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Abstract
Research on privilege and education often focuses on institutions that are elite in a rather traditional way, for example schools that instruct the children of the upper classes according to a reproductive logic that reinforces existing inequalities. The present article addresses the fostering of advantage from the angle of a more ambiguous case. The Global College, a municipal Swedish upper secondary school specialized in environmental issues and global justice, offers an empirical prism for discussing the cultivation of elite identification through the formative potential of an egalitarian ethos. The relation between ethics and class is examined, not only in terms of how moral stands are classed, but also by investigating into the productive capacities of such orientation. Through extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the study unfolds how a possible tension between egalitarianism and elitism resolves into a productive relation whereby the students' incarnation of ethico-political ideals becomes a means for developing agency, confidence, entrepreneurial skills and an overall sense of ease.
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152
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Ferry-Danini J. Should phenomenological approaches to illness be wary of naturalism? Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 2019; 73:10-18. [PMID: 29895411 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In some quarters within philosophy of medicine, more particularly in the phenomenological approaches, naturalism is looked upon with suspicion. This paper argues, first, that it is necessary to distinguish between two expressions of this attitude towards naturalism: phenomenological approaches to illness disagree with naturalism regarding various theoretical claims and they disapprove of naturalism on an ethical level. Second, this paper argues that both the disagreement with and the disapproval of naturalism are to a large extent confused. It then offers some proposals to set up an agenda for future collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Ferry-Danini
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Lettres, Research Team Sciences, Normes, Décision, G071, 1 rue Victor Cousin, 75005, Paris, France..
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153
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Weed K. Microbial Perspectives: Mark Twain's Imaginative Experiment in Ethics. Lit Med 2019; 37:219-240. [PMID: 31402349 DOI: 10.1353/lm.2019.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While New Materialism and Object Oriented Ontology have provided frameworks to consider human relationships to nonhuman beings and objects in the twenty-first century, scientists and authors explored similar ethical dilemmas brought about by the newly identified presence of microorganisms in what had previously been imagined as a human world at the turn of the twentieth century. This essay considers Mark Twain's later fiction alongside the work of American bacteriologist Herbert W. Conn. Already invested in undermining human exceptionalism through scalar differences in his Mysterious Stranger manuscripts (1897-1908), Twain adapts Conn's bacteriology to experiment with microbial ethics in Three Thousand Years Among the Microbes (1905). While Conn uses microbes to assert scientific mastery and professional authority, Twain uses them to experiment with ethical structures on nonhuman scales. I argue that the failures of Twain's imaginative experiment dramatize the practical challenges to radically inclusive ethical structures proposed by New Materialists and others.
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154
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155
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Kimmelman J. Ethical issues in the development of oncology drugs. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2018; 16:644-647. [PMID: 30543593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kimmelman
- STREAM Research Group, Biomedical Ethics Unit, Department of Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
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156
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Zhao L, Heyman GD, Chen L, Sun W, Zhang R, Lee K. Cheating in the name of others: Offering prosocial justifications promotes unethical behavior in young children. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 177:187-196. [PMID: 30216777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current research examined whether young children engage in unethical behavior to a greater extent when they have a prosocial justification for doing so. Participants (3- and 5-year-olds, N = 240) played a guessing game in which they were tempted to cheat to win a prize after promising not to do so. In Study 1, children were randomly assigned to either an experimental prosocial condition in which they were told that the prize would be given to a child who was unable to play the game or a control condition in which they were told that they would get to keep the prize for themselves. The 5-year-olds, but not the 3-year-olds, were more likely to cheat in the prosocial condition than in the control condition. Studies 2a and 2b revealed that older children's tendency to engage in prosocial cheating was driven by their concern with signaling to others that they are prosocial. These findings suggest that the tendency to act unethically to benefit others emerges early in development and that this tendency may reflect children's interest in prosocial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gail D Heyman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lulu Chen
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin Sun
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada; Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, People's Republic of China
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157
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Hall TE, Piso Z, Engebretson J, O’Rourke M. Evaluating a dialogue-based approach to teaching about values and policy in graduate transdisciplinary environmental science programs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202948. [PMID: 30180190 PMCID: PMC6122781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses a formal evaluation of new curricular materials and activities designed to foster understanding of three key issues-expertise, risk, and sociopolitical constraints-related to values and policy in transdisciplinary environmental science. We begin by describing the three issues, along with current thinking about the most appropriate ways to address them in the context of transdisciplinary environmental science. We then describe how we created curricular materials and activities focusing on these three issues that could be tailored for use in a wide range of graduate environmental science programs. The curriculum was adapted by instructors for use in five graduate classes at two US universities, and we used a pre-test, post-test mixed methods design to evaluate its effects on students' ethical reasoning about values and policy. The results of this evaluation suggest that our semi-structured, dialogue-based curriculum enhances student awareness of and reasoning about values and policy in environmental research. We close with several educational recommendations for transdisciplinary environmental science programs that are grounded in our experience with this curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy E. Hall
