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Cerulli A, Masullo M, Montoro P, Hošek J, Pizza C, Piacente S. Metabolite profiling of "green" extracts of Corylus avellana leaves by 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:168-178. [PMID: 30096647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae) leaves, consumed as infusion, are used in traditional medicine, for the treatment of hemorrhoids, varicose veins, phlebitis, and edema due to their astringent, vasoprotective, and antiedema properties. In previous works we reported from the leaves of Corylus avellana cv. "Tonda di Giffoni" diarylheptanoid derivatives, a class of plant secondary metabolites with a wide variety of bioactivities. With the aim to give an interesting and economically feasible opportunity to C. avellana leaves as source of functional ingredients for pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, "green" extracts were prepared by employing "eco-friendly" extraction protocols as maceration, infusion and SLDE-Naviglio extraction. Metabolite profiles of the extracts were obtained by 1H NMR experiments and data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis to highlight differences in the extracts and to evidence the extracts with the highest concentrations of bioactive metabolites. Based on the NMR data, a total of 31 compounds were identified. The metabolite variation among the extracts was evaluated using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). Furthermore, the total phenolic content of the extracts was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay and the antioxidant activity of extracts was assayed by the spectrophotometric tests DPPH• and ABTS and by an in vitro test based on the evaluation of cellular reactive oxygen species production stimulated by pyocyanin.
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Man DKW, Kanno T, Manzo G, Robertson BD, Lam JKW, Mason AJ. Rifampin- or Capreomycin-Induced Remodeling of the Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycolic Acid Layer Is Mitigated in Synergistic Combinations with Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides. mSphere 2018; 3:e00218-18. [PMID: 30021876 PMCID: PMC6052339 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00218-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall affords natural resistance to antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) modify the surface properties of mycobacteria and can act synergistically with antibiotics from differing classes. Here, we investigate the response of Mycobacterium smegmatis to the presence of rifampin or capreomycin, either alone or in combination with two synthetic, cationic, α-helical AMPs that are distinguished by the presence (D-LAK120-HP13) or absence (D-LAK120-A) of a kink-inducing proline. Using a combination of high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) metabolomics, diphenylhexatriene (DPH) fluorescence anisotropy measurements, and laurdan emission spectroscopy, we show that M. smegmatis responds to challenge with rifampin or capreomycin by substantially altering its metabolism and, in particular, by remodeling the cell envelope. Overall, the changes are consistent with a reduction of trehalose dimycolate and an increase of trehalose monomycolate and are associated with increased rigidity of the mycolic acid layer observed following challenge by capreomycin but not rifampin. Challenge with D-LAK120-A or D-LAK120-HP13 induced no or modest changes, respectively, in mycomembrane metabolites and did not induce a significant increase in the rigidity of the mycolic acid layer. Furthermore, the response to rifampin or capreomycin was significantly reduced when these were combined with D-LAK120-HP13 and D-LAK120-A, respectively, suggesting a possible mechanism for the synergy of these combinations. The remodeling of the mycomembrane in M. smegmatis is therefore identified as an important countermeasure deployed against rifampin or capreomycin, but this can be mitigated and the efficacy of rifampin or capreomycin potentiated by combining the drug with AMPs.IMPORTANCE We have used a combined NMR metabolomics/biophysical approach to better understand differences in the mechanisms of two closely related antimicrobial peptides, as well as the response of the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis to challenge with first- or second-line antibiotics used against mycobacterial pathogens. We show that, in addition to membrane damage, the triggering of oxidative stress may be an important part of the mechanism of action of one AMP. The metabolic shift that accompanied rifampin and, particularly, capreomycin challenge was associated with modest and more dramatic changes, respectively, in the mycomembrane, providing a rationale for how the response to one antibiotic may affect bacterial penetration and, hence, the action of another. This study presents the first insights into how antimicrobial peptides may operate synergistically with existing antibiotics whose efficacy is waning or sensitize MDR mycobacteria and/or latent mycobacterial infections to them, prolonging the useful life of these drugs.
