Synthesis, properties, antitumor and antibacterial activity of new Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) ligand

Mono- and binuclear Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) (DTBTA) ligand are reported. [Pt(DTBTA)(DMSO)Cl]Cl∙CHCl₃ (1) and [Pd₂(µ-Cl)₂(DTBTA)₂]Cl₂ (2) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry and the content of platinum and palladium was determined using a flame atomic spectrometer. Two different coordination modes of 1 and 2 complexes were found; in both complexes, the coordination of Pt(II) and Pd(II) ions involves the N(3) atoms of the ligand but the binuclear complex 2, is a cis-chloro-bridged palladium complex. Evaluation of their in vitro antitumor activity against two human tumor cell lines human breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2); and their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Kokuria rhizophila was performed. Only complex 1 showed a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic activity against the two tumor cell lines, associated to apoptosis and accumulation of treated cells in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, while both 1 and 2 exhibited antimicrobial activity with complex 1 much more potent. The study on intracellular uptake in both MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines revealed that only platinum of complex 1 is present inside the cells, suggesting a different mode of action of the two compounds. This was also in agreement with the results obtained for the antitumor and antibacterial activity.

Impact of bio-palladium nanoparticles (bio-Pd NPs) on the activity and structure of a marine microbial community

Biogenic palladium nanoparticles (bio-Pd NPs) represent a promising catalyst for organohalide remediation in water and sediments. However, the available information regarding their possible impact in case of release into the environment, particularly on the environmental microbiota, is limited. In this study the toxicity of bio-Pd NPs on the model marine bacterium V. fischeri was assessed. The impacts of different concentrations of bio-Pd NPs on the respiratory metabolisms (i.e. organohalide respiration, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis) and the structure of a PCB-dechlorinating microbial community enriched form a marine sediment were also investigated in microcosms mimicking the actual sampling site conditions. Bio-Pd NPs had no toxic effect on V. fischeri. In addition, they had no significant effects on PCB-dehalogenating activity, while showing a partial, dose-dependent inhibitory effect on sulfate reduction as well as on methanogenesis. No toxic effects by bio-Pd NPs could be also observed on the total bacterial community structure, as its biodiversity was increased compared to the not exposed community. In addition, resilience of the microbial community to bio-Pd NPs exposure was observed, being the final community organization (Gini coefficient) of samples exposed to bio-Pd NPs similar to that of the not exposed one. Considering all the factors evaluated, bio-Pd NPs could be deemed as non-toxic to the marine microbiota in the conditions tested. This is the first study in which the impact of bio-Pd NPs is extensively evaluated over a microbial community in relevant environmental conditions, providing important information for the assessment of their environmental safety.

Anti-Invasive and Anti-Proliferative Synergism between Docetaxel and a Polynuclear Pd-Spermine Agent

The present work is aimed at evaluating the antitumour properties of a Pd(II) dinuclear complex with the biogenic polyamine spermine, by investigating: i) the anti-angiogenic and anti-migration properties of a Pd(II) dinuclear complex with spermine (Pd2Spm); ii) the anti-proliferative activity of Pd2Spm against a triple negative human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231); and finally iii) the putative interaction mediated by combination of Pd2Spm with Docetaxel. Anti-invasive (anti-angiogenic and anti-migratory) as well as anti-proliferative capacities were assessed, for different combination schemes and drug exposure times, using the CAM assay and VEGFR2 activity measurement, the MatrigelTM method and the SRB proliferation test. The results thus obtained evidence the ability of Pd2Spm to restrict angiogenesis and cell migration: Pd2Spm induced a marked inhibition of migration (43.8±12.2%), and a higher inhibition of angiogenesis (81.8±4.4% for total length values, at 4 μM) as compared to DTX at the clinical dosage 4x10-2 μM (26.4±14.4%; n = 4 to 11). Combination of Pd2Spm/DTX was more effective as anti-invasive and anti-proliferative than DTX or Pd2Spm in sole administration, which is compatible with the occurrence of synergism: for the anti-angiogenic effect, IC50(Pd2Spm/DTX) = 0.5/0.5x10-2 μM vs IC50(DTX) = 1.7x10-2 μM and IC50(Pd2Spm) = 1.6 μM. In conclusion, the reported effects of Pd2Spm on angiogenesis, migration and proliferation showed that this compound is a promising therapeutic agent against this type of breast cancer. Moreover, combined administration of Pd2Spm and DTX was found to trigger a substantial synergetic effect regarding angiogenesis inhibition as well as anti-migratory and anti-proliferative activities reinforcing the putative use of Pd(II) complexes in chemotherapeutic regimens. This is a significant outcome, aiming at the application of these combined strategies towards metastatic breast cancer (or other type of resistant cancers), justifying further studies that include pre-clinical trials.

