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Quick TJ, Singh AK, Fox M, Sinisi M, MacQuillan A. A quantitative assessment of the functional recovery of flexion of the elbow after nerve transfer in patients with a brachial plexus injury. Bone Joint J 2017; 98-B:1517-1520. [PMID: 27803228 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.98b11.36113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Improvements in the evaluation of outcome after nerve transfers are required. The assessment of force using the Medical Research Council (MRC) grades (0 to 5) is not suitable for this purpose. A ceiling effect is encountered within MRC grade 4/5 rendering this tool insensitive. Our aim was to show how the strength of flexion of the elbow could be assessed in patients who have undergone a re-innervation procedure using a continuous measurement scale. METHODS A total of 26 patients, 23 men and three women, with a mean age of 37.3 years (16 to 66), at the time of presentation, attended for review from a cohort of 52 patients who had undergone surgery to restore flexion of the elbow after a brachial plexus injury and were included in this retrospective study. The mean follow-up after nerve transfer was 56 months (28 to 101, standard deviation (sd) 20.79). The strength of flexion of the elbow was measured in a standard outpatient environment with a static dynamometer. RESULTS In total, 21 patients (81%) gained MRC grade 4 strength of flexion of the elbow. The mean force of flexion was 7.2 kgf (3 to 15.5, sd 3.3). CONCLUSION This study establishes that the dynamometer may be used for assessing the strength of flexion of the elbow in the outpatient department after nerve reconstructive surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1517-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Quick
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4AP, UK
| | - A K Singh
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4AP, UK
| | - M Fox
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4AP, UK
| | - M Sinisi
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4AP, UK
| | - A MacQuillan
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4AP, UK
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202
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Singh AK, Pandey P, Tewari M, Pandey HP, Gambhir IS, Shukla HS. Free radicals hasten head and neck cancer risk: A study of total oxidant, total antioxidant, DNA damage, and histological grade. J Postgrad Med 2017; 62:96-101. [PMID: 27089108 PMCID: PMC4944358 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.180555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce oxidative stress, are the main contributors to head and neck carcinogenesis (HNC). The present study was conducted with the aim to assess the oxidant/antioxidant status and DNA damage analysis in head and neck cancer/control patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 60 patients with biopsy-proven HNC and 17 patients of head and neck disease (HND). The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined by novel automatic colorimetric methods from tissue homogenate. DNA damage analysis was determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). Results: The mean age of the study cohort was 46.65 ± 14.84 years for HNC patients, while it was 49.41 ± 13.00 years for HND patients. There were no significant differences found between the two groups with respect to demographic presentation except tobacco addiction. The association between oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage analysis with study group revealed the following. (A) DNA damage - tissue homogenate TOS and OSI were significantly higher in HNC subjects than in HND (16.06 ± 1.78 AU vs 7.86 ± 5.97 AU, P < 0.001; 53.00 ± 40.61 vs 19.67 ± 21.90, P < 0.01; 7.221 ± 5.80 vs 2.40 ± 2.54, P < 0.01, respectively), while TAS was significantly decreased. (B) Aggressive histological features were identified, more commonly with higher TOS and lower TAS [probability (P) = 0.002, relative risk (RR) = 11.838, 95% confidence interval CI = 2.514-55.730 and P = 0.043, RR = 0.271, 95% CI = 0.077-0.960, respectively]. Conclusion: The increase in free radicals may be the event that led to the reduction of antioxidant status in HNC, thus explaining the oxidative damage of DNA and the severity of disease. Increased OSI represents a general mechanism in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - H S Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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203
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Gynecology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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204
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Suhag V, Sunita BS, Vats P, Sarin A, Singh AK, Jain M. Disease characteristics and treatment attributes of patients admitted to the oncology ward of a tertiary care government hospital. J Cancer Res Ther 2017; 13:44-50. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1283_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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205
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Thomas S, Sinha DN, Singh AK, Deopa D, Niranjan R. Histogenesis of human fetal spleen. Natl J Clin Anat 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/2277-4025.297651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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206
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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207
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Thomas S, Sinha DN, Singh AK, Deopa D, Niranjan R. Histogenesis of Human Fetal Spleen. National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Aims: Spleen is the largest secondary lymphatic organ. It acts as a graveyard for RBCs, is essential for immune responses, performs lymphopoiesis in adults and haemopoiesis in fetuses. The present study was conducted to assess the histogenesis of spleen in human fetuses in view of existing literature. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 34 formalin preserved human fetuses procured from Dr Sushila Tiwari Government Hospital, Haldwani with due clearance from ethical committee. The 6 pm sections of the spleen were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and observed under light microscope. Results: At 14 tol5 weeks, spleen had extensive sinusoids filled with RBCs and few lymphocytes. At 16-18 weeks, trabecular arteries were noticed more towards centre along with extensive haemopoietic cells in the venous sinusoids. By 20th week lymphocytic aggregation had started around arterioles. By 24 weeks periarteriolar lymphatic sheath was clearly observed. At term (37-40 weeks), classical primary lymphoid follicle was present but germinal centers were not observed. Conclusion: During earlier differentiation, spleen symbolizes the function of haemopoietic activities and gradually during subsequent gestation; it establishes its identity as a principle lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Thomas
- Postgraduate Resident, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
| | - DN Sinha
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
| | - AK Singh
- Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
| | - Deepa Deopa
- Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
| | - Richa Niranjan
- Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
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208
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Katuri RN, Das G, Singh AK, Chalhotra SK, Nath S. Comparative efficacy of deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos in bovine ticks in and around Jabalpur. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:713-715. [PMID: 28848265 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of chlorpyriphos (Classic*20, 20% EC) and deltamethrin (Butox®, 1.25% EC) was assessed by spraying these drugs on cattle and buffaloes which were naturally infested with ticks at the concentration of 2.5 and 2 ml/l, respectively. Results of the study demonstrated the prolonged effect of chlorpyriphos when compared with deltamethrin. Moreover, residual effect of chlorpyriphos remained even after 14 days of treatment with 28.57% animals showing reinfestation, while in deltamethrin treated animals; the tick number started increasing after 14th day of treatment with 50% animals showing reinfestation on 14th day post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Katuri
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - G Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - A K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - S K Chalhotra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - S Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
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209
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Sharma P, Akhtar MS, Singh AK, Das P, Sarma D. Histomorphological changes in digestive tract of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) during different developmental stages. Fish Physiol Biochem 2016; 42:1681-1698. [PMID: 27315219 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Histomorphological changes in digestive tract of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) were examined in larvae [starting from hatching to 45 days post-hatching (dph)], fry, fingerling, and adult. Digestive tract appeared during hatching, on the dorsal side of yolk sac, as a straight tube with a narrow lumen. Mouth opening and appearance of liver and pancreas were observed at 2 dph, and subsequently anal opening, appearance of goblet cells in esophagus, and posterior intestine were evident at 3 dph. The remodeling of oral cavity in terms of epithelial stratification, appearance of taste buds, and goblet cells were observed in a window of 4-5 dph. Intestinal folding was found to be initiated at 8 dph. From 12 to 45 dph, thickening of oral and esophageal mucosal/extramucosal layers, increase in intestinal folding, increases in the density of goblet cells in entire gut were observed. Within the same time window, other histological changes such as disappearance of vacuoles in liver, and abundance of zymogen granules in pancreas were also observed. Supranuclear vesicles in mid-to-posterior intestine were found to be prominent from first feeding to 45 dph; however, this phenomenon was no longer evident in fry and fingerling. Overall, the increase in intestinal folding and complexity of extramucosal layer were found to be continuous from the first appearance to adult, and this inferred the fact that the nutritional physiology, in terms of digestion and assimilation, progressively changes throughout the life stages of golden mahseer. Findings of this study will, therefore, help in preparing diets for different life stages of this fish, and in addition, the present information widens the understanding of digestive physiology of golden mahseer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Sharma
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - M S Akhtar
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - A K Singh
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Partha Das
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Debajit Sarma
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India.