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zachary Piso
- Department of Philosophy, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jesse Engebretson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael O’Rourke
- Department of Philosophy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- AgBioResearch, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Interdisciplinarity, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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158
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Abstract
Ready data availability, cheap storage capacity, and powerful tools for extracting information from data have the potential to significantly enhance the human condition. However, as with all advanced technologies, this comes with the potential for misuse. Ethical oversight and constraints are needed to ensure that an appropriate balance is reached. Ethical issues involving data may be more challenging than the ethical challenges of some other advanced technologies partly because data and data science are ubiquitous, having the potential to impact all aspects of life, and partly because of their intrinsic complexity. We explore the nature of data, personal data, data ownership, consent and purpose of use, trustworthiness of data as well as of algorithms and of those using the data, and matters of privacy and confidentiality. A checklist is given of topics that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hand
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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159
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Biondi M, Picardi A. I nuovi "casi difficili" in psichiatria. Riv Psichiatr 2018; 53:223-232. [PMID: 30353198 DOI: 10.1708/3000.30002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In psichiatria, come nelle altre discipline mediche, esistono casi che sono "difficili" per le loro caratteristiche cliniche. Recentemente, sembra tuttavia emergere un nuovo tipo di casi che risultano "difficili" per ragioni non tanto psicopatologiche quanto piuttosto gestionali, di responsabilità e sicurezza. Alcuni di questi casi caratterizzano in particolare la psichiatria italiana, e coinvolgono soprattutto i clinici delle strutture pubbliche. In varie situazioni, essi implicano comportamenti autolesivi ed eterolesivi non prevedibili né prevenibili nonostante l'impegno degli operatori, un problema ancora scarsamente riconosciuto per le responsabilità stesse. La riforma sanitaria del 1978 ha posto l'Italia in una posizione di avanguardia nel mondo riguardo al sistema dell'assistenza territoriale in salute mentale, che ha compiuto negli ultimi quarant'anni grandi passi avanti rispetto al precedente assetto. Ultimamente si sono tuttavia verificati cambiamenti sociali, epidemiologici, psicopatologici e dei bisogni che hanno creato nuovi problemi e difficoltà all'assistenza psichiatrica. Tra questi cambiamenti figurano la crescente complessità delle grandi aree metropolitane; il fenomeno immigratorio; la massiccia crescita nell'utilizzo di sostanze; le modificazioni del profilo di responsabilità del medico; l'introduzione di complesse normative sulla sicurezza, il trattamento dei dati, il consenso alle cure e la competenza a decidere della persona con disturbi mentali. Come conseguenza, gli operatori si trovano oggi ad affrontare nuove difficoltà di tipo organizzativo e gestionale, e questioni problematiche relative alla sicurezza sia del paziente sia del sanitario, con un crescente profilo di responsabilità etica, deontologica e medico legale del sanitario stesso. Auspichiamo che le riflessioni qui proposte possano stimolare un dibattito costruttivo per migliorare le condizioni di lavoro degli operatori impegnati quotidianamente nel migliorare gli esiti clinici dei propri pazienti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Biondi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Umane, Ospedale Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza Università di Roma
| | - Angelo Picardi
- Centro di Riferimento per le Scienze Comportamentali e la Salute Mentale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma
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160
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Hogan S, Dunne J. Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Focused Debate on the Development of Ethical Reasoning Skills in Pharmacy Technician Students. Am J Pharm Educ 2018; 82:6280. [PMID: 30181667 PMCID: PMC6116869 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of debating an ethical dilemma on the development of ethical reasoning skills in pharmacy technician students. Methods. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. This included analysis of before and after 5-minute papers, a sentiment survey, thematic analysis of student reflective writing and a qualitative questionnaire by an independent observer. Results. Twenty-five students participated in the study. The 5-minute papers showed improvement in student learning. In the sentiment survey, 83% of students agreed or strongly agreed that they had a better understanding of ethical dilemmas following the debate. The main theme identified from student blogs was the variety of different opinions expressed during the debate. Conclusion. Debating was an effective means of exploring ethics with pharmacy technician students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seána Hogan
- College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Dunne
- College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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161
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van der Meiden J, Noordegraaf M, van Ewijk H. Applying the Paradigm of Relational Ethics into Contextual Therapy. Analyzing the practice of Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy. J Marital Fam Ther 2018; 44:499-511. [PMID: 28869763 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ivan Boszormenyi Nagy introduced with his contextual therapy a challenging theory into the world of family therapy. It is rooted in a relational ethical perspective on human relations and shifts the focus of therapy from pathology to evoking reciprocal care and a genuine dialogue, based on the conviction that inter-human relations are resources for individual growth and health. This article presents a research project on the practice of the founder himself, to describe how the principles of the contextual theory and therapy can be integrated into concrete therapeutic interventions. Using the Constant Comparison Method, the authors found six clusters of interventions representing methodical elements through which Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy applies the paradigm of his approach.
