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Wang Q, Traynor JR. Modulation of μ-opioid receptor signaling by RGS19 in SH-SY5Y cells. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:512-20. [PMID: 23197645 PMCID: PMC3558815 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulator of G-protein signaling protein 19 (RGS19), also known as Gα-interacting protein (GAIP), acts as a GTPase accelerating protein for Gαz as well as Gαi/o subunits. Interactions with GAIP-interacting protein N-terminus and GAIP-interacting protein C-terminus (GIPC) link RGS19 to a variety of intracellular proteins. Here we show that RGS19 is abundantly expressed in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells that also express µ- and δ- opioid receptors (MORs and DORs, respectively) and nociceptin receptors (NOPRs). Lentiviral delivery of short hairpin RNA specifically targeted to RGS19 reduced RGS19 protein levels by 69%, with a similar reduction in GIPC. In RGS19-depleted cells, there was an increase in the ability of MOR (morphine) but not of DOR [(4-[(R)-[(2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl](3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide (SNC80)] or NOPR (nociceptin) agonists to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase and increase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Overnight treatment with either MOR [D-Ala, N-Me-Phe, Gly-ol(5)-enkephalin (DAMGO) or morphine] or DOR (D-Pen(5)-enkephalin or SNC80) agonists increased RGS19 and GIPC protein levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The MOR-induced increase in RGS19 protein was prevented by pretreatment with pertussis toxin or the opioid antagonist naloxone. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation alone increased the level of RGS19 and inhibitors of PKC 5,6,7,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-12-propanenitrile and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, but not protein kinase A (H89), completely blocked DAMGO-induced RGS19 protein accumulation. The findings show that RGS19 and GIPC are jointly regulated, that RGS19 is a GTPase accelerating protein for MOR with selectivity over DOR and NOPR, and that chronic MOR or DOR agonist treatment increases RGS19 levels by a PKC and the MAPK pathway-dependent mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Opioid Peptides/pharmacology
- PC12 Cells
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- RGS Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Nociceptin Receptor
- Nociceptin
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102
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Toll L. The use of bifunctional NOP/mu and NOP receptor selective compounds for the treatment of pain, drug abuse, and psychiatric disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:7451-7460. [PMID: 23448477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The NOP receptor, the fourth receptor in the opioid receptor family, is found throughout the brain and is involved in a variety of CNS systems and pathways. The endogenous ligand for NOP receptors, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (now called N/OFQ), was originally thought to increase a painful stimulus since intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of this heptadecapeptide led to a decrease in tail-flick and hot-plate latency in mice. Further studies suggested that N/OFQ blocks opiate analgesia when administered i.c.v. but potentiates opiate analgesia and has antinociceptive activity when administered intrathecally. I.c.v. administration of N/OFQ has other beneficial actions including inhibition of reward induced by several different abused drugs, as well as anti-anxiety activity. Recent work has demonstrated that individual small molecules that activate both NOP and mu receptors possess mu-mediated antinociceptive activity with reduced reward, as determined by conditioned place preference tests. Furthermore, selective NOP receptor agonists appear to be active in certain chronic pain models and reduce both drug craving and anxiety. NOP receptor antagonists may also have therapeutic benefits since both peptide and small molecule antagonists have anti-depressant activity in two different animal models. Therefore, both selective NOP receptor compounds and non-selective compounds, with both NOP receptor and mu opioid receptor activity, appear to have potential for clinical use for several neurological and psychiatric disorders including acute and chronic pain, drug abuse, anxiety and depression.
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103
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Marini P, Romanelli L, Valeri D, Cascio MG, Tucci P, Valeri P, Palmery M. The NOP receptor involvement in both withdrawal- and CCk-8-induced contracture responses of guinea pig isolated ileum after acute activation of κ-opioid receptor. Peptides 2012; 38:418-26. [PMID: 23059394 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In isolated guinea-pig ileum (GPI), the κ-opioid acute withdrawal response is under the control of several neuronal signaling systems, including the μ-opioid, the A(1)-adenosine and the CB(1) receptors, which are involved in the inhibitory control of the κ-withdrawal response. After κ-opioid system stimulation, indirect activation of μ-opioid, A(1)-adenosine and CB(1) systems is prevented by the peptide cholecystokinin-8 (CCk-8). In the present study, we have investigated whether the NOP system is also involved in the regulation of the acute κ-withdrawal response. Interestingly, we found that in GPI preparation, the NOP system is not indirectly activated by the κ-opioid receptor stimulation, but instead this system is able by itself to directly regulate the acute κ-withdrawal response. Specifically, our results clearly highlight first the existence of an endogenous tone of the NOP system in GPI, and second that it behaves as a functional anti-opioid system. We also found that, the NOP receptor system is involved in the regulation of the CCk-8-induced contracture intensity, only when in the presence of the κ-opioid receptor stimulation. This effect seems to be regulated by an activation threshold mechanism. In conclusion, the NOP system could act as neuromodulatory system, whose action is strictly related to the modulation of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters released in GPI enteric nervous system.