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Maruenda H, Cabrera R, Cañari-Chumpitaz C, Lopez JM, Toubiana D. NMR-based metabolic study of fruits of Physalis peruviana L. grown in eight different Peruvian ecosystems. Food Chem 2018; 262:94-101. [PMID: 29751927 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The berry of Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) represents an important socio-economical commodity for Latin America. The absence of a clear phenotype renders it difficult to trace its place of origin. In this study, Cape gooseberries from eight different regions within the Peruvian Andes were profiled for their metabolism implementing a NMR platform. Twenty-four compounds could be unequivocally identified and sixteen quantified. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test revealed that all of the quantified metabolites changed significantly among regions: Bambamarca I showed the most accumulated significant differences. The coefficient of variation demonstrated high phenotypic plasticity for amino acids, while sugars displayed low phenotypic plasticity. Correlation analysis highlighted the closely coordinated behavior of the amino acid profile. Finally, PLS-DA revealed a clear separation among the regions based on their metabolic profiles, accentuating the discriminatory capacity of NMR in establishing significant phytochemical differences between producing regions of the fruit of P. peruviana L.
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Raclariu AC, Heinrich M, Ichim MC, de Boer H. Benefits and Limitations of DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding in Herbal Product Authentication. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:123-128. [PMID: 28906059 PMCID: PMC5836936 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herbal medicines play an important role globally in the health care sector and in industrialised countries they are often considered as an alternative to mono-substance medicines. Current quality and authentication assessment methods rely mainly on morphology and analytical phytochemistry-based methods detailed in pharmacopoeias. Herbal products however are often highly processed with numerous ingredients, and even if these analytical methods are accurate for quality control of specific lead or marker compounds, they are of limited suitability for the authentication of biological ingredients. OBJECTIVE To review the benefits and limitations of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding in complementing current herbal product authentication. METHOD Recent literature relating to DNA based authentication of medicinal plants, herbal medicines and products are summarised to provide a basic understanding of how DNA barcoding and metabarcoding can be applied to this field. RESULTS Different methods of quality control and authentication have varying resolution and usefulness along the value chain of these products. DNA barcoding can be used for authenticating products based on single herbal ingredients and DNA metabarcoding for assessment of species diversity in processed products, and both methods should be used in combination with appropriate hyphenated chemical methods for quality control. CONCLUSIONS DNA barcoding and metabarcoding have potential in the context of quality control of both well and poorly regulated supply systems. Standardisation of protocols for DNA barcoding and DNA sequence-based identification are necessary before DNA-based biological methods can be implemented as routine analytical approaches and approved by the competent authorities for use in regulated procedures. © 2017 The Authors. Phytochemical Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Gebregiworgis T, Purohit V, Shukla SK, Tadros S, Chaika NV, Abrego J, Mulder SE, Gunda V, Singh PK, Powers R. Glucose Limitation Alters Glutamine Metabolism in MUC1-Overexpressing Pancreatic Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3536-3546. [PMID: 28809118 PMCID: PMC5634392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Pancreatic cancer
cells overexpressing Mucin 1 (MUC1) rely on aerobic
glycolysis and, correspondingly, are dependent on glucose for survival.
Our NMR metabolomics comparative analysis of control (S2–013.Neo)
and MUC1-overexpressing (S2–013.MUC1) cells demonstrates that
MUC1 reprograms glutamine metabolism upon glucose limitation. The
observed alteration in glutamine metabolism under glucose limitation
was accompanied by a relative decrease in the proliferation of MUC1-overexpressing
cells compared with steady-state conditions. Moreover, glucose limitation induces G1 phase arrest where S2–013.MUC1
cells fail to enter S phase and synthesize DNA because of a significant
disruption in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Our metabolomics
analysis indicates that glutamine is the major source of oxaloacetate
in S2–013.Neo and S2–013.MUC1 cells, where oxaloacetate
is converted to aspartate, an important metabolite for pyrimidine
nucleotide biosynthesis. However, glucose limitation impedes the flow
of glutamine carbons into the pyrimidine nucleotide rings and instead
leads to a significant accumulation of glutamine-derived aspartate
in S2–013.MUC1 cells.
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Saggi SJ, Mercier K, Gooding JR, Friedman E, Vyas U, Ranganathan N, Ranganathan P, McRitchie S, Sumner S. Metabolic profiling of a chronic kidney disease cohort reveals metabolic phenotype more likely to benefit from a probiotic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROBIOTICS & PREBIOTICS 2017; 12:43-54. [PMID: 30774576 PMCID: PMC6377160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Persistent reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a hallmark of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and is associated with an elevation of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). This metabolomics pilot study sought to identify metabolites that differentiated patients with CKD whose BUN decreased on a probiotic and possible mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Metabolomics was used to analyze baseline plasma samples previously diagnosed with CKD Stage III-IV. Patients had participated in a dose escalation study of the probiotic Renadyl™. A total of 24 samples were categorized depending on whether BUN increased or decreased from baseline after 4 months of probiotic use. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze the data and determine the metabolites that best differentiated the phenotypic groups. The sixteen patients who had a decrease in BUN were not significantly different based on demographic and clinical measures from those whose BUN increased or did not change with the exception of age. Eleven of the fourteen metabolites that differentiated the groups were known to be modulated by gut microflora, which may eventually provide a mechanistic link between probiotic and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics revealed metabolites at baseline that may predict individuals with CKD that would most benefit from a probiotics.