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162
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Gibbs L, Block K, MacDougall C, Harms L, Baker E, Richardson J, Ireton G, Gallagher HC, Bryant R, Lusher D, Pattison P, Watson J, Gillett J, Pirrone A, Molyneaux R, Sexton-Bruce S, Forbes D. Ethical Use and Impact of Participatory Approaches to Research in Post-Disaster Environments: An Australian Bushfire Case Study. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:5621609. [PMID: 29992153 PMCID: PMC6016147 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5621609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a case study of Beyond Bushfires, a large, multisite, mixed method study of the psychosocial impacts of major bushfires in Victoria, Australia. A participatory approach was employed throughout the study which was led by a team of academic investigators in partnership with service providers and government representatives and used on-site visits and multiple methods of communication with communities across the state to inform decision-making throughout the study. The ethics and impacts of conducting and adapting the approach within a post-disaster context will be discussed in reference to theories and models of participatory health research. The challenges of balancing local interests with state-wide implications will also be explored in the description of the methods of engagement and the study processes and outcomes. Beyond Bushfires demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating participatory methods in large, post-disaster research studies and achieving rigorous findings and multilevel impacts, while recognising the potential for some of the empowering aspects of the participatory experience to be reduced by the scaled-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Gibbs
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Disaster Management and Public Safety, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - K. Block
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - C. MacDougall
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L. Harms
- Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - E. Baker
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - J. Richardson
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Emergency Services, Australian Red Cross, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - G. Ireton
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - H. C. Gallagher
- Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - R. Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D. Lusher
- Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
| | - P. Pattison
- Department of Education, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J. Watson
- North-East Primary Care Partnership, West Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - J. Gillett
- Australian Rotary Health, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A. Pirrone
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - R. Molyneaux
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - S. Sexton-Bruce
- Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D. Forbes
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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163
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Pollock NW. Ethics Authorization for Research Reporting. Wilderness Environ Med 2018; 29:149-150. [PMID: 29631766 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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164
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the increasing professional use of social media within oncology health care practice. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed and lay publications. CONCLUSION Social media has changed the communication landscape over the last 15 years. An integral part of worldwide culture, oncology health care professionals can utilize social media to listen, learn, engage, and co-create to advance cancer care. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses must be aware of the professional uses for social media, how to use the media, and where to find evidence supporting health care social media efforts within cancer care.
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165
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Naji Z, Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Salamati P. Research Ethics Promotion in Higher Education Institutes. Sci Eng Ethics 2018; 24:817-818. [PMID: 28281151 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohrehsadat Naji
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, University Square, Sattari Express, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | | | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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166
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Bringedal B, Isaksson Rø K, Magelssen M, Førde R, Aasland OG. Between professional values, social regulations and patient preferences: medical doctors' perceptions of ethical dilemmas. J Med Ethics 2018; 44:239-243. [PMID: 29151056 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2017-104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present and discuss the results of a Norwegian survey of medical doctors' views on potential ethical dilemmas in professional practice. METHODS The study was conducted in 2015 as a postal questionnaire to a representative sample of 1612 doctors, among which 1261 responded (78%). We provided a list of 41 potential ethical dilemmas and asked whether each was considered a dilemma, and whether the doctor would perform the task, if in a position to do so. Conceptually, dilemmas arise because of tensions between two or more of four doctor roles: the patient's advocate, a steward of societal interests, a member of a profession and a private individual. RESULTS 27 of the potential dilemmas were considered dilemmas by at least 50% of the respondents. For more than half of the dilemmas, the anticipated course of action varied substantially within the professional group, with at least 20% choosing a different course than their colleagues, indicating low consensus in the profession. CONCLUSIONS Doctors experience a large range of ethical dilemmas, of which many have been given little attention by academic medical ethics. The less-discussed dilemmas are characterised by a low degree of consensus in the profession about how to handle them. There is a need for medical ethicists, medical education, postgraduate courses and clinical ethics support to address common dilemmas in clinical practice. Viewing dilemmas as role conflicts can be a fruitful approach to these discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Bringedal