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104
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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105
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Gach K, Wyrebska A, Szemraj J, Janecka A. The influence of opioid peptides on matrix metalloproteinase-9 and urokinase plasminogen activator expression in three cancer cell lines. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2012; 46:894-899. [PMID: 23350235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) regulate proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and as a consequence are involved in a number of physiological and pathological states, including cancer. A crucial feature of cancer progression and metastasis is the disruption of the ECM and spreading of proliferating cancer cells. Over-expression of MMPs and uPA is common for most types of cancers and correlates well with the adverse prognosis. Compounds able to modulate the activity of these proteolytic enzymes may become important agents in cancer therapy. In the present study, we examined the effect of the mu-opioid receptor selective peptide, morphiceptin, and its two synthetic analogs on mRNA and protein levels of MMP-9 and uPA in three human cancer cell lines: MCF-7, HT-29, and SH-SY5Y. Our findings indicate that in all three cell lines morphiceptin and its analogs attenuated MMP-9 expression and secretion and that this effect is not mediated by opioid receptors but is under control of the nitric oxide system. On the other hand, tested opioids up-regulated uPA levels through a mechanism that involved opioid-receptors. Different pathways by which opioid peptides exert their actionin cancer cells can explain their contradictory influence on the level of cancer markers.
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106
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Parsons MP, Burt J, Cranford A, Alberto C, Zipperlen K, Hirasawa M. Nociceptin induces hypophagia in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45350. [PMID: 23028954 PMCID: PMC3444493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is known to induce food intake when administered into the lateral ventricle or certain brain areas. This is somewhat contradictory to its reward-suppressing role, as food is a strong rewarding stimulus. This discrepancy may be due to the functional diversity of N/OFQ's target brain areas. N/OFQ has been shown to inhibit orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, both of which are appetite-inducing cells. As the expression of these neurons is largely confined to the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area (LH/PFA), we hypothesized that N/OFQ inhibits food intake by acting in this area. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of local N/OFQ infusion within the LH/PFA on food intake in the rat and found that N/OFQ decreased sugar pellet as well as chow intake. This effect was not seen when the injection site was outside of the LH/PFA, suggesting a site-specific effect. Next, to determine a possible cellular mechanism of N/OFQ action on food intake, whole cell patch clamp recordings were performed on rat orexin neurons. As previously reported in mice, N/OFQ induced a strong and long lasting hyperpolarization. Pharmacological study indicated that N/OFQ directly inhibited orexin neurons by activating ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. This effect was partially but significantly attenuated by the inhibitors of PI3K, PKC and PKA, suggesting that the N/OFQ signaling is mediated by these protein kinases. In summary, our results demonstrate a KATP channel-dependent N/OFQ signaling and that N/OFQ is a site-specific anorexic peptide.
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107
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Todorov PT, Mateeva PI, Zamfirova RN, Pavlov ND, Naydenova ED. Synthesis and biological activity of new series of N-modified analogues of the N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 with aminophosphonate moiety. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1217-23. [PMID: 22143428 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New series of N-modified analogues of the N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) with aminophosphonate moiety have been synthesized and investigated for biological activity. These peptides were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis-Fmoc-strategy. The N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) analogues were tested for agonistic activity in vitro on electrically stimulated rat vas deferens smooth-muscle preparations isolated from Wistar albino rats. Our study has shown that the selectivity of the peptides containing 1-[(methoxyphosphono)methylamino]cycloalkanecarboxylic acids to the N-side of Phe is not changed-they remain selective agonists of NOP receptors. The derivative with the largest ring (NOC-6) demonstrated efficacy similar to that of N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2), but in a 10-fold higher concentration. The agonistic activity of newly synthesized N-modified analogues of N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) with aminophosphonate moiety was investigated for the first time.
