Lipid-Based Natural Food Extracts for Effective Control of Botrytis Bunch Rot and Powdery Mildew on Field-Grown Winegrapes in New Zealand

Synthetic controls of crop pathogens are increasingly associated with harm to the environment and human health, and pathogen resistance. Pesticide residues in crops can also act as non-tariff trade barriers. There is therefore a strong imperative to develop biologically based and natural product (NP) biofungicides as more sustainable alternatives for crop pathogen control. We demonstrate the field efficacy, over multiple seasons, of NP biofungicides, NP1 (based on anhydrous milk fat) and NP2 (based on soybean oil), on two major diseases of winegrapes-Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis) and powdery mildew (PM). The NPs were integrated into a season-long integrated disease management programme that has produced chemical-residue-free wines. Efficacies for Botrytis control on three different varieties were: 63-97% on Chardonnay, 0-96% for Sauvignon Blanc and 46-58% on Riesling; with 65-98% PM control on Chardonnay and Riesling. NP2 exhibited the significant control of Botrytis latent infections, making it a viable alternative to mid-season synthetic fungicides. Disease control was significantly better than the untreated control and usually as efficacious as the synthetic fungicide treatment(s). Yields and wine quality in NP-treated crops were normally equivalent to those in the synthetic fungicide treatments. The results indicate that NP-mediated disease control of Botrytis and powdery mildew can be obtained in the vineyard, without synthetic fungicide input.

Effects of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion on Tramadol-Induced Seizure; a Randomized Clinical Trial

INTRODUCTION

There are numerous studies on the efficacy of intralipid emulsion (ILE) in various xenobiotic toxicities. This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of ILE as an antidote in tramadol-induced seizure.

METHODS

A single-blind clinical trial was undertaken to establish the efficacy and safety of ILE in patients with acute tramadol intoxication, who referred to Booali Hospital in Qazvin. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The Control group received standard care while the intervention group received intralipid emulsion (ILE) 20% in addition to the standard care. The occurrence of in-hospital seizure was compared between the groups.

RESULTS

80 patients who abused tramadol and met the study criteria were randomly assigned to either the intervention (40 cases) or the control (40 cases) group. Seizure occurred in 44 (56%) patients before admission to the emergency department. There were not any statistical differences between the groups regarding sex distribution (p=0.513) and mean age (p=0.19), presenting vital signs (p < 0.05), laboratory findings (p < 0.05), and mean abused dose of tramadol (p = 0.472) as well as occurrence of prehospital seizure (p = 0.7). In-hospital seizure occurred in 15 (18.75%) cases (all in the control group; p < 0.001). The mean duration of admission was 2.01 ± 1.13 days in the control group and 2.15 ± 1.04 days in the intervention group (p = 0.6). The number needed to treat for ILE to prevent tramadol-induced seizure was 2.7 (37.5% absolute risk reduction).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study supported ILE administration, as an adjunct to standard antidote protocols, in tramadol intoxication to prevent tramadol-induced seizures.

Impact of Parenteral Lipid Emulsion Components on Cholestatic Liver Disease in Neonates

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving intervention for infants that are unable to feed by mouth. Infants that remain on TPN for extended periods of time are at risk for the development of liver injury in the form of parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC). Current research suggests the lipid component of TPN is a factor in the development of PNAC. Most notably, the fatty acid composition, vitamin E concentration, and presence of phytosterols are believed key mediators of lipid emulsion driven PNAC development. New emulsions comprised of fish oil and medium chain triglycerides show promise for reducing the incidence of PNAC in infants. In this review we will cover the current clinical studies on the benefit of fish oil and medium chain triglyceride containing lipid emulsions on the development of PNAC, the current constituents of lipid emulsions that may modulate the prevalence of PNAC, and potential new supplements to TPN to further reduce the incidence of PNAC.

Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Effects of dietary fat quality on liver fat remain to be elucidated. Inconsistent evidence may be influenced by fatty acid saturation, chain-length, and regio-specificity within triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to compare eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein (POo), cocoa butter (COB), and soybean oil (SBO) on liver fat concentration in healthy participants. Secondary outcomes included visceral (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous (aSCAT) adipose tissue, plus other obesity and cardiometabolic health outcomes.

METHODS

Eighty-three healthy participants (20-45 y, BMI 18.5-27.5 kg/m2) commenced and 64 completed a 16-wk randomized parallel intervention, preceded by a 2-wk run-in. Participants consumed identical eucaloric background diets differing in test fats [contributing 20% total energy intake (%E)], providing 33%E total fat with the following ratios for PUFAs/SFAs/MUFAs: POo, 4.2/13.5/15%E; SBO, 14.4/8.8/9.4%E; COB, 2.3/19.5/11%E. Liver fat and abdominal adiposity were measured at weeks 0 and 16 using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy/imaging; all other outcomes were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk.