- LEFO, Institute for Studies of the Medical Profession, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Morten Magelssen
- Centre for Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidun Førde
- Centre for Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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167
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Smith KC. Got Humanities? Astrobiology 2018; 18:465-467. [PMID: 29672139 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Smith
- 1 Department of Philosophy, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
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168
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Miller LF. The composite redesign of humanity's nature: a work in process. Theor Med Bioeth 2018; 39:157-164. [PMID: 29959656 PMCID: PMC6105192 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-018-9440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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169
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170
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Yh Kim
- 1 The Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland and Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James Flory
- 2 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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171
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Faith TD, Egede L, Williams EM. Research Ethics in Behavioral Interventions Among Special Populations: Lessons From the Peer Approaches to Lupus Self-Management Study. Am J Med Sci 2018; 355:104-112. [PMID: 29406037 PMCID: PMC5896319 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research involving a homogenous cohort of participants belonging to a special population must make considerations to recruit and protect the subjects. This study analyses the ethical considerations made in the peer approaches to lupus self-management project which pilot tested a peer mentoring intervention for African American women with systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS Considerations made at the outset of the project are described and their justifications and reasoning are given. Through analysis of feedback from a postintervention focus group and mentors' logs, implications on program outcomes and participant satisfaction are discussed. RESULTS Feedback indicated the importance of recruiting and training capable mentors, consistent contact from study staff to avert adverse events and avert fear or mistrust and careful consideration that must go into the pairing of mentors and mentees. Participant feedback also indicated that sensitive topics must be addressed carefully to prevent distress and dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Applying the lessons learned from this work as well as the considerations that proved successful may improve the contextualization and ethical conduct of behavioral interventions in special populations resulting in improved tailoring and acceptability toward historically underserved individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Faith
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Leonard Egede
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Edith M Williams
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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172
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Kermisch C, Depaus C. The Strength of Ethical Matrixes as a Tool for Normative Analysis Related to Technological Choices: The Case of Geological Disposal for Radioactive Waste. Sci Eng Ethics 2018; 24:29-48. [PMID: 28281155 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ethical matrix is a participatory tool designed to structure ethical reflection about the design, the introduction, the development or the use of technologies. Its collective implementation, in the context of participatory decision-making, has shown its potential usefulness. On the contrary, its implementation by a single researcher has not been thoroughly analyzed. The aim of this paper is precisely to assess the strength of ethical matrixes implemented by a single researcher as a tool for conceptual normative analysis related to technological choices. Therefore, the ethical matrix framework is applied to the management of high-level radioactive waste, more specifically to retrievable and non-retrievable geological disposal. The results of this analysis show that the usefulness of ethical matrixes is twofold and that they provide a valuable input for further decision-making. Indeed, by using ethical matrixes, implicit ethically relevant issues were revealed-namely issues of equity associated with health impacts and differences between close and remote future generations regarding ethical impacts. Moreover, the ethical matrix framework was helpful in synthesizing and comparing systematically the ethical impacts of the technologies under scrutiny, and hence in highlighting the potential ethical conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Kermisch
- Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Bioéthique, Service de Métrologie Nucléaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt (CP165/84), 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Depaus
- Organisme National des Déchets Radioactifs et des Matières Fissiles Enrichies (ONDRAF/NIRAS), Avenue des Arts 14, 1210, Brussels, Belgium
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173
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Ferencz Kaddari M, Koslowsky M, Weingarten MA. Ethical behaviour of physicians and psychologists: similarities and differences. J Med Ethics 2018; 44:97-100. [PMID: 28821577 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2016-103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the coping patterns of physicians and clinical psychologists when confronted with clinical ethical dilemmas and to explore consistency across different dilemmas. POPULATION 88 clinical psychologists and 149 family physicians in Israel. METHOD Six dilemmas representing different ethical domains were selected from the literature. Vignettes were composed for each dilemma, and seven possible behavioural responses for each were proposed, scaled from most to least ethical. The vignettes were presented to both family physicians and clinical psychologists. RESULTS Psychologists' aggregated mean ethical intention score, as compared with the physicians, was found to be significantly higher (F(6, 232)=22.44, p<0.001, η2=0.37). Psychologists showed higher ethical intent for two dilemmas: issues of payment (they would continue treating a non-paying patient while physicians would not) and dual relationships (they would avoid treating the son of a colleague). In the other four vignettes, psychologists and physicians responded in much the same way. The highest ethical intent scores for both psychologists and physicians were for confidentiality and a colleague's inappropriate practice due to personal problems. CONCLUSIONS Responses to the dilemmas by physicians and psychologists can be categorised into two groups: (1) similar behaviours on the part of both professions when confronting dilemmas concerning confidentiality, inappropriate practice due to personal problems, improper professional conduct and academic issues and (2) different behaviours when confronting either payment issues or dual relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michall Ferencz Kaddari
