301
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Laake LM, Bridgett DJ. Happy babies, chatty toddlers: infant positive affect facilitates early expressive, but not receptive language. Infant Behav Dev 2014; 37:29-32. [PMID: 24441013 PMCID: PMC4267686 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-three mother-infant dyads participated in this study. Positive affect (PA) broadly, along with fine-grained aspects of PA, was measured at 10 months of age. Language was measured at 14 months. Infant PA predicted expressive, but not receptive, language. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Laake
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, United States.
| | - David J Bridgett
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, United States
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302
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Abstract
Three studies find evidence that positive affect reduces comparative overconfidence (overplacement). This occurs because positive affect attenuates focalism via decreasing people's tendency to overweight information regarding themselves in the light of information concerning others. Specifically, Study 1 provides evidence that positive affect leads to more realistic estimates of comparative ability and that other-focus partially mediates this effect. Then, Study 2 provides causal evidence that positive affect independently influences other-focus and that other-focus, in turn, influences overplacement. Additionally, Study 2 uses an indirect measure of focalism to better capture this attentional process. Finally, Study 3 explores the influence of negative affect on overplacement. In addition, each study finds that positive affect does not influence overconfidence regarding participant's raw performances (overestimation) as this type of overconfidence is not dependent on self-other comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Emich
- a Management Systems , Fordham University , Bronx , NY , USA
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303
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Yang H, Yang S. Positive affect facilitates task switching in the dimensional change card sort task: implications for the shifting aspect of executive function. Cogn Emot 2014; 28:1242-54. [PMID: 24456098 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.879053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using the modified Dimensional Change Card Sort task, we examined the influence of positive affect on task switching by inspecting various markers for the costs, including restart cost, switch cost and mixing cost. Given that the executive-control processes that underlie switching performance--i.e., inhibition or shifting--are distinct from the component processes that underlie non-switching performance--i.e., stimulus evaluation, resource allocation or response execution--we hypothesised that if positive affect facilitates task switching via executive-control processes, rather than via component processes, positive affect would reduce both switch and restart costs, but not mixing cost, because both switch and restart costs rely on executive processes, while mixing cost imposes only minimal demands on executive processes. We found beneficial effects of positive affect on both restart and switch costs, but not on mixing costs. These results suggest that positive affect improves switching abilities via executive processes rather than via component processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajin Yang
- a School of Social Sciences , Singapore Management University , Singapore , Singapore
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304
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De Young KP, Zander M, Anderson DA. Beliefs about the emotional consequences of eating and binge eating frequency. Eat Behav 2014; 15:31-6. [PMID: 24411746 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emotions are implicated in the etiology and maintenance of binge eating (BE). It is largely unknown whether BE is more strongly tied to emotions for certain individuals. This study investigated whether beliefs about the function of eating moderate the relationship between positive and negative affect and the frequency of BE. A mixed eating disorder sample (n=105) prospectively reported their weekly BE frequency and positive and negative affect for 12 weeks after completing the Eating Expectancy Inventory. Results indicated that holding the expectancy that eating helps to relieve negative affect prospectively predicts higher frequencies of BE, and holding the expectancy that eating is pleasurable and useful as a reward predicts lower frequencies. Further, increases in negative affect were associated with increases in BE, and increases in positive affect were associated with decreases in BE. Neither of the hypothesized relationships between affect and BE was moderated by expectancies. However, an interaction between negative and positive affect was found, indicating that only the combination of high positive and low negative affect is specifically related to reduced BE. Holding specific expectancies about the function of eating and fluctuations in both positive and negative affect appear to be associated with BE among individuals with eating disorders. Cognitive interventions should target eating-related expectancies that may maintain BE behavior.
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305
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Olino TM, McMakin DL, Morgan JK, Silk JS, Birmaher B, Axelson DA, Williamson DE, Dahl RE, Ryan ND, Forbes EE. Reduced reward anticipation in youth at high-risk for unipolar depression: a preliminary study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2013; 8:55-64. [PMID: 24369885 PMCID: PMC3960320 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is characterized by reduced neural response to reward, particularly in the ventral striatum. Few studies have examined if alterations in reward functioning are present before the onset of depression. Youth at high- and low-familial risk for depression completed a reward task during a fMRI scan. High-risk youth had significantly less ventral striatal reactivity than low-risk youth during reward anticipation. Reward functioning is altered in individuals at high-familial risk for depression before the onset of the disorder.
