Function and regulation of aflJ in the accumulation of aflatoxin early pathway intermediate in Aspergillus flavus

aflJ resides within the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster adjacent to the pathway regulatory gene aflR and is involved in aflatoxin production, but its function is unknown. Over-expression of aflJ in the aflatoxin-producing strain 86-10 resulted in increased aflatoxin. In an effort to study the function and regulation of aflJ, strain 649-1 lacking the entire biosynthetic cluster was transformed with either reporter constructs, expression constructs, or cosmid clones and analysed for gene expression or metabolite accumulation. Over-expression of aflJ did not result in elevated transcription of ver-1, omtA or aflR. To determine if over-expression of aflJ leads to an increase in early pathway intermediates, strain 649-1 was transformed with cosmid 5E6 and either gpdA::aflJ alone, gpdA::aflR alone, or aflJ and aflR together. Cosmid 5E6 contains the genes pksA, nor-1, fas-1, and fas-2, which are required for the biosynthesis of the early pathway intermediate averantin. 649-1 transformants containing 5E6 alone produced no detectable averantin. In contrast, 5E6 transformants with gpdA::aflR produced averantin, but only half as much as those transformants containing both aflR and aflJ. Northern blot analysis showed that 5E6 transformants containing both aflR and aflJ had five times more pksA transcripts and four times more nor-1 transcripts than 5E6 transformants containing gpdA::aflR alone. Further, aflJ transcription was regulated by aflR. Over-expression of aflR resulted in elevated aflJ transcription. aflJ appears to modulate the regulation of early genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis.

A comparative study on Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ sorption onto zirconium phosphate supported by a cation exchanger

In the present study, a novel hybrid sorbent ZrP-001 was prepared by loading zirconium phosphate (ZrP) onto a strongly acidic cation exchanger D-001. Sorption behavior of Pb(2+), Zn(2+), and Cd(2+) onto ZrP-001 was experimentally examined by comparing with the host exchanger D-001. ZrP-001 was characterized by scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pH-titration and pore size distribution analysis. Sorption of the heavy metals onto ZrP-001 was found to be pH-dependent due to the ion exchange mechanism. Compared to D-001, a smaller pore size of ZrP-001 due to the ZrP dispersion consequently resulted in a lower sorption rate. Competitive effect of Ca(2+) on sorption of heavy metals onto ZrP-001 and D-001 was compared to elucidate sorption preference of the hybrid sorbent towards heavy metals. More favorable sorption of ZrP-001 than D-001 was observed for all the three metals and their sorption preference onto ZrP-001 followed the order Pb(2+)>>Zn(2+) approximately Cd(2+). Fixed-bed sorption results and its efficient regeneration property further demonstrated that ZrP-001 is a potential candidate for removing heavy metals from contaminated water.

Progesterone and 17beta-estradiol, but not follicle stimulating hormone, alter the sex ratio of murine embryos fertilized in vitro

The objective was to determine the effects of adding progesterone, 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2), and FSH during in vitro fertilization on development and sex ratio of murine embryos. Progesterone (33-330 pg/mL), 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2); 10-70 pg/mL), and FSH (0.01-0.05 IU/mL), were added to human tubal fluid (HTF); this medium (with or without hormones) was used to pre-incubate sperm (2h) and to co-incubate sperm and oocytes (6h). Thereafter, the ova were washed and incubated in mM16 medium and embryo sex was determined (by PCR) on Day 4 (insemination=Day 0). There was no effect (P>0.05) of hormone treatments on rates of cleavage (6 h after cessation of co-incubation with sperm). The only significant effects of added hormones on development were a decrease in the rate of development to at least the morula stage in 165 pg/mL progesterone (0.46+/-0.03 vs. 0.54+/-0.05 in the control, mean+/-S.D.; P<0.05) and a decrease in the blastocyst rate in 0.03 IU/mL FSH (0.34+/-0.00 vs. 0.42+/-0.04 in the control, P<0.05). However, the ratio of male to female embryos was 1.61 and 2.90 following the addition of 99 pg/mL progesterone and 70 pg/mL 17beta-E2, respectively; both of these ratios were different (P<0.01) than in the control group (1.20). In contrast, the addition of FSH to the medium had no significant effect on this ratio (range, 0.78-1.02). We concluded that the addition of progesterone and estradiol to the media during in vitro fertilization did not enhance embryonic development, but significantly increased the proportion of male murine embryos.