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Interdisciplinary Center, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Meni Koslowsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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174
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Hoffmaster B. From applied ethics to empirical ethics to contextual ethics. Bioethics 2018; 32:119-125. [PMID: 29280167 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioethics became applied ethics when it was assimilated to moral philosophy. Because deduction is the rationality of moral philosophy, subsuming facts under moral principles to deduce conclusions about what ought to be done became the prescribed reasoning of bioethics, and bioethics became a theory comprised of moral principles. Bioethicists now realize that applied ethics is too abstract and spare to apprehend the specificity, particularity, complexity and contingency of real moral issues. Empirical ethics and contextual ethics are needed to incorporate these features into morality, not just bioethics. The relevant facts and features of problems have to be identified, investigated and framed coherently, and potential resolutions have to be constructed and assessed. Moreover, these tasks are pursued and melded within manifold contexts, for example, families, work and health care systems, as well as societal, economic, legal and political backgrounds and encompassing worldviews. This naturalist orientation and both empirical ethics and contextual ethics require judgment, but how can judgment be rational? Rationality, fortunately, is more expansive than deductive reasoning. Judgment is rational when it emanates from a rational process of deliberation, and a process of deliberation is rational when it uses the resources of non-formal reason: observation, creative construction, formal and informal reasoning methods and systematic critical assessment. Empirical ethics and contextual ethics recognize that finite, fallible human beings live in complex, dynamic, contingent worlds, and they foster creative, critical deliberation and employ non-formal reason to make rational moral judgments.
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175
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Robinson PG. Editorial: Logos, Ethos and Pathos: Whither academia and public health in a post-truth world? Community Dent Health 2018; 35:3-4. [PMID: 29498246 DOI: 10.1922/cdh_march2018ed02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhetoric tells us there are three approaches to persuasive argument; logos, ethos and pathos (Bernanke, 2010). Logos is the appeal to logic by use of facts, data and analogies. Ethos is ethical appeal, focusing on the author's credibility or character with allied use of audience appropriate language and grammar. Pathos relates to emotional appeal by invoking sympathy, fear and anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Robinson
- Head of School, Oral and Dental Sciences, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK
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176
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177
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Abstract
This article examines three common strategies for dealing with the problems generated by the terms placebo and "placebo effect." These strategies are to redefine, to reconceptualize, and to eliminate our placebo language. The promise of these strategies is that a new language for talking about placebo phenomena may deliver clinical, ethical, and methodological advances. However, the nature and impact of these advances is rarely explored in detail. This article surveys some of the promised benefits of new terms such as "meaning response" and "contextual healing." The benefits are broadly similar across these strategies, but while they allow for clearer descriptions of phenomena and wider appreciation of the contextual aspects of medical practice, the open challenge for these strategies is not just to promise, but to show, the practical significance of their approaches to understanding placebo phenomena.
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178
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Štiak P, Straka Ľ. Alcohol abuse in road traffic: medical-legal aspects. Soud Lek 2018; 63:14-18. [PMID: 30441977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-affected road users - pedestrians or drivers are a significant risk factor for road accidents and injuries. Therefore, the issue of alcohol-related traffic accidents is logically a subject of great attention. However, the statistics results of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Slovak Republic and of the Police Force of the Slovak Republic clearly confirm the fact that in the Slovak Republic the above-mentioned problem of the whole society is not sufficiently eliminated. The legislation implemented since 2011 should therefore lead to more substantial and effective prevention in this area. From the point of view of the current knowledge from the Forensic Medicine Department, the current legislative regulation of the Slovak Republic is still insufficient and will require some changes. It can be assumed that the issue of controlling the influence of alcohol on road users will be a subject of harmonization throughout the European area. The aim of this thesis is to analyse individual aspects of the present state and their epicritical evaluation. Keywords: alcohol - driver - prevention - forensic medicine - legislation.
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179
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Boss RD. Reflective practice: Guarded. Patient Educ Couns 2018; 101:171-172. [PMID: 28711414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Boss
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, USA.