Cytotoxicity of Pd nanostructures supported on PEN: Influence of sterilization on Pd/PEN interface

Non-conventional antimicrobial agents, such as palladium nanostructures, have been increasingly used in the medicinal technology. However, experiences uncovering their harmful and damaging effects to human health have begun to appear. In this study, we have focused on in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of Pd nanostructures supported on a biocompatible polymer. Pd nanolayers of variable thicknesses (ranging from 1.1 to 22.4nm) were sputtered on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). These nanolayers were transformed by low-temperature post-deposition annealing into discrete nanoislands. Samples were characterized by AFM, XPS, ICP-MS and electrokinetic analysis before and after annealing. Sterilization of samples prior to cytotoxicity testing was done by UV irradiation, autoclave and/or ethanol. Among the listed sterilization techniques, we have chosen the gentlest one which had minimal impact on sample morphology, Pd dissolution and overall Pd/PEN interface quality. Cytotoxic response of Pd nanostructures was determined by WST-1 cell viability assay in vitro using three model cell lines: mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) and two types of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (L929 and NIH 3T3). Finally, cell morphology in response to Pd/PEN was evaluated by means of fluorescence microscopy.

New formamidine ligands and their mixed ligand palladium(II) oxalate complexes: Synthesis, characterization, DFT calculations and in vitro cytotoxicity

A series of new ternary palladium(II) complexes of the type [Pd(L1-4)ox]·xH2O where L=formamidine ligands and ox=oxalate, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, UV-Vis, infrared (IR) and mass spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The spectroscopic data indicated that the formamidine ligands act as bidentate N2 donors and the oxalate as O2 ligand. The complexes (1-4) are diamagnetic and the optimization of their structures indicated that the geometry is distorted square planer with O-Pd-O and N-Pd-N bond angles ranged 82.70-83.87° and 88.21-95.02°; respectively which is acceptable for the heteroleptic complexes. The dipole moment of the complexes (13.97-18.77Debye) indicating that the complexes are more polarized than the ligands (1.93-4.96Debye). The complexes are thermally stable as shown from their relatively higher overall activation energies (441-688kJmol(-1)). The ligands and the complexes are proved to have good cytotoxicity with IC50 (μM) in the range of (0.011-0.168) against MCF-7, (0.012-0.150) against HCT-116, (0.042-0.094) against PC-3 and (0.006-0.222) against HepG-2 cell lines, which open the field for further application as antitumor compounds.

Gold over Branched Palladium Nanostructures for Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Bimetallic nanostructures show exciting potential as materials for effective photothermal hyperthermia therapy. We report the seed-mediated synthesis of palladium-gold (Pd-Au) nanostructures containing multiple gold nanocrystals on highly branched palladium seeds. The nanostructures were synthesized via the addition of a gold precursor to a palladium seed solution in the presence of oleylamine, which acts as both a reducing and a stabilizing agent. The interaction and the electronic coupling between gold nanocrystals and between palladium and gold broadened and red-shifted the localized surface plasmon resonance absorption maximum of the gold nanocrystals into the near-infrared region, to give enhanced suitability for photothermal hyperthermia therapy. Pd-Au heterostructures irradiated with an 808 nm laser light caused destruction of HeLa cancer cells in vitro, as well as complete destruction of tumor xenographs in mouse models in vivo for effective photothermal hyperthermia.