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Armiñán A, Mendes L, Carrola J, Movellan J, Vicent MJ, Duarte IF. HIF-1α inhibition by diethylstilbestrol and its polyacetal conjugate in hypoxic prostate tumour cells: insights from NMR metabolomics. J Drug Target 2017; 25:845-855. [PMID: 28737429 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1358728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have employed 1H NMR metabolomics to assess the metabolic responses of PC3 prostate tumour cells to hypoxia and to pharmacological HIF-1α inhibition by DES or its polyacetal conjugate tert-DES. Oxygen deprivation prompted a number of changes in intracellular composition and metabolic activity, mainly reflecting upregulated glycolysis, amino acid catabolism and other compensatory mechanisms used by hypoxic cells to deal with oxidative imbalance and energy deficit. Cell treatment with a non-cytotoxic concentration of DES, under hypoxia, triggered significant changes in 17 metabolites. Among these, lactate, phosphocreatine and reduced glutathione, whose levels showed opposite variations in hypoxic and drug-treated cells, emerged as possible markers of DES-induced HIF-1α inhibition. Furthermore, the free drug had a much higher impact on the cellular metabolome than tert-DES, particularly concerning polyamine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways, known to be tightly involved in cell proliferation and growth. This is likely due to the different cell pharmacokinetics observed between free and conjugated DES. Overall, this study has revealed a number of unanticipated metabolic changes that inform on DES and tert-DES direct cellular effects, providing further insight into their mode of action at the biochemical level.
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Saborano R, Wongpinyochit T, Totten JD, Johnston BF, Seib FP, Duarte IF. Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages Exposed to Silk, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and Silica Nanoparticles. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28544603 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring macrophage metabolism in response to nanoparticle exposure provides new insights into biological outcomes, such as inflammation or toxicity, and supports the design of tailored nanomedicines. This paper describes the metabolic signature of macrophages exposed to nanoparticles ranging in diameter from 100 to 125 nm and made from silk, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or silica. Nanoparticles of this size and type are currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical development for drug delivery applications. 1 H NMR analysis of cell extracts and culture media is used to quantify the changes in the intracellular and extracellular metabolomes of macrophages in response to nanoparticle exposure. Increased glycolytic activity, an altered tricarboxylic acid cycle, and reduced ATP generation are consistent with a proinflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, amino acids possibly arising from autophagy, the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system, and a few osmolytes and antioxidants emerge as important players in the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages exposed to nanoparticles. This metabolic signature is a common response to all nanoparticles tested; however, the direction and magnitude of some variations are clearly nanoparticle specific, indicating material-induced biological specificity. Overall, metabolic reprogramming of macrophages can be achieved with nanoparticle treatments, modulated through the choice of the material, and monitored using 1 H NMR metabolomics.
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Bugáňová M, Pelantová H, Holubová M, Šedivá B, Maletínská L, Železná B, Kuneš J, Kačer P, Kuzma M, Haluzík M. The effects of liraglutide in mice with diet-induced obesity studied by metabolomics. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:93-104. [PMID: 28138003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Liraglutide is the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, it has been demonstrated to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. Although the major modes of liraglutide action are well-known, its detailed action at the metabolic level has not been studied. To this end, we explored the effect of 2-week liraglutide treatment in C57BL/6 male mice with obesity and diabetes induced by 13 weeks of high-fat diet using NMR spectroscopy to capture the changes in urine metabolic profile induced by the therapy. The liraglutide treatment decreased body and fat pads weight along with blood glucose and triglyceride levels. NMR spectroscopy identified 11 metabolites significantly affected by liraglutide treatment as compared to high-fat diet-fed control group. These metabolites included ones involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism, β-oxidation of fatty acids and microbiome changes. Although majority of the metabolites changed after liraglutide treatment were similar as the ones previously identified after vildagliptin administration in a similar mouse model, the changes in creatinine, taurine and trigonelline were specific for liraglutide administration. The significance of these changes and its possible use in the personalization of antidiabetic therapy in humans requires further research.