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180
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181
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Bercovitch L, Grant-Kels JM. Romance, love, and sex in the dermatology department and residency program. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 78:220-222. [PMID: 29241795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bercovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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182
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183
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Abstract
There has been little work on the ethical issues facing non-professionals who care for relatives or others with dementia. A qualitative pilot study was conducted in ten such individuals, eight of them women, caring for persons drawn mainly from one general practice. The interviews indicated that many of the dilemmas faced by carers are ethical and that the issues differ from those faced by professionals. Ethical issues are sometimes the most troublesome matter for carers. Unlike issues for professionals, they arise from a personal context and are shaped by long-term relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Hughes
- Old Age Psychiatry, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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184
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Kwek A. The indispensability of labelled groups to vulnerability in bio ethics. Bioethics 2017; 31:674-682. [PMID: 28857215 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the determination of vulnerability, the bioethics community has univocally jettisoned "labelled groups", groups whose membership confers a context-invariant "vulnerable" status to their members. While the usual reasons against the sole use of labelled groups to determine the vulnerability of individuals are sound, labelled groups as exemplars of vulnerability can play indispensable roles in bioethical reasoning. In this article, I argue against the wholesale jettisoning of labelled groups by showing how they can be useful.
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185
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Hurlimann T, Peña-Rosas JP, Saxena A, Zamora G, Godard B. Ethical issues in the development and implementation of nutrition-related public health policies and interventions: A scoping review. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186897. [PMID: 29073186 PMCID: PMC5658098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The limited integration of ethics in nutrition-related public health policies and interventions is one major concern for those who have the task of implementing them. Ethical challenges that are overlooked during the development of such interventions could raise serious ethical issues during their implementation and even after. As a result, these decision makers need technical support and ethical guidance for adaptation of interventions to local (cultural, social, economic, etc.) contexts. Aim The goal of this scoping review is to delineate and “map” the range of ethical issues in nutrition-related public health interventions, as well as the range of the various fields in which they may arise. Methods A scoping review of empirical research and conceptual literature was conducted following the framework of Arksey and O’Malley. Searches using PubMed with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) categories and Advanced Search Builder as well as in the Global Health Library were performed. The final sample consists of 169 publications. Results The ethics of public health prevention or treatment of obesity and non-communicable diseases is the most explicitly and frequently discussed subject. In comparison, ethical issues raised by public health interventions in the fields of undernutrition, breastfeeding, vitamin/mineral supplementation and food fortification, food security, food sustainability and food safety are addressed in a lower proportion of the sample. The results illustrate the various natures, types, and scopes of existing public health nutrition-related interventions, and the various ethical issues that may be raised by these interventions, in addition to the numerous and different contexts in which they may be implemented. Discussion The ethical issues faced in the development and implementation of nutrition-related public health interventions are varied and cannot be equated with, nor generalized about, when dealing with specific activities in this field. More importantly, these ethical issues cannot be managed without a careful consideration for the complexity of contexts in which nutrition-related interventions are expected to be implemented. These interventions engage a variety of actors with diverse perspectives and interests. We discuss these challenges and also comment on the importance of considering ethical impacts in the monitoring and evaluation of such interventions. Conclusion General ethical frameworks or recommendations–although useful–cannot be expected to provide policy makers, implementators and other public health personnel with sufficient practical ethical guidance as they cannot consider and anticipate the particularities of all specific nutrition-related public health interventions and the complexity of the contexts in which they are implemented. Further research is needed in order to develop more targeted ethical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Hurlimann
- Public Health Research Institute of the University of Montreal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abha Saxena
- Department of Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerardo Zamora
- Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Godard
- Public Health Research Institute of the University of Montreal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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186
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Severini E, Sterpetti F. Darwinism in meta ethics: What if the universal acid cannot be contained? Hist Philos Life Sci 2017; 39:27. [PMID: 28900879 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-017-0154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to explore the impact of Darwinism in metaethics and dispel some of the confusion surrounding it. While the prospects for a Darwinian metaethics appear to be improving, some underlying epistemological issues remain unclear. We will focus on the so-called Evolutionary Debunking Arguments (EDAs) which, when applied in metaethics, are defined as arguments that appeal to the evolutionary origins of moral beliefs so as to undermine their epistemic justification. The point is that an epistemic disanalogy can be identified in the debate on EDAs between moral beliefs and other kinds of beliefs, insofar as only the former are regarded as vulnerable to EDAs. First, we will analyze some significant debunking positions in metaethics in order to show that they do not provide adequate justification for such an epistemic disanalogy. Then, we will assess whether they can avoid the accusation of being epistemically incoherent by adopting the same evolutionary account for all kinds of beliefs. In other words, once it is argued that Darwinism has a corrosive impact on metaethics, what if its universal acid cannot be contained?
