrylonitrile/silica aerogel fibers were prepared and used as an adsorbent for thin-film microextraction of chlorpyrifos. The extracted analyte was analyzed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. The electrospinning method was applied for the preparation of polyacrylonitrile fibers. The alkaline hydrolyzation technique was used to modify the electrospun film surface. Silica aerogel was synthesized on the surface of modified electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers by the in situ growth technique. To access a high extraction yield, effective synthesis and extraction parameters such as NaOH concentration, reaction temperature and time, thin-film pretreatment, gelation time, solution pH, ionic strength, and extraction time were studied. The linearity range and the limit of detection of the method were 1-100 μg L-1 and 0.3 μg L-1, respectively. The precision of the method was 4 and 12% for the concentration levels of 5 and 60 μg L-1, respectively. Chlorpyrifos was successfully determined by the method in well water, river water, agricultural wastewater, and tangerine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Heidarbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Mohammad T Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
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176
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Radman S, Jerković I. Volatile Organic Compound Profiles of Cystoseira corniculata (Turner) Zanardini 1841 and Ericaria amentacea (C.Agardh) Molinari and Guiry 2020 (ex. Cystoseira amentacea (C.Agardh) Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1832). Molecules 2022; 27:7131. [PMID: 36296722 PMCID: PMC9609792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of fresh (FrCC) and air-dried (DrCC) Cystoseria corniculata and fresh (FrEA) and air-dried (DrEA) Ericaria amentacea from the Adriatic Sea were investigated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) and analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In HS-FrCC and HS-DrCC, aliphatic compounds were dominant, with decan-5-ol as the most abundant in HS-FrCC, but in HS-DrCC pentadecane dominated. Monoterpenes (β-cyclocitral, β-citral, and β-cyclohomocitral) and sesquiterpenes (cubenol) were abundant in HS-FrCC. Notable differences between fresh and air-dried samples were found for benzene derivatives. Fatty acids and their derivatives were the most abundant in HD-FrCC and HD-DrCC. In HS-FrEA and HS-DrEA, saturated aliphatic compounds as well as unsaturated aliphatic compounds (particularly hexan-1-ol and (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol) predominantly showed decrements after drying. Pentadecane, heptadecane, pentadecanal, and hexan-1-ol were predominant in HD-FrEA, and their percentage decreased in HD-DrEA. The percentage of monoterpenes decreased after drying, but the percentages of diterpenes and especially sesquiterpenes increased. δ-Selinene was the major terpene and the most abundant in HD-DrEA. A significant increment after drying could be noticed for fatty acids and their derivatives. The great diversity of identified VOCs among these two macroalgae supports their different botanical classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Jerković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
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177
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Song P, Xu B, Liu Z, Cheng Y, Chao Z. The Difference of Volatile Compounds in Female and Male Buds of Trichosanthes anguina L. Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207021. [PMID: 36296619 PMCID: PMC9611353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthes anguina L. (family Cucurbitaceae) is a monoecious and diclinous plant that can be consumed as a vegetable and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The chemical composition and content of volatile compounds in female and male buds of T. anguina were explored by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the content of the volatile compounds was different between female and male buds. 2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol and 2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyldihydro-2H-pyran-3(4H)-one were the main volatile compounds in both female and male buds. Based on the multivariate statistical analysis of orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and t-test, the content of seven compounds was significantly different between female and male buds. The content of three compounds in male buds was higher than that in female, i.e., (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, 1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene, and (E)-caryophyllene. Conversely, the content of (Z)-4-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl salicylate, and 2-hexen-1-ol in female buds was higher than that in male buds. This is the first report on the difference in the volatile compounds between female and male buds of T. anguina, which enriches the basic research on the monoecious and diclinous plant and provides a reference for the study of plant sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhimao Chao
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-135-2270-5161
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178
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Li Z. Comparative analysis of Fenghuang Dancong, Tieguanyin, and Dahongpao teas using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric methods. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276044. [PMID: 36228035 PMCID: PMC9560621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenghuang Dancong, Tieguanyin, and Dahongpao teas are belonged to semi-fermented oolong teas and are famous for their unique aroma. However, reports regarding the systematic comparison, differentiation, and classification of the volatile components of these three types of oolong teas are lacking. In this study, we aimed to establish a method for distinguishing these three types of oolong teas. The volatile components in a total of 21 tea samples of these three types of oolong teas were extracted, determined, and identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, chemometric methods such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for distinguishing and classifying the three types of oolong teas on the basis of the similarities and differences in the volatile components. The results showed that 125 volatile components were extracted and identified from the three types of oolong teas, among which 53 volatile components overlapped among the samples. The results of HCA indicated that the samples of each of the three types of oolong teas could be placed in one category when the t value was 220. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that the volatile components such as dehydrolinalool, linalool oxide II, linalool, α-farnesene, linalool oxide I, β-ocimene, nerolidol, cis-3-butyric acid folate, myrcene, and (Z)-hexanoic acid-3-hexenyl ester are the characteristic components, which can be used to distinguish the three types of oolong teas. We developed a simple, fast, and efficient method for distinguishing three types of oolong teas and provided a feasible technique for the identification of oolong tea types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangwei Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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179
