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Friedman LS, Ostermeyer EA, Lynch ED, Szabo CI, Anderson LA, Dowd P, Lee MK, Rowell SE, Boyd J, King MC. The search for BRCA1. Cancer Res 1994; 54:6374-82. [PMID: 7987831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1, a gene predisposing to breast and ovarian cancer, was mapped to chromosome 17q21 by linkage analysis. Loss of heterozygosity in breast and ovarian tumors from BRCA1-linked patients always involved loss of wild-type alleles from chromosome 17q21, suggesting that BRCA1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. Meiotic recombination in linked families constrained the BRCA1 region to an estimated physical size of 650 kilobases. Twenty-two candidate genes were isolated by screening complementary DNA libraries with yeast artificial chromosomes and cosmids from the critical region. Of these, 8 were known human genes, 7 were homologues of genes identified in other species, and 7 encoded novel transcripts. Each gene were sequenced and analyzed for variation, revealing 44 variants, including two missense mutations in two genes which segregated with breast cancer and were not found in controls. However, no frame-shift, nonsense, or regulatory mutations were found.
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Friedman LS, Ostermeyer EA, Szabo CI, Dowd P, Lynch ED, Rowell SE, King MC. Confirmation of BRCA1 by analysis of germline mutations linked to breast and ovarian cancer in ten families. Nat Genet 1994; 8:399-404. [PMID: 7894493 DOI: 10.1038/ng1294-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We provide genetic evidence supporting the identity of the candidate gene for BRCA1 through the characterization of germline mutations in 63 breast cancer patients and 10 ovarian cancer patients in ten families with cancer linked to chromosome 17q21. Nine different mutations were detected by screening BRCA1 DNA and RNA by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Seven mutations lead to protein truncations at sites throughout the gene. One missense mutation (which occurred independently in two families) leads to loss of a cysteine in the zinc binding domain. An intronic single basepair substitution destroys an acceptor site and activates a cryptic splice site, leading to a 59 basepair insertion and chain termination. The four families with both breast and ovarian cancer had chain termination mutations in the N-terminal half of the protein.
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Rowell S, Newman B, Boyd J, King MC. Inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 55:861-5. [PMID: 7977346 PMCID: PMC1918315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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79
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Bollacker KD, Simpson EV, Hillsley RE, Blanchard SM, Gerstle RJ, Walcott GP, Callihan RL, King MC, Smith WM, Ideker RE. An automated technique for identification and analysis of activation fronts in a two-dimensional electrogram array. COMPUTERS AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 1994; 27:229-44. [PMID: 8070257 DOI: 10.1006/cbmr.1994.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac activation sequences are normally determined by (i) the detection and timing of local activations in cardiac electrograms, (ii) the grouping together of activations in different electrodes that are generated by the same activation fronts, and (iii) the construction by interpolation of isochronal maps showing the pathways of the activation fronts. This process is typically carried out by manual or semiautomated methods. These methods are usually adequate for stable, repeatable rhythms in normal hearts. However, in situations in which the electrograms are distorted, as in those recorded from abnormal myocardium, or the mapped rhythms are rapidly changing, as in ventricular fibrillation, they are tedious and time-consuming and yield results that are subjective and not repeatable from one investigator to another. Therefore, we developed a computer-based method for automating the identification and analysis of activation fronts recorded from a large array of electrodes. The electrodes are closely spaced (1 mm) so that interpolation is not required. Electrodes are identified as recording an activation when the temporal derivative of the potential is more negative than a user-specified value. Activations occurring less than a user-specified distance apart in time and space are identified as part of the same activation front. Characteristics of the activation fronts, such as their number, size, and the presence of reentry or collision, are then quantified. The differences between the results obtained by this automated method and those obtained by four human investigators was no greater than the differences in results among the four investigators themselves. Because the method is automated and algorithmic, it is both rapid and repeatable.
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80
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Chandrasekharappa SC, Friedman L, King SE, Lee YH, Welsch P, Bowcock AM, Weber BL, King MC, Collins FS. The gene for pancreatic polypeptide (PPY) and the anonymous marker D17S78 are within 45 kb of each other on chromosome 17q21. Genomics 1994; 21:458-60. [PMID: 8088848 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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81
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Stratton MR, Ford D, Neuhasen S, Seal S, Wooster R, Friedman LS, King MC, Egilsson V, Devilee P, McManus R. Familial male breast cancer is not linked to the BRCA1 locus on chromosome 17q. Nat Genet 1994; 7:103-7. [PMID: 8075631 DOI: 10.1038/ng0594-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer in men is about a hundredfold less common than in women and this has hindered research into its genetic basis. We have examined 22 families with at least one case of male breast cancer for linkage to the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer locus, BRCA1, on chromosome 17q. We found strong evidence against linkage to BRCA1 (lod score-16.63) and the best estimate of the proportion of linked families was 0% (95% CI 0-18%). Our results indicate that there is a gene(s) other than BRCA1 which predisposes to early-onset breast cancer in women and which confers a higher risk of male breast cancer. Identification of additional pedigrees that include cases of male breast cancer may therefore facilitate the mapping and isolation of this gene.