RESULTS

Fat quality did not affect liver fat concentration, VAT, aSCAT, obesity indexes, blood pressure, liver enzymes, leptin, or fasting glucose. Body fat mass decreased with SBO and COB compared with POo. SBO decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, and TC:HDL cholesterol relative to POo [estimated marginal mean (95% CI) differences: -0.57 (-0.94, -0.20) mmol/L; -0.37 (-0.68, -0.07) mmol/L; and -0.42 (-0.73, -0.11) mmol/L, respectively]. No diet differences were observed on HDL cholesterol, TAG, apoA1, apoB, apoB:apoA1, or fecal free fatty acids (FFAs), except for lower FFA pentadecanoic acid (15:0) with COB than with SBO and POo.

CONCLUSIONS

In healthy adults, when consumed as part of eucaloric typical Australian diets, 3 different dietary fat sources did not differentially affect liver fat concentration and amounts of adipose tissue. Effects on serum lipids were inconsistent across lipid profiles. The findings must be confirmed in metabolically impaired individuals before recommendations can be made.

Comparison of neonatal outcomes with use of a soybean oil-based injectable lipid emulsion vs a 4-oil emulsion product

PURPOSE

Results of a study comparing the safety and efficacy outcomes with use of a soybean oil-based injectable lipid emulsion (SO-ILE) vs a 4-oil alternative product in a neonatal population are presented.

METHODS

In an institutional review board-approved, multicenter retrospective review, the medical records of 328 patients who were born at a gestational age of ≤34 weeks, had a birth weight of 500 to 2,000 g, were admitted to one of 2 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) within a large health system, and received at least 7 days of a parenteral nutrition containing either lipid emulsion product were reviewed: 151 (46%) had received SO-ILE and 177 (54%) had received SMOFlipid (Fresenius Kabi). The primary outcome of the study was a composite of development of cholestasis and development of hypertriglyceridemia. Secondary outcomes included total duration of cholestasis treatment with ursodiol and change in body weight from initiation to completion of lipid emulsion treatment.

RESULTS

The primary outcome of development of cholestasis or hypertriglyceridemia occurred in 14.6% of patients in the SO-ILE group and 18.1% of patients in the SMOFlipid group (P = 0.393). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in total days of ursodiol treatment or average body weight change during the course of lipid emulsion treatment.

CONCLUSION

In preterm neonates weighing 500 to 2,000 g, use of SMOFlipid did not significantly reduce the incidence of cholestasis or hypertriglyceridemia relative to the incidence with use of SO-ILE. Further research to validate these results is needed.

Degree of Saturation and Free Fatty Acid Content of Fats Determine Dietary Preferences in Laying Hens

Simple Summary

Understanding fat sensing in chickens has the potential to improve least cost feed formulation relevant to poultry feeds. Acid oils (soybean acid oil and palm fatty acid distillate) are economical and sustainable feedstuffs with similar fatty acid composition to crude oils (soybean oil and palm oil) but richer in free fatty acids. However, potential issues relevant to the palatability of these oils have been raised. Four experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to study the effect of free fatty acid content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio on dietary preferences in hens. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets, with palm oil and palm fatty acid distillate being equally preferred. However, the hens demonstrated a preference for soybean oil when offered in choice with soybean acid oil. In conclusion, free fatty acid content and saturation degree affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages.

Abstract

Behavioural and genetic evidence shows that the taste system is intimately related to the sensing of nutrients with consequences for poultry nutrition practices. A better understanding of how chickens may sense fat could provide the background for selecting feedstuffs used in poultry feeds. Acid oils have the potential to be economical and sustainable feedstuffs. These fat by-products from the edible oil refining industry possess a similar fatty acid composition to the crude oils but are richer in free fatty acids (FFA). An experiment was conducted to study the effect of FFA content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio (U:S) on dietary preferences in hens. Four fat sources were added to a basal diet at an inclusion rate of 6%, determining the experimental diets: soybean oil (SO; high U:S, 5% FFA); soybean acid oil (SA; high U:S, 50% FFA); palm oil (PO; low U:S, 5% FFA); and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD; low U:S, 50% FFA). The experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to forty-eight Lohmann Brown laying hens housed individually in cages. Each hen was offered the ten potential binary combinations of the four diets including each diet compared to itself (referred to as four control double-choices). Feed intake was measured for two hours twice a day after one hour of fasting. Consumption was analysed as a standard preference index (% of test diet intake in comparison with the total intake). Preference values were compared to the random choice value of 50% using the Student’s t-test. None of the four control comparisons differ significantly from 50% (p > 0.05), indicating that the changes in preference values observed in the other binary comparisons were related to the dietary changes associated to fat ingredients. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets (p < 0.05), with PO and PFAD being equally preferred (p < 0.05). However, in this trial the hens demonstrated a preference for SO (low %FFA) when offered in choice with SA (high %FFA) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of saturation plays an important role in dietary fat preferences: hens prefer predominantly saturated oils even when these are rich in FFA. Furthermore, when presented with a choice between predominantly unsaturated oils, hens prefer feed with a low %FFA. In conclusion, %FFA and the U:S ratio affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages.