New mixed ligand palladium(II) complexes based on the antiepileptic drug sodium valproate and bioactive nitrogen-donor ligands: synthesis, structural characterization, binding interactions with DNA and BSA, in vitro cytotoxicity studies and DFT calculations

The complexes [Pd(valp)2(imidazole)2] (1), [Pd(valp)2(pyrazine)2] (2) (valp is sodium valproate) have been synthesized and characterized using IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C{(1)H} NMR and UV-Vis spectrometry. The interaction of complexes with CT-DNA has been investigated using spectroscopic tools and viscosity measurement. In each case, the association constant (Kb) was deduced from the absorption spectral study and the number of binding sites (n) and the binding constant (K) were calculated from relevant fluorescence quenching data. As a result, a non-covalent interaction between the metal complex and DNA was suggested, which could be assigned to an intercalative binding. In addition, the interaction of 1 and 2 was ventured with bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the help of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. Through these techniques, the apparent association constant (Kapp) and the binding constant (K) could be calculated for each complex. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of the complexes against four different cancer cell lines proved that the complexes exhibited cytotoxic specificity and significant cancer cell inhibitory rate. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to provide more evidence about the observed data. The majority of trans isomers were supported not only by energies, but also by the similarity of its calculated IR frequencies, UV adsorptions and NMR chemical shifts to the experimental values.

Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes of (1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylimino)methyl]naphthalene-2-ol. Structural, spectroscopic, biological, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and DNA binding

Metal complexes of the general formula [ML(H2O)Cl]nH2O; n=1 for M=Ni and Pt and n=2 for M=Pd, L=Schiff base (HL) derived from the condensation of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, were prepared. The synthesized ligand and its metal complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, spectral and magnetic studies as well as thermal analysis. The IR spectra revealed that the ligand is coordinated to the metal ions in bidentate manner via the N-atom of the azomethine group and the phenolic OH group. Square planar geometry was proposed for Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes and tetrahedral for Ni(II) complex. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened against the sensitive organisms Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacteria, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans as fungi. Moreover, the anticancer activity of the ligand and its metal complexes was evaluated in liver carcinoma (HEPG2) cell line. The results obtained indicated that the Schiff base ligand is more effective than its metal complexes towards the tested cell line. Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes as well as the free Schiff base ligand were tested for their antioxidant activities. The DNA-binding properties of the studied complexes have been investigated by electronic absorption and viscosity measurements.

Efficient and product-controlled depolymerization of lignin oriented by metal chloride cooperated with Pd/C

An efficient lignin depolymerization process with highly controllable product distribution was presented using metal chloride (MClx) cooperated with Pd/C. The catalytic performances of MClx were investigated. The effect of reaction conditions on the lignin depolymerization and products distribution were also studied. Results showed that more than 35.4% yield of phenolic monomer including 7.8% phenols and 1.1% guaiacols could be obtained under optimized condition. And the product distribution can be efficiently controlled by the modification of the metal cation through different pathway of Lewis acid catalysis and coordination catalysis. Furthermore, the Pd/C catalyst showed an excellent recyclability, where no significant loss of the catalytic activity was exhibited after 3 runs. Moreover, the product control mechanism was proposed.

Spectroscopic characterization, antioxidant and antitumour studies of novel bromo substituted thiosemicarbazone and its copper(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes

A new, slightly distorted octahedral complex of copper(II), square planar complexes of nickel(II) and palladium(II) with 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone thiosemicarbazone (DBAPTSC) are synthesized. The ligand and the complexes are characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman, powder X-ray diffraction studies. The IR and Raman data are correlated for the presence of the functional groups which specifically helped in the confirmation of the compounds. In addition, the free ligand is unambiguously characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy while the copper(II) complex is characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The g values for the same are found to be 2.246 (g1), 2.012 (g2) and 2.005 (g3) which suggested rhombic distortions. The HOMO-LUMO band gap calculations for these compounds are found to be in between 0.5 and 4.0 eV and these compounds are identified as semiconducting materials. The synthesized ligand and its copper(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes are subjected to antitumour activity against the HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell lines. Among all the compounds, nickel(II) complex is found to exert better antitumour activity with 57.6% of cytotoxicity.

Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, structural and spectral characterization and DFT calculations of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes of 4-amino-5-pyrimidinecarbonitrile

Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes of 4-amino-5-pyrimidinecarbonitrile (APC) have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, mass spectrometry, infrared (4000-200 cm(-1)), UV-Visible (200-1100 nm), (1)H NMR and ESR spectroscopy as well as TGA analysis. The molar conductance measurements in DMSO imply non-electrolytic complexes, formulated as [M(APC)2Cl2] where M=Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II). The infrared spectra of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes indicate a bidentate type of bonding for APC through the exocyclic amino and adjacent pyrimidine nitrogen as donors whereas APC coordinated to Pd(II) ion as a monodentated ligand via a pyrimidine nitrogen donor. The magnetic measurements and the electronic absorption spectra support distorted octahedral geometries for Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes however a square planar complex was favored for the Pd(II) complex (C2h skeleton symmetry). In addition, we carried out B3LYP and ω-B97XD geometry optimization at 6-31G(d) basis set except for Pd(II) where we implemented LanL2DZ/6-31G(d) combined basis set. The computational results favor all trans geometrical isomers where amino N, pyrimidine N and Cl are trans to each other (structure 1). Finally, APC and its divalent metal ion complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity, and the synthesized complexes were found to be more potent antimicrobial agents than APC against one or more microbial species.

Pd(II) and Pd(IV) complexes with 5-methyl-5-(4-pyridyl)hydantoin: synthesis, physicochemical, theoretical, and pharmacological investigation

The reaction of K2[PdCl4] and PdCl2 with 5-methyl-5-(4-pyridyl)-2,4-imidazolidenedione (L) proceeded with the formation of two different Pd complexes, PdL2Cl2 (1) and PdL2Cl4 (2c), corresponded to a substitution reaction and a substitution reaction along with unanticipated oxidation, respectively. The nature of the oxidizing agent is unknown. These compounds have been studied by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H and (13)CNMR, molar conductivity, and cyclic voltammetry. In addition, structural optimization by DFT calculations and simulation of NMR spectra have been performed and compared with the experimental data. NBO analysis, HOMO and LUMO, have been used to elucidate the information regarding charge transfer within the molecules. Theoretical studies confirmed that in 1 and 2c the trans structures are about 41 and 33 kJ mol(-1) more stable than cis ones. Antibacterial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of these compounds, as respectively assessed in six bacterial strains and two human tumor cell lines, have been investigated. Results showed the title complexes have the capacity of inhibiting the metabolic growth of bacteria and tumor cells to different extents.

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and carbonic anhydrase enzyme inhibitor effects of salicilaldehyde-N-methyl p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone and its Palladium(II), Cobalt(II) complexes

We report the synthesis of the ligand, salicilaldehyde-N-methyl p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone (salptsmh) derived from p-toluenesulfonicacid-1-methylhydrazide (ptsmh) and its Pd(II) and Co(II) metal complexes were synthesized for the first time. The structure of the ligand and their complexes were investigated using elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance and spectral (IR, NMR and LC-MS) measurements. Salptsmh has also been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. (1)H and (13)C shielding tensors for crystal structure were calculated with GIAO/DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) methods in CDCl3. The complexes were found to have general composition [ML2]. The results of elemental analysis showed 1:2 (metal/ligand) stoichiometry for all the complex. Magnetic and spectral data indicate a square planar geometry for Pd(II) complex and a distorted tetrahedral geometry for Co(II) complexes. The ligand and its metal chelates have been screened for their antimicrobial activities using the disk diffusion method against the selected Gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Gram negative bacteria: Eschericha coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia. The inhibition activities of these compounds on carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and carbonic anhydrase I (CA I) have been investigated by comparing IC50 and Ki values and it has been found that Pd(II) complex have more enzyme inhibition efficiency than salptsmh and Co(II) complex.