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108
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Nikol'skaia KA, Eremina LV, Podorol'skaia LV, Serebriakova TN. [Physiological effects induced by dermorphin synthetic analogue--opilong]. ROSSIISKII FIZIOLOGICHESKII ZHURNAL IMENI I.M. SECHENOVA 2012; 98:970-979. [PMID: 23155621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of repeated opilong injections in a dose of 50 microg/kg/day on subsequent learning of Wistar rats have been studied. The substance caused significant anxiolytic and analgesic effects, as the majority of animals could be learned (90% against 40% in control group) despite of painful stimulus preceding to education. Opilong in a small dose displaced a relation of excitatory-inhibit processes to significant prevalence of excitation although the substance was already absent in an organism for a long time. Raised peripheral sensitivity in all rats, provoked by opilong, correlated with CNS hyper excitability, expressed in stressful, neurotic psychoemotional reactions and in the form of active avoidance. The biochemical blood analysis in opilong-induced rats demonstrated the attributes of prethrombosis in the form of fibrinolysis depression and hypercoagulation. A view is expressed, that the neuromediator brain systems can be the basic point of opilong action, that are responsible for the excitatory-inhibit conditions of CNS functioning referred on maintenance of conditioned field stability.
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109
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Solin AV, Liashev ID. [Opioid peptides effect on lipid peroxidation in long-term stress]. ROSSIISKII FIZIOLOGICHESKII ZHURNAL IMENI I.M. SECHENOVA 2012; 98:1016-1020. [PMID: 23155626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It was shown in rats, that injection of opioid peptides (dynorphin A (1-13), DSLET and DAGO) decreased the stress-induced activation of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue and plasma. Dynorphin A (1-13) manifested the most expressed antioxidant effect in liver tissue. It not only decreased lipid peroxidation metabolites concentration, but also increased superoxiddismutase and catalase activity. Other peptides did not interfere enzyme activity. The use of DSLET or DAGO increased the superoxiddismutase plasma activity. Dynorphin A (1-13) injection increased catalase activity, but not superoxiddismutase. These effects could be explained by peculiarities of opioid receptors spread in liver tissue and stress-limiting action of peptides in entire organism.
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110
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Wang XX, Liu XQ, Zhang W, Chen X, Zhao L. [Orphanin FQ combined with adriamycin reverses multi-drug resistance of K562/ADM and its molecular mechanism]. ZHONGGUO SHI YAN XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI 2012; 20:574-8. [PMID: 22739158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our study have confirmed that orphanin FQ (OFQ) alone can reverse the multi-drug resistance of K562/ADM at the cellular level. Thus, this study was purposed to investigate the molecular mechanism of OFQ combined with ADM that reverses multi-drug resistance of K562/ADM, as well as its correlation with the expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). MTT method was used to detect the proliferation ability of K562/ADM treated with OFQ and ADM alone and their combination; flow cytometry was performed to measure the cell apoptosis rate; real time-PCR was applied to detect the MDR1 mRAN expression; Western blot was used to determine the P-gp expression. The results showed that OFQ (0.1 µmol/L) combined with ADM (15 mg/L) significantly inhibited the cell proliferation of K562/ADM, compared with ADM group; the date gained at 48 h was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and cell apoptosis rate was significantly raised (P < 0.01); MDR1 mRNA and P-gp expression levels of OFR combined with ADM were significantly lower than that of ADM alone, and were time-dependent within 48 h. It is concluded that OFQ combined with ADM can reverse the multi-drug resistance of K562/ADM in time-dependent manner, and the 48 h after treatment with these 2 drugs is the best reverse time, which may be related with down regulating the expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-gp.
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111
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Ivanova EA, Sarycheva NY, Dubynin VA, Malyshev AV, Kalikhevich VN, Ardemasova ZA, Kamensky AA. Behavioral effects of original tetrapeptide, an analog of N-terminal nociceptin fragment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:177-81. [PMID: 22816077 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the effect of an analog to N-terminal nociceptin fragment AcOH×Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe-NH(2) on the behavior of albino rats. This tetrapeptide (5 μg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly enhanced motor and exploratory activity in mature rats and in 42-day pups and produced opposite effects in 21-day rat pups, which attests to the complex dynamics of maturation of nervous structures involved in the realization of nociceptin action.