Effects of Edible Oils with Different n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratios on Articular Cartilage Degeneration via Regulating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Osteoarthritis (OA), a common chronic disease, is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and inflammation. Recent studies report that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit protective effects against OA, while n-6 PUFAs are more likely to damage cartilage. However, the effects of edible oils with different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on OA are rarely reported. This study investigates the effect of linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), and peanut oil (PO) on cartilage changes in mice joints following destabilization of the medial meniscus. We determined the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios of LO, SO, and PO used in this experiment to be 1:3.85, 9.15:1, and 372.73:1, respectively. After 12 weeks of LO or SO feeding, OA mice showed increased cartilage thickness and decreased TNF-α in both the serum and cartilage, whereas no improvement was found in the PO group. This may be due to the fact that LO and SO optimized the fatty acid composition of articular cartilage. We further demonstrated that LO or SO activated GPR120 and attenuated EP4, which was followed by inhibition of the NFκB pathway and its downstream matrix-degrading enzymes: MMP13 and ADAMTS5. In conclusion, edible oils with low n-6/n-3 PUFA retard OA progression via inhibiting the NFκB pathway. This study provides a dietary guidance for OA patients.

Soybean lecithin as an alternative energy source for grower and finisher broiler chickens: impact on performance, fatty acid digestibility, gut health, and abdominal fat saturation degree

An experiment was performed to assess the inclusion of soybean lecithin (SL) in the replacement of soybean oil (SO), for grower and finisher broiler chicken diets (up to 15 d of life), and its effects on performance, fatty acid (FA) absorption, gut health, and saturation degree of the abdominal fat pad (AFP). A total of 1,440 female Ross-308 chickens were distributed in 60 pens and were fed 5 experimental diets. The control diet (T1) was supplemented with SO (grower and finisher diets at 2.00%), and 4 levels of SL were included in replacement: T2 (0.25% in grower and 0.50% in finisher diets), T3 (0.50% in grower and 1.00% in finisher diets), T4 (0.75% in grower and 1.50% in finisher diets), and T5 (1.00% in grower and 2.00% in finisher diets). At day 39, titanium dioxide was added to finisher diets at 5 g/kg to perform a digestibility balance. At day 46, AFP, tissue, and gut digesta samples were collected to characterize FA digestibility, adipose saturation degree, microbial groups, and histomorphometry. No effects were associated with SO replacement by SL on performance (P > 0.05), ileal digestibility of total, saturated and monounsaturated FA (P > 0.05), nor jejunal morphology (P > 0.05). Total replacement of SO by SL reduced ileal absorption of polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.02) and increased jejunal Lactobacillus spp. counts (P = 0.049). Higher levels of SL inclusion (T4 and T5) lowered polyunsaturated FA concentration of the AFP (P = 0.002) and, thus, slightly reduced its unsaturated-to-saturated FA ratio (P = 0.005). Soybean lecithin inclusion did not modify performance parameters, total FA absorption, nor jejunal morphology, however caused changes on polyunsaturated FA absorption, jejunal microbiota, and saturation degree of the AFP. The study demonstrates that soybean lecithin can be included, in combination with or in replacement of soybean oil, as an alternative energy source for grower (up to a 1%) and finisher broiler diets (up to 2%).

A Villin-Driven Fxr Transgene Modulates Enterohepatic Bile Acid Homeostasis and Response to an n-6-Enriched High-Fat Diet

A diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may contribute to inflammation and tissue damage associated with obesity and pathologies of the colon and liver. One contributing factor may be dysregulation by n-6 fatty acids of enterohepatic bile acid (BA) metabolism. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates BA homeostasis in the liver and intestine. This study aims to compare the effects on FXR regulation and BA metabolism of a palm oil-based diet providing 28% energy (28%E) from fat and low n-6 linoleic acid (LA, 2.5%E) (CNTL) with those of a soybean oil-based diet providing 50%E from fat and high (28%E) in LA (n-6HFD). Wild-type (WT) littermates and a transgenic mouse line overexpressing the Fxrα1 isoform under the control of the intestine-specific Villin promoter (Fxrα1^TG) were fed the CNTL or n-6HFD starting at weaning through 16 weeks of age. Compared to the CNTL diet, the n-6HFD supports higher weight gain in both WT and Fxrα^TG littermates; increases the expression of Fxrα1/2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ1 (Pparγ1) in the small intestine, Fxrα1/2 in the colon, and cytochrome P4507A1 (Cyp7a1) and small heterodimer protein (Shp) in the liver; and augments the levels of total BA in the liver, and primary chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), cholic (CA), and β-muricholic (βMCA) acid in the cecum. Intestinal overexpression of the Fxra1^TG augments expression of Shp and ileal bile acid-binding protein (Ibabp) in the small intestine and Ibabp in the proximal colon. Conversely, it antagonizes n-6HFD-dependent accumulation of intestinal and hepatic CDCA and CA; hepatic levels of Cyp7a1; and expression of Pparγ in the small intestine. We conclude that intestinal Fxrα1 overexpression represses hepatic de novo BA synthesis and protects against n-6HFD-induced accumulation of human-specific primary bile acids in the cecum.