Defective response to Toll-like receptor 3 and 4 ligands by activated monocytes in chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Toll-like receptors (TLR) have a critical role in innate immunity against pathogens. We investigated the cytokine response to TLR stimulation in peripheral blood cells of subjects infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Women Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) cohort. Interleukin (IL)-6 in response to TLR3 and TLR4 ligands such as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and lipopolysaccharide was significantly compromised in HCV-infected women. High spontaneous secretion of IL-6 suggested pre-existing cell activation as a factor mediating reduced responses to TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation. To a lesser extent, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1beta responses to TLR stimulation were also compromised. Monocytes, but not B cells or NK cells, were identified as the cell population spontaneously secreting cytokines and also as the cells responding to TLR stimulation. These results highlight a functional defect in antigen-presenting cells of women with HCV infection or co-infection. In women with existing HIV co-infection, decreased cytokine function of antigen-presenting cells suggests another mechanism contributing to immune dysfunction in addition to the HIV-associated CD4 defect.

Effect of alvimopan (ALV) on gastrointestinal (GI) recovery, length of hospital stay (LOS), and postoperative ileus (POI)-related morbidity in patients (PTS) undergoing bowel resection (BR) for colon or rectal cancer (CRC)

4014

Background: POI, an interruption of bowel motility, occurs universally after BR and is exacerbated by exogenous opioid analgesia. ALV, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor (PAM-OR) antagonist, accelerated GI recovery after BR in multicenter, randomized phase III efficacy trials. CRC is the most common reason for BR in the US, and in the ALV trials CRC was the primary reason for BR for 723 of 1,409 (51%) PTS. This abstract examines GI recovery, LOS, POI-related morbidity, and safety in only this subset of PTS. Methods: This pooled ad hoc analysis assessed the subset of PTS in phase III ALV trials who underwent BR via laparotomy because of CRC and received ALV 12 mg or placebo (PLA) (N = 723). All PTS were scheduled for postoperative intravenous patient-controlled opioid analgesia and received oral ALV or PLA preoperatively and BID postoperatively until hospital discharge or for = 7 postoperative days. Efficacy endpoints included GI-2 recovery (first bowel movement and tolerance of solid food) and postoperative LOS (calendar day after surgery to hospital discharge order written). Treatment effect on GI-2 recovery was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, and magnitude of effect was expressed with Kaplan-Meier means. POI-related morbidity included nasogastric tube insertion or complications of POI resulting in prolonged hospital stay or readmission. Safety was monitored by adverse event reports. Conclusions: ALV significantly accelerated GI recovery, reduced postoperative LOS, and reduced the proportion of PTS with POI-related morbidity compared with PLA in PTS undergoing BR for CRC. ALV was well tolerated with a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting in the ALV group than in the PLA group.

[Table: see text]

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Highly effective removal of heavy metals by polymer-based zirconium phosphate: A case study of lead ion

Zirconium phosphate (ZrP) has recently been demonstrated as an excellent sorbent for heavy metals due to its high selectivity, high thermal stability, and absolute insolubility in water. However, it cannot be readily adopted in fixed beds or any other flowthrough system due to the excessive pressure drop and poor mechanical strength resulting from its fine submicrometer particle sizes. In the present study a hybrid sorbent, i.e., polymer-supported ZrP, was prepared by dispersing ZrP within a strongly acidic cation exchanger D-001 and used for enhanced lead removal from contaminated waters. D-001 was selected as a host material for sorbent preparation mainly because of the Donnan membrane effect resulting from the nondiffusible negatively charged sulfonic acid group on the exchanger surface, which would enhance permeation of the targeted metal ions. The hybrid sorbent (hereafter denoted ZrP-001) was characterized using a nitrogen adsorption technique, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Lead sorption onto ZrP-001 was found to be pH dependent due to the ion-exchange mechanism, and its sorption kinetics onto ZrP-001 followed the pseudo-first-order model. Compared to D-001, ZrP-001 exhibited more favorable lead sorption particularly in terms of high selectivity, as indicated by its substantially larger distribution coefficients when other competing cations Na(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) coexisted at a high level in solution. Fixed-bed column runs showed that lead sorption on ZrP-001 resulted in a conspicuous decrease of this toxic metal from 40 mg/L to below 0.05 mg/L. By comparison with D-001 and ZrP-CP (ZrP dispersion within a neutrally charged polymer CP), enhanced removal efficiency of ZrP-001 resulted from the Donnan membrane effect of the host material D-001. Moreover, its feasible regeneration by diluted acid solution and negligible ZrP loss during operation also helps ZrP-001 to be a potential candidate for lead removal from water. Thus, all the results suggested that ZrP-001 offers excellent potential for lead removal from contaminated water.

