151
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Fales HM, Heller SR, Milne GW, Sun T. Letter: A convention for expressing the mass of high molecular weight compounds. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1974; 1:295. [PMID: 4441626 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200010416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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152
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Heller SR, Fales HM, Milne GW, Heller RS, McCormick A, Maxwell DC. Letter: Mass spectral search system. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1974; 1:207-8. [PMID: 4433741 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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153
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Grantham PH, Mohan LC, Weisburger EK, Fales HM, Sokoloski EA, Weisburger JH. Identification of new water-soluble metabolites of acetanilide. Xenobiotica 1974; 4:69-76. [PMID: 4828798 DOI: 10.3109/00498257409049346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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154
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Blum MS, Wallace J, Fales HM. Skatole and tridecene: Identification and possible role in a chrysopid secretion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(73)90068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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155
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Longevialle P, Milne GW, Fales HM. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of complex molecules. XI. Stereochemical and conformational effects in the isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra of some steroidal amino alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 1973; 95:6666-9. [PMID: 4746275 DOI: 10.1021/ja00801a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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156
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Milne GW, Fales HM, Colburn RW. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of complex molecules: biogenic amines. Anal Chem 1973; 45:1952-4. [PMID: 4756750 DOI: 10.1021/ac60333a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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157
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Brand JM, Fales HM, Sokoloski EA, MacConnell JG, Blum MS, Duffield RM. Identification of mellein in the mandibular gland secretions of carpenter ants. Life Sci 1973; 13:201-11. [PMID: 4750917 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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158
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Tsai SC, Fales HM, Vaughan M. Inactivation of hormone-sensitive lipase from adipose tissue with adenosine triphosphate, magnesium, and ascorbic acid. J Biol Chem 1973; 248:5278-81. [PMID: 4768900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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159
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Tsai SC, Fales HM, Vaughan M. Inactivation of Hormone-sensitive Lipase from Adipose Tissue with Adenosine Triphosphate, Magnesium, and Ascorbic Acid. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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160
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Dunlop P, Marini MA, Fales HM, Sokoloski E, Martin CJ. NMR studies of the reaction of formaldehyde with the imidazole side chain of histidine: A reactive amino acid in enzyme catalysis. Bioorg Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(73)90026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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161
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Korn ED, Dearborn DG, Fales HM, Sokoloski EA. Phosphonoglycan. A major polysaccharide constituent of the amoeba plasma membrane contains 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid and 1-hydroxy-2-aminoethylphosphonic acid. J Biol Chem 1973; 248:2257-9. [PMID: 4690604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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162
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163
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Tsai SC, Steinberg D, Avigan J, Fales HM. Studies on the stereospecificity of mitochondrial oxidation of phytanic acid and of -hydroxyphytanic acid. J Biol Chem 1973; 248:1091-7. [PMID: 4405427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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164
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Tsai SC, Steinberg D, Avigan J, Fales HM. Studies on the Stereospecificity of Mitochondrial Oxidation of Phytanic Acid and of α-Hydroxyphytanic Acid. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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165
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Brand JM, Duffield RM, Macconnell JG, Blum MS, Fales HM. Caste-Specific Compounds in Male Carpenter Ants. Science 1973; 179:388-9. [PMID: 17843767 DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4071.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Three caste-specific substances new to arthropod glandular secretions occur in the mandibular glands of male ants of five species in the genus Camponotus. These volatile compounds, which are not found in alate females or workers, have been identified as methyl 6-methyl salicylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexenoic acid, and methyl anthranilate. The free acid has not been described previously.