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112
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Armagan G, Bojnik E, Turunc E, Kanit L, Gündüz Çinar O, Benyhe S, Borsodi A, Yalcin A. Kainic acid-induced changes in the opioid/nociceptin system and the stress/toxicity pathways in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:555-64. [PMID: 22382076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of acute or chronic neurodegenerative disease states. Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic substance and the administration of it to rodents induces seizure activity (status epilepticus, SE) and leads to neurodegeneration. In this study the effect of KA-induced excitotoxicity on the G-protein activations and the gene expression levels of the opioid/nociceptin system receptors as MOPr, KOPr, DOPr, ORL-1, and PNOC (N/OFQ) were investigated, and the regulator effect of naloxone (Nal) on the gene expressions of the opioid system receptors against KA-induced seizures in the rat hippocampus was tested. In addition, the expression levels of stress-toxicity genes were assessed in the hippocampus following KA-induced excitotoxicity in order to determine the potential genetic targets which can be helpful for neuroprotective interventions. Our results indicate that the KA-induced excitotoxicity increased the mRNA levels of MOPr, DOPr, KOPr, PNOC, and ORL-1. However, G-protein activations of MOPr, DOPr, and KOPr remained relatively unchanged while both the potency and efficacy of N/OFQ were significantly increased. The PCR array data showed that KA-induced excitotoxicity altered the expression levels of genes in the cellular stress or toxicity pathways. Our data suggests that the induction of the opioid/nociceptin system may be involved in the cellular stress response following a neurodegenerative insult and that the genes modulated by the KA-treatment in the stress-toxicity pathways may be evaluated as targets of potential neuroprotective interventions.
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113
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Murali SS, Napier IA, Rycroft BK, Christie MJ. Opioid-related (ORL1) receptors are enriched in a subpopulation of sensory neurons and prolonged activation produces no functional loss of surface N-type calcium channels. J Physiol 2012; 590:1655-67. [PMID: 22371475 PMCID: PMC3413501 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The opioid-related receptor, ORL1, is activated by the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and inhibits high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channel currents (I(Ca)) via a G-protein-coupled mechanism. Endocytosis of ORL1 receptor during prolonged N/OFQ exposure was proposed to cause N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) internalization via physical interaction between ORL1 and the N-type channel. However, there is no direct electrophysiological evidence for this mechanism in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or their central nerve terminals. The present study tested this using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of HVA I(Ca) in rat DRG neurons and primary afferent excitatory synaptic currents (eEPSCs) in spinal cord slices. DRG neurons were classified on the basis of diameter, isolectin-B4 (IB4) binding and responses to capsaicin, N/OFQ and a μ-opioid agonist, DAMGO. IB4-negative neurons less than 20 μm diameter were selectively responsive to N/OFQ as well as DAMGO. In these neurons, ORL1 desensitization by a supramaximal concentration of N/OFQ was not followed by a decrease in HVA I(Ca) current density or proportion of whole-cell HVA I(Ca) contributed by N-type VGCC as determined using the N-type channel selective blocker, ω-conotoxin CVID. There was also no decrease in the proportion of N-type I(Ca) when neurons were incubated at 37°C with N/OFQ for 30 min prior to recording. In spinal cord slices, N/OFQ consistently inhibited eEPSCs onto dorsal horn neurons. As observed in DRG neurons, preincubation of slices in N/OFQ for 30 min produced no decrease in the proportion of eEPSCs inhibited by CVID. In conclusion, no internalization of the N-type VGCC occurs in either the soma or central nerve terminals of DRG neurons following prolonged exposure to high, desensitizing concentrations of N/OFQ.