Assessment of Soybean Oil Oxidative Stability from Rapid Analysis of its Minor Component Profile

The minor components of vegetable oils are important for their oxidative stability. In order to know to what extent they can influence oil behaviour under oxidative conditions, two commercial soybean oils, one virgin and the other refined, both with very similar compositions in acyl groups but differing in their minor component profiles, were subjected to accelerated storage conditions. They were characterized by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and direct immersion solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (DI-SPME-GC/MS), while oil oxidation was monitored by ¹H-NMR. The lower levels of tocols and sterols in the virgin oil, together with its higher free fatty acid content when compared to the refined one, result in a lower oxidative stability. This is deduced from faster degradation of acyl groups and earlier generation of hydroperoxides, epoxides, and aldehydes in the virgin oil. These findings reveal that commercial virgin soybean oil quality is not necessarily higher than that of the refined type, and that a simple and rapid analysis of oil minor components by DI-SPME-GC/MS would enable one to establish quality levels within oils originating from the same plant species and similar unsaturation level regarding composition in potentially bioactive compounds and oxidative stability.

Preparation and Properties of Plant-Oil-Based Epoxy Acrylate-Like Resins for UV-Curable Coatings

Novel oil-based epoxy acrylate (EA)-like prepolymers were synthesized via the ring-opening reaction of epoxidized plant oils with a new unsaturated carboxyl acid precursor (MAAMA) synthesized by reacting maleic anhydride (MA) with methallyl alcohol (MAA). Since the employed epoxidized oils including epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), epoxidized rubber seed oil (ERSO), and epoxidized wilsoniana seed oil (EWSO) possessed epoxy values of 7.34–4.38%, the obtained epoxy acrylate (EA)-like prepolymers (MMESO, MMERSO, and MMEWSO) indicated a C=C functionality of 7.81–4.40 per triglyceride. Furthermore, effects of the C=C functionality and the addition of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) diluent on the ultimate properties of the resulting UV-cured EA-like materials were investigated and compared with those of commercially available acrylated ESO (AESO) resins. As the C=C functionality increased, the storage modulus at 25 °C (E’₂₅), glass transition temperature (T_g), 5% weight–loss temperature (T₅), tensile strength and modulus (σ and E), and hardness of the coating for both the pure EA and EA/HEMA resins increased significantly as well. These properties indicated similar trends when comparing the EA materials with 30% of HEMA with those pure EA materials. Specially, although ERSO had a clearly lower epoxy value that ESO, both the UV-cured pure MMERSO and MMERSO/HEMA materials showed much better E’₂₅, T_g, σ, and E than their AESO counterparts, indicating that the MAAMA modification of epoxidized plant oils was much more effective than the modification of acrylic acid to achieve high-performance oil-based epoxy acrylate resins.

Stearidonic-Enriched Soybean Oil Modulates Obesity, Glucose Metabolism, and Fatty Acid Profiles Independently of Akkermansia muciniphila

SCOPE

Previous studies have suggested that diets rich in omega-3 and low in omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can limit the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Transgenic soybeans yielding oils enriched for omega-3 PUFAs represent a new and readily-available option for incorporating omega-3 PUFAs into diets to provide health benefits.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Transgenic soybean oils, enriched for either stearidonic acid (SDA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are incorporated into diets to test their effects on limiting the development of MetS in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Supplementation with SDA- but not EPA-enriched oils improved features of MetS compared to feeding a control wild-type oil. Because previous studies have linked the gut microorganism Akkermansia muciniphila to the metabolic effects of feeding omega-3 PUFAs, the causal contribution of A. muciniphila to mediating the metabolic benefits provided by SDA-enriched diets is investigated. Although A. muciniphila is not required for SDA-induced metabolic improvements, this microorganism does modulate levels of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids in host adipose tissues.

CONCLUSION

Together, these findings support the utilization of SDA-enriched diets to modulate weight gain, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid profiles of liver and adipose tissue.

Effect of dietary oils from various sources on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in mice

Background

Dietary oils differ in their fatty acid composition and the presence of additional microcomponents (antioxidants, etc.). These differences are thought to invoke different biochemical pathways, thus affecting fats and carbohydrates metabolism differently. Olive oil (OO) and soybean oil (SO) are common vegetable oils in the local cuisine. Peanuts oils of local varieties are viewed as potential sources of dietary vegetable oils, especially in the food industry.