Production of xylitol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol from xylan in napier grass by a hydrothermal process with phosphorus oxoacids followed by aqueous phase hydrogenation

The production of xylitol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) from napier grass was studied using two steps: a hydrothermal process with phosphorus oxoacids followed by aqueous phase hydrogenation with Pd/C. Xylose obtained from the napier grass by the hydrothermal treatment with 3.0 wt% phosphorous acid was subsequently converted into xylitol at 51.6% yield of the xylan in napier grass by hydrogenation with 5.0 wt% Pd/C. The furfural produced from napier grass with a 3.0 wt% phosphoric acid treatment was also directly subjected to the hydrogenation as a hydrolysate to yield 41.4% THFA based on the xylan in napier grass. The yields of xylitol and THFA obtained by hydrogenation using the napier grass hydrolysate containing xylose or furfural were almost the same as those of hydrogenation using commercial materials. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of THFA in high yield by hydrogenation directly from biomass hydrolysate.

Effect of palladium α-lipoic acid complex on energy in the brain mitochondria of aged rats

CONTEXT

According to the mitochondrial mutation theory of aging, the impairment of mitochondrial functions and decline of cellular bioenergetics are induced by highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Supplementation with antioxidants may protect mitochondria against respiration-linked oxidative stress and reduce decay by preserving genomic and structural integrity. Several clinical studies have reported beneficial effects of α-lipoic acid (LA) administration in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, particularly improving their spatial orientation; however, no studies have been reported on the effects of palladium α-lipoic acid (Pd-LA).

OBJECTIVE

The current study examined the effects of the Pd-LA complex on mitochondrial energy status in the brains of aged rats.

DESIGN

The study used male Wistar rats, some that were older than 24 mo and weighed approximately 350 ± 50 g and some that were younger than 24 mo and weighed approximately 175 ± 25 g. The research team divided the rats into 5 groups of 6 rats.

SETTING

The study was conducted at the Amala Cancer Research Centre in Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

INTERVENTION

Three groups of rats were controls: (1) young controls administered no solution, (2) aged controls administered 1 mL/kg of a 0.25% solution (PO) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and (3) positive aged controls treated with LA (7.6 mg/kg, PO) dissolved in an alkaline saline (0.25% NaOH, w/v). Two groups were intervention groups: (1) aged rats treated with 1.2 mg/kg of Pd-LA (PO) and (2) aged rats treated with 23.5 mg/kg of Pd-LA (PO). The research team administered the solutions once daily for 30 d. After 30 d, all animals were sacrificed.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The research team evaluated serum transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum urea, and creatinine. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in the blood samples. Krebs cycle dehydrogenases were evaluated in the brain mitochondria. Furthermore, the activities of the respiratory chain complexes I, III and IV as well as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were estimated in the mitochondrial fraction.

RESULTS

The study found that Pd-LA elevated the mitochondrial ATP levels in the brains of aged rats by enhancing the activity of not only the Krebs cycle dehydrogenases but also complexes I and IV. Furthermore, Pd-LA improved the body weight and blood antioxidant status of aged rats without affecting the functions of liver or renal cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study demonstrate that Pd-LA improves mitochondrial energy status in the brains of aged rats. The effects can be attributed to the enhancing effect on the Krebs cycle dehydrogenase and the activities of complexes I, III, and IV. The results further support the possible use of Pd-LA as an adjuvant treatment, together with the standard cholinesterase inhibitors, in individuals with mild or moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Porous Pd nanoparticles with high photothermal conversion efficiency for efficient ablation of cancer cells