Nuclear reprogramming in embryos generated by the transfer of yak (Bos grunniens) nuclei into bovine oocytes and comparison with bovine–bovine SCNT and bovine IVF embryos

Although inter-species SCNT may be useful for increasing and preserving populations of endangered species, there are many reports that inter-species nuclear transfer embryos only develop to the blastocyst stage. In this study, yak-bovine SCNT blastocysts were successfully implanted in the surrogate bovine uterus but failed to develop to term or aborted. To clarify the reasons, we examined yak-bovine SCNT blastocyst development, total cell number, inner cell mass (ICM) number, trophoblast (TE) cell number and relative gene expression in yak fibroblast cells and yak-bovine SCNT embryos at various stages. The potential for development of yak-bovine SCNT embryos to blastocysts was 30+/-5.7% (mean+/-S.E.M.); the total cell number was 85.3+/-16.3, fewer than in IVF bovine embryos (106.2+/-18.2) but within the reported range (60-300). The yak-bovine SCNT blastocysts had a lower ratio of TE cells to total cells (43.9+/-8.7%) than bovine IVF embryos (59.4+/-3.4%; P<0.05) or bovine-bovine SCNT (69.5+/-5.4%; P<0.05). Also, several yak-bovine SCNT embryos had abnormal initiation of expression of both Mash2 and IL6. However, expression of vimentin, collagen, Cx43 and PSMC3 were normal in yak fibroblast cells and yak-bovine SCNT embryos. In conclusion, we inferred that the normal allocation of ICM and TE cells in yak-bovine SCNT embryos and embryo-specific gene reprogramming may be important for successful inter-species animal cloning.

Modeling synergistic adsorption of phenol/aniline mixtures in the aqueous phase onto porous polymer adsorbents

The adsorption equilibria of phenol and aniline on nonpolar polymer adsorbents (NDA-100, XAD-4, NDA-16 and NDA-1800) were investigated in single- and binary-solute adsorption systems at 313 K. The results showed that all the adsorption isotherms of phenol and aniline on these adsorbents can be well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir equations, and the experimental uptake of phenol and aniline in all binary-component systems is obviously higher than predicted by the extended Langmuir model, arising presumably from the synergistic effect caused by the laterally acid-base interaction between the adsorbed phenol and aniline molecules. A new model (MELM) was developed to quantitatively describe the synergistic adsorption behavior of phenol/aniline equimolar mixtures in the binary-solute systems and showed a marked improvement in correlating the binary-solute adsorption of phenol and aniline by comparison with the widely used extended Langmuir model. The newly developed model confirms that the synergistic coefficient of one adsorbate is linearly correlated with the adsorbed amount of the other, and the larger average pore size of adsorbent results in the greater synergistic effect of phenol/aniline equimolar mixtures adsorption.

Retinoblastoma family genes

The retinoblastoma gene Rb was the first tumor suppressor gene cloned, and it is well known as a negative regulator of the cell cycle through its ability to bind the transcription factor E2F and repress transcription of genes required for S phase. Although over 100 other proteins have been reported to interact with Rb, in most cases these interactions are much less well characterized. Therefore, this review will primarily focus on Rb and E2F interactions. In addition to cell cycle regulation, studies of Rb and E2F proteins in animal models have revealed important roles for these proteins in apoptosis and differentiation. Recent screens of Rb/E2F target genes have identified new targets in all these areas. In addition, the mechanisms determining how different subsets of target genes are regulated under different conditions have only begun to be addressed and offer exciting possibilities for future research.

Livin promotes Smac/DIABLO degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Livin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, encodes a protein containing a single baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain and a COOH-terminal RING finger domain. It has been reported that Livin directly interacts with caspase-3 and -7 in vitro and caspase-9 in vivo via its BIR domain and is negatively regulated by Smac/DIABLO. Nonetheless, the detailed mechanism underlying its antiapoptotic function has not yet been fully characterized. In this report, we provide, for the first time, the evidence that Livin can act as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for targeting the degradation of Smac/DIABLO. Both BIR domain and RING finger domain of Livin are required for this degradation in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate that Livin is an unstable protein with a half-life of less than 4 h in living cells. The RING domain of Livin promotes its auto-ubiquitination, whereas the BIR domain is likely to display degradation-inhibitory activity. Mutation in the Livin BIR domain greatly enhances its instability and nullifies its binding to Smac/DIABLO, resulting in a reduced antiapoptosis inhibition. Our findings provide a novel function of Livin: it exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to degrade the pivotal apoptotic regulator Smac/DIABLO through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

Cyclopamine increases the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel and radiation but not cisplatin and gemcitabine in Hedgehog expressing pancreatic cancer cells

INTRODUCTION

The hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh) is frequently over expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. We studied the potential cytotoxic interactions between cyclopamine, a Hh pathway inhibitor and paclitaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine and ionizing radiation (IR).

METHODS

In vitro clonogenic survival analysis was performed with cyclopamine alone or cyclopamine in combination with paclitaxel, gemcitabine, cisplatin and IR in Hh expressing human pancreatic tumor cells and Hh non-expressing colon cancer cells. Relative cytotoxicity was assessed in combination treatment compared with exposure to single agents. Assays of apoptosis (annexin V) were performed in the presence of cyclopamine, chemotherapeutic agents, and IR.