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166
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Heller SR, Fales HM, Milne GWA. A conversational mass spectral search and retrieval system—II: Combined search options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210070116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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167
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Miles EW, Fales HM, Gin JB. 5-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde ( 5 -pyridoxal methyl chloride) and its reaction with N -acetyl-L-lysine to form a new cyclic imino acid derivative of homopyridoxal. Biochemistry 1972; 11:4945-53. [PMID: 4638347 DOI: 10.1021/bi00776a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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168
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Cohen AI, Dreyfuss J, Fales HM. Biotransformation of the antiarrhythmic agent 2-(0-((3-(dimethylamino)propyl)thio)phenyl)-3-methylurea in the dog. J Med Chem 1972; 15:542-5. [PMID: 5035279 DOI: 10.1021/jm00275a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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169
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Brand JM, Blum MS, Fales HM, MacConnell JG. Fire ant venoms: comparative analyses of alkaloidal components. Toxicon 1972; 10:259-71. [PMID: 5072091 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(72)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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170
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Blum MS, Brand JM, Wallace J, Fales HM. Chemical characterization of the defensive secretion of a chrysomelid larva. Life Sci 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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171
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172
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173
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Milne GW, Fales HM, Axenrod T. Identification of dangerous drugs by isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1971; 43:1815-20. [PMID: 5110872 DOI: 10.1021/ac60307a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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174
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Fales HM, Nagai Y, Milne GW, Brewer HB, Bronzert TJ, Pisano JJ. Use of chemical ionization mass spectrometry in analysis of amino acid phenylthiohydantoin derivatives formed during Edman degradation of proteins. Anal Biochem 1971; 43:288-99. [PMID: 5167092 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(71)90136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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175
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Law NC, Aandahl V, Fales HM, Milne GW. Identification of dangerous drugs by mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 32:221-8. [PMID: 4399316 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(71)90336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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176
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Perel JM, Cunningham RF, Fales HM, Dayton PG. Identification and renal excretion of probenecid metabolites in man. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1970; 9:1337-43. [PMID: 5493001 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(70)90041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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177
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Kapadia GJ, Rao GS, Leete E, Fayez MB, Vaishnav YN, Fales HM. On the origin of carbon 1 in tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 1970; 92:6943-51. [PMID: 5483070 DOI: 10.1021/ja00726a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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178
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Fales HM, Milne GW, Axenrod T. Identification of barbiturates by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1970; 42:1432-5. [PMID: 5458227 DOI: 10.1021/ac60294a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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179
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Milne GW, Axenrod T, Fales HM. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of complex molecules. IV. Amino acids. J Am Chem Soc 1970; 92:5170-5. [PMID: 5432663 DOI: 10.1021/ja00720a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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180
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Fales HM, Lloyd HA, Milne GW. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of complex molecules. II. Alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 1970; 92:1590-7. [PMID: 5418447 DOI: 10.1021/ja00709a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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181
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Steinberg D, Mize CE, Herndon JH, Fales HM, Engel WK, Vroom FQ. Phytanic acid in patients with Refsum's syndrome and response to dietary treatment. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1970; 125:75-87. [PMID: 4188898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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182
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Guarino AM, Conway WD, Fales HM. Mass spectral identification of probenecid metabolites in rat bile. Eur J Pharmacol 1969; 8:244-52. [PMID: 5365271 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(69)90084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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183
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Fales HM, Milne GW, Vestal ML. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of complex molecules. J Am Chem Soc 1969; 91:3682-5. [PMID: 5784194 DOI: 10.1021/ja01041a064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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184
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Mize CE, Avigan J, Steinberg D, Pittman RC, Fales HM, Milne GW. A major pathway for the mammalian oxidative degradation of phytanic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 176:720-39. [PMID: 5797085 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(69)90253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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185
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Herndon JH, Steinberg D, Uhlendorf BW, Fales HM. Refsum's disease: characterization of the enzyme defect in cell culture. J Clin Invest 1969; 48:1017-32. [PMID: 4181593 PMCID: PMC322316 DOI: 10.1172/jci106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Refsum's disease (heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, HAP) is an inherited neurological disorder associated with storage of the branched-chain fatty acid, phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid). Cultured fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of HAP patients did not contain elevated levels of phytanate, yet showed rates of phytanate-C-(14)C oxidation less than 3% of those seen in cells from control subjects. Cells of control subjects converted phytanate to alpha-hydroxyphytanate, to pristanate (the [n-1] homologue of phytanate) and to 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoate, compounds previously identified as intermediates on the major pathway for phytanate metabolism in animals, providing the first direct evidence that this same oxidative pathway is operative in human cells. None of these breakdown products could be found after incubation of phytanate with HAP cells. Labeled alpha-hydroxyphytanate and labeled pristanate were oxidized at normal rates by HAP cells. Oxidation of the latter proceeded at normal rates both when added to the medium at very low tracer levels and at levels 100 times greater. Phytanate was incorporated into and released from lipid esters at normal rates by HAP cells. Elevated levels of free phytanate in the medium were no more toxic to HAP cells than to control cells over the 48- to 72-hr exposures involved in these studies, as evidenced by morphologic criteria and by ability to oxidize labeled palmitate. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the cells from HAP patients are deficient in a single enzyme involved in the alpha-hydroxylation of phytanate, while the enzymes involved in later steps are present at normal or near-normal levels.