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210
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Singh AK, Naskar S, Saikia B, Vashi Y, Gupta S, Banik S, Tamuli MK, Pande V, Sarma DK, Dhara SK. Effect of testicular tissue lysate on developmental competence of porcine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52:183-188. [PMID: 27862454 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of testicular tissue lysate (TTL) on developmental competence of germinal vesicle (GV) stage porcine oocytes. Two types of TTL were prepared through repeated freeze-thaw in liquid nitrogen, one from whole testicular tissue (wTTL) and other from either of four different sections of testes, namely just beneath the tunica albuginea (TA), from the transitional area between the seminiferous cord/tubules and the mediastinum testis (TR) and from the intermediate area (parenchymal tissue origin) and CE (cauda epididymis origin). The whole or section-wise TTL treatments were given for 44 hr during in vitro maturation (IVM). Oocyte maturation was done in either of the two media, namely defined (high-performance basic medium for porcine oocyte maturation, commercially available) and serum containing (TCM199). After maturation, oocytes were co-incubated with fresh spermatozoa for 6 hr and then transferred to embryo culture media. Treatment of GV stage oocytes with wTTL (1 mg/ml) increased the cleavage and morula percentage rate (69.23 ± 6.23 and 48.15 ± 6.77, respectively) than that of their control (58.33 ± 8.08 and 32.54 ± 5.53, respectively) in defined media, and in serum-containing media, cleavage and morula percentage rate were almost equal in both treatment (54.56 ± 7.79 and 34.70 ± 6.78, respectively) and control (59.52 ± 8.21 and 38.52 ± 6.54, respectively). However, effect of wTTL was not significant. In case of section-wise TTL supplements, TR section significantly (p < .01) improved cleavage and morula rate (58.43 ± 7.98 and 36.14 ± 6.89, respectively) followed by TA. In conclusion, present study indicates that IVM, in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture of embryo are improved in the presence of TTL, particularly its TR section. Further study is expected to reveal the principal components of TTL which may prove useful for IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Naskar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India.,ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - B Saikia
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Y Vashi
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - S Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Banik
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - M K Tamuli
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - V Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - D K Sarma
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - S K Dhara
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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211
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Ruhela R, Panja S, Singh AK, Dhami PS, Gandhi PM. BenzoDODA grafted polymeric resin-Plutonium selective solid sorbent. J Hazard Mater 2016; 318:186-193. [PMID: 27420390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new ligand grafted polymeric resin (BenzoDODA SDVB) was synthesized by covalently attaching plutonium selective ligand (BenzoDODA) on to styrene divinyl benzene (SDVB) polymer matrix. BenzoDODA SDVB resin was evaluated for separation and recovery of plutonium(IV) from nitric acid medium. Sorption of Pu(IV) was found to decrease with the increase in nitric acid concentration, with very small sorption above 7.0M HNO3. Sorption kinetics was fast enough to achieve the equilibrium within 60min of contact where the kinetic data fitted well to pseudo-second-order model. Sorption isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir model suggesting chemical interaction between the BenzoDODA moiety and plutonium(IV) ions. Sorption studies with some of representative radionuclides of high level waste showed that BenzoDODA SDVB is selective and therefore could be a promising solid sorbent for separation and recovery of plutonium. Further, the theoretical calculations done on BenzoDODA SDVB resin suggested Pu(NO3)4·BenzoDODA (1:1) sorbed complex conformed to generally observed square antiprism geometry of the plutonium complexes, with contributions from oxygen atoms of four nitrate ions as well as from four oxygen atoms present in BenzoDODA (two phenolic ether oxygen atoms and two carbonyl oxygen atoms of amidic moiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ruhela
- Materials Processing Division, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - S Panja
- Fuel Reprocessing Division, Nuclear Fuels Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - A K Singh
- Materials Processing Division, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - P S Dhami
- Fuel Reprocessing Division, Nuclear Fuels Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - P M Gandhi
- Fuel Reprocessing Division, Nuclear Fuels Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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212
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Sarma D, Das R, Akhtar MS, Ciji A, Sharma NK, Singh AK. Morpho-histological and ultra architectural changes during early development of endangered golden mahseer Tor putitora. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:2038-2054. [PMID: 27500786 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural and histological changes in the embryonic and larval surface during ontogenesis of the endangered golden mahseer Tor putitora is studied here for the first time. Embryonic development was completed 91-92 h after fertilization at an ambient temperature of 23° ± 1° C (mean ± s.d.). The gastrula stage was characterized by presence of the Kupffer's vesicle, notochord, ectoderm and endoderm cells. Primordial germ cells were clearly identifiable from c. 55 h post-fertilization at the organogenesis stage. Mean total length of newly hatched larvae was 7·0 ± 0·5 mm. Scanning electron microscopy of newly hatched larvae demonstrated vitelline arteries, microridged epithelial cells and mucous gland openings over much of the body surface. Eye, oral cavity, pharyngeal arches, heart, intestinal loop, prosencephalon, cephalic vesicle and nasal epithelium were clearly distinguished in 3 day old hatched individuals. In 6 day old individuals, caudal-fin rays and internal organs were evident. The dorsal fin became prominent at this stage and larvae began swimming at the surface. The reserved yolk material was totally absorbed 8-11 days after hatching and larvae began feeding exogenously. Tor putitora exhibited a longer early developmental period than other cyprinids reared at similar temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarma
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - R Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M S Akhtar
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - A Ciji
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - N K Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Zoology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Tehri Campus Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, 249199, India
| | - A K Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, 263136, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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213
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Burton BP, Singh AK. Prediction of entropy stabilized incommensurate phases in the system MoS2 - MoTe2. J Appl Phys 2016; 120:155101. [PMID: 28757659 PMCID: PMC5531295 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A first principles phase diagram calculation, that included van der Waals interactions, was performed for the 3D bulk system (1 - X) · MoS2 - (X) · MoTe2. Surprisingly, the predicted phase diagram has at least two ordered phases, at X ≈ 0:46, even though all calculated formation energies are positive; in a ground-state analysis that examined all configurations with 16 or fewer anion sites. The lower-temperature I-phase is predicted to transform to a higher-temperature I'-phase at T ≈ 500 K, and I' disorders at T ≈ 730 K. Both these transitions are predicted to be first-order, and there are broad two-phase fields on both sides of the ordered regions. Both the I- and I'-phases are predicted to be incommensurate, i.e., aperiodic: I-phase in three dimensions; and I'-phase in two dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Burton