Objective

We examined the effect of four different dietary vegetable oils on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mice. The selected oils were OO, high in oleic acid, extracted from cultivated high oleic acid peanut (C-PO), regular peanut oil (PO), and SO.

Design

In this study, 32 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 in each group) and were fed with four different diets enriched with 4% (w/w) dietary vegetable oils (OO, C-PO, PO, or SO). After 10 weeks, the mice were sacrificed. Western blot was used to examine proteins such as phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), ace-tyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), whereas real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1C), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and CD36 transcripts.

Results

In mice-fed SO, lipid accumulation was predominately in adipose tissue, accompanied a tendency decrease in insulin sensitivity. Mice-fed OO had lower plasma triglycerides (TG) and increased hepatic CD36 gene expression. The C-PO group presented lower messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the liver for all examined genes: SREBP-1c, FAS, G6Pase, and CD36. There were no significant differences in weight gain, plasma cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, hepatic ACC, SIRT1, AMPK, and CD36 protein levels or in liver function among the diets.

Discussion

It seems that as long as fat is consumed in moderation, oil types may play a lesser role in the metabolism of healthy individuals.

Conclusion

This finding has the potential to increase flexibility in choosing oil types for consumption.

Fabrication of Concentrated Palm Olein-Based Diacylglycerol Oil-Soybean Oil Blend Oil-In-Water Emulsion: In-Depth Study of the Rheological Properties and Storage Stability

The present study focused on investigating the storage stability of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with high oil volume fractions prepared with palm olein-based diacylglycerol oil (POL-DAG)/soybean oil (SBO) blends at 25 °C. The incorporation of different ratios of oil blends significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the texture, color, droplet size distribution, and rheological parameters of the emulsions. Only emulsions incorporated with 10% to 20% POL-DAG in oil phase exhibited pseudoplastic behavior that fitted the Power Law model well. Furthermore, the O/W emulsions prepared with POL-DAG/SBO blends exhibited elastic properties, with G’ higher than G”. During storage, the emulsion was found to be less solid-like with the increase in tan δ values. All emulsions produced with POL-DAG/SBO blends also showed thixotropic behavior. Optical microscopy revealed that the POL-DAG incorporation above 40% caused aggregated droplets to coalesce and flocculate and, thus, larger droplet sizes were observed. The current results demonstrated that the 20% POL-DAG substituted emulsion was more stable than the control emulsion. The valuable insights gained from this study would be able to generate a lot more possible applications using POL-DAG, which could further sustain the competitiveness of the palm oil industry.

Prospective clinical trial examining the impact of genetic variation in FADS1 on the metabolism of linoleic acid- and ɣ-linolenic acid-containing botanical oils

BACKGROUND

Unexplained heterogeneity in clinical trials has resulted in questions regarding the effectiveness of ɣ-linolenic acid (GLA)-containing botanical oil supplements. This heterogeneity may be explained by genetic variation within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster that is associated with circulating and tissue concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA) and dihomo-ɣ-linolenic acid (DGLA), both of which may be synthesized from GLA and result in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory metabolites, respectively.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to prospectively compare the capacity of a non-Hispanic white cohort, stratified by FADS genotype at the key single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs174537, to metabolize 18-carbon omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs in borage oil (BO) and soybean oil (SO) to GLA, DGLA, and ARA.

METHODS

Healthy adults (n = 64) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover intervention. Individuals received encapsulated BO (Borago officinalis L.; 37% LA and 23% GLA) or SO [Glycine max (L.) Merr.; 50% LA and 0% GLA] for 4 wk, followed by an 8-wk washout period, before consuming the opposite oil for 4 wk. Serum lipids and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein) were assessed for both oil types at baseline and during weeks 2 and 4 of the intervention.

RESULTS

SO supplementation failed to alter circulating concentrations of any n-6 long-chain PUFAs. In contrast, a modest daily dose of BO elevated serum concentrations of GLA and DGLA in an rs174537 genotype-dependent manner. In particular, DGLA increased by 57% (95% CI: 0.38, 0.79) in GG genotype individuals, but by 141% (95% CI: 1.03, 2.85) in TT individuals. For ARA, baseline concentrations varied substantially by genotype and increased modestly with BO supplementation, suggesting a key role for FADS variation in the balance of DGLA and ARA.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study clearly suggest that personalized and population-based approaches considering FADS genetic variation may be necessary to optimize the design of future clinical studies with GLA-containing oils. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02337231.

