Expression of alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes by smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts in rat aorta and in cell culture

Previous radioligand binding reports of vascular alpha-adrenoceptor (AR) density have been limited to total alpha1- or alpha2-ARs. Studies using whole blood vessel homogenates have not differentiated among receptor or mRNA expression by medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) versus adventitial fibroblasts (AFBs). Therefore, we used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and radioligand binding to measure alpha-AR subtypes in media, adventitia, and cultured SMCs and AFBs from rat aorta. Both media and adventitia expressed alpha1A-, alpha1B-, alpha1D-, and alpha2D-AR mRNAs, but in markedly different abundances. Total alpha1-AR density was the same for media and adventitia (Bmax = 101 +/- 10 versus 96 +/- 16 fmol/mg of protein). However, densities for alpha1A-, alpha1B-, and alpha1D-AR subtypes in media were 19 +/- 2, 26 +/- 4, and 55 +/- 2%, and in adventitia were 44 +/- 3, 37 +/- 5, and 19 +/- 2%. No alpha2B- or alpha2C-AR transcripts were detected in either layer or in cultured SMCs or AFBs. Total alpha1-AR densities in cultured SMCs and AFBs (Bmax = 111 +/- 4 and 48 +/- 6 fmol/mg of protein, respectively) were similar to media and adventitia, with alpha1B- and alpha1D-AR transcript levels and receptors largely sustained. However, alpha1A- and alpha2D-AR expression in cultured SMCs and AFBs was strongly reduced, compared with media and adventitia, an effect not prevented by 30 different culture conditions. Like SMCs, exposure of AFBs to norepinephrine induced protein synthesis and proliferation of AFBs. This is the first study to quantitate alpha-AR subtype expression in media and adventitia and in cultured SMCs and AFBs. In addition, we report the intriguing finding that AFBs express alpha1-ARs in similar abundance as medial SMCs and that norepinephrine induced them to proliferate.

Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy

The alpha-actinins are a multigene family of four actin-binding proteins related to dystrophin. The two skeletal muscle isoforms of alpha-actinin (ACTN2 and ACTN3) are major structural components of the Z-line involved in anchoring the actin-containing thin filaments. In humans, ACTN2 is expressed in all muscle fibres, while ACTN3 expression is restricted to a subset of type 2 fibres. We have recently demonstrated that alpha-actinin-3 is absent in approximately 18% of individuals in a range of human populations, and that homozygosity for a premature stop codon (577X) accounts for most cases of true alpha-actinin-3 deficiency. Absence of alpha-actinin-3 is not associated with an obvious disease phenotype, raising the possibility that ACTN3 is functionally redundant in humans, and that alpha-actinin-2 is able to compensate for alpha-actinin-3 deficiency. We now present data concerning the expression of ACTN3 in other species. Genotyping of non-human primates indicates that the 577X null mutation has likely arisen in humans. The mouse genome contains four orthologues which all map to evolutionarily conserved syntenic regions for the four human genes. Murine Actn2 and Actn3 are differentially expressed, spatially and temporally, during embryonic development and, in contrast to humans, alpha-actinin-2 expression does not completely overlap alpha-actinin-3 in postnatal skeletal muscle, suggesting independent function. Furthermore, sequence comparison of human, mouse and chicken alpha-actinin genes demonstrates that ACTN3 has been conserved over a long period of evolutionary time, implying a constraint on evolutionary rate imposed by continued function of the gene. These observations provide a real framework in which to test theoretical models of genetic redundancy as they apply to human populations. In addition we highlight the need for caution in making conclusions about gene function from the phenotypic consequences of loss-of-function mutations in animal knockout models.