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - A K Singh
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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214
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Joshi R, Deopa D, Sinha DN, Singh AK. Prenatal glomerular changes during development of human foetal kidney. National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3401617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aims: The cortical glomerulus shows many developmental changes during fetogenesis. Nonnalhistologyofthe fetal glomerulus at various stages of development was studied to get insight into the morphology of fetal glomerulus. Fetal glomerular study is a necessity for correlation with increase in gestational age and pathological changes which may affect the normal functioning of kidneys in fetal life. Method: Dissection of 70 normal human fetuses was carried out and histological findings of glomerulus were noted with respect to the age of fetus. The histology of fetal kidney was studied using H & E stain. Important developmental stages of glomerulus were observed. Results: Fetal kidney glomerulus histology is different from adult. Unlike in adult kidney, foetal kidney glomerulus shows many developmental stages as v, c, s, cresentric in starting phase. Multiple rows arrangement in between mednllary rays with well developed mature glomeruli at juxtamednllary junction. Capillary invagination with developed Juxta glomerular apparatus was appreciated. Nephrogenic zone which was found as hroad band in early gestational weeks disappeared near term. Conclusion: The present study will be helpful in understanding the normal histological architecture of foetal kidney glomerulus and add to the existing knowledge regarding development of foetal kidney, its relation with gestational age and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roli Joshi
- Junior Resident, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
| | - Deepa Deopa
- Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
| | - DN Sinha
- Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
| | - AK Singh
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
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215
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Singh AK, Gupta V, Rani B, Kumar M, Kaushik S. Rasmussen Aneurysm. J Assoc Physicians India 2016; 64:101-102. [PMID: 27766819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiographic findings in tuberculosis patients presenting with hemoptysis include hypervascularity, hypertrophy of systemic arteries, aneurysm, systemic to pulmonary anastomosis, and rarely, contrast extravasation. Bronchial arteries are the source of hemorrhage in majority of cases with non-bronchial systemic or pulmonary arteries being less common as the source. Rasmussen's Aneurysm is a very rare sequalae of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. We present one such case of Rasmussen's aneurysm and review of the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Saurabh Kaushik
- JR2, Department of Medicine, S.N. Medical College Agra, Uttar Pradesh
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216
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Jaywant SV, Singh AK, Prabhu MS, Ranjan R. Statin therapy/lipid lowering therapy among Indian adults with first acute coronary event: The dyslipidemia Residual and Mixed Abnormalities IN spite of Statin therapy (REMAINS) study. Indian Heart J 2016; 68:646-654. [PMID: 27773403 PMCID: PMC5079128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to evaluate the effect of statin therapy/lipid lowering therapy (LLT) on lipid profile, in adults presenting with first acute coronary event. METHODS AND MATERIAL A multicentre, observational, prospective cohort study of lipid profiles pre- and post-statin therapy/LLT, among adult patients with confirmed diagnosis of first acute coronary event. The primary outcome measures were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in mg/dl and triglycerides (TG) in mg/dl at baseline and end of study (EOS, 12 weeks [mean: 13.5 weeks]). RESULTS Totally 474 patients completed the study. Number of patients with any LDL-C abnormality (LDL-C [all; LDL was abnormal, either alone or along with other lipid parameter(s)]) decreased from 118 (24.9%) to 27 (5.7%), and for LDL-C (only; only the LDL was abnormal), from 46 (9.7%) to 13 (2.7%), both from baseline to EOS. Of 118 patients with high LDL-C (all) at baseline, 91 (77.1%) had reduction in LDL-C to <100mg/dl, of which 54 (45.8%) had LDL-C <70mg/dl at EOS. The patients with LDL-C fraction abnormalities decreased, while HDL-C abnormalities increased at EOS from baseline. No major difference was observed at baseline and EOS in levels of TG (all [TG was abnormal, either alone or along with other lipid parameter(s)]) and TG (only [only the TG was abnormal]). Six (1.3%) had seven serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Though statin therapy is effective in lowering LDL-C, there still remains residual dyslipidemia, which probably should be tackled with therapeutic and non-therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R Ranjan
- Associate Manager, Medical Affairs, MSD, India
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Sandeep S, Manjaiah KM, Mayadevi MR, Singh AK. Monitoring temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon decomposition under maize-wheat cropping systems in semi-arid India. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:451. [PMID: 27387189 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for sustainability of agricultural ecosystems and maintaining overall environment quality as soils contain a significant part of global carbon stocks. In this study, we attempted to explain the carbon mineralization and temperature sensitivity of SOC in maize-wheat systems, a common cropping system in the semi-arid regions of India. Soil samples(0-0.15 m) from long-term experimental plots laid in split plot design with two tillage systems (conventional tillage and bed planting) and six nutrient management treatments (T 1 = control, T 2 = 120 kg urea-N/ha, T 3 = T2 (25 % N substituted by farmyard manure (FYM)), T 4 = T 2 (25 % N substituted by sewage sludge), T 5 = T 2 + crop residue, T 6 = 100 % recommended doses of N through organic source - 50 % FYM + 25 % biofertilizer + 25 % crop residue) were incubated at different temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) to determine the thermal sensitivity parameters associated with carbon mineralization. Earlier reports suggest a selective preservation of C3-derived carbon fractions over C4 in the SOC pool, and this is the first instance where δ (13)C signatures (C4-derived carbon) were used as a qualitative measure to assess thermal sensitivity of SOC pools in the maize-wheat crop rotation systems of semi-arid India. Among the nutrient management treatments, mineral fertilizers were found to add more C4-derived carbon to the SOC pool in both the tillage systems but shows less promise in SOC stability as indicated by their lower activation energies (Ea) (14.25 kJ mol(-1)). Conventional tillage was found to mineralize 18.80 % (T 1-control at 25 °C) to 29.93 % carbon (T 3-mineral fertilizer + FYM at 40 °C) during the 150 days of incubation which was significantly higher than bed planting system (14.90 % in T 1-control at 25 °C and 21.99 % in T 6-100% organic sources at 40 °C). Organic manures, especially FYM (19.11 kJ mol(-1)) and 100 % organics (19.33 kJ mol(-1)) were more effective in enhancing the Ea of SOC than plots with mineral fertilizers alone (14.25 kJ mol(-1)), but had relatively higher Q 10 values thereby corroborating the thermal sensitivity hypothesis of recalcitrant organic compounds in soil. Michaelis-Menten derivatives along with thermal sensitivity indicators such as Ea and Q 10 were found to be efficient parameters for explaining carbon mineralization and CO2 efflux from soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sandeep
- Department of Soil Science, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 680653, India.