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Ostermeyer EA, Friedman LS, Lynch ED, Szabo CI, Dowd P, Lee MK, Rowell SE, King MC. Green pigs, red herrings, and a golden hoe: a retrospective on the identification of BRCA1 and the beginning of its characterization. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 1994; 59:523-30. [PMID: 7587108 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1994.059.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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84
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Anderson LA, Friedman L, Osborne-Lawrence S, Lynch E, Weissenbach J, Bowcock A, King MC. High-density genetic map of the BRCA1 region of chromosome 17q12-q21. Genomics 1993; 17:618-23. [PMID: 8244378 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the positional cloning of the breast-ovarian cancer gene BRCA1, we constructed a high-density genetic map of the 8.3-cM interval between D17S250 and GIP on chromosome 17q12-q21. Markers were mapped by linkage in the CEPH and in extended kindreds in our breast cancer series. The map comprises 33 ordered polymorphisms, including 12 genes and 21 anonymous markers, yielding an average of one polymorphism every 250 kb. Twenty-five of the markers are PCR-based systems. The order of polymorphic genes and markers is cen-D17S250-D17S518-HER2-THRA1-RARA-D17S80 -KRT10-[D17S800-D17S857]-GAS- D17S856-EDH17B-D17S855-D17S859-D17S858-[++ +PPY-D17S78]-D17S183-EPB3-D17S579- D17S509-[D17S508-D17S190 = D17S810]-D17S791-[D17S181 = D17S806]-D17S797- HOX2B-GP3A-[D17S507 = GIP]-qter. BRCA1 lies in the middle of the interval, between THRA1 and D17S183. Markers from this map can be used to determine whether cancer is linked to BRCA1 in families, to evaluate whether tumors have lost heterozygosity at loci in the region, and to identify probes for characterizing chromosomal rearrangements from patients and from tumors.
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Friedman LS, Lynch ED, King MC. Two independent polymorphisms at the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EDH17B) gene (17q21). Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2:821. [PMID: 8394763 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/2.6.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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87
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King MC, Rowell S, Love SM. Inherited breast and ovarian cancer. What are the risks? What are the choices? JAMA 1993; 269:1975-80. [PMID: 8464130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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88
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Bowcock AM, Anderson LA, Friedman LS, Black DM, Osborne-Lawrence S, Rowell SE, Hall JM, Solomon E, King MC. THRA1 and D17S183 flank an interval of < 4 cM for the breast-ovarian cancer gene (BRCA1) on chromosome 17q21. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 52:718-22. [PMID: 8460637 PMCID: PMC1682071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to pinpoint the locale of the gene for early-onset familial breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1), polymorphisms were developed within the locus for thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA1) and for several anonymous sequences at chromosome 17q12-q21. The THRA1 polymorphism is a dinucleotide repeat with 10 alleles and heterozygosity.79. Gene mapping in extended families with inherited, early-onset breast and ovarian cancer indicates that BRCA1 is distal to THRA1 and proximal to D17S183 (SCG43), an interval of < 4 cM. This locale excludes HER2, THRA1, WNT3, HOX2, NGFR, PHB, COLIA1, NME1, and NME2 as candidates for BRCA1 but does not exclude RARA or EDH17B. Resolving the remaining recombination events in these families by new polymorphisms in the THRA1-D17S183 interval will facilitate positional cloning of the breast-ovarian cancer gene on chromosome 17q12-q21.
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Houck GM, King MC. Cognitive functioning, and behavioral and emotional adjustment in maltreated children post-intervention. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC AND MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 1993; 6:5-17. [PMID: 7688047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.1993.tb00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive functioning and behavioral and emotional adjustment were examined in children who were previously maltreated as preschoolers, had received intervention in a developmentally salient day treatment program, and were either placed in adoptive families or returned to the biological family system. The children were evaluated, on average, four years postintervention. The children in this sample were as emotionally maladjusted as those in a clinical population; they experienced more anxiety and aggression. Additionally, they fared worse than clinical (and nonclinical) norms in terms of self-confidence and the adaptive ability to perceive support from others, and were comparable to the clinical group in their limited ability to reach out to others in the face of problem-resolution skills below a nonclinical level.