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García-García S, Matilla-González H, Peña J, del Nogal Sánchez M, Casas-Ferreira AM, Pérez Pavón JL. Determination of Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine Using Automated Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph192013089. [PMID: 36293669 PMCID: PMC9602966 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A fast methodology for the determination of monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine using a fully automated microextraction by packed sorbent coupled to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer is reported. Sample preparation requires simple hydrolysis, centrifugation, filtration, and dilution. The method does not require a derivatization step prior to analysis with gas chromatography and allows the measurement of up to three samples per hour after hydrolysis. Quantitation is carried out by a one-point standard addition allowing the determination of 6 analytes with good limits of detection (10.1-39.6 ng L-1 in water and 0.5-19.4 µg L-1 in urine), accuracy (88-110%) and precision (2.1-23.4% in water and 5.1-19.0% in urine) values. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of six urine samples (three from smoker and three from non-smoker subjects), finding significant differences between both types of samples. Results were similar to those found in the literature for similar samples, which proves the applicability of the methodology.
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180
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Badawy MEI, El-Nouby MAM, Kimani PK, Lim LW, Rabea EI. A review of the modern principles and applications of solid-phase extraction techniques in chromatographic analysis. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1457-1487. [PMID: 36198988 PMCID: PMC9659506 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical processes involving sample preparation, separation, and quantifying analytes in complex mixtures are indispensable in modern-day analysis. Each step is crucial to enriching correct and informative results. Therefore, sample preparation is the critical factor that determines both the accuracy and the time consumption of a sample analysis process. Recently, several promising sample preparation approaches have been made available with environmentally friendly technologies with high performance. As a result of its many advantages, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is practiced in many different fields in addition to the traditional methods. The SPE is an alternative method to liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), which eliminates several disadvantages, including many organic solvents, a lengthy operation time and numerous steps, potential sources of error, and high costs. SPE advanced sorbent technology reorients with various functions depending on the structure of extraction sorbents, including reversed-phase, normal-phase, cation exchange, anion exchange, and mixed-mode. In addition, the commercial SPE systems are disposable. Still, with the continual developments, the restricted access materials (RAM) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) are fabricated to be active reusable extraction cartridges. This review will discuss all the theoretical and practical principles of the SPE techniques, focusing on packing materials, different forms, and performing factors in recent and future advances. The information about novel methodological and instrumental solutions in relation to different variants of SPE techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is presented. The integration of SPE with analytical chromatographic techniques such as LC and GC is also indicated. Furthermore, the applications of these techniques are discussed in detail along with their advantages in analyzing pharmaceuticals, biological samples, natural compounds, pesticides, and environmental pollutants, as well as foods and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoun St., 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A M El-Nouby
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoun St., 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Paul K Kimani
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Lee W Lim
- International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Entsar I Rabea
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
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181
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Kowalczyk A, Kuś P, Marijanović Z, Tuberoso CIG, Fecka I, Jerković I. Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Versus Hydrodistillation of Volatile Compounds from Leaves of Cultivated Mentha Taxa: Markers of Safe Chemotypes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196561. [PMID: 36235112 PMCID: PMC9570583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various mint taxa are widely cultivated and are used not only for medicinal purposes but also in cosmetic and industrial applications. The development of new varieties or cultivars of mint generates difficulties in their correct identification and safe use. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the leaves of seven different taxa of the genus Mentha obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. Comparative GC-MS analysis of the obtained extracts showed similarity in the major compounds. PCA data allowed the separation of two groups of chemotypes among the analyzed mints, characterized by the abundance of piperitenone oxide and carvone. Two out of seven analyzed taxa were not previously examined for VOC profile, one was examined only for patent application purposes, and six out of seven were investigated for the first time using the HS-SPME technique. The presented analysis provides new data on the abundance and qualitative characterization of VOCs in the studied mint plants and on the safety of their use, related to the possibility of the presence of potentially toxic components. HS-SPME is a valuable method to extend the characterization of the VOC profile obtained by hydrodistillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (I.J.)
| | - Piotr Kuś
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zvonimir Marijanović
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Carlo I. G. Tuberoso
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Igor Jerković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (I.J.)