| | - K M Manjaiah
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - M R Mayadevi
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, 680656, India
| | - A K Singh
- Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474002, India
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Singh AK, Kumar R, Mishra AK, Singh M, Baisvar VS, Chauhan UK, Kushwaha B, Nagpure NS. Authentication of five Barilius species from Indian waters using DNA barcoding. Genetika 2016; 52:943-950. [PMID: 29368907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Authentic identification of fish species is essential for conserving them as a valuable genetic resource in our environment. DNA barcoding of living beings has become an important and ultimate tool for establishing their molecular identity. Among cyprinids, Barilius is an important genus having nearly 23 species in Indian region whose morphological identification is often difficult due to minute differences in their features. Five species collected from Indian waters and primarily identified as Opsarius bakeri (syn. Barilius bakeri), B. gatensis, B. vagra, B. bendelisis and B. ngawa were authenticated by their DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Five individuals of each species were taken for barcode preparation by COI gene sequencing which yielded one barcode for B. ngawa, two barcodes each for O. bakeri, B. gatensis, B. bendelisis and three barcodes for B. vagra. The order of inter and intra-specific variation was estimated to know a preliminary status of variation prevailing in these cold stream fish species significant for evolution and conservation of these valued species of our ichthyofauna. Average variation within genera was found to be 13.6% with intra-specific variation ranging from 0.0% (B. ngawa) to 0.6% (B. gatensis). These distance data are in the same order found by various researchers globally using COI barcode sequences in different fish species. Phylogenetic relatedness among Barilius species and some other cyprinids validate their status of individual species as established by conventional taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Sharma B, Bhatia RS, Singh AK. A hierarchical virtual backbone construction protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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221
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Khanna A, Singh AK, Swaroop A. A Token-Based Solution to Group Local Mutual Exclusion Problem In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Arab J Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The nutritional quality of cereals and the sensorial properties of their products are sometimes inferior as compared to other sources of food which is due to the lower protein content and starch availability, the presence of determined antinutrients (phytic acid, tannins, and polyphenols) and the coarse nature of the grains. To ameliorate the nutritional qualities of cereals, they are processed in a number of ways. This review summarizes the enhancement in the nutritional value as well as the functional characteristics of cereals due to germination and fermentation treatment. The protein concentration increases and the amino acid profile is balanced by germination and fermentation. The antinutritional factors are reduced increasing the mineral availability from the cereals. Germination enhances the quality of nutrients and bioactive compounds of cereals thereby increasing the content in proteins, amino acids, sugars, and vitamins. The functional properties of cereals is enhanced due to generation of biofunctional substances, increase in protein solubility, in vitro protein digestibility and lowering of glycemic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- a Department of Processing and Food Engineering , Punjab Agricultural University , Ludhiana 141004 , India
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Maurya
- From the Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow 206010, India
| | - D Kulshreshtha
- From the Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow 206010, India
| | - A K Singh
- From the Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow 206010, India
| | - M D Thakkar
- From the Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow 206010, India
| | - A K Thacker
- From the Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow 206010, India
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Singh AK, Porrata LF, Aljitawi O, Lin T, Shune L, Ganguly S, McGuirk JP, Abhyankar S. Fatal GvHD induced by PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:1268-70. [PMID: 27111048 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - L F Porrata
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - O Aljitawi
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - T Lin
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - L Shune
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - S Ganguly
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - J P McGuirk
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - S Abhyankar
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, USA
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Rajan S, Babazade R, Govindarajan SR, Pal R, You J, Mascha EJ, Khanna A, Yang M, Marcano FD, Singh AK, Kaouk J, Turan A. Perioperative factors associated with acute kidney injury after partial nephrectomy. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116:70-6. [PMID: 26675951 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial nephrectomy is performed with the aim to preserve renal function. But the occurrence of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) can interfere with this goal. Our primary aim was to evaluate associations between pre-specified modifiable factors and estimated glomerular filtration rate after partial nephrectomy. Our secondary aims were to evaluate associations between pre-specified modifiable factors and both serum creatinine concentration and type of nephrectomy. METHODS The records of 1955 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy were collected. Postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was used as the primary outcome measure. Twenty modifiable risk factors were studied. A repeated-measures linear model with autoregressive within-subject correlation structure was used. The interaction between all the factors and type of nephrectomy was also studied. RESULTS A total of 1187 (61%) patients had no kidney injury, 647 (33%) had stage I, 80 (4%) had stage II, and 41 (2%) had stage III injury. The mean eGFR increased an estimated 0.83 (99.76% CI 0.79-0.88) ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2) for a unit increase in baseline eGFR. Mean eGFR was 2.65 (99.76% CI: 0.13, 5.18) ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2) lower in patients with hypertension. Mean eGFR decreased 0.42 (99.76% CI: 0.22, 0.62) ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2) for a 10-minute longer in duration of procedure and decreased 2.09 (99.76% CI: 1.39, 2.80) ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2) for a 10-minute longer in ischemia time. It was 3.53 (99.76% CI: 0.83, 6.23) ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2) lower for patients who received warm ischemia as compared to cold ischemia. CONCLUSION Potentially modifiable factors associated with AKI in the postoperative period were identified as baseline renal function, preoperative hypertension, longer duration of surgical time and ischaemia time, and warm ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajan
- Department of General Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Babazade
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S R Govindarajan
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Pal
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J You
- Departments of Qualitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E J Mascha
- Departments of Qualitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Khanna
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Surgical ICU, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M Yang
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - F D Marcano
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A K Singh
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Kaouk
- Center for Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Turan
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P-77, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Saraf SL, Sysol JR, Arruda JA, Machado RF, Gordeuk VR, Susma A, Setty S, Gudehithlu KP, Singh AK. ID: 139: PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULAR DAMAGE IN SICKLE CELL TRAIT AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA MOUSE MODELS. J Investig Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000120.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The hemoglobin S mutation, a glutamic acid to valine substitution in the β-globin chain, results in hemoglobin polymerization under hypoxic conditions and leads to vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. Homozygous inheritance (Hb SS; sickle cell anemia) affects 1 in 500 African Americans and is consistently associated with an increased risk for kidney disease which may be due to cell-free hemoglobin toxicity, ischemic injury, or hyperfiltration-mediated damage to the kidney. Heterozygous inheritance (Hb AS; sickle cell trait) affects 1 in 8 African Americans and has also been associated with an increased risk for kidney disease, although not in all cohorts and the mechanisms are not well understood.We investigated whether inheritance of the Hb S mutation resulted in incremental kidney damage in Hb AS and Hb SS mice compared to Hb AA mice by histology, proteinuria, and candidate gene expression using transgenic sickle mice ≥6 months of age (Townes model, Jackson Laboratory). Values are presented as mean±standard error and analyses are adjusted for age.Using Masson trichrome stained sections of the kidney, progressive patterns of mesangial expansion were observed in age-matched Hb AS and Hb SS mice versus Hb AA mice by renal pathologists blinded to the hemoglobin genotype (figure 1). Hb AS mice had diffuse (>50% of the glomeruli per slide being involved) mesangial expansion while Hb SS mice had diffuse and global (>50% of the individual glomerulus being involved) mesangial expansion. Glomerular perimeters were measured using NanoZoomer Whole Slide Imaging in 26 randomly selected glomeruli from 2 age-matched mice per genotype. Using the upper quartile as the definition for an enlarged glomerulus, the proportion of enlarged glomeruli progressively increased from Hb AA (15%) to Hb AS (31%) to Hb SS mice (58%) (Cochran's test of linear trend, P=0.001) (figure 2). Progressively higher kidney weights were also observed from Hb AA (429±28 mg, n=8) to Hb AS (446±27 mg, n=18) to Hb SS (567±19 mg, n=5) mice (Test for linear trend, P=0.047). We then measured urine protein and urine creatinine concentrations using the Bio-Rad dye method and Jaffé reaction, respectively. Progressively higher urine protein-to-creatinine ratios were observed from Hb AA to Hb AS to Hb SS mice (figure 3) (Test for linear trend, P=0.09). Gene expression of candidate genes (TGFB1, IL6, MMP9, Klotho, HMOX1, and SHROOM3) was determined by rt-PCR from kidneys of age-matched, female Hb AA and Hb AS mice (n=5). Increased expression of Klotho (P=0.09) was observed in Hb AS mice (figure 4). Klotho is a β-glucoronidase that is highly expressed in the kidney and acts as a cofactor that increases the affinity of the FGF23 ligand for the FGF receptor.In conclusion, we observed progressive glomerular injury, determined by mesangial expansion, proportion of enlarged glomeruli, and urine protein concentrations in Hb AS and Hb SS mice compared to Hb AA mice. Klotho was upregulated in Hb AS mice and may play a role in the pathophysiology of kidney damage in Hb AS which will require further investigation.Abstract ID: 139 Figure 1
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Gupta SK, Jain VK, Singh AK, Mishra M, Ojha T. Sino-Nasal Status in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2016; 58:99-102. [PMID: 30182668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease with serious impact on quality of life (QoL). There are limited studies available supporting coexistence of sino-nasal involvement in COPD. Methods. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate sino-nasal status in patients with COPD (n=100) presenting to the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur from July 2011 to October 2012. COPD was diagnosed based on the Global initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. Sino-nasal status was assessed by detailed history, radiograph of the para-nasal sinuses (PNS), nasal endoscopy and mucociliary clearance time. Results. Sino-nasal symptoms were present in 74 patients with COPD; nasal discharge (75.7%) being the most common. Tobacco smokers with COPD had a higher occurrence of sino-nasal symptoms (76.8%). Radiograph of para-nasal sinuses showed that maxillary sinus was most commonly involved. Nasal endoscopy revealed discharge in 63.5% cases. Nasal mucociliary clearance time was delayed (>11 to >40 min) in 98% cases. Nasal mucociliary clearance time was significantly delayed (>20 min) in COPD patients who were tobacco smokers as compared to non-smokers (53.7% versus 16.7%) and also related with increasing severity of COPD. Conclusions. Our observations suggest that sino-nasal involvement and delayed mucociliary clearance are common in patients with COPD, especially in tobacco smokers. Assessment of upper airway involvement in all the patients with COPD can help better therapeutic intervention and improvement in QoL.