GABA transporter 1 transcriptional starting site exhibiting tissue specific difference

GABA transporter 1(GAT1) takes important roles in multiple physiological processes through the uptake and release of GABA, but the regulation of GAT1 gene expression in different tissues is rarely known. To address the question, first, 5' Rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) was used to determine GAT1 transcriptional starting sites in neonatal mouse cerebral cortex and intestine, adult mouse brain and adult rat testis. The products of 5'RACE were confirmed by DNA sequencing. We found that the transcript of GAT1 in neonatal mouse cerebral cortex and adult mouse brain starts at the same site (inside of exon 1), while in mouse intestine, GAT1 starts transcription in intron 1, and in rat testis, the transcript of GAT1 has an additional untranslation exon to the 5' direction.

Interpretation of complex forensic DNA mixtures

Forensic evidentiary samples routinely contain DNA from multiple contributors. The interpretation of these mixtures can be a challenging task for the DNA scientist. Several approaches are discussed (no calculation- qualitative statement; probability of exclusion; likelihood ratio estimates; presumptive genotype assignment based on peak heights), which have been employed to assess the significance of an inclusion/match when DNA mixtures have been detected in casework samples. These statistical approaches are discussed in light of technical challenges that can arise when evaluating evidentiary samples.

Cofilin phosphorylation by protein kinase testicular protein kinase 1 and its role in integrin-mediated actin reorganization and focal adhesion formation

Testicular protein kinase 1 (TESK1) is a serine/threonine kinase with a structure composed of a kinase domain related to those of LIM-kinases and a unique C-terminal proline-rich domain. Like LIM-kinases, TESK1 phosphorylated cofilin specifically at Ser-3, both in vitro and in vivo. When expressed in HeLa cells, TESK1 stimulated the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions. In contrast to LIM-kinases, the kinase activity of TESK1 was not enhanced by Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) or p21-activated kinase, indicating that TESK1 is not their downstream effector. Both the kinase activity of TESK1 and the level of cofilin phosphorylation increased by plating cells on fibronectin. Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of ROCK, inhibited LIM-kinase-induced cofilin phosphorylation but did not affect fibronectin-induced or TESK1-induced cofilin phosphorylation in HeLa cells. Expression of a kinase-negative TESK1 suppressed cofilin phosphorylation and formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions induced in cells plated on fibronectin. These results suggest that TESK1 functions downstream of integrins and plays a key role in integrin-mediated actin reorganization, presumably through phosphorylating and inactivating cofilin. We propose that TESK1 and LIM-kinases commonly phosphorylate cofilin but are regulated in different ways and play distinct roles in actin reorganization in living cells.

A mutation in alpha-tropomyosin(slow) affects muscle strength, maturation and hypertrophy in a mouse model for nemaline myopathy

Nemaline myopathy is a hereditary disease of skeletal muscle defined by a distinct pathology of electron-dense accumulations within the sarcomeric units called rods, muscle weakness and, in most cases, a slow oxidative (type 1) fiber predominance. We generated a transgenic mouse model to study this disorder by expressing an autosomal dominant mutant of alpha-tropomyosin(slow) previously identified in a human cohort. Rods were found in all muscles, but to varying extents which did not correlate with the amount of mutant protein present. In addition, a pathological feature not commonly associated with this disorder, cytoplasmic bodies, was found in the mouse and subsequently identified in human samples. Muscle weakness is a major feature of this disease and was examined with respect to fiber composition, degree of rod-containing fibers, fiber mechanics and fiber diameter. Hypertrophy of fast, glycolytic (type 2B) fibers was apparent at 2 months of age. Muscle weakness was apparent in mice at 5-6 months of age, mimicking the late onset observed in humans with this mutation. The late onset did not correlate with observed changes in fiber type and rod pathology. Rather, the onset of muscle weakness correlates with an age-related decrease in fiber diameter and suggests that early onset is prevented by hypertrophy of fast, glycolytic fibers. We suggest that the clinical phenotype is precipitated by a failure of the hypertrophy to persist and therefore compensate for muscle weakness.