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Marshall DD, Halouska S, Zinniel DK, Fenton RJ, Kenealy K, Chahal HK, Rathnaiah G, Barletta RG, Powers R. Assessment of Metabolic Changes in Mycobacterium smegmatis Wild-Type and alr Mutant Strains: Evidence of a New Pathway of d-Alanine Biosynthesis. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1270-1279. [PMID: 28121156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In mycobacteria, d-alanine is an essential precursor for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The only confirmed enzymatic pathway to form d-alanine is through the racemization of l-alanine by alanine racemase (Alr, EC 5.1.1.1). Nevertheless, the essentiality of Alr in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis for cell survivability in the absence of d-alanine has been a point of controversy with contradictory results reported in the literature. To address this issue, we examined the effects of alr inactivation on the cellular metabolism of M. smegmatis. The M. smegmatis alr insertion mutant TAM23 exhibited essentially identical growth to wild-type mc2155 in the absence of d-alanine. NMR metabolomics revealed drastically distinct phenotypes between mc2155 and TAM23. A metabolic switch was observed for TAM23 as a function of supplemented d-alanine. In the absence of d-alanine, the metabolic response directed carbon through an unidentified transaminase to provide the essential d-alanine required for survival. The process is reversed when d-alanine is available, in which the d-alanine is directed to peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Our results provide further support for the hypothesis that Alr is not an essential function of M. smegmatis and that specific Alr inhibitors will have no bactericidal action.
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Differential crosstalk between global DNA methylation and metabolomics associated with cell type specific stress response by pristine and functionalized MWCNT. Biomaterials 2016; 115:167-180. [PMID: 27914347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study endeavored to evaluate the comprehensive mechanisms of MWCNT-induced toxicity with particular emphasis on understanding cell specificity in relation to surface functionalization of MWCNT. Following treatment with differentially functionalized (hydroxylation/carboxylation) MWCNT on human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines, intracellular uptake, various toxicological end points, global metabolomics profiling and DNA methylation were evaluated. Herein, the comparative in vitro studies ascertained that surface functionalization diminished the toxic potentiality of MWCNT in respect of their pristine counterpart. The surface enhanced Raman scattering with dark-field microscopy attested the intracellular uptake of functionalized-MWCNT, but not the pristine one. The MWCNT's exposure caused alterations in stress responses (oxidative stress, inflammation, profibrosis, DNA damage-repair), differential mode of gene expressions, global metabolomics and DNA methylation status (DNMT3B dependent hypo-methylation in BEAS-2B cells and hyper-methylation in HepG2 cells) in a cell type specific and surface functionalization dependent manner. The alterations in particular metabolites (choline, betaine, succinate etc.) and distinct DNA methylation crosstalk patterns are the possible underlying mechanisms of differential mode of gene expressions and cell type specificity of MWCNT. This study provides preliminary evidence of epigenetic modifications and global metabolomics profiling which might be translated for risk assessment of MWCNT.
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Discrimination and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity Correlation of Ajwa Dates from Different Grades and Origin. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111423. [PMID: 27801841 PMCID: PMC6274092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at examining the variations in the metabolite constituents of the different Ajwa grades and farm origins. It is also targeted at establishing the correlations between the metabolite contents and the grades and further to the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Identification of the metabolites was generated using 1H-NMR spectroscopy metabolomics analyses utilizing multivariate methods. The NO inhibitory activity was determined using a Griess assay. Multivariate data analysis, for both supervised and unsupervised approaches, showed clusters among different grades of Ajwa dates obtained from different farms. The compounds that contribute towards the observed separation between Ajwa samples were suggested to be phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and phenylalanine. Ajwa dates were shown to have different metabolite compositions and exhibited a wide range of NO inhibitory activity. It is also revealed that Ajwa Grade 1 from the al-Aliah farm exhibited more than 90% NO inhibitory activity compared to the other grades and origins. Phenolic compounds were among the compounds that played a role towards the greater capacity of NO inhibitory activity shown by Ajwa Grade 1 from the al-Aliah farm.