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114
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Rőszer T, Bánfalvi G. FMRFamide-related peptides: anti-opiate transmitters acting in apoptosis. Peptides 2012; 34:177-85. [PMID: 21524675 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Members of the FMRFamide-related peptide (FaRP) family are neurotransmitters, hormone-like substances and tumor suppressor peptides. In mammals, FaRPs are considered as anti-opiate peptides due to their ability to inhibit opioid signaling. Some FaRPs are asserted to attenuate opiate tolerance. A recently developed chimeric FaRP (Met-enkephalin-FMRFa) mimics the analgesic effects of opiates without the development of opiate-dependence, displaying a future therapeutical potential in pain reduction. In this review we support the notion, that opiates and representative members of the FaRP family show overlapping effects on apoptosis. Binding of FaRPs to opioid receptors or to their own receptors (G-protein linked membrane receptors and acid-sensing ion channels) evokes or suppresses cell death, in a cell- and receptor-type manner. With the dramatically increasing incidence of opiate abuse and addiction, understanding of opioid-induced cell death, and in this context FaRPs will deserve growing attention.
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115
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Yamada Y, Muraki A, Oie M, Kanegawa N, Oda A, Sawashi Y, Kaneko K, Yoshikawa M, Goto T, Takahashi N, Kawada T, Ohinata K. Soymorphin-5, a soy-derived μ-opioid peptide, decreases glucose and triglyceride levels through activating adiponectin and PPARα systems in diabetic KKAy mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E433-40. [PMID: 22127231 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00161.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Soymorphin-5 (YPFVV) derived from soybean β-conglycinin β-subunit is a μ-opioid agonist peptide having anxiolytic-like activity. Here, we show that soymorphin-5 improves glucose and lipid metabolism after long-term oral administration to KKAy mice, a type 2 diabetes model animal. Soymorphin-5 inhibited hyperglycemia without an increase in plasma insulin levels in KKAy mice. Soymorphin-5 also decreased plasma and liver triglyceride (TG) levels and liver weight, suggesting that soymorphin-5 improved lipid metabolism. Soymorphin-5 increased plasma adiponectin concentration and liver mRNA expression of AdipoR2, a subtype of adiponectin receptor that is involved in stimulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α pathway and fatty acid β-oxidation. The expressions of the mRNA of PPARα and its target genes acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 A, and uncoupling protein-2, in the liver were also increased after oral administration of soymorphin-5. Furthermore, des-Tyr-soymorphin-5 (PFVV) without μ-opioid and anxiolytic-like activities did not decrease blood glucose levels in KKAy mice. These results suggest that μ-opioid peptide soymorphin-5 improves glucose and lipid metabolism via activation of the adiponectin and PPARα system and subsequent increases of β-oxidation and energy expenditure in KKAy mice.
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116
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Lishmanov IB, Maslov LN, Naryzhnaia NV, Pei JM, Kolar F, Zhang Y, Portnichenko AG, Wang N. [Endogenous opioid system as a mediator of acute and long-term adaptation to stress. Prospects for clinical use of opioid peptides]. VESTNIK ROSSIISKOI AKADEMII MEDITSINSKIKH NAUK 2012:73-82. [PMID: 22988752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that opioid peptides (OPs) affect various hormonal systems. Opioids exhibit stress-limiting and gastro-protective effects in stressed animals, acting via mu- and delta-opioid receptors (OR). Peripheral mu-OR stimulation by endogenous and exogenous opioids increases cardiac tolerance to pathological consequences of stress. Enhancement ofprostacyclin synthesis, decrease of thromboxane production as well as suppression of lipid peroxidation can be directly responsible for cardioprotective effects of OPs in stressed animals. Adaptive responses are accompanied by increased OP levels in blood and tissues. Reduction of ventricular arrhythmias induced by repeated short-term immobilization stress is mediated via mu-OR stimulation by endogenous opioids, while delta-OR account for an antiarrhythmic effect of adaptation to chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. The mechanism of infarct size-limiting effect of continuous normobaric hypoxia involves both mu- and delta-OR stimulation. Peptide OR agonists can be considered in future clinical practice for treatment of withdrawal syndrome, stress-related cardiac disease or myocardial injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion insult.