Simulation and quantitative assessment of homogeneous and inhomogeneous particle distributions in particulate metal matrix composites

Reinforcement distributions play an important role in various aspects of the processing and final mechanical behaviour of particulate metal matrix composites (PMMCs). Methods for quantifying spatial distribution in such materials are, however, poorly developed, particularly in relation to the range of particle size, shape and orientation that may be present in any one system. The present work investigates via computer simulations the influences of particle morphology, homogeneity and inhomogeneity on spatial distribution measurements obtained by finite-body tessellation. Distribution inhomogeneity was simulated both by the segregation of particles away from specified regions within a microstructure and by generating point density peaks at random locations within a microstructure. Both isotropic and anisotropic inhomogeneous distributions were considered to simulate distribution patterns in PMMCs before and after mechanical working. It was found that the coefficient of variation of the mean near-neighbour distance (COV(dmean)), derived from particle interfaces using finite-body tessellation, was essentially independent of particle shape, size distribution, orientation and area fraction in homogeneous (random) distributions, but showed great sensitivity to inhomogeneity. Increased values of COV(dmean) were seen for both forms of inhomogeneous distributions considered here, with little influence of particle morphology. The COV(dmean) was also seen to be sensitive to anisotropic clustering, the presence of which was identified via nearest-neighbour angles and cell orientations. Although generally formulated for PMMCs, the present results may be generalized to other systems containing low aspect ratio finite bodies of low to moderate area fraction.

Interleukin 12 gene transfer into skin distant from the tumor site elicits antimetastatic effects equivalent to local gene transfer

We have reported that particle-mediated interleukin 12 (IL-12) gene transfer into the skin overlying the local tumor inhibits systemic metastases. To further characterize this effect, we compared the antitumor and antimetastatic effects of IL-12 cDNA delivered at the local tumor site versus at a site distant from the primary tumor, in a spontaneous metastasis model of LLC-F5 tumor. Local IL-12 gene delivery into the skin overlying the intradermal tumor (local IL-12 treatment) on days 7, 9, and 11 after tumor implantation resulted in the most suppression of the growth of the primary LLC-F5 tumor, whereas IL-12 gene transfer into the skin distant from the tumor (distant IL-12 treatment) was less effective. In contrast, both local IL-12 and distant IL-12 treatment, followed by tumor excision, inhibited lung metastases to a similar extent, resulting in significantly extended survival of test mice. The results of in vivo studies using depleting anti-asialo GM1 antibody and anti-CD4/anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies, or neutralizing anti-interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) monoclonal antibody demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells, CD8(+) T cells, and IFN-gamma contributed to the antimetastatic effects in both treatment groups. Furthermore, the levels of mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix methalloproteinase 9 at the tumor microenvironment were suppressed after both local and distant IL-12 treatment. These results suggest that the current particle-mediated IL-12 gene delivery in the spontaneous LLC-F5 metastasis model can confer antimetastatic activities, irrespective of the gene transfection site, via a combination of several mechanisms involving CD8(+) T cells, NK cells, IFN-gamma, and antiangiogenesis.

Osteopontin expression in progressive renal injury in remnant kidney: role of angiotensin II

BACKGROUND

Osteopontin (OPN) is a macrophage chemotactic and adhesion molecule and has been shown to play a role in glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury in several kidney disease models.

METHODS

The present study examined whether OPN expression is involved in the progression of renal disease following subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy (STNx) in rats and whether angiotensin II (Ang II) mediates the up-regulation of renal OPN expression and macrophage accumulation in this model by administering valsartan, an Ang II type I (AT1) receptor antagonist, or ramipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.