Offspring of depressed parents are at risk for depression and recent evidence suggests that reduced positive affect (PA) may be a marker of risk. We investigated whether self-reports of PA and fMRI-measured striatal response to reward, a neural correlate of PA, are reduced in adolescent youth at high familial risk for depression (HR) relative to youth at low familial risk for depression (LR). Functional magnetic resonance imaging assessments were conducted with 14 HR and 12 LR youth. All youth completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol to measure PA in natural settings and a self-report measure of depression symptomatology. Analyses found that HR youth demonstrated lower striatal response than LR youth during both reward anticipation and outcome. However, after controlling for youth self-reports of depression, HR youth demonstrated lower striatal response than LR youth only during reward anticipation. No significant differences were found between HR and LR youth on subjective ratings of PA or depressive symptoms. Results are consistent with previous findings that reduced reward response is a marker of risk for depression, particularly during reward anticipation, even in the absence of (or accounting for) disrupted subjective mood. Further examinations of prospective associations between reward response and depression onset are needed.
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306
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Puterman E, Haritatos J, Adler NE, Sidney S, Schwartz JE, Epel ES. Indirect effect of financial strain on daily cortisol output through daily negative to positive affect index in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2883-9. [PMID: 23969421 PMCID: PMC3844074 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Daily affect is important to health and has been linked to cortisol. The combination of high negative affect and low positive affect may have a bigger impact on increasing HPA axis activity than either positive or negative affect alone. Financial strain may both dampen positive affect as well as increase negative affect, and thus provides an excellent context for understanding the associations between daily affect and cortisol. Using random effects mixed modeling with maximum likelihood estimation, we examined the relationship between self-reported financial strain and estimated mean daily cortisol level (latent cortisol variable), based on six salivary cortisol assessments throughout the day, and whether this relationship was mediated by greater daily negative to positive affect index measured concurrently in a sample of 776 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study participants. The analysis revealed that while no total direct effect existed for financial strain on cortisol, there was a significant indirect effect of high negative affect to low positive affect, linking financial strain to elevated cortisol. In this sample, the effects of financial strain on cortisol through either positive affect or negative affect alone were not significant. A combined affect index may be a more sensitive and powerful measure than either negative or positive affect alone, tapping the burden of chronic financial strain, and its effects on biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Puterman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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307
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Webb Hooper M, Baker EA, McNutt MD. Associations between coping, affect, and social support among low-income African American smokers. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2736-40. [PMID: 23934005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has documented disparities in smoking cessation between African Americans and Caucasians. Many low-income African American smokers face a range of circumstances that may inhibit effective coping during quit attempts, yet previous research has not considered factors that influence coping in this population. This study examined (a) affect (positive and negative) and (b) perceived social support in association with coping strategies. METHODS The baseline assessment of African American smokers (N = 168) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial included the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Brief COPE. A factor analysis of the Brief COPE resulted in two factors, adaptive and maladaptive strategies. RESULTS Participants were mostly single (64%), women (61%), with ≥12 years of education (68%), and low-income. They were middle aged (M = 46.1, SD = 8.7), smoked 21.8 (SD = 13.3) cigarettes/day for 24.3 (SD = 11) years, and were moderately nicotine dependent. Results demonstrated that adaptive coping was positively correlated with positive affect and social support. Maladaptive coping was positively correlated with negative affect, and inversely related to positive affect and social support. Multivariate analyses revealed that positive affect and social support were independently associated with adaptive coping strategies. In contrast, maladaptive coping was independently associated with negative affect, but not social support. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that harness positive resources, such as social support and positive mood, may facilitate adaptive coping. Also, addressing negative affect among low-income African American smokers may be important to reduce maladaptive coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Webb Hooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, P.O. Box 248185, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
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308