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Severini
- Department of Philosophy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Carlo Fea 2, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabio Sterpetti
- Department of Philosophy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Carlo Fea 2, 00161, Rome, Italy
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187
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Abstract
Many municipal agencies maintain detailed and comprehensive electronic records of their interactions with citizens. These data, in combination with machine learning and statistical techniques, offer the promise of better decision making, and more efficient and equitable service delivery. However, a data scientist employed by an agency to implement these techniques faces numerous and varied choices that cumulatively can have significant real-world consequences. The data scientist, who may be the only person at an agency equipped to understand the technical complexity of a predictive algorithm, therefore, bears a good deal of responsibility in making judgments. In this perspective, I use a concrete example from my experience of working with New York City's Administration for Children's Services to illustrate the social and technical tradeoffs that can result from choices made in each step of data analysis. Three themes underlie these tradeoffs: the importance of frequent communication between the data scientist, agency leadership, and domain experts; the agency's resources and organizational constraints; and the necessity of an ethical framework to evaluate salient costs and benefits. These themes inform specific recommendations that I provide to guide agencies that employ data scientists and rely on their work in designing, testing, and implementing predictive algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shroff
- Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University , Brooklyn, New York
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188
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McLaughlin RH, Induni M, Cress R. Cancer Registries as a Resource for Linking Bio ethics and Environmental Ethics. Am J Bioeth 2017; 17:17-19. [PMID: 28829272 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2017.1353167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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189
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Klain SC, Olmsted P, Chan KMA, Satterfield T. Relational values resonate broadly and differently than intrinsic or instrumental values, or the New Ecological Paradigm. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183962. [PMID: 28854227 PMCID: PMC5576695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Value orientations used to explain or justify conservation have been rooted in arguments about how much and in what context to emphasize the intrinsic versus instrumental value of nature. Equally prominent are characterizations of beliefs known as the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), often used to help explain pro-environmental behaviour. A recent alternative to these positions has been identified as ‘relational value’—broadly, values linking people and ecosystems via tangible and intangible relationships to nature as well as the principles, virtues and notions of a good life that may accompany these. This paper examines whether relational values are distinct from other value orientation and have potential to alleviate the intrinsic-instrumental debate. To test this possibility, we sought to operationalize the construct—relational values—by developing six relational statements. We ask: 1) Do the individual statements used to characterize relational values demonstrate internal coherence as either a single or multi-dimensional construct? 2) Do relational value statements (including those strongly stated) resonate with diverse populations? 3) Do people respond to relational value statements in a consistently different way than NEP scale statements? Data for this work is drawn from an online panel of residents of northeastern US (n = 400), as well as a sample of Costa Rican farmers (n = 253) and tourists in Costa Rica (n = 260). Results indicate relational values are distinct as a construct when compared to the NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Klain
- College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paige Olmsted
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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190
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Naji Z, Salamati P. How can Ethics be Considered as a Criterion for Universities Ranking? Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:1241-1242. [PMID: 27832409 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohrehsadat Naji
- Young Researchers and Elite Clube, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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191
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Rathwell-Deault D, Godard B, Frank D, Doizé B. Expected consequences of convenience euthanasia perceived by veterinarians in Quebec. Can Vet J 2017; 58:723-728. [PMID: 28698691 PMCID: PMC5479692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In companion animal practice, convenience euthanasia (euthanasia of a physically and psychologically healthy animal) is recognized as one of the most difficult situations. There is little published on veterinary perceptions of the consequences of convenience euthanasia. A qualitative study on the subject based on interviews with 14 veterinarians was undertaken. The animal's interests in the dilemma of convenience euthanasia was taken into consideration, strictly from the point of view of the physical suffering and stress related to the procedure. The veterinarian's goal was to respect the animal's interests by controlling physical pain. Most often, veterinarians made their own interests and those of the owners a priority when considering the consequences of their decision to perform or refuse convenience euthanasia.