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117
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Marini P, Romanelli L, Valeri D, Cascio MG, Tucci P, Valeri P, Palmery M. Biphasic regulation of the acute μ-withdrawal and CCk-8 contracture responses by the ORL-1 system in guinea pig ileum. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:100-10. [PMID: 21875667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The cloning of the opioid-receptor-like receptor (ORL-1) and the identification of the orphaninFQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) as its endogenous agonist has revealed a new G-protein-coupled receptor signalling system. The structural and functional homology of ORL-1 to the opioid receptor systems has posed a number of challenges in the understanding the often competing physiological responses elicited by these G-protein-coupled receptors. We had previously shown that in guinea pig ileum (GPI), the acute μ-withdrawal response is under the inhibitory control of several systems. Specifically, we found that the exposure to a μ-opioid receptor agonist activates indirectly the κ-opioid, the A(1)-adenosine and the cannabinoid CB(1) systems, that in turn inhibit the withdrawal response. The indirect activation of these systems is prevented by the peptide cholecystokinin-8 (CCk-8). In the present study, we have investigated whether the ORL-1 system is also involved in the regulation of the acute μ-withdrawal response. Interestingly, we found that in GPI preparation, the ORL-1 system is not indirectly activated by the μ-opioid receptor stimulation, but instead the system is able by itself to directly regulate the acute μ-withdrawal response. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the ORL-1 system behaves both as anti-opioid or opioid-like system based on the level of activation. The same behaviour has also been observed in presence of CCk-8. Furthermore, in GPI, the existence of an endogenous tone of the ORL-1 system has been demonstrated. We concluded that the ORL-1 system acts as a neuromodulatory system, whose action is strictly related to the modulation of excitatory neurotrasmitters released in GPI enteric nervous system.
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Eschenroeder AC, Vestal-Laborde AA, Sanchez ES, Robinson SE, Sato-Bigbee C. Oligodendrocyte responses to buprenorphine uncover novel and opposing roles of μ-opioid- and nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors in cell development: implications for drug addiction treatment during pregnancy. Glia 2012; 60:125-36. [PMID: 22002899 PMCID: PMC3217102 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the classical function of myelin is the facilitation of saltatory conduction, this membrane and the oligodendrocytes, the cells that make myelin in the central nervous system (CNS), are now recognized as important regulators of plasticity and remodeling in the developing brain. As such, oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination are among the most vulnerable processes along CNS development. We have shown previously that rat brain myelination is significantly altered by buprenorphine, an opioid analogue currently used in clinical trials for managing pregnant opioid addicts. Perinatal exposure to low levels of this drug induced accelerated and increased expression of myelin basic proteins (MBPs), cellular and myelin components that are markers of mature oligodendrocytes. In contrast, supra-therapeutic drug doses delayed MBP brain expression and resulted in a decreased number of myelinated axons. We have now found that this biphasic-dose response to buprenorphine can be attributed to the participation of both the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP receptor) in the oligodendrocytes. This is particularly intriguing because the NOP receptor/nociceptin system has been primarily linked to behavior and pain regulation, but a role in CNS development or myelination has not been described before. Our findings suggest that balance between signaling mediated by (a) MOR activation and (b) a novel, yet unidentified pathway that includes the NOP receptor, plays a crucial role in the timing of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin synthesis. Moreover, exposure to opioids could disrupt the normal interplay between these two systems altering the developmental pattern of brain myelination.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-third consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2010 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Grandi D, Massi M, Guerrini R, Caló G, Morini G. Role of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors in the decrease of mucosal mast cells caused by acute stress in the rat colon. Life Sci 2011; 89:735-40. [PMID: 21925513 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mucosal mast cells (MMC) are mediators of the stress responses in the gastrointestinal tract. We examined the effect of acute cold-restraint stress and of the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), implicated in the modulation of stress responses, on MMC density in the rat colon. MAIN METHODS Stress was induced by restraining the animals into individual cages at 3°C for 3h. N/OFQ and the selective N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptor antagonist, UFP-101, were infused subcutaneously via Alzet osmotic minipumps. Segments of the distal colon were collected. MMCs were identified immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody to rat mast cell protease (RMCP) II and with a rabbit polyclonal antibody to CD117/c-kit receptor. KEY FINDINGS Acute stress caused a decrease in the density of MMCs in the rat colonic mucosa. Short-term peripheral infusion of N/OFQ (0.1 to 10 μg/kg/h for 4h) caused a dose-related reduction of MMC density. Peak reduction occurred after the 4-h infusion of N/OFQ, 1 μg/kg/h. Reduction was maintained after the 52-h infusion period and declined following 7 and 14 days of infusion. The infusion of N/OFQ (1μg/kg/h for 4h) in rats exposed to acute stress caused a decrease in MMC density comparable to that obtained with the single treatments. UFP-101, at the doses of 1 and 10 μg/kg/h, which itself had no significant effect on MMC density, when concurrently infused in stress-exposed rats, abolished the stress-induced decrease of MMC density. SIGNIFICANCE Present results indicate that the peripheral N/OFQ-NOP system is involved in stress-induced reduction of MMC density.