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Pelantová H, Bugáňová M, Holubová M, Šedivá B, Zemenová J, Sýkora D, Kaválková P, Haluzík M, Železná B, Maletínská L, Kuneš J, Kuzma M. Urinary metabolomic profiling in mice with diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus after treatment with metformin, vildagliptin and their combination. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 431:88-100. [PMID: 27164444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, vildagliptin and their combination are widely used for the treatment of diabetes, but little is known about the metabolic responses to these treatments. In the present study, NMR-based metabolomics was applied to detect changes in the urinary metabolomic profile of a mouse model of diet-induced obesity in response to these treatments. Additionally, standard biochemical parameters and the expression of enzymes involved in glucose and fat metabolism were monitored. Significant correlations were observed between several metabolites (e.g., N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, glucose, 3-indoxyl sulfate, dimethylglycine and several acylglycines) and the area under the curve of glucose concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance test. The present study is the first to present N-carbamoyl-β-alanine as a potential marker of type 2 diabetes mellitus and consequently to demonstrate the efficacies of the applied antidiabetic interventions. Moreover, the elevated acetate level observed after vildagliptin administration might reflect increased fatty acid oxidation.
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Maisch J, Kreppenhofer K, Büchler S, Merle C, Sobich S, Görling B, Luy B, Ahrens R, Guber AE, Nick P. Time-resolved NMR metabolomics of plant cells based on a microfluidic chip. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 200:28-34. [PMID: 27318870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant secondary metabolism generates numerous compounds harbouring pharmaceutical activity. In plants, these compounds are typically formed by different and specialised cell types that have to interact constituting a metabolic process chain. This interactivity impedes biotechnological production of secondary compounds, because cell differentiation is suppressed under the conditions of a batch bio-fermenter. We present a novel strategy to address this limitation using a biomimetic approach, where we simulate the situation in a real tissue by a microfluidic chamber system, where plant cells can be integrated into a process flow. We show that walled cells of the plant model tobacco BY-2 can be successfully cultivated in this system and that physiological parameters (such as cell viability, mitotic index and division synchrony) can be preserved over several days. The microfluidic design allows to resolve dynamic changes of specific metabolites over different stages of culture development. These results serve as proof-of-principle that a microfluidic organisation of cultivated plant cells can mimic the metabolic flows in a real plant tissue.
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Metabolic and antioxidant profiles of herbal infusions and decoctions. Food Chem 2016; 211:963-71. [PMID: 27283718 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study implements NMR metabolomics and spectrophotometric studies (Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP, ABTS) to infusions and decoctions of ten plant species in order to assess and compare the metabolic and antioxidant profiles for each botanical family. Multivariate and univariate data analyses highlighted the differences among the samples and pinpointed specific classes of compounds for each plant species as well as infusions and decoctions. The identified phenolic compounds by NMR, as well as the antioxidant profile, framed a trend of increased values in infusions compared to the decoctions. Moreover, the infusion procedure positively affected the extractability of the phenolic compounds compared to decoctions. The highest total phenolic content was found in Mentha spicata, while the lowest in Matricaria chamomilla preparations, irrespective of the preparation method. The preparation time for the decoctions was examined showing that the 15min preparations were generally found richer in phenolics and of higher antioxidant capacity.
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Duchemann B, Triba MN, Guez D, Rzeznik M, Savarin P, Nunes H, Valeyre D, Bernaudin JF, Le Moyec L. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of salivary metabolome in sarcoidosis. SARCOIDOSIS, VASCULITIS, AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF WASOG 2016; 33:10-16. [PMID: 27055831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause which has diverse clinical impacts, ranging from benign to very severe, which may therefore require systemic treatment. Only a few tools are currently available to monitor management in these patients. OBJECTIVES As sarcoidosis is known to affect salivary glands, we hypothesized that analysis of saliva could reveal valuable biomarkers for disease management. We designed a comparative analysis of salivary metabolomics in patients and controls using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). METHODS Metabolomic profiles of saliva collected from 24 sarcoidosis patients and 45 controls were obtained by proton NMR spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis, followed by metabolite identification and pathway analysis. Oral and dental examinations were performed concomitantly, together with assessment of smoking habits. RESULTS A predictive salivary metabolomic signature associated with sarcoidosis was computed with the Orthogonal Partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS) model. Six metabolites were altered in samples from sarcoidosis patients compared to controls, including decreased levels of methanol and butyrate and increased levels of lactate, acetate and N-butyrate. CONCLUSION This study showed that NMR metabolomics can discriminate saliva samples from sarcoidosis patients and controls. According to these preliminary results, saliva studies in sarcoidosis patients would be particularly useful to identify potentially relevant biomarkers. A study based on a larger number of patients at different stages of the disease or with treated patients is needed to assess the clinical relevance of NMR metabolomics in sarcoidosis.