Nanoparticle (NP) mediated photothermal effect shows great potential as a noninvasive method for cancer therapy treatment, but the development of photothermal agents with high photothermal conversion efficiency, small size and good biocompatibility is still a big challenge. Herein, we report Pd NPs with a porous structure exhibiting enhanced near infrared (NIR) absorption as compared to Pd nanocubes with a similar size (almost two-fold enhancement with a molar extinction coefficient of 6.3 × 10(7) M(-1) cm(-1)), and the porous Pd NPs display monotonically rising absorbance from NIR to UV-Vis region. When dispersed in water and illuminated with an 808 nm laser, the porous Pd NPs give a photothermal conversion efficiency as high as 93.4%, which is comparable to the efficiency of Au nanorods we synthesized (98.6%). As the porous Pd NPs show broadband NIR absorption (650-1200 nm), this allows us to choose multiple laser wavelengths for photothermal therapy. In vitro photothermal heating of HeLa cells in the presence of porous Pd NPs leads to 100% cell death under 808 nm laser irradiation (8 W cm(-2), 4 min). For photothermal heating using 730 nm laser, 70% of HeLa cells were killed after 4 min irradiation at a relative low power density of 6 W cm(-2). These results demonstrated that the porous Pd nanostructure is an attractive photothermal agent for cancer therapy.

Pyrano-isoflavans from Glycyrrhiza uralensis with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis

Continuing investigation of fractions from a supercritical fluid extract of Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) roots has led to the isolation of 12 phenolic compounds, of which seven were described previously from this extract. In addition to these seven metabolites, four known components, 1-methoxyerythrabyssin II (4), 6,8-diprenylgenistein, gancaonin G (5), and isoglycyrol (6), and one new isoflavan, licorisoflavan C (7), were characterized from this material for the first time. Treatment of licoricidin (1) with palladium chloride afforded larger amounts of 7 and also yielded two new isoflavans, licorisoflavan D (8), which was subsequently detected in the licorice extract, and licorisoflavan E (9). Compounds 1-9 were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and the periodontopathogenic Porphyromonas gingivalis. Licoricidin (1), licorisoflavan A (2), and 7-9 showed antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis (MICs of 1.56-12.5 μg/mL). The most potent activity against S. mutans was obtained with 7 (MIC of 6.25 μg/mL), followed by 1 and 9 (MIC of 12.5 μg/mL). This study provides further evidence for the therapeutic potential of licorice extracts for the treatment and prevention of oral infections.

Heterotrimetallic Ru(II)/Pd(II)/Ru(II) complexes: synthesis, crystalstructure, spectral characterization, DFT calculation and antimicrobial study

New ruthenium(II) mononuclear complexes of the type [RuCl2(PPh3)2(η(2)-triamine)] (2) [RuCl(PPh3)2(η(3)-triamine)]Cl (5) (triemine=N(1)-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine) have been synthesized by reacting [RuCl2(PPh3)3] (1) with one mole equivalent of N(1)-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine in dichloromethane. Reaction of (2) with half-equivalent of (PhCN)2PdCl2 or Pd(OAc)2 in dichloromethane as a solvent afforded two novel heterotrimetallic Ru(II)-Pd(II)-Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(II)Cl2(PPh3)2(triamine)]2[Pd(II)X2](X=Cl, OAc) (3 and 4), bearing bioactive ligand. The progress of the undertaken reactions was monitored by (31)P{1H} NMR and FTIR. Crystal structure of complex 2 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The absorption spectrum of 2 in dichloromethane was modeled by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The in vitro antimicrobial studies of complex 2-5 against an array of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) were conducted. Complexes 3 and 4 exhibit high dual antibacterial and antifungal activity inhibiting microorganisms possibly via hydrolytic pathway which further evidenced by electrochemical analyses. The complexes 3 and 4 show a high inhibitory activity at 200 μg/ml concentration, suggesting that complexes 3 and 4 are two efficient catalytic inhibitor of microorganisms and further, they should be tested against cancer strains.

Spectroscopic and theoretical investigation of oxali-palladium interactions with β-lactoglobulin