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Voellmin A, Entringer S, Moog N, Wadhwa PD, Buss C. Maternal positive affect over the course of pregnancy is associated with the length of gestation and reduced risk of preterm delivery. J Psychosom Res 2013; 75:336-40. [PMID: 24119939 PMCID: PMC3796733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between maternal psychological state during pregnancy and birth outcomes is well established. The focus of previous studies has been on the potentially detrimental consequences of maternal stress on pregnancy and birth outcomes, particularly shortened gestation and increased risk of preterm birth. Despite a growing literature linking positive affect with favorable health outcomes this construct has received little attention in the context of pregnancy. Therefore, in the current study, we tested the hypothesis that maternal positive affect during pregnancy is associated with beneficial consequences in terms of increased length of gestation and reduced risk of preterm birth above that of the absence of stress. METHODS In 169 pregnant women maternal positive affect and perceived stress were serially assessed at 15.2 ± 0.9 weeks (T1; mean ± SD), 19.7 ± 0.9 weeks (T2) and 30.7 ± 0.7 weeks (T3) gestation. Pregnancy and birth outcomes were abstracted from the medical record. RESULTS Higher maternal positive affect and a steeper increase in maternal positive affect over pregnancy were positively associated with length of gestation (p<.05) and reduced risk of preterm delivery (p<.01), whereas maternal perceived stress was not significantly associated with shorter length of gestation (p>.10). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal positive affect may be beneficial for outcomes related to the length gestation, and that this effect cannot be accounted for by the lower stress levels associated with higher positive affect. Interventions to increase maternal positive affect may be beneficial for fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Voellmin
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program (DHDRP), 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Specific Psychotherapy, CBT Unit,Wilhelm Klein -Strasse 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Entringer
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program (DHDRP), 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Nora Moog
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program (DHDRP), 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D. Wadhwa
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program (DHDRP), 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 224 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 – 7550 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 200 S. Manchester Ave, Suite 600, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 S. Main St., Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, Building 3, Route 88, Orange, CA 92697, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program (DHDRP), 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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309
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Carrico AW, Woods WJ, Siever MD, Discepola MV, Dilworth SE, Neilands TB, Miller N, Moskowitz JT. Positive affect and processes of recovery among treatment-seeking methamphetamine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132:624-9. [PMID: 23684632 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Revised Stress and Coping Theory proposes that positive affect serves adaptive functions, independent of negative affect. However, scant research has examined whether, how, and under what circumstances positive affect is associated with decreased substance use. METHODS Eighty-eight methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men (MSM) completed the baseline assessment for substance abuse treatment outcome study which included measures of positive and negative affect, cognitive-behavioral change processes (i.e., approach-oriented coping, self-efficacy for managing methamphetamine triggers, and abstinence-related action tendencies), abstinence-specific social support, and self-reported substance use. Participants also provided a urine sample for toxicology screening. RESULTS After controlling for demographic characteristics and negative affect, higher positive affect was independently associated with greater approach-oriented coping, abstinence-related action tendencies, and abstinence-specific social support. Positive affect was also independently associated with greater self-efficacy for managing methamphetamine triggers, but only at lower levels of negative affect. Through these cognitive-behavioral and social pathways, positive affect was indirectly associated with lower frequency of stimulant use in the past 30 days, lower odds of reporting stimulant use two or more days in a row, and lower odds of providing a urine sample that was reactive for stimulant metabolites. On the other hand, negative affect was not indirectly associated with any measure of stimulant use. CONCLUSIONS Clinical research is needed to examine the pathways whereby positive affect may predict better substance abuse treatment outcomes.
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310