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Abstract
Hypertension is a major public health problem in the developing as well as in developed countries due to its high prevalence and its association with coronary heart disease, renal disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and related disorders. Essential hypertension (EH) is the most common diagnosis in this disease, suggesting that a monocausal etiology has not been identified. However, a number of risk factors associated with EH have also been identified such as age, sex, demographic, environmental, genetic, and vascular factors. Recent advances in molecular biological research had achieved clarifying the molecular basis of Mendelian hypertensive disorders. Molecular genetic studies have now identified mutations in several genes that cause Mendelian forms of hypertension in humans. However, none of the single genetic variants has emerged from linkage or association analyses as consistently related to the blood pressure level in every sample and in all populations. Besides, a number of polymorphisms in candidate genes have been associated with differences in blood pressure. The most prominent candidate has been the polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In total, EH is likely to be a polygenic disorder that results from inheritance of a number of susceptibility genes and involves multiple environmental determinants. These determinants complicate the study of blood pressure variations in the general population. The complex nature of the hypertension phenotype makes large-scale studies indispensable, when screening of familial and genetic factors was intended. In this review, recent genetic studies exploring the molecular basis of EH, including different molecular pathways, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Singh
- a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - A K Singh
- b Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - P Pandey
- a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - S Chandra
- c Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - K A Singh
- d Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - I S Gambhir
- a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
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Abstract
Sulfonylureas (SUs) remain the most commonly prescribed drug after metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), despite the availability of several newer agents. The primary reason of SUs being most popular is their quick glycemic response, time-tested experience and least cost. Although SUs are one amongst the several other second line agents after metformin in all major guidelines, the new Dutch type 2 guidelines specifically advise gliclazide as the preferred second line drug instead of SUs as a class. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also included gliclazide in their Model List of Essential Medicines 2013 motivated by its safety data in elderly patients. Specifically advising gliclazide may have been based on emerging evidence suggesting cardiovascular neutrality of gliclazide over other SUs. This prompted us to do a literature review of gliclazide efficacy and safety data compared to other SUs as well as oral anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritu Singh
- a G.D Hospital & Diabetes Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
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Abstract
Infertility can arise as a consequence of treatment of oncological conditions. The parallel and continued improvement in both the management of oncology and fertility cases in recent times has brought to the forefront the potential for fertility preservation in patients being treated for cancer. Many survivors will maintain their reproductive potential after the successful completion of treatment for cancer. However total body irradiation, radiation to the gonads, and certain high dose chemotherapy regimens can place women at risk for acute ovarian failure or premature menopause and men at risk for temporary or permanent azoospermia. Providing information about risk of infertility and possible interventions to maintain reproductive potential are critical for the adolescent and young adult population at the time of diagnosis. There are established means of preserving fertility before cancer treatment; specifically, sperm cryopreservation for men and in vitro fertilization and embryo cryopreservation for women. Several innovative techniques are being actively investigated, including oocyte and ovarian follicle cryopreservation, ovarian tissue transplantation, and in vitro follicle maturation, which may expand the number of fertility preservation choices for young cancer patients. Fertility preservation may also require some modification of cancer therapy; thus, patients’ wishes regarding future fertility and available fertility preservation alternatives should be discussed before initiation of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Suhag
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HOD Radiation Oncology, Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, India
| | - B S Sunita
- Department of Pathology, Base Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arti Sarin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HOD Radiation Oncology, Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, India
| | - A K Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HOD Radiation Oncology, Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, India
| | - S Dashottar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HOD Radiation Oncology, Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, India
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Singh AK, Singh R. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of current evidence. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20:245-253. [PMID: 27042423 PMCID: PMC4792028 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.176353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive disease with multiple pathophysiologic defects, no single anti-diabetic agent can tackle all these multi-factorial pathways. Consequently, multiple agents working through the different mechanisms will be required for the optimal glycemic control. Moreover, the combination therapies of different anti-diabetic agents may complement their actions and possibly act synergistic. Furthermore, these combinations could possess the additional properties to counter their undesired physiological compensatory response. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2I) are newly emerging class of drugs, with a great potential to reduce glucose effectively with an additional quality of lowering cardiovascular events as demonstrated very recently by one of the agents of this class. However, increase in endogenous glucose production (EGP) from the liver, either due to the increase in glucagon or compensatory response to glucosuria can offset the glucose-lowering potential of SGLT-2I. Interestingly, another class of drugs such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4I) effectively decrease glucagon and reduce EGP. In light of these findings, combination therapies with SGLT-2I and DPP-4I are particularly appealing and are expected to produce a synergistic effect. Preclinical studies of combination therapies with DPP-4I and SGLT-2I have already demonstrated a significant lowering of hemoglobin A1c potential and human studies also find no drug-drug interaction between these agents. This article aims to systematically review the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of SGLT-2I and DPP-4I in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, G.D Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, G.D Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Singh AK, Joshi D, Shah A, Ranjeev. Spectrum of ocular diseases in patients attending eye camps in Andaman and Nicobar. Med J Armed Forces India 2016; 72:45-7. [PMID: 26900222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andaman and Nicobar Island is a group of 572 islands with a population of 3,80,500. The only service hospital as well as govt hospital is situated at its capital, Portblair. The islands are interconnected only by sea passage and to reach the capital by this route it sometimes takes two days. METHODS The objective of this study is to assess the spectrum of different ocular diseases in remote islands of Andaman and Nicobar. Author had conducted various camps on these remote islands as a community outreach programme over two years. RESULTS Top eye diseases found were refractive error (35%), cataract (22%), conjunctival infammatory disease (15%), glaucoma cases (07%), pterygium (07%), NLDO (02%) and uveitis (02%). Out of total 132 cataract patients screened, 32 patients (approximately 24%) were operated in INHS Dhanvantari at free of cost with help of NPCB (National Programme for Control of Blindness). CONCLUSION This was the first kind of study conducted on these remote islands to know the prevalence of different ocular diseases. The important point to be seen in this study was unawareness of glaucoma and cataract load. No optometrist was posted in the PHCs to provide primary eye care like prescribing glasses, which is also a big concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Classified Specialist (Ophthalmology), Command Hospital (Air Force), Bengaluru, India
| | - D Joshi
- Senior Advisor & Head, (Ophthalmology) & Vitreo Retinal Surgeon, Command Hospital (Air Force), Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita Shah
- Joint Secretary, NPCB, GB Pant Hospital, Portblair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands 744104, India
| | - Ranjeev
- Resident (Ophthalmology), Command Hospital (Air Force), Bengaluru, India
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Gaur A, Naidu CS, Rao PP, Sharma S, Singh AK, Trehan V, Kulkarni SV, Pathak N, Singh A, Goyal B. The effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on glycemic control in morbidly obese patients. Int J Surg 2016; 28:131-5. [PMID: 26902533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bariatric procedures have become popular in treating not only the morbid obesity but also the metabolic derangements. Sleeve Gastrectomy has recently become popular as a standalone procedure and its usefulness as a metabolic procedure especially glycemic control is still under investigation. One of the most commonly used measure of insulin resistance is statistically derived 'Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). AIM The effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) on clinical and measurable change in glycemic control as seen by reduction of insulin resistance ie HOMA-IR levels in morbidly obese patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS All the patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m(2) with co morbidities and BMI ≥40 kg/m(2) even without co morbidities were included in the study. The period of the study was from Feb 2013 to Sep 2014. Fasting (FBS), post prandial blood sugar (PPBS) and Insulin levels were checked before the surgery, 1month and 3 month after the surgery. We also recorded BMI and diabetic status. HOMA-IR was calculated and trends were recorded. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 16.0. RESULTS Out of 28 patients 8 were males and 20 were females. The mean age was 43 yrs. 11 (39%) patients were diabetic and mean BMI was 44 kg/m(2) and a range of (35-61.3) kg/m(2). 11 patients had BMI > 45 kg/m(2). The HOMA-IR values decreased significantly after the surgery both in diabetics and non diabetics. CONCLUSION LSG results in improvement in glycemic control in both diabetics and non diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gaur
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India.