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182
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Zhang S, Ange KU, Ali N, Yang Y, Khan A, Ali F, Sajid M, Tian CT, Bilal M. Analytical perspective and environmental remediation potentials of magnetic composite nanosorbents. Chemosphere 2022; 304:135312. [PMID: 35709848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and application of magnetic nanosorbents to remove emerging pollutants have been considered the best environmental remediation and sustainability option. Incorporating magnetism shortens the treatment time and allows the sorbent to be recovered quickly using external magnetic with many cycles. The implementation of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) using magnetic materials of different shapes, sizes, and surface morphology can be a valuable tool in applying materials to prepare analytical samples. In MSPE applications, materials with strong magnetic domain can be used as precursors for constructing magnetic composite as a promising sorbent. This article focuses on the most recent and exceptional applications of magnetic adsorbents for preconcentration and removal purposes. Magnetic adsorbents, such as nanoparticles (NPs), foam, sponges, nanocomposites, hydrogels, and beads with multifunctional attributes have been comprehensively studied in terms of preparation procedures, limitations, advantages, and interactions between pollutants and magnetic composites. The role of magnetic sorbents in sample preparation methods, such as simple solid-phase extraction and microextraction, as well as sorptive extraction using a stir bar, was also examined. The use of magnetic adsorbents with analytical techniques, such as solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction improves the method for preparing samples concerning the influential role of magnetic adsorbents. Towards the end, promising features and future outlook are also directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
| | - Kunda Umuhoza Ange
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Nisar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, KPK, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
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183
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Aboshi T, Narita K, Katsumi N, Ohta T, Murayama T. Removal of C9-aldehydes and -alcohols from melon juice via cysteine addition. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:6131-6137. [PMID: 35478406 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aroma of a melon fruit is among the most crucial qualities that influence consumer preferences. However, strong grassy and cucumber-like aromas can prevent consumer acceptance. These grassy and cucumber-like aromas are produced by aldehydes containing nine-carbon chains. Several studies have revealed that aldehydes exhibit a high affinity toward cysteine. Thus, the effect of adding cysteine to volatile compounds to melon juice was investigated. RESULTS The volatile compounds released from the melon juice were analyzed via solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) after 0.5, 5, and 24 h of adding cysteine. The results indicated that the concentrations of aldehydes, such as (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-nonenal, in the melon juice decreased after the addition of cysteine at all the analyzed times. Additionally, (E)-2-nonenol and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadien-1-ol, which were formed by the enzymatic reduction of the aldehydes, also decreased by cysteine addition. To confirm the binding of cysteine with the aldehydes, two cysteine adducts were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) employing (E)-2-nonenal in the melon juice after the addition of cysteine. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that cysteine addition could be potentially used to reduce the grassy and cucumber-like aromas of melon juice. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Aboshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Konami Narita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katsumi
- Yamagata Integrated Agricultural Research Center, Minorigaoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ohta
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
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184
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Gu WT, Li LY, Rui WJ, Diao ZW, Zhuang GD, Chen XM, Qian ZM, Wang SM, Tang D, Ma HY. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis of variation of volatile fractions of ginseng from different habitats by HS-SPME-GC-MS coupled with chemometrics. Anal Methods 2022; 14:3583-3597. [PMID: 36043471 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated ginseng (CG), transplanted ginseng (TG) and mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) classified by the habitat type all belong to Panax ginseng and were reported to have similar types of secondary metabolites. Nonetheless, owing to the distinctly diverse habitats in which these ginseng types grow, their pharmacological effects differ. In the present study, an emerging analytical approach involving headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was established to effectively distinguish among CG, TG and MCG. First, the volatile components were analysed and identified by using the NIST library combined with measured retention indices (Kovats', RI), and a total of 78 volatile components were finally characterized, which included terpenes, alcohols, esters, aldehydes and alkynols. Furthermore, multivariate statistical approaches, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were subsequently utilized to screen for compounds of significance. Under optimized HS-SPME-GC-MS conditions, 12, 16, and 16 differential markers were screened in the CG-TG, CG-MCG and TG-MCG groups, respectively. Our study suggested that HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis combined with metabolomic analytical methods and chemometric techniques can be applied as potent tools to identify chemical marker candidates to distinguish CG, TG and MCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lin-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Company Limited, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Wen-Jing Rui
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhong-Wen Diao
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | | | - Shu-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM and Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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185