The possibility of using a small cheap dairy protein, β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), as a carrier for oxali-palladium for drug delivery was studied. Their binding in an aqueous solution at two temperatures of 25 and 37°C was investigated using spectroscopic techniques in combination with a molecular docking study. Fluorescence intensity changes showed combined static and dynamic quenching during β-LG oxali-palladium binding, with the static mode being predominant in the quenching mechanism. The binding and thermodynamic parameters were determined by analyzing the results of quenching and those of the van't Hoff equation. According to obtained results the binding constants at two temperatures of 25 and 37°C are 3.3×10(9) M(-1) and 18.4×10(6) M(-1) respectively. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) showed that the experimental results and the molecular docking results were coherent. An absence change of β-LG secondary structure was confirmed by the CD results. Molecular docking results agreed fully with the experimental results since the fluorescence studies also revealed the presence of two binding sites with a negative value for the Gibbs free energy of binding of oxali-palladium to β-LG. Furthermore, molecular docking and experimental results suggest that the hydrophobic effect plays a critical role in the formation of the oxali-palladium complex with β-LG. This agreement between molecular docking and experimental results implies that docking studies may be a suitable method for predicting and confirming experimental results, as shown in this study. Hence, the combination of molecular docking and spectroscopy methods is an effective innovative approach for binding studies, particularly for pharmacophores.

Spectroscopic and biological approach in the characterization of a novel 14-membered [N4] macrocyclic ligand and its palladium(II), platinum(II), ruthenium(III) and iridium(III) complexes

A novel, tetradentate nitrogen donor [N4] macrocyclic ligand, i.e. 3,5,14,16-tetramethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[12,0,0(7-12)] cosa-1(22),2,5,7,9,11,13,16,18,20-decaene(L), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, Mass, and (1)H NMR spectral studies. Complexes of Pd(II), Pt(II), Ru(III) and Ir(III) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, Mass, electronic spectral and thermal studies. On the basis of molar conductance the complexes may be formulated as [PdL]Cl2, [PtL]Cl2, [Ru(L)Cl2]Cl and [Ir(L)Cl2]Cl. The complexes are insoluble in most common solvents, including water, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride and acetonitrile, but soluble in DMF/DMSO. The value of magnetic moment indicates that all the complexes are diamagnetic except Ru(III) complex which shows magnetic moment corresponding to one unpaired electron. The magnetic moment of Ru(III) complex is 1.73 B.M. at room temperature. The antimicrobial activities of ligand and its complexes have been screened in vitro, as growth inhibiting agents. The antifungal and antibacterial screening were carried out using Food Poison and Disc Diffusion Method against plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria Alternaria porri, Fusarium oxysporum, Xanthomonas compestris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The compounds were dissolved in DMSO to get the required solutions. The required medium used for these activities was PDA and nutrient agar.

Size-dependent antimicrobial effects of novel palladium nanoparticles

Investigating the interactions between nanoscale materials and microorganisms is crucial to provide a comprehensive, proactive understanding of nanomaterial toxicity and explore the potential for novel applications. It is well known that nanomaterial behavior is governed by the size and composition of the particles, though the effects of small differences in size toward biological cells have not been well investigated. Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) have gained significant interest as catalysts for important carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom reactions and are increasingly used in the chemical industry, however, few other applications of Pd NPs have been investigated. In the present study, we examined the antimicrobial capacity of Pd NPs, which provides both an indication of their usefulness as target antimicrobial compounds, as well as their potency as potential environmental pollutants. We synthesized Pd NPs of three different well-constrained sizes, 2.0 ± 0.1 nm, 2.5 ± 0.2 nm and 3.1 ± 0.2 nm. We examined the inhibitory effects of the Pd NPs and Pd(2+) ions toward gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacterial cultures throughout a 24 hour period. Inhibitory growth effects of six concentrations of Pd NPs and Pd(2+) ions (2.5 × 10(-4), 10(-5), 10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-8), and 10(-9) M) were examined. Our results indicate that Pd NPs are generally much more inhibitory toward S. aureus than toward E. coli, though all sizes are toxic at ≥ 10(-5) M to both organisms. We observed a significant difference in size-dependence of antimicrobial activity, which differed based on the microorganism tested. Our work shows that Pd NPs are highly antimicrobial, and that fine-scale (<1 nm) differences in size can alter antimicrobial activity.