| | - C S Naidu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - P P Rao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - A K Singh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - V Trehan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - S V Kulkarni
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - Nishant Pathak
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Goyal
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi, India
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Singh A, Knox RE, DePauw RM, Singh AK, Cuthbert RD, Kumar S, Campbell HL. Genetic mapping of common bunt resistance and plant height QTL in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 2016; 129:243-56. [PMID: 26520114 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Breeding for field resistance to common bunt in wheat will need to account for multiple genes and epistatic and QTL by environment interactions. Loci associated with quantitative resistance to common bunt are co-localized with other beneficial traits including plant height and rust resistance. ABSTRACT Common bunt, also known as stinking smut, is caused by seed borne fungi Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) Wint. [syn. Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul.] and Tilletia laevis Kühn [syn. Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro.]. Common bunt is known to cause grain yield and quality losses in wheat due to bunt ball formation and infestation of the grain. The objectives of this research were to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for common bunt resistance, to study the epistatic interactions between the identified QTL, and investigate the co-localization of bunt resistance with plant height. A population of 261 doubled haploid lines from the cross Carberry/AC Cadillac and checks were genotyped with polymorphic genome wide microsatellite and DArT(®) markers. The lines were grown in 2011, 2012, and 2013 in separate nurseries for common bunt incidence and height evaluation. AC Cadillac contributed a QTL (QCbt.spa-6D) for common bunt resistance on chromosome 6D at markers XwPt-1695, XwPt-672044, and XwPt-5114. Carberry contributed QTL for bunt resistance on chromosomes 1B (QCbt.spa-1B at XwPt743523) 4B (QCbt.spa-4B at XwPt-744434-Xwmc617), 4D (QCbt.spa-4D at XwPt-9747), 5B (QCbt.spa-5B at XtPt-3719) and 7D (QCbt.spa-7D at Xwmc273). Significant epistatic interactions were identified for percent bunt incidence between QCbt.spa-1B × QCbt.spa-4B and QCbt.spa-1B × QCbt.spa-6D, and QTL by environment interaction between QCbt.spa-1B × QCbt.spa-6D. Plant height QTL were found on chromosomes 4B (QPh.spa-4B) and 6D (QPh.spa-6D) that co-located with bunt resistance QTL. The identification of previously unreported common bunt resistance QTL (on chromosomes 4B, 4D and 7D), and new understanding of QTL × QTL interactions will facilitate marker-assisted breeding for common bunt resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Singh
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada.
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Ron E Knox
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada.
| | - R M DePauw
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - A K Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - R D Cuthbert
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - S Kumar
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - H L Campbell
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus being a progressive disease will eventually require insulin therapy. While insulin therapy is the ultimate option, many patients still fall short of target glycemic goals. This could, perhaps be due to the fear, unwillingness and practical barriers to insulin intensification. Hypoglycemia, oedema and weight gain is another limitation. Newer therapies with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are exciting options as both classes do not cause hypoglycemia and are either weight neutral or cause weight loss. DPP-4 inhibitors are an appealing option as an add-on therapy to insulin especially in elderly and patients with renal impairment. Moreover, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) mediated augmentation of glucagon by DPP-4 inhibitors could also protect against hypoglycemia. These collective properties make these class a potential add-on candidate to insulin therapy. This article will review the efficacy and safety of DPP-4 inhibitors as an add-on to insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritu Singh
- a G.D Hospital & Diabetes Institute , Kolkata , India
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritu Singh
- a G.D Hospital & Diabetes Institute , Kolkata , India
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Sandeep S, Manjaiah KM, Pal S, Singh AK. Soil carbon fractions under maize-wheat system: effect of tillage and nutrient management. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:14. [PMID: 26638156 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon plays a major role in sustaining agroecosystems and maintaining environmental quality as it acts as a major source and sink of atmospheric carbon. The present study aims to assess the impact of agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon pools in a maize-wheat cropping system of Indo-Gangetic Plains, India. Soil samples from a split plot design with two tillage systems (bed planting and conventional tillage) and six nutrient treatments (T1 = control, T2 = 120 kg urea-N ha(-1), T3 = T2 (25 % N substituted by FYM), T4 = T2 (25 % N substituted by sewage sludge), T5 = T2 + crop residue, T6 = 100 % organic source (50 % FYM + 25 % biofertilizer + 25 % crop residue) were used for determining the organic carbon pools. Results show that there was a significant improvement in Walkley and Black carbon in soil under integrated and organic nutrient management treatments. KMnO4-oxidizable carbon content of soil varied from 0.63 to 1.50 g kg(-1) in soils and was found to be a better indicator for monitoring the impact of agricultural management practices on quality of soil organic carbon than microbial biomass carbon. Tillage and its interaction were found to significantly influence only those soil organic carbon fractions closely associated with aggregate stability viz, labile polysaccharides and glomalin. The highest amount of C4-derived carbon was found to be in plots receiving recommended doses of N as urea (29 %) followed by control plots (25 %). The carbon management index ranged between 82 to 195 and was better in integrated nutrient sources than ones receiving recommended doses of nutrients through mineral fertilizers alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sandeep
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Department of Soil Science, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 680653, India.
| | - K M Manjaiah
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Sharmistha Pal
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Research Centre, Chandigarh, 160019, India.