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Bates TL, Rafson J, Feng H, Pan BS, Mueller BRJ, Yancey B, Fatigante W, Sacks GL. Optimized Solid-Phase Mesh-Enhanced Sorption from Headspace (SPMESH) for Rapid Sub-ng/kg Measurements of 3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) in Grapes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196195. [PMID: 36234747 PMCID: PMC9573488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel extraction of headspace volatiles from multiwell plates using sorbent sheets (HS-SPMESH) followed by direct analysis in real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) can be used as a rapid alternative to solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) for trace level volatile analyses. However, an earlier validation study of SPMESH-DART-MS using 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) in grape juice showed poor correlation between SPMESH-DART-MS and a gold standard SPME-GC-MS around the compound’s odor detection threshold (<10 ng/kg) in grape juice, and lacked sufficient sensitivity to detect IBMP at this concentration in grape homogenate. In this work, we report on the development and validation of an improved SPMESH extraction approach that lowers the limit of detection (LOD < 0.5 ng/kg), and regulates crosstalk between wells (<0.5%) over a calibration range of 0.5−100 ng/kg. The optimized SPMESH-DART-MS method was validated using Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grape samples harvested from commercial vineyards in the central valley of California (n = 302) and achieved good correlation and agreement with SPME-GC-MS (R2 = 0.84) over the native range of IBMP (<0.5−20 ng/kg). Coupling of SPMESH to a lower resolution triple quadrupole (QqQ)-MS via a new JumpShot-HTS DART source also achieved low ng/kg detection limits, and throughput was improved through positioning stage optimizations which reduced time spent on intra-well SPMESH areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Bates
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jessica Rafson
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- E&J Gallo Winery, Modesto, CA 95354, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gavin L. Sacks
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-255-2335
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186
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Mariotti R, Núñez-Carmona E, Genzardi D, Pandolfi S, Sberveglieri V, Mousavi S. Volatile Olfactory Profiles of Umbrian Extra Virgin Olive Oils and Their Discrimination through MOX Chemical Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7164. [PMID: 36236259 PMCID: PMC9572317 DOI: 10.3390/s22197164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the best vegetable oil worldwide but, at the same time, is one of the product victims of fraud in the agri-food sector, and the differences about quality within the extra-virgin olive oil category are often missed. Several scientific techniques were applied in order to guarantee the authenticity and quality of this EVOO. In the present study, the volatile compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid-phase micro-extraction detection (GC-MS SPME), organoleptic analysis by the official Slow Food panel and the detection by a Small Sensor System (S3) were applied. Ten EVOOs from Umbria, a central Italian region, were selected from the 2021 Slow Food Italian extra virgin olive oil official guide, which includes hundreds of high-quality olive oils. The results demonstrated the possibility to discriminate the ten EVOOs, even if they belong to the same Italian region, by all three techniques. The result of GC-MS SPME detection was comparable at the discrimination level to the organoleptic test with few exceptions, while the S3 was able to better separate some EVOOs, which were not discriminated perfectly by the other two methods. The correlation analysis performed among and between the three methodologies allowed us to identify 388 strong associations with a p value less than 0.05. This study has highlighted how much the mix of VOCs was different even among few and localized EVOOs. The correlation with the sensor detection, which is faster and chipper compared to the other two techniques, elucidated the similarities and discrepancies between the applied methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Estefanía Núñez-Carmona
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Dario Genzardi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Saverio Pandolfi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Veronica Sberveglieri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
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187
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Meng H, Jiang S, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Liu Y. In Vivo Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Takifugu obscurus Based on Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186122. [PMID: 36144854 PMCID: PMC9502389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pufferfish is nutritious and delicious, but the tetrodotoxin (TTX) that may exist in its body poses a serious safety hazard. It is important to use scientific and effective methods to detect the TTX in pufferfish, but most of the existing methods require complex pre-treatment steps and have sample lethality. The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology can be used for in vivo detection due to its advantages such as no solvent demand, simple operation, and fast detection speed. In this study, the GO-PAN@PNE SPME fibers were made via a dipping method, and their extraction effect was verified in the TTX aqueous and spiked fish. The established method has good reproducibility, and the limit of detection of TTX in pufferfish was 32 ng·g−1, and the limit of quantitation was 150 ng·g−1, which can meet the detection needs of pufferfish for safe consumption. This method was used to in vivo detect the Takifugu obscurus exposed to the TTX, to determine the content of TTX in the pufferfish muscle. The detection method established in this study can relatively quickly and easily realize the in vivo detection of TTX in the pufferfish, which can provide theoretical support for improvement in the food safety level of the pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Meng
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Safety, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shui Jiang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Safety, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Safety, Shanghai 200240, China