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Using NMR-Based Metabolomics to Evaluate Postprandial Urinary Responses Following Consumption of Minimally Processed Wheat Bran or Wheat Aleurone by Men and Women. Nutrients 2016; 8:96. [PMID: 26901221 PMCID: PMC4772058 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran, and especially wheat aleurone fraction, are concentrated sources of a wide range of components which may contribute to the health benefits associated with higher consumption of whole-grain foods. This study used NMR metabolomics to evaluate urine samples from baseline at one and two hours postprandially, following the consumption of minimally processed bran, aleurone or control by 14 participants (7 Females; 7 Males) in a randomized crossover trial. The methodology discriminated between the urinary responses of control, and bran and aleurone, but not between the two fractions. Compared to control, consumption of aleurone or bran led to significantly and substantially higher urinary concentrations of lactate, alanine, N-acetylaspartate acid and N-acetylaspartylglutamate and significantly and substantially lower urinary betaine concentrations at one and two hours postprandially. There were sex related differences in urinary metabolite profiles with generally higher hippurate and citrate and lower betaine in females compared to males. Overall, this postprandial study suggests that acute consumption of bran or aleurone is associated with a number of physiological effects that may impact on energy metabolism and which are consistent with longer term human and animal metabolomic studies that used whole-grain wheat diets or wheat fractions.
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Cuperlovic-Culf M, Cormier K, Touaibia M, Reyjal J, Robichaud S, Belbraouet M, Turcotte S. (1)H NMR metabolomics analysis of renal cell carcinoma cells: Effect of VHL inactivation on metabolism. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2439-49. [PMID: 26620126 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an onco-suppressor involved in oxygen and energy-dependent promotion of protein ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. Loss of function mutations of VHL (VHL-cells) result in organ specific cancers with the best studied example in renal cell carcinomas. VHL has a well-established role in deactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) and in regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR activity. Cell culture metabolomics analysis was utilized to determined effect of VHL and HIF-1α or HIF-2α on metabolism of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). RCC cells were stably transfected with VHL or shRNA designed to silence HIF-1α or HIF-2α genes. Obtained metabolic data was analysed qualitatively, searching for overall effects on metabolism as well as quantitatively, using methods developed in our group in order to determine specific metabolic changes. Analysis of the effect of VHL and HIF silencing on cellular metabolic footprints and fingerprints provided information about the metabolic pathways affected by VHL through HIF function as well as independently of HIF. Through correlation network analysis as well as statistical analysis of significant metabolic changes we have determined effects of VHL and HIF on energy production, amino acid metabolism, choline metabolism as well as cell regulation and signaling. VHL was shown to influence cellular metabolism through its effect on HIF proteins as well as by affecting activity of other factors.
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Pelantová H, Bugáňová M, Anýž J, Železná B, Maletínská L, Novák D, Haluzík M, Kuzma M. Strategy for NMR metabolomic analysis of urine in mouse models of obesity--from sample collection to interpretation of acquired data. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:225-35. [PMID: 26263053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mouse model of monosodium glutamate induced obesity was used to examine and consequently optimize the strategy for analysis of urine samples by NMR spectroscopy. A set of nineteen easily detectable metabolites typical in obesity-related studies was selected. The impact of urine collection protocol, choice of (1)H NMR pulse sequence, and finally the impact of the normalization method on the detected concentration of selected metabolites were investigated. We demonstrated the crucial effect of food intake and diurnal rhythms resulting in the choice of a 24-hour fasting collection protocol as the most convenient for tracking obesity-induced increased sensitivity to fasting. It was shown that the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) experiment is a better alternative to one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (1D-NOESY) for NMR analysis of mouse urine due to its ability to filter undesirable signals of proteins naturally present in rodent urine. Normalization to total spectral area provided comparable outcomes as did normalization to creatinine or probabilistic quotient normalization in the CPMG-based model. The optimized approach was found to be beneficial mainly for low abundant metabolites rarely monitored due to their overlap by strong protein signals.