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Ryan J, King MC. Woman abuse: educational strategies to change nursing practice. AWHONN'S CLINICAL ISSUES IN PERINATAL AND WOMEN'S HEALTH NURSING 1993; 4:483-492. [PMID: 8369778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nurses and other health care providers are ideal persons to intervene with women who are experiencing violence and abuse in their intimate relationships. All women are not assessed for this health care problem because of lack of education on the part of their health care providers. This article presents principles and methods for the provision of education about women abuse to practicing nurses and students in graduate and undergraduate nursing programs. By redressing this lack of knowledge and skills, nurses will be empowered to provide clinical intervention and leadership in addressing this major health and social problems. Sample outlines and objectives are provided.
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Ginther C, Corach D, Penacino GA, Rey JA, Carnese FR, Hutz MH, Anderson A, Just J, Salzano FM, King MC. Genetic variation among the Mapuche Indians from the Patagonian region of Argentina: mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and allele frequencies of several nuclear genes. EXS 1993; 67:211-219. [PMID: 8400690 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8583-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA samples from 60 Mapuche Indians, representing 39 maternal lineages, were genetically characterized for (1) nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA control region; (2) presence or absence of a nine base duplication in mtDNA region V; (3) HLA loci DRB1 and DQA1; (4) variation at three nuclear genes with short tandem repeats; and (5) variation at the polymorphic marker D2S44. The genetic profile of the Mapuche population was compared to other Amerinds and to worldwide populations. Two highly polymorphic portions of the mtDNA control region, comprising 650 nucleotides, were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced. The 39 maternal lineages were defined by two or three generation families identified by the Mapuches. These 39 lineages included 19 different mtDNA sequences that could be grouped into four classes. The same classes of sequences appear in other Amerinds from North, Central, and South American populations separated by thousands of miles, suggesting that the origin of the mtDNA patterns predates the migration to the Americas. The mtDNA sequence similarity between Amerind populations suggests that the migration throughout the Americas occurred rapidly relative to the mtDNA mutation rate. HLA DRB1 alleles 1602 and 1402 were frequent among the Mapuches. These alleles also occur at high frequency among other Amerinds in North and South America, but not among Spanish, Chinese or African-American populations. The high frequency of these alleles throughout the Americas, and their specificity to the Americas, supports the hypothesis that Mapuches and other Amerind groups are closely related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ginther C, Issel-Tarver L, King MC. Identifying individuals by sequencing mitochondrial DNA from teeth. Nat Genet 1992; 2:135-8. [PMID: 1303263 DOI: 10.1038/ng1092-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from teeth stored from 3 months to 20 years, including teeth from the semi-skeletonized remains of a murder victim which had been buried for 10 months. Tooth donors and/or their maternal relatives provided blood or buccal cells, from which mtDNA was also extracted. Enzymatic amplification and direct sequencing of roughly 650 nucleotides from two highly polymorphic regions of mtDNA yielded identical sequences for each comparison of tooth and fresh DNA. Our results suggest that teeth provide an excellent source for high molecular weight mtDNA that can be valuable for extending the time in which decomposed human remains can be genetically identified.
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94
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Leon PE, Raventos H, Lynch E, Morrow J, King MC. The gene for an inherited form of deafness maps to chromosome 5q31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:5181-4. [PMID: 1350680 PMCID: PMC49253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.11.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary--i.e., nonsyndromal-postlingual deafness is inherited as an autosomal dominant phenotype in a large kindred in Costa Rica. Genetically susceptible individuals begin to lose hearing at low frequencies at about age 10 years, after language and speaking are learned. Deafness inevitably progresses by age 30 years to bilateral hearing loss of all frequencies. Intelligence, fertility, and life expectancy are normal. The family traces its ancestry to an affected founder born in Costa Rica in 1754. We have mapped the gene for deafness in this kindred to chromosome 5q31, between the markers IL9 and GRL, by linkage analysis involving 99 informative relatives.
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95
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Margaritte P, Bonaiti-Pellie C, King MC, Clerget-Darpoux F. Linkage of familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21 may not be restricted to early-onset disease. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 50:1231-4. [PMID: 1598903 PMCID: PMC1682567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lod scores for linkage between familial breast and ovarian cancer and markers on chromosome 17q21 are more frequently positive among families with disease diagnosed at younger ages than they are among older-onset families, suggesting that linkage is restricted to early-onset disease. However, for late-onset cases, the relative probability of sporadic rather than inherited disease is higher than previously suggested. If this correction is made, then later-onset families are much less informative; linkage heterogeneity based on age at onset is no longer significant; and for the sample of families as a whole, linkage is significant at a recombination fraction since demonstrated to be close to the correct local. There is probably more than one gene for inherited breast cancer, but heterogeneity may not be due to age at disease onset.