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Sanathara NM, Moraes J, Kanjiya S, Sinchak K. Orphanin FQ in the mediobasal hypothalamus facilitates sexual receptivity through the deactivation of medial preoptic nucleus mu-opioid receptors. Horm Behav 2011; 60:540-8. [PMID: 21872598 PMCID: PMC3210402 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sexual receptivity, lordosis, can be induced by sequential estradiol and progesterone or extended exposure to high levels of estradiol in the female rat. In both cases estradiol initially inhibits lordosis through activation of β-endorphin (β-END) neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) that activate μ-opioid receptors (MOP) in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Subsequent progesterone or extended estradiol exposure deactivates MPN MOP to facilitate lordosis. Opioid receptor-like receptor-1 (ORL-1) is expressed in ARH and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Infusions of its endogenous ligand, orphanin FQ (OFQ/N, aka nociceptin), into VMH-ARH region facilitate lordosis. Whether OFQ/N acts in ARH and/or VMH and whether OFQ/N is necessary for steroid facilitation of lordosis are unclear. In Exp I, OFQ/N infusions in VMH and ARH that facilitated lordosis also deactivated MPN MOP indicating that OFQ/N facilitation of lordosis requires deactivation of ascending ARH-MPN projections by directly inhibiting ARH β-END neurons and/or through inhibition of excitatory VMH-ARH pathways to proopiomelanocortin neurons. It is unclear whether OFQ/N activates the VMH output motor pathways directly or via the deactivation of MPN MOP. In Exp II we tested whether ORL-1 activation is necessary for estradiol-only or estradiol+progesterone lordosis facilitation. Blocking ORL-1 with UFP-101 inhibited estradiol-only lordosis and MPN MOP deactivation but had no effect on estradiol+progesterone facilitation of lordosis and MOP deactivation. In conclusion, steroid facilitation of lordosis inhibits ARH β-END neurons to deactivate MPN MOP, but estradiol-only and estradiol+progesterone treatments appear to use different neurotransmitter systems to inhibit ARH-MPN signaling.
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Sukikara MH, Cruz AM, Felippe ECG, Anselmo-Franci JA, Canteras NS, de Oliveira CA, Felicio LF. Morphine-induced changes in opioid sensitivity in postpartum females: a unique progesterone response. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:1134-8. [PMID: 21696473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioid peptides play an important role in maternal behaviour, as well as in physiological and pathological phenomena involving motivation. Daily 3.5 mg/kg doses of morphine from days 17-21 of pregnancy are able to change the expression of maternal behaviour patterns. However, the role of hormones on such opioid behavioural actions remains to be determined. The present study investigated the endocrine responses to this morphine treatment. Corticosterone, progesterone, oestradiol and prolactin serum concentrations were measured after each morphine injection. No significant differences were found in corticosterone, oestradiol or prolactin serum concentrations. The results suggest that the treatment was unable to promote different effects, other than those caused by saline injections. In morphine-treated animals, however, progesterone concentrations were consistently and significantly increased from days 18-20 of treatment. Thus, because this behavioural meaningful opioidergic stimulation during late pregnancy affects progesterone levels, the findings of the present study raise the hypothesis that this hormone may play a role in morphine-induced changes in opioid sensitivity during late pregnancy and early lactation.