RESULTS

We report that cyclopamine increased the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel and IR in Hh expressing pancreatic carcinoma cells. These effects were not observed in Hh non-expressing cells. Cyclopamine did not significantly increase killing by cisplatin or gemcitabine in Hh expressing pancreatic cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest strategies to combine Hh inhibitors with radiotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents, specifically paclitaxel and related compounds in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Alvimopan, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, compared with placebo in postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery

BACKGROUND

Alvimopan is a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor (PAM-OR) antagonist for accelerating gastrointestinal recovery after surgery.

METHODS

Patients undergoing open laparotomy (bowel resection, n = 418; hysterectomy, n = 197) were randomized to receive alvimopan 6 or 12 mg or placebo orally > or = 2 h before surgery and then b.i.d. until hospital discharge (up to 7 days). The primary efficacy endpoint was time to gastrointestinal (GI) recovery (measured by toleration of solid food and passage of flatus/stool; GI-3). Secondary endpoints included time to GI-2 recovery (toleration of solid food and passage of stool) and hospital discharge order written (DCO).

RESULTS

Alvimopan did not significantly accelerate GI-3 compared with placebo [6 mg: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.20, p = 0.080; 12 mg: HR = 1.24, p = 0.038). However, after adjustment for significant covariates (sex/surgical duration), benefits were significant for both doses (6 mg: HR = 1.24, p = 0.037; 12 mg: HR = 1.26, p = 0.028). Alvimopan also significantly accelerated time to GI-2 (6 mg: HR = 1.37, p = 0.008; 12 mg: HR = 1.33, p = 0.018) and DCO (6 mg: HR = 1.31, p = 0.008; 12 mg: HR = 1.28, p = 0.015). Adverse events were similar between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Alvimopan (6 or 12 mg) accelerates GI recovery and is well tolerated in patients undergoing open laparotomy.

Independent mutations in the Rdl locus confer dieldrin resistance to Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis

Substitutions of a conserved alanine residue in the Rdl locus coding for a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit with serine or glycine confer resistance to dieldrin in various insect species. Here, we show that alanine to glycine substitution in the Rdl locus of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, is genetically linked to resistance to dieldrin. An alanine to serine substitution developed independently in a dieldrin resistant strain of An. arabiensis. An allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was able to differentiate dieldrin resistant and susceptible mosquitoes.

A single-institution experience with concurrent capecitabine and radiation therapy in gastrointestinal malignancies

PURPOSE

We report our clinical experience with 32 patients receiving concurrent irradiation and capecitabine.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Medical records of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies treated with radiation and capecitabine therapy were reviewed.

RESULTS

The population consisted of 20 males and 12 females, with a median age of 67.5 years (45-84 years) and adequate hepatic and bone marrow function. Histology was adenocarcinoma in all patients, except two with esophageal squamous carcinoma. Twenty-one patients received the regimen as adjuvant therapy, three received preoperative therapy, and 8 patients received therapy for palliation. The median dose of capecitabine was 1600 mg/m(2)/day (1200-2500 mg/m(2)/day) orally for 5 days per week for the duration of radiation therapy. Thirty patients received a total dose ranging from 45 Gy to 64 Gy over 4-6 weeks. Two previously radiated patients received total doses of 29.9 Gy and 46 Gy. Grade 3/4 toxicities observed were neutropenia in 3 patients and diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, and myocardial infarction in 1 patient each. No treatment-related mortality was observed. Twenty of 21 patients (95.2%) who received adjuvant therapy continue to be in complete remission. Four of 11 (36%) evaluable patients demonstrated a response.

CONCLUSION

Concurrent capecitabine and radiation were very well tolerated and warrant further investigation in prospective trials.

Drosophila Chk2 is required for DNA damage-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

Chk2 is a major target of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR). Germline mutations in Chk2 have been identified in a subset of patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, suggesting that Chk2 is a tumor suppressor gene. To investigate the role of Chk2 in multicellular organisms, a Drosophila chk2 (Dmchk2) mutant was generated. Dmchk2 mutants are viable but show defects in maintaining genome stability and are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. Interestingly, mutating Dmchk2 completely blocks DNA damage-induced apoptosis and partially blocks DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest. These results indicate that Chk2 protein plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response pathway mediating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and that the ATM-Chk2 pathway is likely conserved in Drosophila.

[Effect of folic acid and supplemented with vitamin A and vitamin E on depressing teratogenesis induced by cyclophosphamide]

The effect of folic acid and the combined effect of folic acid(FA) + vitamin A + vitamin E on the prevention of teratogenesis induced by cyclophosphamide during pregnancy were observed. The results showed that cyclophosphamide resulted a decreased weight and length of the fetuses, an increased rate of neural tube defects and a retardation of ossification centers. The neural tube defects rates in the groups with no any supplementation, supplemented with folic acid alone and supplemented with FA + vitamin A + vitamin E were 87.27%, 42.93% and 30.08% respectively(P < 0.01). The supplementation of FA or the combined supplementation resulted also in greater fetal weight and length, increased ossification of supraoccipital bone (P < 0.01). The study suggested that the combined effect of FA, vitamin A and vitamin E was superior to FA alone.