Comparative studies and modeling structures of two new isomers containing binuclear PdII complexes derived from 2,4,6-tri-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ)

The synthesis and comparative studies of two new binuclear PdII isomer complexes derived from TPTZ, [2,4,6-tri-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine], have been synthesized and characterized. Their structures have been investigated by elemental analyses, spectral (IR, UV-vis, mass and 1H-NMR) and thermal measurements. Electronic and magnetic studies suggest a distorted square-planar around the two PdII ions. The HOMO, LUMO and DFT parameters on the atoms have been calculated to confirm the geometry of the ligand and their complexes. Kinetic parameters were determined using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger methods. Also, the geometry of the two isomers is confirmed using DFT method from DMOL3 calculations. Moreover, the two PdII complexes have different specific optical rotation where the red PdII complex has dextrorotatory (+5.68) while the yellow PdII complex has levorotatory (-9.37). The results of biological activity for the two PdII complexes promised to be effective in tumor treatment.

Synthesis, spectroscopic and radical scavenging studies of palladium(II)-hydrazide complexes

In present study, a series of palladium(II) complexes with biologically active hydrazide ligands have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their antioxidant (superoxide and DPPH radical scavenging) properties. Spectral studies (FT-IR, EI-mass, (13)C and (1)H NMR spectroscopy) and physico-chemical measurements including elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements represented square planar structure for all complexes. Substituted and unsubstituted benzohydrazides (1-4) have shown monodentate behavior forming complexes of general formula [PdL2Cl2]. However, pyridinecarbohydrazides (5 and 6) were coordinated in bidentate fashion of [PdLCl2] general formula producing stable five-membered chelate ring. All palladium complexes were found to be considerably more potent inhibitors of DPPH free radical compared to free hydrazides. These complexes are even stronger DPPH scavengers than standard antioxidant propyl gallate. The complexes have also shown good superoxide scavenging ability compared to inactive free hydrazides, however complexes are weaker superoxide scavengers than ascorbic acid, a standard superoxide inhibitor. An interesting structure activity relationship has been evaluated.

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of 3,4-difluoroacetophenone-thiosemicarbazone and its palladium(II) complex: evaluation of antimicrobial and antitumour activity

A new cis-palladium(II)diaqua(3,4-difluoroacetophenonethiosemicarbazone complex (Pd(II) complex) is synthesized using 3,4-difluoroacetophenonethiosemicarbazone(L). The L and its Pd(II) complex are characterized and confirmed by elemental analyses, electrochemical analyses, FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-Vis, HRMS and LC-MS techniques. Ligand L is further characterized by (1)H, (13)C and (19)F NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of L is unambiguously characterized by single X-ray crystallography. The ligand (L) belongs to monoclinic system with P2(1)/C space group and the unit cell parameters are a(Å)=9.1144(7), b(Å)=13.7928(7), c(Å)=8.4174(5), α(°)=90, β(°)=100.715, γ(°)=90 and volume V(A(3))=1039.73(11). The Raman bands observed for the L and its Pd(II) complex are in good agreement with the FT-IR spectral data. The Pd(II) complex is found to be highly efficient in inhibiting the growth of human pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumonia with MIC value 10.0μg/mL whose inhibition zones are almost comparable with the standard antibiotic. The synthesized compounds have shown antiproliferative activity against the human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB231 by intermitting the regular pathway of ribonucleotidereductase.

Synthesis, spectroscopic, fluorescence properties and biological evaluation of novel Pd(II) and Cd(II) complexes of NOON tetradentate Schiff bases

The solid complexes of Pd(II) and Cd(II) with N,N/bis(salicylaldehyde)4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine (H2L(1)), and N,N/bis(salicylaldehyde)4,5-dichloro-1,2-phenylenediamine (H2L(2)) have been synthesized and characterized by several techniques using elemental analysis (CHN), FT-IR, (1)H NMR, UV-Vis spectra and thermal analysis. Elemental analysis data proved 1:1 stoichiometry for the reported complexes while spectroscopic data indicated square planar and octahedral geometries for Pd(II) and Cd(II) complexes, respectively. The prepared ligands, Pd(II) and Cd(II) complexes exhibited intraligand (π-π(∗)) fluorescence and can potentially serve as photoactive materials. Thermal behavior of the complexes was studied and kinetic parameters were determined by Coats-Redfern method. Both the ligands and their complexes have been screened for antimicrobial activities.