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192
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Singer N, Sommer M, Döhnel K, Zänkert S, Wüst S, Kudielka BM. Acute psychosocial stress and everyday moral decision-making in young healthy men: The impact of cortisol. Horm Behav 2017; 93:72-81. [PMID: 28495558 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, moral decisions must frequently be made under acute stress. Although there is increasing evidence that both stress and cortisol affect moral judgment and behavior as well as decision-making in various domains unrelated to morality, surprisingly few attempts have been made to explore the effects of stress on everyday moral decision-making. Therefore, in the present study, we exposed 50 young healthy men to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or its non-stressful placebo version (PTSST). We investigated the impact of acute stress exposure and stress-related cortisol levels on decision-making, decision certainty, and emotions in 28 everyday moral conflict situations with altruistic versus egoistic response alternatives. Results showed that the TSST-exposed group made more altruistic decisions than the non-stress control group, while groups did not differ in decision certainty and emotion ratings. Moreover, in correlational as well as regression analyses, additionally controlling for confounding variables, we observed significant positive associations between cortisol levels and altruistic decision-making. Further analyses revealed that altruistic decisions came along with significantly higher decision certainty and significantly more positive emotion ratings than egoistic decisions. Notably, our data also raise the idea that the personality trait agreeableness plays an important role in everyday moral decision-making. In sum, our findings provide initial evidence that both acute stress exposure and cortisol levels have prosocial effects on everyday moral decision-making in young healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Singer
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics and Research Methodology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Monika Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Leopoldstrasse 13, 80802 Munich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Döhnel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Sandra Zänkert
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics and Research Methodology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wüst
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics and Research Methodology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Brigitte M Kudielka
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics and Research Methodology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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193
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Abstract
The advancement of "human growth hormone (hGH)-for-height" - increasing height attainment in children short for reasons other than GH deficiency - arose from intuitive, deep-seated assumptions about the disability of short stature, its improvement with hGH-mediated height gain, and the safety of escalating dosages of hGH in healthy children. Evidence challenging these assumptions now strengthens criticism of hGH-for-height as cosmetic endocrinology. To counter this characterization, collective acceptance of guidelines is needed that advise nontreatment of the vast majority of short children, support strategies that minimize treatment duration and dosage, and restrain enhancement of normal adult stature. Through a clinical case analysis, ethical issues underlying these recommendations are explored. These include duties to provide informed assent and re-assent, protect children from unnecessary treatment, consider fairness to nontreated children, and allocate healthcare resources responsibly. Informed assent for hGH-for-height should ensure awareness of modest, variable height gain expectations, limited evidence for psychosocial benefit, ongoing studies for potential posttreatment adverse effects, and options for less expensive/invasive approaches, including nontreatment and counseling. Approaching growth pro-motion in this way fosters therapeutic restraint, resists the al lure of enhancement therapy, and minimizes contributions to society's perception that to be taller is to be better.
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194
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Chambers DW. Ethical Priming. J Calif Dent Assoc 2017; 45:221. [PMID: 29072409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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195
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Yahaghi
- Faculty of Humanities, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shahryar Sorooshian
- Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang Kuantan, Malaysia.
| | - Javad Yahaghi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia
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196
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Abstract
A new trend in the production technology of solid biof uels has appeared. There is a wide consensus that most solid biofuels will be produced according to the new production methods within a few years. Numerous samples were manufactured from agro-residues according to conventional methods as well as new methods. Robust analyses that reviewed the hygienic, environmental, financial and ethical aspects were performed. The hygienic and environmental aspect was assessed by robust chemical and technical analyses. The financial aspect was assessed by energy cost breakdown. The ethical point of view was built on the above stated findings, the survey questionnaire and critical discussion with the literature. It is concluded that the new production methods are significantly favourable from both the hygienic and environmental points of view. Financial indicators do not allow the expressing of any preference. Regarding the ethical aspect, it is concluded that the new methods are beneficial in terms of environmental responsibility. However, it showed that most of the customers that took part in the survey are price oriented and therefore they tend to prefer the cheaper-conventional alternative. In the long term it can be assumed that expansion of the new technology and competition among manufacturers will reduce the costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Hašková
- The Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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197
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Chambers DW. Ethical Priming. J Calif Dent Assoc 2017; 45:169. [PMID: 29068613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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198
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199
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Ashby M. The Ninth Circle: Who and What Do We Trust In Today's World? J Bioeth Inq 2017; 14:7-12. [PMID: 28236152 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ashby
- Palliative Care Service, Royal Hobart Hospital, Tasmanian Health Service, and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, 1st Floor, Peacock Building, Repatriation Centre, 90 Davey Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
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200
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Abstract
Medicine has a conceptual contribution to make to the immigration debate. Our nation has been unable to move forward with meaningful immigration reform because many citizens seem to assume that immigrants are in the United States to access benefits to which they are not entitled. In contrast, when medicine encounters undocumented immigrants in the health care or medical education setting, it is obvious that their contributions to our health care system are denied by exclusionary laws. When the system is amended to be inclusive, immigrants become contributors to the systems that they access. I illustrate this thesis concerning the benefits of inclusion through an examination of the issues of forced medical repatriation, access to health insurance, and the access of undocumented students to medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Kuczewski
- Fr. Michael I. English, SJ, Professor of Medical Ethics at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine in Maywood, Illinois, and the director of the Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics and Health Policy and the chair of the Department of Medical Education
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