Evaluation of a new hepatitis B triple-antigen vaccine in inadequate responders to current vaccines

In this double-blind, randomized, controlled study, healthcare professionals with a history of inadequate response to currently available single-antigen hepatitis B vaccines confirmed by measuring hepatitis B surface antibody titer before entry to the study were revaccinated with a 20-microg dose either of a novel triple-antigen (S, pre-S1, and pre-S2) recombinant vaccine or of a present single-antigen (S only) vaccine. Hepatitis B surface antibody titers were measured 8 weeks' post revaccination. A total of 925 individuals were randomized and vaccinated, of whom 915 (98.9%) completed the study and were included in the efficacy analysis. A single dose of the new triple-antigen hepatitis B vaccine (Hepacare) produced a successful response in over three quarters of these subjects who had not mounted an adequate response to current vaccines. The antibody response was statistically significantly superior (P =.002) to that after a single dose of current vaccines. An evaluation of the overall response showed that only the triple-antigen vaccine was able to raise the average antibody response (geometric mean titer [GMT]) to over 100 IU/L. The superior effect of the new vaccine was most pronounced in subjects who were previously complete nonresponders to currently available hepatitis B vaccines. Both vaccines were well tolerated and had similar safety profiles. This study demonstrated that in healthcare workers who had responded inadequately to at least a full course of immunization (median, 5 doses), a single 20-microg dose of a new triple-antigen vaccine induced protective antibody level in more vaccinees (P =.002) and increased the average antibody titer (GMT) in those protected successfully to a greater degree (P <.001) than a further attempt with a current vaccine (Engerix-B).

A multi-center controlled study of rapid hepatitis B vaccination using a novel triple antigen recombinant vaccine

Hepatitis B vaccines have been available for 20 years, however, the disease still remains a global problem. Clearly, the protection of at-risk groups could be improved if a more potent vaccine with a shorter vaccination regimen were available. Hepacare is new recombinant vaccine, which contains three of the surface antigens of the HB virus and has higher immunogenicity than present single antigen (HBsAg only) vaccines. This study evaluates the potential for developing seroprotection rapidly and the viability of a 1 month/two dose regimen. A total of 400 adult subjects were vaccinated using either the present accelerated 2 month/three dose regimen of Engerix-B or a 1 month/two dose regimen of a novel triple antigen vaccine (Hepacare). Both vaccines were well tolerated. Four weeks after a single dose, the seroprotective rates for Engerix-B and the triple antigen vaccine were 5 and 17%, respectively. By month 2, 4 weeks after two doses of vaccine, it was 38 and 61%. Finally by month 3, 4 weeks after a third dose of Engerix-B or placebo, respectively, the seroprotection rates were 71 and 82%. The geometric mean titres (GMTs), of these responders was then 119 and 120 IU/l, respectively. Both vaccines were well tolerated. At all points up to and including 3 months after beginning vaccination, the novel 1 month/two dose regimen of Hepacare was significantly more effective in producing seroporotective titres than the 2 month/three dose regimen of Engerix-B (P = 0.001).

Study on detecting antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in pooled serum of blood donors by Dot-IGSS

To prevent post-transfusion toxoplasmosis, the sera of blood donors, per six of which were mixed as a pool, were examined for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibiodies by Dot-immunogold silver staining (Dot-IGSS) with the single serum specimens examined simultaneously. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of serum pool method were 92.31% and 99.96% respectively. The consistent rate between the two methods was 99.73% and kappa value was 0.947 (p<0.01). Considering the mean infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii being 4.86% in China, if the serum pool method be adoped, with pool size k=5, a 57% reduction in the number of tests, as well as the cost of the screen, can be expected. Beside the social benefit, consequent upon the interruption of the Toxoplasma gondii infection spread through blood transfusion also can be expected.

Adult hepatitis B vaccination using a novel triple antigen recombinant vaccine

Present hepatitis B vaccines use multidose prolonged regimens, which even healthcare workers at risk do not always complete. Moreover, when vaccination is completed there remain some who fail to achieve adequate protection. The protection of adults at risk could be improved if there were a more potent vaccine and/or a shorter vaccination regimen available. Vaccine-naive adults were randomized to vaccination with either Engerix-B (SmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) or a novel triple antigen (S, pre-S1, and pre-S2) recombinant vaccine (Hepacare; Medeva Pharma Plc, Speke, UK). The primary efficacy parameter was the degree of seroprotection 6 or 7 months (26 +/- 2 weeks) after beginning vaccination. A total of 304 adults entered the study. Of these, 16 failed to complete the study (9 on Hepacare and 7 on Engerix-B). With the Engerix-B standard (0, 1, 6) regimen, 88% of subjects were protected by month 7, whereas with the triple antigen vaccine a 2-dose regimen (0, 1) provided equivalent protection (91%) within 6 months and a 3-dose (0, 1, 6) regimen was significantly superior (98% seroprotected by 7 months after starting vaccination P <.001). With adults at risk for a suboptimal response (i.e., older adults, the obese, men, and smokers) the triple antigen vaccine produced a greater degree of protection. The vaccines had similar safety profiles. Both vaccines were well tolerated. In healthy normal adults, a triple antigen hepatitis B vaccine containing S and pre-S antigens produced an enhanced immunologic response and was as effective as a 2- and 3-dose regimen.

Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel, alpha-interferon, and cis-retinoic acid in advanced renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Interferon and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-CRA) therapy showed clinical response rates of 30% in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This combination also enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel in a bcl-2 and mutant p53 expressing renal carcinoma cell line. Based on this, the authors conducted a Phase II clinical trial of the combination of interferon, 13-CRA, and weekly paclitaxel, in advanced RCC.

METHODS

The eligibility criteria consisted of unresectable or metastatic RCC, measurable disease, a Southwest Oncology Group performance status of 0-2, and adequate bone marrow, hepatic, and renal function. Prior cytotoxic or immunologic treatment including interferon was permitted. Paclitaxel was administered at a dose of 80 mg/m(2) as a 1-hour intravenous infusion on Days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle. Interferon was administered at a dose of 3 million units subcutaneously daily and 13-CRA at 1 mg/kg/day orally in 2 divided doses for the first 21 days of each cycle.

RESULTS

Twenty-one patients were enrolled with a median age of 52 years, 16 males and 5 females, 10 patients with no prior therapy, 5 each with prior interleukin-2 or interferon therapy, and 1 patient with both. Four patients had also received prior investigational chemotherapy. A total of 61 cycles were administered with a median of 2 per patient. Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were neutropenia in three patients, anemia in four patients, and asthenia, skin rash, and hypersensitivity reaction in one case each. Of the 20 evaluable patients, one objective partial response was observed for a duration of 7+ months. Seven patients had disease stabilization. The median survival of the entire population was 9.5 months (range, 4-18+ months).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of 13-CRA, interferon, and weekly paclitaxel was well tolerated and had minimal efficacy in advanced RCC.

Confirmation of susceptibility gene loci on chromosome 1 in northern China Han families with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE

To confirm previous effort to identify type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in a Northern Chinese population by conducting a new genome scan with both an increased number of type 2 diabetes families and a new set of microsatellite markers within the previously localized regions.

METHODS

A genome scan method was applied. After multiplexed PCR, electrophoreses, genescan and genotyping analysis, we obtained size information for all loci, and then a further study was done by both parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis to investigate the P values and Z values of these loci.

RESULTS

We surveyed 34 microsatellite markers which distributed within 5 regions along chromosome 1, and a total of 12,000 genotypes were screened. Evidence of linkage with diabetes was identified for 8 of the 34 loci. All P values of the 8 loci were lower than 0.05, and the highest Z value was 2.17. A very interesting finding is that all 5 markers at the p- terminal 1p36.3-1p36.23 region, spanning a long range of 16.9 cM, were identified to have a low P value of less than 0.05, which suggests that this region may contain multiple susceptibility genes. Regions 4 and 5 also confirmed the previous findings, and we narrowed these two regions to a 2.7 cM and 2.5 cM regions, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We further confirmed the results gained in the previous genome-wide scan using an increased number of NIDDM families and a new set of microsatellite markers lying within the initially localized regions. The fact that all 5 loci at the p- terminal region displayed a low P value of less than 0.05 suggests that more than 1 susceptibility gene may reside in this region.

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is involved in associative learning in rabbits

This study examined the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family during acquisition of the rabbit's classically conditioned eye-blink response. Eye-blink conditioning produced a significant, bilateral activation of both extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and p38 MAPK in the anterior cerebellar vermis. There was also a significant bilateral activation of ERKs in the dorsal hippocampus with no change in p38 MAPK. These changes were seen at 2 min after the last conditioning session, were maintained for at least 180 min, and occurred without any change in the protein expression of either ERKs or p38 MAPK. There were no changes in ERKs or p38 MAPK in frontal cortex, in cerebellar hemispheral lobule VI, or in a section of brainstem containing the inferior olive. Moreover, the stress-related protein kinase Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), another subfamily of MAPKs, was not altered in any of the brain regions examined. Animals receiving explicitly unpaired presentations of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus did not acquire conditioned responses (CRs) and did not demonstrate any changes in ERKs, p38 MAPK, or JNK. The intraventricular injection of SB203580, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, significantly retarded CR acquisition and blocked the learning-related increases in p38 MAPK activity in the anterior vermis. PD98059, a selective MAPK kinase inhibitor, had a smaller and only marginally significant effect on CR acquisition, although it did block the learning-related increases in ERK activity in both the hippocampus and anterior vermis. These results indicate that p38 MAPK is activated during associative learning and may play a role in the transcriptional events that lead to memory consolidation.