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Schütz E, Sailer U, Al Nima A, Rosenberg P, Andersson Arntén AC, Archer T, Garcia D. The affective profiles in the USA: happiness, depression, life satisfaction, and happiness-increasing strategies. PeerJ 2013; 1:e156. [PMID: 24058884 PMCID: PMC3775633 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The affective profiles model categorizes individuals as self-fulfilling (high positive affect, low negative affect), high affective (high positive affect, high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect, low negative affect), and self-destructive (low positive affect, high negative affect). The model has been used extensively among Swedes to discern differences between profiles regarding happiness, depression, and also life satisfaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate such differences in a sample of residents of the USA. The study also investigated differences between profiles with regard to happiness-increasing strategies. Methods. In Study I, 900 participants reported affect (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS) and happiness (Happiness-Depression Scale). In Study II, 500 participants self-reported affect (PANAS), life satisfaction (Satisfaction With Life Scale), and how often they used specific strategies to increase their own happiness (Happiness-Increasing Strategies Scales). Results. The results showed that, compared to the other profiles, self-fulfilling individuals were less depressed, happier, and more satisfied with their lives. Nevertheless, self-destructive individuals were more depressed, unhappier, and less satisfied than all other profiles. The self-fulfilling individuals tended to use strategies related to agentic (e.g., instrumental goal-pursuit), communal (e.g., social affiliation), and spiritual (e.g., religion) values when pursuing happiness. Conclusion. These differences suggest that promoting positive emotions can positively influence a depressive-to-happy state as well as increasing life satisfaction. Moreover, the present study shows that pursuing happiness through strategies guided by agency, communion, and spirituality is related to a self-fulfilling experience described as high positive affect and low negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Schütz
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Department of Psychology, Linneaus University , Kalmar , Sweden ; Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden
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311
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Robinette JW, Charles ST, Mogle JA, Almeida DM. Neighborhood cohesion and daily well-being: results from a diary study. Soc Sci Med 2013; 96:174-82. [PMID: 24034965 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neighborly cohesiveness has documented benefits for health. Furthermore, high perceived neighborhood cohesion offsets the adverse health effects of neighborhood socioeconomic adversity. One potential way neighborhood cohesion influences health is through daily stress processes. The current study uses participants (n = 2022, age 30-84 years) from The Midlife in the United States II and the National Study of Daily Experiences II, collected between 2004 and 2006, to examine this hypothesis using a within-person, daily diary design. We predicted that people who perceive high neighborhood cohesion are exposed to fewer daily stressors, such as interpersonal arguments, lower daily physical symptoms and negative affect, and higher daily positive affect. We also hypothesized that perceptions of neighborhood cohesion buffer decline in affective and physical well-being on days when daily stressors do occur. Results indicate that higher perceived neighborhood cohesion predicts fewer self-reported daily stressors, higher positive affect, lower negative affect, and fewer physical health symptoms. High perceived neighborhood cohesion also buffers the effects of daily stressors on negative affect, even after adjusting for other sources of social support. Results from the present study suggest interventions focusing on neighborhood cohesion may result in improved well-being and may minimize the adverse effect of daily stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Robinette
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-7085, USA.
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312
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Fredman L, Gordon SA, Heeren T, Stuver SO. Positive affect is associated with fewer sleep problems in older caregivers but not noncaregivers. Gerontologist 2013; 54:559-69. [PMID: 23676301 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Older adults who are depressed or are caregivers experience more sleep problems, whereas recent studies suggest that adults with high positive affect (PA) have fewer sleep problems. This study examined whether the associations of PA and depressive symptoms with sleep problems differed between caregivers and noncaregivers. DESIGN AND METHODS Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 92 caregivers to a relative or friend with Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease, and 137 noncaregivers aged 60 years and older (mean 73.8±7.9 years) from the Boston, Massachusetts, metropolitan area. Sleep problems were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Respondents were categorized as high PA (n = 122), low PA (n = 69), and depressive symptoms (n = 38) based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale. RESULTS The mean PSQI score was 5.19 (SD = 3.26) and did not differ by caregiving status. In multivariable linear regression analyses among caregivers, those with high PA had significantly fewer sleep problems than their counterparts with low PA (adjusted mean PSQI score was 4.16 [SE = 0.50] vs. 5.69 [SE = 0.58], p = .05), whereas caregivers with depressive symptoms reported slightly more problems (adjusted mean 6.92 [SE = 0.80], p = .22). High PA and depressive symptoms were not associated with sleep problems among noncaregivers (adjusted mean PSQI scores were 4.88 [SE = 0.35], 5.38 [SE = 0.51], and 5.99 [SE = 0.73], respectively). Similar associations were found with PSQI scale components. IMPLICATIONS Results suggest that routine screening and interventions to increase PA may reduce sleep problems among older caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fredman
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts.