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Raitoharju E, Seppälä I, Oksala N, Lyytikäinen LP, Raitakari O, Viikari J, Ala-Korpela M, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Waldenberger M, Klopp N, Illig T, Leiviskä J, Loo BM, Hutri-Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Laaksonen R, Lehtimäki T. Blood microRNA profile associates with the levels of serum lipids and metabolites associated with glucose metabolism and insulin resistance and pinpoints pathways underlying metabolic syndrome: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 391:41-9. [PMID: 24784704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of cardiovascular risk factors involving multiple signaling systems, we related the metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS with circulating microRNA profiles to pinpoint the affected signaling pathways. The blood microRNA profile, genome wide gene expression and serum NMR metabolomics were analyzed from 71 participants of the Young Finns Study. We found nine microRNAs that associated significantly with metabolites connected to MetS. MicroRNA-144-5p concentration correlated with glucose levels, hsa-1207-5p with glycosylated hemoglobin and hsa-miR-484 with metabolites related to insulin resistance. Hsa-miR-625-3p correlated with cholesterol levels, hsa-miR-1237-3p and hsa-miR-331-3p expression with certain fatty acids levels and hsa-miR-129-1-3p, -129-2-3p, and -1288-3p with glycerol levels. The down-regulated targets of miR-1207-5p and -129-2-3p were enriched in PI3K and MAPK pathways and 8 out of the 12 enriched pathways were down-regulated in individuals with MetS. In conclusion microRNAs associated with several aspects of MetS, possibly regulating glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Sardans J, Gargallo-Garriga A, Pérez-Trujillo M, Parella TJ, Seco R, Filella I, Peñuelas J. Metabolic responses of Quercus ilex seedlings to wounding analysed with nuclear magnetic resonance profiling. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:395-403. [PMID: 23590498 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivory at several levels. One of these is the synthesis of inducible chemical defences. Using NMR metabolomic techniques, we studied the metabolic changes of plant leaves after a wounding treatment simulating herbivore attack in the Mediterranean sclerophyllous tree Quercus ilex. First, an increase in glucose content was observed in wounded plants. There was also an increase in the content of C-rich secondary metabolites such as quinic acid and quercitol, both related to the shikimic acid pathway and linked to defence against biotic stress. There was also a shift in N-storing amino acids, from leucine and isoleucine to asparagine and choline. The observed higher content of asparagine is related to the higher content of choline through serine that was proved to be the precursor of choline. Choline is a general anti-herbivore and pathogen deterrent. The study shows the rapid metabolic response of Q. ilex in defending its leaves, based on a rapid increase in the production of quinic acid, quercitol and choline. The results also confirm the suitability of (1)H NMR-based metabolomic profiling studies to detect global metabolome shifts after wounding stress in tree leaves, and therefore its suitability in ecometabolomic studies.
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Leiss KA, Cristofori G, van Steenis R, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL. An eco-metabolomic study of host plant resistance to Western flower thrips in cultivated, biofortified and wild carrots. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 93:63-70. [PMID: 23583013 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of plants and selection for agronomic traits may reduce plant secondary defence metabolites relative to their ancestors. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an economically important vegetable. Recently, carrot was developed as a functional food with additional health-promoting functions. Biofortified carrots contain increased concentrations of chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant. Chlorogenic acid is involved in host plant resistance to Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), one of the key agri- and horticultural pests worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate quantitative host plant resistance to thrips in carrot and to identify candidate compounds for constitutive resistance. As such we explored whether cultivated carrot is more vulnerable to herbivore attack compared to wild carrot. We subjected a set of 14 biofortified, cultivated and wild carrot genotypes to thrips infestation. We compared morphological traits and leaf metabolic profiles of the three most resistant and susceptible carrots using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). In contrast to our expectation, wild carrots were not more resistant to thrips than cultivated ones. The most thrips resistant carrot was the cultivar Ingot which is known to be tolerant against carrot root fly (Psila rosae). Biofortified carrots were not resistant to thrips. Plant size, leaf area and number of leaf hairs did not differ between resistant and susceptible carrots. The metabolic profiles of the leaves of resistant carrots were significantly different from those of susceptible carrots. The leaves of resistant carrots contained higher amounts of the flavanoid luteolin, the phenylpropanoid sinapic acid and the amino acid β-alanine. The negative effect of these compounds on thrips was confirmed using in-vitro bioassays. Our results have potential implications for carrot breeders. The natural variation of metabolites present in cultivated carrots can be used for improvement of thrips resistance. This is especially promising in view of the candidate compounds we identified since they do not only confer a negative effect on thrips but as antioxidants also play an important role in the improvement of human health.
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