Outpatient biochemotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: results of two phase II cytokine working group trials

PURPOSE

The Cytokine Working Group performed a randomized phase II trial of two outpatient biochemotherapy regimens to identify an outpatient regimen with high antitumor activity and less toxicity than inpatient regimens which might be compared with chemotherapy or inpatient biochemotherapy regimens in future phase III trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eighty-one patients with metastatic malignant melanoma received dacarbazine 250 mg/m(2)/d intravenously (IV) and cisplatin 25 mg/m(2)/d IV on days 1, 2, and 3, plus interferon (IFN) alfa-2b 5 mU/m(2) subcutaneously (SC) on days 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15, given every 28 days. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was given daily on days 6 to 10 and 13 to 15. In group 1, IV IL-2 was given at 18.0 MU/m(2), and in group 2, SC IL-2 was given at 5.0 mU/m(2).

RESULTS

In group 1 (IV IL-2), there were five complete responses (CRs) and 11 partial responses (PRs) among 44 patients (objective response rate [ORR], 36%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 22% to 51%). In group 2 (SC IL-2), there was one CR and five PRs among the 36 patients (ORR, 17%; 95% CI, 4% to 29%). The median survival was 10.7 months in group 1 and 7.3 months in group 2. Eleven patients in group 1 and four patients in group 2 remain alive as of the last follow-up. Toxicities in both groups were similar. No patient required hospitalization for neutropenic fever.

CONCLUSION

Biochemotherapy has activity in these outpatient regimens with acceptable toxicity. The antitumor activity observed with the IV IL-2 regimen seems similar to that of inpatient biochemotherapy regimens. If inpatient biochemotherapy regimens develop an established role in the management of melanoma, future phase III trial comparisons with this outpatient IV IL-2 regimen would be appropriate.

Comparison of a triple antigen and a single antigen recombinant vaccine for adult hepatitis B vaccination

Hepatitis B and its sequelae are a major public health problem. Vaccines have been available for almost 20 years; however the disease still remains a global problem. Many factors contribute to the failure to control hepatitis B, including the limited nature of the vaccination programs implemented initially. Only relatively recently has mass childhood vaccination begun to be implemented and vaccination of high-risk groups, other than healthcare workers, is still not general policy. Additional factors contributing to continued persistence of hepatitis B in the developed world are that the present vaccines are not fully used by those recommended to be vaccinated and even when vaccination is carried out appropriately, there remain some who fail to achieve adequate protection. Clearly, the protection of at-risk groups who have inadequate response to current vaccines, and those who are unwilling or unable to comply with protracted multi-dose vaccine regimens, could be improved if there were a more potent vaccine and/or a shorter vaccination regimen available. Adults who had never been vaccinated against hepatitis B were randomised to receive a vaccination course of either a present single antigen (S) vaccine (Recombivax-HB) or a novel triple antigen (S, pre-S1, and pre-S2) recombinant vaccine (Hepacare Medeva Pharma plc). Doses were given at baseline and 1 month and 6 months later. Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) levels were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 7 months after beginning vaccination. The primary efficacy parameter was the degree of protection, measured as the percentage of subjects with anti-HBs titres > or = 10 IU/L, 6 or 7 months (26 +/- 2 weeks) after beginning vaccination. A total of 303 adult subjects entered the study and were vaccinated. Of these, 11 failed to complete the study (4 on Hepacare and 7 on Recombivax-HB); however all but 2 (1 to receive the triple antigen vaccine and 1 to receive Recombivax-HB) were included in the intent-to-treat population for efficacy evaluation. Treatment randomisation was stratified at entry based on age (above and below 40 years old) and gender. The standard three-dose/6-month vaccination regimen of the single antigen vaccine protected 83% of subjects by 7 months after starting vaccination whereas the triple antigen vaccine as a two-dose/1-month regimen protected 88% within 6 months and as a three-dose/6-month regimen protected 97% by 7 months after starting vaccination. Thus the protection rate provided by the shortened (0, 1) regimen of the novel vaccine was "essentially equivalent" (i.e., not statistically inferior) to that provided by the full (0, 1, and 6) regimen of today's vaccine (88% vs. 81%, P < 0.001), and the protection rate provided by a three-dose/6-month (0, 1, and 6) regimen of the new vaccine was significantly superior to that provided by present vaccines (97% vs. 83% P < 0.001). The percentage of subjects protected increases with time after beginning vaccination and at all time points up to and including 6 months was significantly greater with the two-dose regimen of the triple antigen vaccine than with the single antigen vaccine regimen. In adults at risk for a reduced response to hepatitis B vaccination [i.e., older adults (>/=40), the obese, males, and smokers], the triple antigen vaccine produced a significantly greater percentage of protected subjects (P < 0.001) and higher geometric mean titre (P < 0.001). Indeed as a three-dose/6 month regimen, the triple antigen vaccine raised the level of protection in these vulnerable subgroups to that seen when a single antigen vaccine is used in the optimal younger adult group. Both vaccines were well tolerated and had similar safety profiles. The most frequently (> or = 10%) reported adverse events with the use of either vaccine were pain at the site of injection (38% vs. 41% vs. 20% for the two-dose Hepacare regimen, the three-dose Hepacare regimen, and the three-dose Recombivax-HB regimen, respectively), infections at the site of injection (1% vs. 14% vs. 9%), headache (9% vs. 13% vs. 11%), and nausea (7% vs. 11% vs. 3%). It is concluded that in healthy normal adults, a triple antigen hepatitis B vaccine that contained S and pre-S antigens produced an enhanced immunological response. This was exemplified by the novel vaccine's ability to overcome factors such as advancing age (> or = 40 years), obesity, and smoking, each of which is known to reduce the potential for protection with present recombinant S only vaccines. A two-dose/1-month (0 and 1) regimen of this triple antigen vaccine was as effective as the standard three-dose/6 month (0, 1, and 6) regimen of present single antigen vaccines. (c) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