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96
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Hall JM, Friedman L, Guenther C, Lee MK, Weber JL, Black DM, King MC. Closing in on a breast cancer gene on chromosome 17q. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 50:1235-42. [PMID: 1598904 PMCID: PMC1682570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage of early-onset familial breast and ovarian cancer to 11 markers on chromosome 17q12-q21 defines an 8-cM region which is very likely to include the disease gene BRCA 1. The most closely linked marker is D17S579, a highly informative CA repeat polymorphism. D17S579 has no recombinants with inherited breast or ovarian cancer in 79 informative meioses in the seven families with early-onset disease (lod score 9.12 at zero recombination). There is no evidence for linkage heterogeneity in the families with early-onset disease. The proportion of older-onset breast cancer attributable to BRCA 1 is not yet determinable, because both inherited and sporadic cases occur in older-onset families.
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97
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Zapata BC, Rebolledo A, Atalah E, Newman B, King MC. The influence of social and political violence on the risk of pregnancy complications. Am J Public Health 1992; 82:685-90. [PMID: 1566947 PMCID: PMC1694119 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.82.5.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Events in Chile provided an opportunity to evaluate health effects associated with exposure to high levels of social and political violence. METHODS Neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile, were mapped for occurrences of sociopolitical violence during 1985-86, such as bomb threats, military presence, undercover surveillance, and political demonstrations. Six health centers providing prenatal care were then chosen at random: three from "high-violence" and three from "low-violence" neighborhoods. The 161 healthy, pregnant women due to deliver between August 1 and September 7, 1986, who attended these health centers were interviewed twice about their living conditions. Pregnancy complications and labor/delivery information were subsequently obtained from clinic and hospital records. RESULTS Women living in the high-violence neighborhoods were significantly more likely to experience pregnancy complications than women living in lower violence neighborhoods (OR = 5.0; 95% CI = 1.9-12.6; p less than 0.01). Residence in a high-violence neighborhood was the strongest risk factor observed; results persisted after controlling for several sets of potential confounders. CONCLUSION Living in areas of high social and political violence increased the risk of pregnancy complications among otherwise healthy women.
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Just J, Louie L, Abrams E, Nicholas SW, Wara D, Stein Z, King MC. Genetic risk factors for perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1992; 6:215-24. [PMID: 1584723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates genetic influence on susceptibility to perinatal HIV-1 infection among 106 Black infants from New York and San Francisco born to mothers infected with HIV-1. Genes tested by molecular techniques are HLA class II loci DRB1, DPB1 and DQA1; HLA class III loci complement C4A and C4B; alpha and beta interferons; and the constant region of the T-cell receptor beta chain. Of the 106 infants analysed, 54 are infected with HIV and 52 remain uninfected at age 15 months and older. Genotypes in the HLA region appear to influence risk of HIV infection. Specifically, infants with the amino acid sequence -asp-glu-ala-val- at DPB1 positions #84-87 are more likely to be infected (P = 0.001) and infants with the allele DQA1*0102 are less likely to be infected (P = 0.031). Combinations of these two risk factors show a strong dose response (P = 0.0005). HLA DPB1 and DQA1 may play a direct role in immune response associated with HIV-1 infection, or the critical region may be located between these two genes. Characterisation of other class II HLA genes in these infants will allow more precise determination of the role of HLA loci in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.
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99
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Mérette C, King MC, Ott J. Heterogeneity analysis of breast cancer families by using age at onset as a covariate. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 50:515-9. [PMID: 1539592 PMCID: PMC1684276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An extension of the usual mixture model of heterogeneity (two family types, one with and one without linkage) is proposed by introducing age at onset as a covariate. The extended model defines age-dependent penetrances where the exact parametrization of age-at-onset distributions depends on the given genotype and family type (linked or unlinked). This extension was applied to breast cancer families. We postulated that the mean age at onset in individuals affected by the linked gene was lower than the mean age at onset in all other affected individuals. Linkage heterogeneity for breast cancer families was detected at a significance level of .003.
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100
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Dickson M, King MC. The effect of child care proximity on maternal reports of separation anxiety in employed nurses. PEDIATRIC NURSING 1992; 18:64-6. [PMID: 1542527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether employed nurses with young children, aged 6 months to 4 years, experienced differences in maternal separation anxiety related to proximity of child care. METHOD A comparative design was used to survey 29 nurses who were mothers of young children and were employed at two work sites: one with on-site child care services and one without child care services of any kind. The Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale and The Child Care Satisfaction Instrument were the data collection tools. Scores were compared by t-test. FINDINGS There were no significant differences in maternal separation anxiety between the two groups nor in the level of satisfaction with the child care arrangement. CONCLUSIONS Future research should address questions of who most benefits and in what ways from differing types of child care services. This research should include larger samples, part-time and full-time employed mothers, low income families, single mothers, mothers with infants, mothers of children in need of after school services, and mothers who work evening and night shifts.
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