| | - A K Singh
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a hereditary or acquired condition which disrupts normal life of persons with the condition; disruption is due to increased thirst and passing of large volumes of urine, even at night. A systematic search of literature for DI was carried out using the PubMed database for the purpose of this review. Central DI due to impaired secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) could result from traumatic brain injury, surgery, or tumors whereas nephrogenic DI due to failure of the kidney to respond to AVP is usually inherited. The earliest treatment was posterior pituitary extracts containing vasopressin and oxytocin. The synthetic analog of vasopressin, desmopressin has several benefits over vasopressin. Desmopressin was initially available as intranasal preparation, but now the oral tablet and melt formulations have gained significance, with benefits such as ease of administration and stability at room temperature. Other molecules used for treatment include chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, thiazide diuretics, indapamide, clofibrate, indomethacin, and amiloride. However, desmopressin remains the most widely used drug for the treatment of DI. This review covers the physiology of water balance, causes of DI and various treatment modalities available, with a special focus on desmopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Abdul Hamid Zargar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sunil M. Jain
- Managing Director, TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bipin Sethi
- Consultant Endocrinologist, CARE Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- GD Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sun Valley Diabetes and Endocrine Research Centre, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Vice-Principal (Research), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Harshad Malve
- Lead Medical, Asia Pacific region, Ferring Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Singh R, Singh Y, Xalaxo S, Verulkar S, Yadav N, Singh S, Singh N, Prasad KSN, Kondayya K, Rao PVR, Rani MG, Anuradha T, Suraynarayana Y, Sharma PC, Krishnamurthy SL, Sharma SK, Dwivedi JL, Singh AK, Singh PK, Singh NK, Kumar R, Chetia SK, Ahmad T, Rai M, Perraju P, Pande A, Singh DN, Mandal NP, Reddy JN, Singh ON, Katara JL, Marandi B, Swain P, Sarkar RK, Singh DP, Mohapatra T, Padmawathi G, Ram T, Kathiresan RM, Paramsivam K, Nadarajan S, Thirumeni S, Nagarajan M, Singh AK, Vikram P, Kumar A, Septiningshih E, Singh US, Ismail AM, Mackill D, Singh NK. From QTL to variety-harnessing the benefits of QTLs for drought, flood and salt tolerance in mega rice varieties of India through a multi-institutional network. Plant Sci 2016; 242:278-287. [PMID: 26566845 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a staple cereal of India cultivated in about 43.5Mha area but with relatively low average productivity. Abiotic factors like drought, flood and salinity affect rice production adversely in more than 50% of this area. Breeding rice varieties with inbuilt tolerance to these stresses offers an economically viable and sustainable option to improve rice productivity. Availability of high quality reference genome sequence of rice, knowledge of exact position of genes/QTLs governing tolerance to abiotic stresses and availability of DNA markers linked to these traits has opened up opportunities for breeders to transfer the favorable alleles into widely grown rice varieties through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). A large multi-institutional project, "From QTL to variety: marker-assisted breeding of abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties with major QTLs for drought, submergence and salt tolerance" was initiated in 2010 with funding support from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, in collaboration with International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. The main focus of this project is to improve rice productivity in the fragile ecosystems of eastern, northeastern and southern part of the country, which bear the brunt of one or the other abiotic stresses frequently. Seven consistent QTLs for grain yield under drought, namely, qDTY1.1, qDTY2.1, qDTY2.2, qDTY3.1, qDTY3.2, qDTY9.1 and qDTY12.1 are being transferred into submergence tolerant versions of three high yielding mega rice varieties, Swarna-Sub1, Samba Mahsuri-Sub1 and IR 64-Sub1. To address the problem of complete submergence due to flash floods in the major river basins, the Sub1 gene is being transferred into ten highly popular locally adapted rice varieties namely, ADT 39, ADT 46, Bahadur, HUR 105, MTU 1075, Pooja, Pratikshya, Rajendra Mahsuri, Ranjit, and Sarjoo 52. Further, to address the problem of soil salinity, Saltol, a major QTL for salt tolerance is being transferred into seven popular locally adapted rice varieties, namely, ADT 45, CR 1009, Gayatri, MTU 1010, PR 114, Pusa 44 and Sarjoo 52. Genotypic background selection is being done after BC2F2 stage using an in-house designed 50K SNP chip on a set of twenty lines for each combination, identified with phenotypic similarity in the field to the recipient parent. Near-isogenic lines with more than 90% similarity to the recipient parent are now in advanced generation field trials. These climate smart varieties are expected to improve rice productivity in the adverse ecologies and contribute to the farmer's livelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashi Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suchit Xalaxo
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhatisgarh, India
| | - S Verulkar
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhatisgarh, India
| | - Neera Yadav
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nisha Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - K S N Prasad
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - K Kondayya
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - P V Ramana Rao
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - M Girija Rani
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - T Anuradha
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - Y Suraynarayana
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S L Krishnamurthy
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S K Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - J L Dwivedi
- Acharya Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad, UP, India
| | - A K Singh
- Acharya Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad, UP, India
| | - P K Singh
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - N K Singh
- Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - S K Chetia
- Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - T Ahmad
- Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - M Rai
- Central Agricultural University, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - P Perraju
- Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Reewa, MP, India
| | - Anita Pande
- Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - D N Singh
- Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - N P Mandal
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - J N Reddy
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - O N Singh
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - J L Katara
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - B Marandi
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - P Swain
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - R K Sarkar
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - D P Singh
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - T Mohapatra
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - G Padmawathi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - T Ram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - K Paramsivam
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karikal, Puducherry, India
| | - S Nadarajan
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karikal, Puducherry, India
| | - S Thirumeni
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karikal, Puducherry, India
| | - M Nagarajan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Aduthurai, TN, India
| | - A K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Vikram
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Arvind Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - E Septiningshih
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - U S Singh
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - A M Ismail
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - D Mackill
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Nagendra K Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
The gradual decline in β-cell function is inevitable in type 2 diabetes mellitus and therefore, substantial proportions of patients require insulin subsequently, in order to achieve optimal glucose control. While weight gain, hypoglycemia, and fluid retention especially during dose intensification is a known limitation to insulin therapy, these adverse effects also reduce patient satisfaction and treatment adherence. It is also possible that the benefits of intensive control achieved by insulin therapy, perhaps get nullified by the weight gain and hypoglycemia. In addition, improvement in plasma glucose or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) itself is associated with weight gain. Notably, studies have already suggested that reduction in body weight by ~3-5%, may allow a significantly better glycemic control. Thus, a class of drugs, which can reduce HbA1c effectively, yet are weight neutral or preferably reduce body weight, could be the most sought out strategy as an add-on therapy to insulin. While sulfonylureas (SUs) are associated with weight gain and hypoglycemia, pioglitazone increases body weight and fluid retention. Moreover, SUs are not recommended once premix or prandial insulin is commenced. The addition of newer agents, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist to insulin certainly appears to be an effective tool in reducing both HbA1c and body weight as is evident across the studies; however, this approach incurs an additional injection as well as cost. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4I) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2I) are other exciting options, as an add-on to insulin therapy primarily because these are oral drugs and do not possess any intrinsic potential of hypoglycemia. Furthermore, these are either weight neutral or induce significant weight loss. This review article aims to comparatively analyze the safety and efficacy of DPP-4I and SGLT-2I, as an add-on therapy to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, G.D. Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, G.D. Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Joshi R, Deopa D, Sinha DN, Singh AK. Prenatal glomerular changes during development of human foetal kidney. Natl J Clin Anat 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/2277-4025.297725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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242
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Singh AK, Singh R. Combination therapy of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: rationale and evidences. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 9:229-40. [PMID: 26589238 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1123616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
No single antidiabetic agent can correct all the pathophysiologic defects manifested in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and, therefore, multiple agents are often required to achieve optimal glycemic control. Combination therapies, having different mechanisms of action, not only have the potential to complement their action, but may possess the properties to counter the undesired compensatory response. Recent finding suggests that sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) increase endogenous glucose production (EGP) from liver, due to the increase in glucagon which may offset its glucose-lowering potential. In contrast, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) decrease glucagon and EGP. Especially in the light of this finding, combination therapies with SGLT2i and DPP4i are particularly appealing, and are expected to produce an additive effect. Indeed, studies find no drug-drug interaction between SGLT2i and DPP4i. Moreover, significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin has also been observed. This article aims to review the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of SGLT2i and DPP4i in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritu Singh
- a G.D. Hospital & Diabetes Institute , Kolkata , India
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243
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Loha S, Jena BR, Singh AK, Yadav G. Total spinal blockade after Interscalene brachial plexus block- A rare but possible complication. J Med Res 2015. [DOI: 10.31254/jmr.2015.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Interscalene block is a commonly done regional anesthesiatechnique for shoulder and upper arm surgery. It has been used regularly as it is simple and achieves good and satisfactory block, but still it is not completely devoid of complications. In our case we have given interscalene block to a 45 year old male patient of ASA grade-I. Immediately after injecting the local anesthetic drug the patient became unconscious and unresponsive due to total spinal blockade. The patient was resuscitated and shifted to ICU where the he regained his consciousness after few hours and shifted to the ward without any neurological deficit.