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188
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Li S, Bian L, Yang C, Van Schepdael A, Wang X. Migration study of phenolic endocrine disruptors from pacifiers to saliva simulant by solid phase microextraction with amino-functionalized microporous organic network coated fiber. J Hazard Mater 2022; 438:129505. [PMID: 35809366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, bisphenols, and triclosan are used in many baby products, including pacifiers. However, the migration through oral saliva will result in a potential health risk. The present study proposes a sensitive and simple method for the analysis of these chemicals in saliva simulants by solid phase microextraction (SPME) with amino-functionalized microporous organic network (MON-NH2) coated fiber. The MON-NH2 showed an excellent adsorption ability for phenolic compounds. The adsorption isotherm fitted the Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second-order model. The developed SPME method exhibited wide linear ranges (0.005-500 µg/L), good linearity, low limits of quantitation (0.005 µg/L), great recoveries (87.0-112.5 %), and excellent precision (RSD < 8.3 % for intra-day and RSD < 13.7 % for inter-day). Mathematical models based on Fick's second law were applied to predict migration from pacifiers into saliva simulants and a good fit between theoretical and experimental migration results was found. The daily exposure assessment results indicated that these chemicals in pacifiers do not pose unacceptable health risks to infants. However, exposure risks still should be monitored and appropriate precautions are still needed to protect infants from exposure to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Linlin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chengxiong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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189
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Gao Y, Sheng K, Bao T, Wang S. Recent applications of organic molecule-based framework porous materials in solid-phase microextraction for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115040. [PMID: 36126613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an indispensable part of detection of complex samples in pharmaceutical analysis. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has obtained a lot of attention due to its advantages of time saving, less solvent and easily automation. A variety of functional materials are used as sorbents in SPME to carry out selective and high extraction. This review centers around the recent applications of organic molecule-based framework porous materials, such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as SPME coating materials mainly focus on pharmaceutical analysis in food, environment, and biological samples. Four representative extraction devices are introduced, including on-fiber SPME, in-tube SPME, thin film SPME, stir bar SPME. The application prospect of other organic porous materials as sorbents for pharmaceutical analysis are also discussed, such as hyper crosslinked polymers (HCPs) and conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). The progresses and discusses are provided to offer references for further research focusing on application and development of organic molecule-based framework porous materials in the field of SPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Screening & Analysis, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kangjia Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Screening & Analysis, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tao Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Screening & Analysis, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Screening & Analysis, Xi'an 710061, China.
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190
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Riboni N, Amorini M, Bianchi F, Pedrini A, Pinalli R, Dalcanale E, Careri M. Ultra-sensitive solid-phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in snow samples using a deep cavity BenzoQxCavitand. Chemosphere 2022; 303:135144. [PMID: 35660393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A very sensitive and selective solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method based on the use of a deep cavity BenzoQxCavitand as innovative coating was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the 16 US-EPA priority pollutants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow samples at ultra-trace levels. The presence of a 8.3 Å deep hydrophobic cavity allowed the engulfment of all the 16 PAHs, providing enhanced selectivity also in presence of interfering aromatic pollutants at high concentration levels. Validation proved the reliability of the method for the determination of the investigated compounds achieving detection limits in the 0.03-0.30 ng/L range, good precision, with relative standard deviations <18% and recovery rates in the 90.8(±2.1)%-109.6(±1.0)%. The detection of low-molecular weight PAHs in snow samples from Antarctica and Alps confirms the widespread occurrence of these compounds, thus assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities onto the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Riboni
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Amorini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - F Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze 42, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - A Pedrini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - R Pinalli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - E Dalcanale
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - M Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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191