[Ethyl acetate synthesis on-line measurement by Raman spectroscopy]

We report an on-line Raman spectroscopy measurement with fiber probe. In the experiment, the real-time spectrum measurement of ethyl acetate synthesis reaction with ethanol and acetic acid was carried out by using a homemade Raman spectrometer. The time variation of integrated spectrum peak intensities of reaction product and raw materials are obtained. From the integrated peak intensities, the concentrations of the reactants can be deduced and the ending point of reaction under this experimental condition can be determined.

Combination paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine is an active treatment for advanced urothelial cancer

PURPOSE

To determine the efficacy and toxicity of the drug combination of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients eligible included those with advanced urothelial malignancy of any histology, no previous chemotherapy for metastatic disease, Southwest Oncology Group performance status of 2 or less, serum creatinine levels of 2 mg/dL or less, and adequate bone marrow and hepatic function. Treatment consisted of paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, carboplatin (target area under the curve = 5) on day 1, and gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, repeated every 21 days.

RESULTS

Forty-nine patients (44 men and five women) were enrolled; the patients' median age was 63 years, and their median creatinine clearance was 78 mL/min (range, 26 to 165 mL/min). Forty-three patients had transitional cell carcinoma, and six had squamous cell carcinoma or mixed histology. Ten patients had metastases to lymph nodes only, six had locally advanced disease, four had locally recurrent disease, 24 patients had visceral metastases, and five had soft tissue metastases. Twenty-one patients had disease in one site, 16 in two sites, and 12 in three sites. A total of 272 cycles were administered (median, six cycles; range, 1 to 15 cycles). Major toxicities were grade 3 and 4 neutropenia in 17 and 19 patients, respectively; grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia in 15 and six patients, respectively; grade 3 and 4 anemia in 10 and two patients, respectively; grade 3 neuropathy in four patients; and diarrhea in two patients. The incidence of febrile neutropenia was 1.4%; no patients died of drug toxicity. Forty-seven of the 49 patients were assessable for response. Fifteen (32%) patients experienced a complete response, and 17 (36%) patients experienced a partial response (32 of 47 patients, 68%; 95% confidence interval, 56.27 to 82.86). Responses were seen in all sites, including 15 (68%) of 22 patients with visceral metastases. The median survival was 14.7 months, with a 1-year survival of 59%.

CONCLUSION

Combination paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine is active; an encouraging number of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with this regimen experienced complete remission.

DNA replication control through interaction of E2F-RB and the origin recognition complex

The E2F transcription factor and retinoblastoma protein control cell-cycle progression and DNA replication during S phase. Mutations in the Drosophila dE2F1 and dDP genes affect the origin recognition complex (DmORC) and initiation of replication at the chorion gene replication origin. Here we show that mutants of Rbf (an retinoblastoma protein homologue) fail to limit DNA replication. We also show that the dDP, dE2F1 and Rbf proteins are located in a complex with DmORC, and that dE2F1 and DmORC are bound to the chorion origin of replication in vivo. Our results indicate that dE2F1 and Rbf function together at replication origins to limit DNA replication through interactions with DmORC.

The cascade radical annulation approach to new analogues of camptothecins. Combinatorial synthesis of silatecans and homosilatecans

An overview of the cascade radical annulation approach to the camptothecin family of antitumor drugs is presented. This combinatorial synthetic approach involves two key steps: (1) N-propargylation of a lactone/pyridone D/E ring fragment and (2) cascade radical annulation of an A-ring isonitrile to form rings B and C. The synthesis is probably the most flexible and general route to the camptothecin class of molecules. The parallel synthesis of several libraries of silatecan and homosilatecan libraries is summarized. One of the first-generation silatecans, DB-67, is emerging as a serious candidate for cancer chemotherapy.