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Tripathi C, Mahato NK, Singh AK, Kamra K, Korpole S, Lal R. Lampropedia cohaerens sp. nov., a biofilm-forming bacterium isolated from microbial mats of a hot water spring, and emended description of the genus Lampropedia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 66:1156-1162. [PMID: 26675173 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A biofilm-forming, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase-positive but oxidase-negative strain, designated CT6T, was isolated from the microbial mats (∼45 °C) of a hot water spring, located within the Himalayan ranges at Manikaran, Himachal Pradesh, India. Strain CT6T formed white, smooth colonies with irregular margins. Transmission electron microscopy revealed coccoid, non-flagellated cells with wavy boundaries. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CT6T belongs to the genus Lampropedia with a sequence similarity value of 95.4 % to the sole member of this genus, Lampropedia hyalina ATCC 11041T. Strain CT6T was found to have phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C14 : 0, C19 : 0ω8c cyclo and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major polyamines were putrescine, spermidine and the betaproteobacterial-specific 2-hydroxyputrescine. The DNA G+C content was 63.5 mol%. Based on the genotypic, phenotypic, physiological and biochemical data, strain CT6T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lampropedia, for which the name Lampropedia cohaerens sp. nov. is proposed ( = DSM 100029T = KCTC 42939T = MCC 2711T).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tripathi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - N K Mahato
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - A K Singh
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - K Kamra
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, India
| | - S Korpole
- Microbial Type Culture Collection & Genebank, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh- 160036, India
| | - R Lal
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, India
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Mahato NK, Tripathi C, Nayyar N, Singh AK, Lal R. Pontibacter ummariensis sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 66:1080-1087. [PMID: 26652923 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, pinkish-red, rod-shaped bacterium designated strain NKM1T was isolated from soil samples contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, collected from Ummari village, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The strain was characterized by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NKM1T clustered exclusively with members of the genus Pontibacter of the family Cytophagaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to type strains of the genus Pontibacter ranged from 96.7 to 93.8 %, with the highest sequence similarity found with Pontibacter odishensis JC130T (96.7 %). Cells of strain NKM1T were aerobic, non-flagellated and non-motile. Strain NKM1T was catalase- and oxidase-positive but negative for nitrate reduction and hydrolysis of gelatin. The major fatty acids in strain NKM1T were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipid profile of strain NKM1T showed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine and unknown glycolipids as well as aminolipids. sym-Homospermidine was found to be the major polyamine and menaquinone 7 (MK-7) was the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content of strain NKM1T was determined to be 58.6 mol%. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, physiological and biochemical evidence, it is proposed that isolate NKM1T represents a novel species that belongs to the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter ummariensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NKM1T ( = DSM 100161T = KCTC 42944T = MCC 2777T).
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Mahato
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - C Tripathi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - N Nayyar
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - A K Singh
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
| | - R Lal
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India
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Unnikrishnan AG, Singh AK, Modi KD, Saboo B, Garcha SC, Rao PV. Review of Clinical Profile of IDegAsp. J Assoc Physicians India 2015; 63:15-20. [PMID: 26548030 DOI: pmid/26548030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In patients with diabetes, treatment intensification requires basal and bolus insulin injections to control the fasting and prandial insulin needs. To overcome the burden of multiple daily injections, co-formulating basal and bolus insulins in single injection could allow a simple regimen with fewer injections. Current premixed insulin analogues are limited by the protaminated insulin component, which cannot provide effective basal coverage. While, long-acting insulin analogues like insulin glargine and insulin detemir cannot be combined with rapid-acting insulin analogues due to physicochemical incompatibility. Insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) is a soluble co-formulation of two distinct insulin analogues in the ratio of 70% ultra-long-acting insulin degludec (IDeg) and 30% rapid-acting insulin aspart (IAsp). The distinct PK/PD properties of IDeg and IAsp components are preserved in the co-formulation, with the rapid absorption characteristics of IAsp and flat and stable profile of IDeg maintained separately. Size exclusion chromatography studies of IDegAsp indicate that IDeg and lAsp exist as stable di-hexamers and hexamers, respectively in the formulation. Moreover, at steady state, the prandial and basal glucose lowering effects of IDeg and IAsp were distinct and clearly separated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes treated with IDegAsp. The glucose lowering effects of basal and prandial components of IDegAsp are maintained in elderly (≥ 65 years of age) patients with type 1 diabetes. In addition, the PK and clearance of IDeg and IAsp are not affected by mild, moderate or severe renal or hepatic impairment. Presence of two distinct insulin analogues, as a soluble co-formulation with basal component with an ultra-long duration of action makes IDegAsp an advance to premix insulins.
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Abstract
Several studies over the past decade have now consistently indicated that the serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels are at least 2-3-fold higher in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which also corresponds to the increased number of AMH producing preantral and small antral follicles. Moreover, AMH levels have been found to be associated in direct proportion to the follicle numbers per ovary or antral follicular count, assessed by the transvaginal ultrasound (TVS). Furthermore, AMH correlates directly with the rising serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels in PCOS. Hence, serum AMH in women with oligo-anovulation and/or hyperandrogenemia could indicate the presence of underlying PCOS, when reliable TVS is not feasible, or not acceptable, either due to the virginal status or psycho-social issue. In addition, the imaging quality of abdominal ultrasound is often impaired by obesity, which typically occurs in PCOS women. Indeed, PCOS occurs most commonly in young females who cannot be subjected to invasive TVS for various reasons; therefore, a desirable alternative to TVS is urgently required to diagnose the most prevalent endocrine abnormality of young women. This review will analyze the currently available evidence regarding the role of AMH in the diagnosis of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Valley Diabetes Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Gynecology, GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) are newly approved class of oral anti-diabetic drugs, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, which reduces blood glucose through glucouresis via the kidney, independent, and irrespective of available pancreatic beta-cells. Studies conducted across their clinical development program found, a modest reduction in glycated hemoglobin ranging from -0.5 to -0.8%, without any significant hypoglycemia. Moreover, head-to-head studies versus active comparators yielded comparable efficacy. Interestingly, weight and blood pressure reduction were additionally observed, which was not only consistent but significantly superior to active comparators, including metformin, sulfonylureas, and dipeptydylpeptide-4 inhibitors. Indeed, these additional properties makes this class a promising oral anti-diabetic drug. Surprisingly, a potentially fatal unwanted side effect of diabetic ketoacidosis has been noted with its widespread use, albeit rarely. Nevertheless, this has created a passé among the clinicians. This review is an attempt to pool those ketosis data emerging with SGLT-2i, and put a perspective on its implicated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, G.D. Hospital and Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Valley Diabetes Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Jaggi PK, Singh AK. Rollback recovery with low overhead for fault tolerance in mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shukla P, Singh S, Dubey P, Singh A, Singh AK. Nitric oxide mediated amelioration of arsenic toxicity which alters the alternative oxidase (Aox1) gene expression in Hordeum vulgare L. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 120:59-65. [PMID: 26036416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) as a key molecule in the signal transduction pathway of a biotic stress response has already been described. Recent studies indicate that it also participate in the signaling of abiotic stresses. In the present study, we showed the altered expression of stress responsive gene alternative oxidase (Aox1) in seedlings of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in response to arsenic toxicity. Arsenic toxicity decreased the germination percentage, biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid content whereas, arsenic toxicity enhanced the MDA content and proline content in a dose dependent manner. Other enzyme activities like catalase and superoxide dismutase increased with the increase in concentrations but it fell down at higher concentration of arsenic. Pretreatment of nitric oxide results in the enhanced expression of alternative oxidase which showed the adaptation of alternative pathway during the arsenic stress and it also enhances the growth ability and adaptability towards the arsenic stress. The results support the conclusion that nitric oxide ameliorates the arsenic toxicity not only at the level of antioxidant defense but also by affecting other mechanism of detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Shukla
- (a) Genotoxic Lab, Department of Botany, Udai Pratap Autonomous college, Varanasi 221002, India.
| | | | | | - Aradhana Singh
- (a) Genotoxic Lab, Department of Botany, Udai Pratap Autonomous college, Varanasi 221002, India
| | - A K Singh
- (a) Genotoxic Lab, Department of Botany, Udai Pratap Autonomous college, Varanasi 221002, India
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