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Lu F, Wu M, Lin C, Lin X, Xie Z. Efficient and selective solid-phase microextraction of polychlorinated biphenyls by using a three-dimensional covalent organic framework as functional coating. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463419. [PMID: 36044783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Developing functional fiber coating for selective solid phase microextraction (SPME) of trace pollutants is critical in environmental analysis. Herein, the novel covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with three-dimensional (3D) frameworks and multiple interactions were designed and presented for the selective SPME of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Using tetra (p-aminophenyl) methane (TAM) and 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) as the monomers, the 3D TpTAM-COF was synthesized and possessed a large specific surface area, high thermal stability, and spatial selectivity toward PCBs. Characterizations such as morphology, XPS, XRD, thermal stability, and enhancement factors (EFs) were studied. Multiple interactions including π-π conjugation, hydrophobic interaction, and selectivity toward non-planar structure were adopted, which resulted in a superior adsorption affinity toward PCBs on TpTAM-COF. Under the optimal conditions, the spatial selectivity toward PCBs, organic analogs (o-dichlorobenzene, biphenyl) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, pyrene, and anthracene)) was achieved. Efficient and selective adsorption of fifteen PCBs was fulfilled with the highest EF up to 10305. Using the HS-SPME-GC-MS method, the recoveries of PCBs in the river water and soil samples were determined to be 84.8 ± 7.8% ∼ 117.2 ± 8.5% (n = 3) and 84.4 ± 8.6% ∼ 114.7 ± 7.6% (n = 3), respectively. Compared with most commercial SPME fibers and other COFs-based fibers, the resultant TpTAM-COF-coated fibers possessed higher selectivity and EFs of PCBs. It proposed a promising approach for selective SPME of trace PCBs by multiple interactions in the steric structure of 3D COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Qi Shan Campus, 2 Xue Yuan Road,U., Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and testing Technology Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Mengqin Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Qi Shan Campus, 2 Xue Yuan Road,U., Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Chenchen Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Qi Shan Campus, 2 Xue Yuan Road,U., Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xucong Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Qi Shan Campus, 2 Xue Yuan Road,U., Fuzhou 350108, China; Engineering Technology Research Center on reagent and Instrument for rapid detection of product quality and food safety, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Zenghong Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Qi Shan Campus, 2 Xue Yuan Road,U., Fuzhou 350108, China; Engineering Technology Research Center on reagent and Instrument for rapid detection of product quality and food safety, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; Institute of Analytical Technology and Smart Instruments, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
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192
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Ligor T, Adamczyk P, Kowalkowski T, Ratiu IA, Wenda-Piesik A, Buszewski B. Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27155023. [PMID: 35956972 PMCID: PMC9370153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of most common types of cancer diagnosed in the genitourinary tract. Typical tests are costly and characterized by low sensitivity, which contributes to a growing interest in volatile biomarkers. Head space solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied for the extraction of volatile organic compounds from urine samples, and gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC TOF MS) was used for the separation and detection of urinary volatiles. A cohort of 40 adult patients with bladder cancer and 57 healthy persons was recruited. Different VOC profiles were obtained for urine samples taken from each group. Twelvecompounds were found only in the samples from theBC group.The proposed candidate biomarkers are butyrolactone; 2-methoxyphenol; 3-methoxy-5-methylphenol; 1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one; nootkatone and 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-2-buten-1-one.Since most of the studies published in the field are proving the potential of VOCs detected in urine samples for the screening and discrimination of patients with bladder cancer from healthy, but rarely presenting the identity of proposed biomarkers, our study represents a novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Przemysław Adamczyk
- Department of General and Oncologic Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus Hospital in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalkowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ileana Andreea Ratiu
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele, RO-400239 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anna Wenda-Piesik
- Department of Agronomics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (B.B.)
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193
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Čagalj M, Radman S, Šimat V, Jerković I. Detailed Chemical Prospecting of Volatile Organic Compounds Variations from Adriatic Macroalga Halopteris scoparia. Molecules 2022; 27:4997. [PMID: 35956941 PMCID: PMC9370346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to isolate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fresh (FrHSc) and air-dried (DrHSc) Halopteris scoparia (from the Adriatic Sea) by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) and to analyse them by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The impact of the season of growth (May-September) and air-drying on VOC composition was studied for the first time, and the obtained data were elaborated by principal component analysis (PCA). The most abundant headspace compounds were benzaldehyde, pentadecane (a chemical marker of brown macroalgae), and pentadec-1-ene. Benzaldehyde abundance decreased after air-drying while an increment of benzyl alcohol after drying was noticed. The percentage of pentadecane and heptadecane increased after drying, while pentadec-1-ene abundance decreased. Octan-1-ol decreased from May to September. In HD-FrHSc, terpenes were the most abundant in June, July, and August, while, in May and September, unsaturated aliphatic compounds were dominant. In HD-DrHSc terpenes, unsaturated and saturated aliphatic compounds dominated. (E)-Phytol was the most abundant compound in HD-FrHSc through all months except September. Its abundance increased from May to August. Two more diterpene alcohols (isopachydictyol A and cembra-4,7,11,15-tetraen-3-ol) and sesquiterpene alcohol gleenol were also detected in high abundance. Among aliphatic compounds, the dominant was pentadec-1-ene with its peak in September, while pentadecane was present with lower abundance. PCA (based on the dominant compound analyses) showed distinct separation of the fresh and dried samples. No correlation was found between compound abundance and temperature change. The results indicate great seasonal variability of isolated VOCs, as well among fresh and dried samples, which is important for further chemical biodiversity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Čagalj