Enhanced Immune Responses with Serum Proteomic Analysis of Hu Sheep to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Emulsified in a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

Our previous study demonstrated that a vegetable oil consisting of soybean oil, vitamin E, and ginseng saponins (SO-VE-GS) had an adjuvant effect on a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in a mouse model. The present study was to compare the adjuvant effects of SO-VE-GS and the conventional ISA 206 on an FMD vaccine in Hu sheep. Animals were intramuscularly (i.m.) immunized twice at a 3-week interval with 1 mL of an FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS (n = 10) or ISA 206 (n = 9). Animals without immunization served as control (n = 10). Blood was sampled prior to vaccination and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post the booster immunization to detect FMD virus (FMDV)-specific IgG. Blood collected at 8 weeks after the booster was used for the analyses of IgG1 and IgG2, serum neutralizing (SN) antibody, IL-4 and IFN-γ production, and proteomic profiles. The results showed that IgG titers rose above the protection level (1:128) in SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 groups after 2 and 4 weeks post the booster immunization. At 6 weeks post the booster, the ISA 206 group had 1 animal with IgG titer less than 1:128 while all the animals in the SO-VE-GS group retained IgG titers of more than 1:128. At 8 weeks post the booster, 6 of 9 animals had IgG titers less than 1:128 with a protective rate of 33.3% in the ISA 206 group, while only 1 of 10 animals had IgG titer less than 1:128 with a protective rate of 90% in the SO-VE-GS group, with statistical significance. In addition, IgG1, IgG2, SN antibodies, IL-4, and IFN-γ in the SO-VE-GS group were significantly higher than those of the ISA 206 group. Different adjuvant effects of SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 may be explained by the different proteomic profiles in the two groups. There were 39 and 47 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified in SO-VE-GS compared to the control or ISA 206 groups, respectively. In SO-VE-GS vs. control, 3 immune related gene ontology (GO) terms and 8 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were detected, while 2 immune related GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways were found in ISA 206 vs. control. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that 'positive regulation of cytokine secretion', 'Th1/Th2 cell differentiation', and 'Toll-like receptor signaling pathways', were obviously enriched in the SO-VE-GS group compared to the other groups. Coupled with protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, we found that B7TJ15 (MAPK14) was a key DEP for SO-VE-GS to activate the immune responses in Hu sheep. Therefore, SO-VE-GS might be a promising adjuvant for an FMD vaccine in Hu sheep.

Pomegranate peel methanolic-extract improves the shelf-life of edible-oils under accelerated oxidation conditions

Natural antioxidants extracted from agri-waste resources have gained increased economic, sustainable, and health attention due to their sustainability, safer food-applications, and beneficial components. Pomegranate peel extracts (Punica Granatum L.) have natural phytochemicals with superior protective effects stabilizing a variety of the most common vegetable oils consumed globally. Among five different pomegranate peel extracts, methanolic extract has maximum total phenolic content of 18.89%, a total flavonoid content of 13.95 mg QE kg-1, and a relative antioxidant activity of 93% when compared to other pomegranate peel extracts. Additionally, the HPLC analysis of pomegranate peel methanolic extract exhibited the maximum number of phenolic and flavonoid fractions. HPLC fractions showed that pyrogallol and ellagic acids were the most abundant phenolic compounds with 453 and 126 mg kg-1, respectively. In terms of flavonoid fractions, hesperidine and quercetrin were the highest detected-flavonoids with about 50 and 35 mg kg-1, respectively, from HPLC flavonoids fractions. Therefore, pomegranate peel methanolic extract was selected at different concentrations (100, 200, 400, and 600 ppm) for the stabilizing experiment of Egyptian freshly refined edible oils (sunflower, soybean, and corn oils) in comparison with synthetic antioxidant (tert-butyl hydroquinone TBHQ-200 ppm) during accelerated storage at 70°C for 10 days. The results from the accelerated storage experiment indicated that pomegranate peel methanolic extract (at different concentrations: 200, 400, and 600 ppm) exhibited stronger antioxidant capability in all tested oils rather than negative controls (without antioxidant) and synthetic antioxidant TBHQ-200. Under accelerated oxidation conditions, pomegranate peel methanolic extract have the potential capability to improve the shelf life of edible oils in comparison with the most powerful synthetic antioxidant (TBHQ-200 ppm).

Intravenous Fish Oil Monotherapy as a Source of Calories and Fatty Acids Promotes Age-Appropriate Growth in Pediatric Patients with Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease

OBJECTIVE

To compare growth in children with intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) who received a fish oil intravenous lipid emulsion (FOLE) to those who received a soybean oil intravenous lipid emulsion (SOLE).

STUDY DESIGN

This multisite, retrospective study pair-matched FOLE (n = 82) to SOLE recipients (n = 41) using baseline serum direct bilirubin levels and postmenstrual age. Study subjects received open-label FOLE (1 g/kg/day) until IFALD resolved or parenteral nutrition was stopped. Historical control subjects received SOLE (up to 3 g/kg/day). Growth measures (changes in body weight, height/length, and head circumference), prealbumin, triglycerides, and glucose were compared between groups over time using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

RESULTS

Although changes in all of the growth measures were similar for both groups (P > .05), FOLE recipients demonstrated an overall improved growth trajectory. After 28 weeks, FOLE recipients had a mean body weight within a z score range of -1 to 1 indicating age-appropriate growth. FOLE recipients consistently had higher prealbumin, lower triglyceride, and more normal glucose concentrations over time compared with SOLE recipients.