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186
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Strauch BS, Fales HM, Pittman RC, Avigan J. Dimers and trimers of alpha-tocopherol: metabolic and synthetic studies. J Nutr 1969; 97:194-202. [PMID: 5767126 DOI: 10.1093/jn/97.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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187
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Kapadia GJ, Fales HM. Peyote alkaloids. VI. Peyophorine, a tetrahydroisoquinoline cactus alkaloid containing an N-ethyl group. J Pharm Sci 1968; 57:2017-8. [PMID: 5725946 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600571148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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188
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189
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190
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Tsai SC, Herndon JH, Uhlendorf BW, Fales HM, Mize CE. The formation of alpha-hydroxy phytanic acid from phytanic acid in mammalian tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967; 28:571-7. [PMID: 6052492 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(67)90352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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191
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Steinberg D, Mize CE, Avigan J, Fales HM, Eldjarn L, Try K, Stokke O, Refsum S. Studies on the metabolic error in Refsum's disease. J Clin Invest 1967; 46:313-22. [PMID: 4164676 PMCID: PMC297052 DOI: 10.1172/jci105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies utilizing mevalonic acid-2-(14)C and D(2)O as precursors failed to provide evidence for an appreciable rate of endogenous biosynthesis of phytanic acid in a patient with Refsum's disease. Orally administered tracer doses of phytol-U-(14)C were well absorbed both by seven normal control subjects (61 to 94%) and by two patients with Refsum's disease (74 and 80%). The fraction of the absorbed dose converted to (14)CO(2) in 12 hours was 3.5 and 5.8% in Refsum's disease patients and averaged 20.9% in seven control subjects. Labeled phytanic acid was demonstrated in the plasma of both control subjects and patients given phytol-U-(14)C, establishing phytol in the diet as a potential precursor of phytanic acid. This labeled phytanic acid had disappeared almost completely from the plasma of the seven control subjects by 24 to 48 hours, whereas it persisted at high concentrations in the plasma of the two patients for many days. We conclude that the phytanic acid accumulating in Refsum's disease is primarily of exogenous origin and that patients with Refsum's disease have a relative block in the degradation of phytanic acid and possibly other similar branched-chain compounds. This may relate to a deficiency in mechanisms for release of phytanic acid from stored ester forms or, more probably, to reactions essential to oxidative degradation of the carbon skeleton.
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192
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Haahti EO, Fales HM. The uropygiols: identification of the unsaponifiable constituent of a diester wax from chicken preen glands. J Lipid Res 1967; 8:131-7. [PMID: 14564719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The chief lipid fraction in the uropygial gland excretion of the domestic hen is a diester wax. The saponifiable fraction of this wax consists of saturated normal C(10)-C(20) fatty acids. The unsaponifiable fraction consists of a series of three homologous compounds, which have been named the uropygiols and identified by mass spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography, and periodate cleavage as 2,3-n-alkanediols containing 22-24 carbon atoms. The native diols were shown to consist of about equal amounts of the threo and erythro isomers. Records of analyses of the natural products as well as related synthetic compounds are shown.
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193
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Holtzman J, Gillette JR, Fales HM. On the Stability of the O-T Linkage in 17-Hydroxyprogesterone. J Am Chem Soc 1967. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00979a052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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194
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Lloyd HA, Warren KS, Fales HM. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ortho-substituted benzoic acids. J Am Chem Soc 1966; 88:5544-9. [PMID: 5980174 DOI: 10.1021/ja00975a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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195
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Bowers WS, Fales HM, Thompson MJ, Uebel EC. Juvenile hormone: identification of an active compound from balsam fir. Science 1966; 154:1020-1. [PMID: 5919750 DOI: 10.1126/science.154.3752.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A sesquiterpenoid ester with high juvenile hormone activity for Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) was isolated from balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Miller, and identified as the methyl ester of todomatuic acid.