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sanja Radman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Vida Šimat
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Igor Jerković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
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194
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Zhu X, Yang X, Gao W, Jiao R, Zhao S, Yu J, Wang D. Effect of low-temperature thermal drying on malodorous volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) emission of wastewater sludge: The relationship with microbial communities. Environ Pollut 2022; 306:119423. [PMID: 35537553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment processes are the main source of nuisance odors in wastewater treatment plants. Apart from well-known odorants such as NH3 and H2S, malodorous volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) contribute largely to nuisance odors but are less concerned. In this work, the emission of MVOCs from wastewater sludges at different processing stages was measured, and the effects of dewatering and low-temperature thermal drying on the generation of sludge odor were investigated. The MVOCs were analyzed by olfactory measurements, headspace gas chromatography-coupled ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Low-temperature thermal drying treatment changed the odor categories and increased the odor intensity (OI) from moderate level (8-9) for raw sludges to strong (>10) for dried sludge. The odor emission capacity of MVOCs, namely the concentration of MVOCs, increased for dried sludge. The major odorants of sludge after different processes included 2-MIB, geosmin, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), hexanal, and decanal according to their odor activity values (OAVs). The bacterial community structures showed a correlation with the key MVOC odorants. Specifically, there was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of key odorants and the relative abundance of the phyla of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi. Thus, low-temperature thermal drying had a significant effect on odor formation by acting on the microbial community of sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, 322000, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Ruyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, 322000, China; Department of Environment Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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195
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Kim S, Bae S. In Vitro and In Vivo Human Body Odor Analysis Method Using GO:PANI/ZNRs/ZIF−8 Adsorbent Followed by GC/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154795. [PMID: 35956746 PMCID: PMC9369976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from human skin, trans-2-nonenal, benzothiazole, hexyl salicylate, α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, and isopropyl palmitate are key indicators associated with the degrees of aging. In our study, extraction and determination methods of human body odor are newly developed using headspace-in needle microextraction (HS-INME). The adsorbent was synthesized with graphene oxide:polyaniline/zinc nanorods/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (GO:PANI/ZNRs/ZIF−8). Then, a wire coated with the adsorbent was placed into the adsorption kit to be directly exposed to human skin as in vivo sampling and inserted into the needle so that it was able to be desorbed at the GC injector. The adsorption kit was made in-house with a 3D printer. For the in vitro method, the wire coated with the adsorbent was inserted into the needle and exposed to the headspace of the vial. When a cotton T-shirt containing body odor was transferred to a vial, the headspace of the vial was saturated with body odor VOCs. After volatile organic compounds were adsorbed in the dynamic mode, the needle was transferred to the injector for analysis of the volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The conditions of adsorbent fabrication and extraction for body odor compounds were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). In conclusion, it was able to synthesize GO:PANI/ZNRs/ZIF−8 at the optimal condition and applicable to both in vivo and in vitro methods for body odor VOCs analysis.
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196
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Delińska K, Yavir K, Kloskowski A. Head-Space SPME for the Analysis of Organophosphorus Insecticides by Novel Silica IL-Based Fibers in Real Samples. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154688. [PMID: 35897868 PMCID: PMC9330742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the suitability of a newly developed ionic liquid (IL)-based silica SPME fiber for the determination of seven organophosphorus insecticides in cucumber and grapefruit samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a gas chromatography−flame ionization detector (FID). The sol-gel method released four different sorbent coatings, which were obtained based on a silica matrix containing ILs immobilized inside its pores. In order to obtain ionogel fibers, the following ionic liquids were utilized: 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; Butyltriethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; 1-(2-Methoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and 1-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The developed fibers were applied for the extraction of seven different insecticides from liquid samples. The most important extraction parameters of HS-SPME coupled with the GC-FID method were optimized with a central composite design. The new SPME fiber demonstrated higher selectivity for extracting the analyzed insecticides compared with commercially available fibers. The limit of detection was in the range of 0.01−0.93 μg L−1, the coefficients of determination were >0.9830, and 4.8−10.1% repeatability of the method was found. Finally, the obtained ionogel fibers were utilized to determine insecticides in fresh cucumber and grapefruit juices.