| | - Sheryl A Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Sherri O Stuver
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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313
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Bodner E, Palgi Y, Kaveh D. Does the relationship between affect complexity and self-esteem differ in young-old and old-old participants? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2012; 68:665-73. [PMID: 23107620 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbs095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines whether the relationship between positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) is more complex among old-old than among young-old participants and whether the independence and potential co-occurrence of both PA and NA (affect complexity) is related to higher self-esteem (SE) among older participants. METHOD A convenience sample of 311 participants was divided into 2 groups: young-old, aged 65-79 years (n = 212), and old-old, aged 80-93 years (n = 99), participants. PA and NA were measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and SE was measured by the Self-Esteem Questionnaire. RESULTS The findings show that PA and NA are less strongly related and even positively related to each other among older people and that SE is higher among the young-old compared with the old-old participants. Finally, affect complexity is positively related to a higher degree of SE among the old-old participants. DISCUSSION These findings may imply that the affect complexity is associated with buffering the noxious effect of deteriorating SE in old age. Future studies should examine further the intrapersonal relationship between affect complexity and SE in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Bodner
- Inter dis ciplinary Department of Social Sciences and Department of Music, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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314
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Abstract
An experience sampling study assessed the relation between psychological functioning in daily life and emotional expressivity as measured by the emotional expressivity scale (EES). Four hundred and twenty-nine participants carried personal digital assistants that signaled them 8 times daily to complete questionnaires assessing affect, activities, and social contact. As predicted, participants high in emotional expressivity were more likely to have elevated state positive affect, but not negative affect. These participants were also less likely to be alone and more likely to demonstrate better social functioning when with others. Cross-level interactions indicated that emotional expressivity moderated the association of social context and functioning in the moment. The findings support the validity of the EES as a measure of emotional expressivity and demonstrate the utility of experience sampling for describing personality traits in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Burgin
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
| | - Leslie H Brown
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Amethyst Royal
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
| | - Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain; Sant Pere Claver - Fundació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Spanish Ministry of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
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315
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Abstract
This study investigated whether a brief gratitude induction could reduce death anxiety. 83 Chinese older adults (mean age = 62.7, SD = 7.13) were randomly assigned into one of three conditions: gratitude, hassle, and neutral, in which they wrote different types of life events before responding to measures of death anxiety and affect. Participants in the gratitude induction reported lower death anxiety than the hassle and the neutral condition, whereas no difference was observed for the latter two conditions. There was no experimental effect on positive affect, and a significant effect on negative affect but which did not favor the gratitude condition. By reexamining life events with a thankful attitude, people may become less fearful of death due to a sense that life has been well-lived. Because gratitude can be induced using a very brief procedure, there are broad applications in clinical and health-care settings for the relief of death anxiety.
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316
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Lim YJ, Yu BH, Kim DK, Kim JH. The positive and negative affect schedule: psychometric properties of the korean version. Psychiatry Investig 2010; 7:163-9. [PMID: 20927304 PMCID: PMC2947803 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2010.7.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was developed as a measure of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The aim here is to examine the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Korean version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (K-PANAS) in a clinical sample in Korea. METHODS K-PANAS was administered to a clinical sample in Korea. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were undertaken to examine the factorial structure and reliability of the K-PANAS. RESULTS The reliability of K-PANAS is satisfactory. CFA showed that several of the models commonly used in Western populations provided an insufficient fit. The modified model provided a more adequate fit to the data. CONCLUSION The authors demonstrate that the K-PANAS has adequate psychometric properties, and that findings obtained in the West using PANAS were partially replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Lim
- College of Liberal Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Hee Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doh-Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Steverink N, Lindenberg S. Do good self-managers have less physical and social resource deficits and more well-being in later life? Eur J Ageing 2008; 5:181-90. [PMID: 28798571 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-008-0089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proactive self-management is likely to be part of resource maintenance and well-being in later life, but empirical evidence is scarce. Therefore, we investigated (a) whether self-management ability (SMA) is associated with lower resource deficits, and (b) whether it is related directly and indirectly to life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Regression and mediational analyses (N = 439, aged 65 years and older), showed that SMA related to resource deficits, and had direct associations with the three well-being indicators. Indirect associations-via lower resource deficits-were found for LS, whereas the association between SMA and PA was mostly a direct one, being mediated only to a small extent by physical resource deficits. The association between SMA and NA was mediated only by social resource deficits. It is concluded that better SMA seems to matter to resource maintenance and well-being, but future research needs to unravel the differential findings for physical and social resource deficits and for the separate well-being indicators.
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318
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Colder CR, Lengua LJ, Fite PJ, Mott JA, Bush NR. Temperament in context: Infant temperament moderates the relationship between perceived neighborhood quality and behavior problems. J Appl Dev Psychol 2006; 27:456-467. [PMID: 25530650 PMCID: PMC4269379 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypotheses that positive affect and fear in infancy moderate later relationships between neighborhood quality and behavior problems were examined in a sample of children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results suggested that poor neighborhood quality was associated with antisocial behavior at age 6 for children who in infancy were characterized by either high positive affect and low fear or by low positive affect and high fear. Depression/anxiety increased from age 6 to age 12 for children in poor quality neighborhoods who were characterized in infancy by low positive affect. A combination of low fear and high positive affect in infancy appeared to be protective, as it was associated with decreases in depression/anxiety during childhood. These findings suggest the utility of examining multiple dimensions of temperament and of integrating multiple levels of influence into moderational models to understand and prevent the development of childhood symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. Colder
- Department of Psychology, Park Hall, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110, United States
| | | | - Paula J. Fite
- Department of Psychology, Park Hall, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110, United States
| | - Joshua A. Mott
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, United States
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