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Gunduz O, Karadag HC, Ulugol A. Synergistic anti-allodynic effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and cannabinoid systems in neuropathic mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:540-4. [PMID: 21664922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of analgesics from different classes are commonly used in the management of chronic pain. The goal is to enhance pain relief together with the reduction of side effects. The present study was undertaken to examine the anti-allodynic synergy resulting from the combination of WIN 55,212-2, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, and JTC-801, a nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist, on neuropathic pain. Mice were tested for behavioral effects before and 2-4 weeks after the surgery, in which a partial tight ligation of the sciatic nerve was made. Nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia was assessed with Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer, and a hot/cold plate was used to assess cold allodynia. Both WIN 55,212-2 and JTC-801 produced dose-dependent mechanical and cold anti-allodynic effects. As shown by isobolographic analysis, WIN 55,212-2/JTC-801 combinations interacted synergistically at all three ratios studied in the mechanical allodynia assay. In conclusion, co-administration of a cannabinoid with a nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist resulted in a synergistic interaction, which may have utility in the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Arsequell G, Rosa M, Mayato C, Dorta RL, Gonzalez-Nunez V, Barreto-Valer K, Marcelo F, Calle LP, Vázquez JT, Rodríguez RE, Jiménez-Barbero J, Valencia G. Synthesis, biological evaluation and structural characterization of novel glycopeptide analogues of nociceptin N/OFQ. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6133-42. [PMID: 21773621 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To examine if the biological activity of the N/OFQ peptide, which is the native ligand of the pain-related and viable drug target NOP receptor, could be modulated by glycosylation and if such effects could be conformationally related, we have synthesized three N/OFQ glycopeptide analogues, namely: [Thr(5)-O-α-D-GalNAc-N/OFQ] (glycopeptide 1), [Ser(10)-O-α-D-GalNAc]-N/OFQ (glycopeptide 2) and [Ser(10)-O-β-D-GlcNAc]-N/OFQ] (glycopeptide 3). They were tested for biological activity in competition binding assays using the zebrafish animal model in which glycopeptide 2 exhibited a slightly improved binding affinity, whereas glycopeptide 1 showed a remarkably reduced binding affinity compared to the parent compound and glycopeptide 3. The structural analysis of these glycopeptides and the parent N/OFQ peptide by NMR and circular dichroism indicated that their aqueous solutions are mainly populated by random coil conformers. However, in membrane mimic environments a certain proportion of the molecules of all these peptides exist as α-helix structures. Interestingly, under these experimental conditions, glycopeptide 1 (glycosylated at Thr-5) exhibited a population of folded hairpin-like geometries. From these facts it is tempting to speculate that nociceptin analogues showing linear helical structures are more complementary and thus interact more efficiently with the native NOP receptor than folded structures, since glycopeptide 1 showed a significantly reduced binding affinity for the NOP receptor.
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Liao YY, Teng SF, Lin LC, Kolczewski S, Prinssen EP, Lee LJ, Ho IK, Chiou LC. Functional heterogeneity of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors revealed by (+)-5a Compound and Ro 64-6198 in rat periaqueductal grey slices. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:977-89. [PMID: 21029514 DOI: 10.1017/s146114571000129x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide (NOP) receptor is a non-opioid branch of the opioid receptor family implicated in several neurological and psychological disorders, such as pain, anxiety, depression, involuntary movement, addiction, seizure and dementia. Heterogeneity of NOP receptors has been proposed based on the findings of splicing variants and from binding and functional studies. We have previously reported that Ro 64-6198, a NOP receptor agonist, activated a subset, but not all, of N/OFQ-sensitive NOP receptors in midbrain ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG). In this study, we found that a new NOP receptor ligand, (+)-5a Compound ((3aS, 6aR)-1-(cis-4-isopropylcyclohexyl)-5'-methyl-2'-phenylhexahydrospiro[piperidine-4,1'-pyrrolo[3, 4-c]pyrrole]), also activated a subset of NOP receptors in vlPAG neurons. (+)-5a Compound (0.1-30 μm) concentration-dependently activated G-protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels mediated through the NOP receptors in about 35% of the recorded vlPAG neurons. (+)-5a Compound (EC50: 605 nm) was less potent (1/12) and efficacious (47%) than N/OFQ. In (+)-5a Compound-insensitive neurons, Ro 64-6198 was also ineffective, and vice versa, but N/OFQ activated GIRK channels through NOP receptors. In (+)-5a Compound-sensitive neurons, (+)-5a Compound precluded the effect of Ro 64-6198. Immunofluorecent and morphometric studies showed that most of the (+)-5a Compound-sensitive neurons were multipolar with intensive dendritic arborization and immunoreactive to glutamic acid decarboxylase-67. It is suggested that (+)-5a Compound activates a subset of NOP receptors, similar to the Ro 64-6198-sensitive subset, in the vlPAG neurons which are mostly GABAergic. These results further support the presence of functional heterogeneity of NOP receptors in the midbrain PAG.
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