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197
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Tintrop LK, Jochmann MA, Beesley T, Küppers M, Brunstermann R, Schmidt TC. Optimization and automation of rapid and selective analysis of fatty acid methyl esters from aqueous samples by headspace SPME arrow extraction followed by GC–MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6473-6483. [PMID: 35851411 PMCID: PMC9411252 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is of high relevance for monitoring and control of various industrial processes and biological systems. In this study, a novel, green analytical approach for the determination of 24 FAMEs from aqueous samples is proposed, which is based on a headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) arrow followed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The method was substantially accelerated to a run time of 44 min per sample by thorough optimization and automation of the relevant parameters. The limiting parameters, mostly based on expediting equilibrium attainment, were found to be parameters of extraction: material, pH, time, and temperature, which were optimized to divinylbenzene polydimethylsiloxane (DVB-PDMS), pH 2, 20 min, and 70 °C, respectively. The optimization and automation of the method led to low method detection limits (9–437 ng L−1) and high selectivity. Evaluation of the method on real samples was done by analyzing the aqueous phase of a bioreactor, whereby the matrix effect could be greatly reduced due to dilution and headspace sampling. The rapid, sensitive, selective, and matrix-reduced approach is found to be not only a novel method for water analysis but is promising for further applications, e.g., with solid and gaseous samples containing FAMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie K Tintrop
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Beesley
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Marco Küppers
- Urban Water and Waste Management, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 15, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Brunstermann
- Urban Water and Waste Management, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 15, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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198
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Yeh CH, Chou CY, Wu CS, Chu LP, Huang WJ, Chen HC. Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Vanilla Aroma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144593. [PMID: 35889468 PMCID: PMC9317338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish the analytic conditions for examining the aroma quality of vanilla pods, we compared different extraction methods and identified a suitable option. We utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), steam distillation (SD), simultaneous steam distillation (SDE) and alcoholic extraction combined with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify volatile components of vanilla pods. A total of 84 volatile compounds were identified in this experiment, of which SDE could identify the most volatile compounds, with a total of 51 species, followed by HS-SPME, with a total of 28 species. Ten volatile compounds were identified by extraction with a minimum of 35% alcohol. HS-SPME extraction provided the highest total aroma peak areas, and the peak areas of aldehydes, furans, alcohols, monoterpenes and phenols compounds were several times higher than those of the other extraction methods. The results showed that the two technologies, SDE and HS-SPME, could be used together to facilitate analysis of vanilla pod aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Yeh
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 327, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Yi Chou
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 327, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chin-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Lee-Ping Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Juan Huang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-J.H.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5306) (W.-J.H.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5310) (H.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-2236-8557 (H.-C.C.)
| | - Hsin-Chun Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-J.H.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5306) (W.-J.H.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5310) (H.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-2236-8557 (H.-C.C.)
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199
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Zhou W, Nazdrajić E, Pawliszyn J. Rapid Screening and Quantitation of Drugs of Abuse by Both Positive and Negative Modes via Coated Blade Spray-Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2022; 33:1187-1193. [PMID: 35609124 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-direct mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be an efficient tool for the rapid screening and quantitation of target compounds at trace levels. However, it is challenging to perform screening using both positive and negative modes in one analytical run without compromising scanning speed and detection sensitivity. To take advantage of the special geometry of a coated blade spray (CBS) blade, which consists of two flat sides coated with the same SPME coating, we developed a CBS-MS method that enables desorption and ionization to be performed in positive ionization mode on one side of a coated blade and negative ionization mode on the other side of the same blade. By simply flipping the blade 180°, MS analysis in both ionization modes on different sides can be completed in 40 s. Combining this approach with an automated Concept 96-blade-based SPME system allowed analysis for one sample in positive and negative modes to be completed in less than 1 min. The workflow was optimized by using a biocompatible polyacrylonitrile as an undercoating layer and a binder of polyacrylonitrile/hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) particles, which enabled the rapid analysis of 20 drugs of abuse in saliva samples in both positive and negative modes. The proposed method provided low limits of quantification (between 0.005 and 10 ng/mL), with calibration linear correlation coefficients ⩾ 0.9925, accuracy between 72% and 126%, and relative precision < 15% for three validation points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emir Nazdrajić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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200
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Grocki P, Woollam M, Wang L, Liu S, Kalra M, Siegel AP, Li BY, Yokota H, Agarwal M. Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds to Monitor the Efficacy of Pitavastatin Treatments on Mammary Tumor Progression over Time. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134277. [PMID: 35807522 PMCID: PMC9268606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine are potential biomarkers of breast cancer. Previously, our group has investigated breast cancer through analysis of VOCs in mouse urine and identified a panel of VOCs with the ability to monitor tumor progression. However, an unanswered question is whether VOCs can be exploited similarly to monitor the efficacy of antitumor treatments over time. Herein, subsets of tumor-bearing mice were treated with pitavastatin at high (8 mg/kg) and low (4 mg/kg) concentrations, and urine was analyzed through solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Previous investigations using X-ray and micro-CT analysis indicated pitavastatin administered at 8 mg/kg had a protective effect against mammary tumors, whereas 4 mg/kg treatments did not inhibit tumor-induced damage. VOCs from mice treated with pitavastatin were compared to the previously analyzed healthy controls and tumor-bearing mice using chemometric analyses, which revealed that mice treated with pitavastatin at high concentrations were significantly different than tumor-bearing untreated mice in the direction of healthy controls. Mice treated with low concentrations demonstrated significant differences relative to healthy controls and were reflective of tumor-bearing untreated mice. These results show that urinary VOCs can accurately and noninvasively predict the efficacy of pitavastatin treatments over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grocki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Mark Woollam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Luqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (B.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (B.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maitri Kalra
- Hematology and Oncology, Ball Memorial Hospital, Indiana University Health, Muncie, IN 47303, USA;
| | - Amanda P. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (B.-Y.L.)
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Research Center, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.G.); (M.W.); (A.P.S.)
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University—Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence:
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