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196
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Mize CE, Steinberg D, Avigan J, Fales HM. A pathway for oxidative degradation of phytanic acid in mammals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 25:359-65. [PMID: 5972842 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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197
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Steinberg D, Avigan J, Mize CE, Baxter JH, Cammermeyer J, Fales HM, Highet PF. Effects of dietary phytol and phytanic acid in animals. J Lipid Res 1966; 7:684-91. [PMID: 4165840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding of phytol in large doses (2-5% by weight in the diet) led to accumulation of phytanic acid in the mouse, rat, rabbit, and chinchilla, the degree of accumulation depending upon the level of dietary intake. The relative concentration of phytanic acid, expressed as a percentage of the total fatty acids, was as high as 20-60% in liver and 30-40% in serum. Phytenic acid, which may be an intermediate in the conversion of phytol to phytanic acid, also accumulated. When phytol was withdrawn from the diet, tissue and serum concentrations of phytanic acid fell rapidly, which indicates the ability of the normal animal to metabolize phytanic acid readily. At high dosages in the diet, phytol inhibited growth and caused death within 1-4 weeks. In the mouse, dietary phytanic acid and dietary phytol fed in equivalent amounts were of comparable toxicity. Accumulation of tissue phytanic acid occurred more rapidly when phytanic acid was fed than when phytol was fed in equal amounts. In none of the animals fed either phytol or phytanic acid were there any signs of neurological defects. Histologic examination of rats fed phytol showed some fat accumulation, glycogen depletion, and karyokinesis in the liver. There were no pathologic changes in the retina or in the peripheral and central nervous system such as those described in Refsum's disease.
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198
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Mize CE, Avigan J, Baxter JH, Fales HM, Steinberg D. Metabolism of phytol-U-14C and phytanic acid-U-14C in the rat. J Lipid Res 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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199
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Steinberg D, Avigan J, Mize CE, Baxter JH, Cammermeyer J, Fales HM, Highet PF. Effects of dietary phytol and phytanic acid in animals. J Lipid Res 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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200
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Mize CE, Avigan J, Baxter JH, Fales HM, Steinberg D. Metabolism of phytol-U-14C and phytanic acid-U-14C in the rat. J Lipid Res 1966; 7:692-7. [PMID: 5971048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of uniformly-labeled (14)C-phytol, (14)C-phytenic acid, and (14)C-phytanic acid was studied in the rat. Conversion of both phytol and phytenic acid to phytanic acid was demonstrated. Tracer doses of phytol-U-(14)C given orally were well absorbed (30-66%), and approximately 30% of the absorbed dose was converted to (14)CO(2) in 18 hr. After intravenous injection, 20% appeared in (14)CO(2) in 4 hr. Phytanic acid-U-(14)C given intravenously was oxidized at a comparable rate (22-37% in 4 hr) and was as rapidly oxidized as palmitic acid-1-(14)C (21% in 4 hr). Metabolism of these substrates was also studied in rats previously maintained on a diet containing 5% phytol by weight, which causes accumulation of phytanic acid, phytenic acid, and, to a lesser extent, phytol in blood and tissues. Despite the large body pools of preformed, unlabeled substrate in these animals, the fraction of an administered dose of phytol-U-(14)C or phytanic acid-U-(14)C converted to (14)CO(2) was not significantly diminished. These studies indicate that the rat has an appreciable capacity to degrade the highly branched carbon skeleton of phytol and its derivatives. Twenty-four hours after administration of phytol-U-(14)C, the lipid radioactivity remaining in the body was widely distributed among the tissues, highest concentrations being found in liver and adipose tissue. Four hours after intravenous administration of phytanic acid-U-(14)C, all of the major lipid classes in the liver contained radioactivity, most in triglycerides and phospholipids and least in cholesterol esters and lower glycerides. There was no demonstrable incorporation of mevalonate-2-(14)C or acetate-1-(14)C into liver phytanic acid when they were given intravenously to a rat previously fed phytol. Endogenous biosynthesis, if it occurs at all, must be extremely limited.
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