CONCLUSIONS

Children with IFALD who received FOLE had similar growth and fewer metabolic abnormalities compared with those who received SOLE.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00910104 and NCT00738101.

Soybean Oil Modulates the Gut Microbiota Associated with Atherogenic Biomarkers

During the last few decades there has been a staggering rise in human consumption of soybean-oil (SO). The microbiome and specific taxa composing it are dramatically affected by diet; specifically, by high-fat diets. Increasing evidence indicates the association between dysbiosis and health or disease state, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis pathogenesis in human and animal models. To investigate the effects of high SO intake, C57BL/6 mice were orally supplemented with SO-based emulsion (SOE) for one month, followed by analyses of atherosclerosis-related biomarkers and microbiota profiling by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA. SOE-supplementation caused compositional changes to 64 taxa, including enrichment in Bacteroidetes, Mucispirillum, Prevotella and Ruminococcus, and decreased Firmicutes. These changes were previously associated with atherosclerosis in numerous studies. Among the shifted taxa, 40 significantly correlated with at least one atherosclerosis-related biomarker (FDR < 0.05), while 13 taxa positively correlated with the average of all biomarkers. These microbial alterations also caused a microbial-derived metabolic-pathways shift, including enrichment in different amino-acid metabolic-pathways known to be implicated in CVD. In conclusion, our results demonstrate dysbiosis following SOE supplementation associated with atherosclerosis-related biomarkers. These findings point to the microbiome as a possible mediator to CVD, and it may be implemented into non-invasive diagnostic tools or as potential therapeutic strategies.

Compatibilization of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) and Bio-Based Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Rubber (EPDM) via Reactive Extrusion with Different Coagents

Much effort has been made to enhance the toughness of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to broaden its possible range of usage in technical applications. In this work, the compatibility of PLA with a partly bio-based ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber (EPDM) through reactive extrusion was investigated. The concentration of EPDM in the PLA matrix was in the range of up to 20%. The reactive extrusion was carried out in a conventional twin-screw extruder. Contact angle measurements were performed to calculate the interfacial tension and thus the compatibility between the phases. The thermal and mechanical properties as well as the phase morphology of the blends were characterized. A copolymer of poly (ethylene-co-methyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EMAGMA) was used as compatibilizer, which leads to a significant reduction in the particle size of the dispersed rubber phase when compared with the blends without this copolymer. The use of EMAGMA combined with soybean oil (SBO) and a radical initiator enhances the elongation at break of the compound. The results indicate that the reduction of the particle size of the dispersed phase obtained with the compatibilizer alone is not sufficient to improve the mechanical properties of the blend system. The induced radical reactions also influenced the mechanical properties of the blend significantly.

The effect of encapsulated plant extract of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in biopolymer nanoemulsions of Lepidium perfoliatum and Orchis mascula on controlling oxidative stability of soybean oil

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulation method on antioxidant properties of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) extract. The extracts of the Hyssop were obtained by ultrasound assisted techniques, and the amount of phenolic compounds was 117.43 ± 9.22 (mg of gallic acid per 100 g of extract). The antioxidant activity of extracts in concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm was measured using DPPH free radical scavenging method and compared with 100 ppm of TBHQ synthetic antioxidants. The results showed that by increasing in concentration of the extract, the antioxidant activity of the extract increased. The Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum and Orchis mascula were chosen as coating material. Encapsulation was performed by emulsion production method. The antioxidant effects of nanocapsules in oil during 40 days of storage at 60°C were measured, which increased the oxidation of oil over time. The lowest amount of oil oxidation during storage compared to control samples was observed in samples containing nano encapsulated Hyssop extract due to reducing in release rate of the extract during storage and more protection of the extract. The results of this study suggest that encapsulation is an effective way to increase the antioxidant activity of the extract and could be increased the shelf life of edible oils with natural antioxidants.

Volatile compound profiling from soybean oil in the heating process

Soybean oil heating or cooking is a very complicated process. In order to better understand the composition of the volatile compounds from soybean oil during heating process, volatile profiling was carried out through vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with GC-MS. As a result, a total of 72 volatile compounds were detected and identified during this process, including aldehydes (27), alcohols (14), ketones (10), furans (6), aromatic compounds (9), acids, and esters (6). And the forming temperature of each volatile was determined. Results show most of volatile aldehydes and alcohols were formed at 120°C leading to release off-flavor largely, which was considered as a critical temperature point for the formation of soybean oil flavor during the whole heating process. Meanwhile, ketones and furans were formed at 150°C, and acids were detected at 180°C. The content of most volatile compounds increased significantly with the temperature raised. Simultaneously, results of principal component analysis demonstrate that flavor characteristics of soybean oil have a big difference between higher and lower temperature in the heating process.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Carbonyl-Amine Adducts Formed in Soybean Oil Fortified with Phosphatidylethanolamine

Non-enzymatic browning reactions between lipid aldehydes and aminophospholipids might play an important role in the oxidative stability of cold-pressed vegetable oils. We, therefore, aimed to study the Maillard-type reaction between hexanal, a lipid oxidation product of linoleic acid, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE (16:0/18:1)) at a ratio of 2:1 at conditions representative of the extraction of cold-pressed soybean oils (CPSBO) and determine the radical scavenging activity of the carbonyl-amine adducts with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The reaction product, 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine, could be identified by means of LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The formation of this nitrogen-containing heterocycle significantly increased with time and temperature (p < 0.05). The products formed during the carbonyl-amine reaction between PE (16:0/18:1) and hexanal at 60 °C showed a radical scavenging activity of approximately 20% (p < 0.05). The fraction, containing 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine, contributed to, but was not solely responsible for, the radical scavenging activity (p < 0.05). Incubation of CPSBO fortified with PE (16:0/18:1) at 60 °C for 60 min had the strongest radical scavenging activity of 85.1 ± 0.62%. Besides 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine, other carbonyl-amine adducts might impact the radical scavenging activity of CPSBO as well. The oxidative stability of CPSBO might be increased by promoting the formation of carbonyl-amine reaction products, such as 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine.

Effect of different types and levels of fat addition and pellet binders on physical pellet quality of broiler feeds

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different types and levels of mixer-added fat (soybean oil: SO and calcium fat powder: CFP) and pellet binders (PBs: calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS) and bentonite (Ben)) on physical pellet quality (PPQ) parameters. PPQ included pellet durability index (PDI), pellet hardness, and pellet length of broiler diets processed under short-term conditioning. The first experiment had 4 treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 types (SO and CFP) and 2 levels (1.5 and 3%) of mixer-added fat. In the second experiment, 22 treatments, combinations of 2 types of mixer-added fat (SO and CFP) at 3 levels (0, 1.5 and 3%) and 2 types of PB (CaLS = 0, 0.5, and 1% and Ben = 0, 1, and 2%), were arranged by a completely randomized design. PDI was measured by 2 devices: Pfost Tumbling box (PDIT) and Holmen NHP tester (PDIH). The results showed that the diets containing 1.5% CFP without PB had significant differences in all PPQ parameters. The results revealed that adding 0.5% CaLS to the 3% SO diets significantly enhanced PDIH, pellet hardness, and pellet length compared to other treatments. Moreover, 1.5% CFP diets with 2% Ben had significantly higher PDIT, PDIH, and pellet hardness among the treatments. Based on contour plots, different levels of Ben in the diets containing SO failed to create optimum PDIT values (>96%). However, 1.5 to 2.50% CFP diets without Ben had the optimum PDIT values. The optimum PDIT value was achieved by the diets containing 3% SO in the range of 0.21 to 0.56% CaLS. Furthermore, adding 0.5% CaLS to the diets containing less than 2.86% SO resulted in suboptimal PDIT values (<96%). The diets containing 1.5 to 2.50% CFP without CaLS had the optimum PDIT values. However, increasing CaLS levels more than 0.38% led to suboptimal PDIT values. Overall, these results indicated that the selection of appropriate PBs should be based on type and level of mixer-added fat.

Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

The present study evaluated soybean oil (SO) containing vitamin E (VE) and ginseng saponins (GS) (SO-VE-GS) for their adjuvant effect on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Since mineral oil ISA 206 is a common adjuvant used in the FMD vaccine, it was used as a control adjuvant in this study. VE and GS were found to have a synergistic adjuvant effect. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine emulsified in SO with VE and GS, significantly higher serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were found than VE and GS used alone. SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 behaved differently in adjuvant activities. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS, significantly higher and earlier production of serum IgG was found than that adjuvanted with ISA 206. Although both adjuvants significantly increased the number of bone marrow plasma cells, a stimulation index of lymphocytes (SI) as well as the production of IL-4 and IL-6, SO-VE-GS promoted significantly higher SI and the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells with production of increased IFN-γ and decreased TGF-β1 as compared with the ISA 206 group. The data suggested that SO-VE-GS activated Th1/Th2 immune responses. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), immune-related gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly enriched in the SO-VE-GS group. Therefore, the potent adjuvant effect of SO-VE-GS on the FMD vaccine may be attributed to the immune-related gene profile expressed in lymphocytes. Due to its plant origin and due to being much cheaper than imported mineral oil ISA 206, SO-VE-GS deserves further study in relation to vaccines used in food animals.