RESULTS

In normal and sham-operated rat kidneys, OPN was expressed in a few tubules (<5%) and was absent in glomeruli. Following STNx (weeks 2 to 16), there was substantial up-regulation of OPN mRNA and protein expression in glomeruli [2 to 12 cells/glomerular cross section (gcs)] and tubular epithelial cells (20 to 75% OPN+). The up-regulation of OPN expression was associated with macrophage accumulation within the kidney, severe proteinuria, loss of renal function, and severe histologic damage, including tubulitis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (all P < 0.001). Treatment with either valsartan or ramipril completely abrogated the up-regulation of OPN mRNA and protein expression in glomeruli and tubules. The reduction in OPN expression was associated with a significant inhibition of macrophage accumulation and progressive renal injury (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

An up-regulation of OPN expression may play a role in progressive renal injury following STNx. Inhibition of OPN expression may be one of the mechanisms by which Ang II blockade attenuated renal injury after renal ablation.

Anti-restenotic effect of copper-62 liquid-filled balloon in porcine coronary arteries: novel use of a short half-life positron emitter

PURPOSE

To determine the efficacy of the use of copper-62, a positron emitter with a half-life of 9.7 minutes, as an intracoronary brachytherapy (IRBT) source in the prevention of neointima formation (NF) following overstretch balloon injury (BI) in the porcine model.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Sixteen swine were treated after BI to their left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and/or right coronary artery (RCA). Twelve of the injured arteries received placebo and 10 received 25 Gy, delivered to 0.5 mm from the surface of the treatment balloon filled with liquid (62)Cu. Dosimetry was based on Monte Carlo calculations. Two weeks after treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and the treated coronaries were perfusion-fixed and stained. Intimal area (IA) and medial fracture length (FL) were analyzed by computer-aided histomorphometry.

RESULTS

The ((62)Zn/(62)Cu) generator, together with a rapid concentration process, was successful in delivering the short-lived (62)Cu at the high concentration required for intravascular brachytherapy (IVBT). The fracture length in the two groups was similar (2.10 +/- 0.57; 2.02 +/- 0.77; p = NS). Arteries studied showed significant reduction in NF (IA: 0.23 +/- 0.47 mm(2) vs. 1.08 +/- 0.57 mm(2); p < 0.01. IA/FL = 0.09 +/- 0.17 mm vs. 0.51 +/- 0.21 mm; p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that use of liquid (62)Cu as an IVBT source is safe and feasible. All 16 swine tolerated the treatment well with no radiation-induced side effects or symptoms throughout the 2-week period. The isotope delivered the dose necessary to inhibit NF in the porcine coronary BI model.

[3-D motion detection system of human hand]

This paper presents a 3-D motion detection system of human hand, which is based on ordinary video cameras. It includes two pickup cameras, calibration frame and landmark identification system. The DLT algorithm is used to reconstruct the 3-D motion trajectory of human hand. The paper also presents the principle of the system and some detection experiments, and the results showed the good performance of the system. It offers a useful tool for the human hand motion quality analysis and evaluation.

Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency: physical structure of the QDPR gene, identification of two new mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations

Dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) is an enzyme involved in recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Its deficiency is characterized by hyperphenylalaninemia due to the secondary defect of phenylalanine hydroxylase and depletion of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, whose syntheses are controlled by tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylases. The DHPR cDNA has been cloned and mapped on 4p15.3. In the present study we report the genomic structure of the DHPR gene (QDPR). This gene includes seven exons within a range of 84-564 bp; the corresponding introns are flanked by canonic splice junctions. We also present a panel of PCR primers complementary to intronic sequences that greatly facilitates amplification of the gene and provides a genomic DNA approach for mutation detection. We have used this approach to study six patients with DHPR deficiency. Four known mutations (G23D, H158Y, IVS5G+ 1A, R221X) and two new mutations (Y150C and G218ins9bp) were found. The Y150C mutation was found in compound heterozygosity with G23D, a mutation always associated with a severe phenotype in homozygous patients. This patient has an intermediate phenotype (good response to monotherapy with BH4). The mutant enzyme for Y150C was expressed in an E. coli system. Comparison of its kinetic parameters with those of the G23D mutant enzyme showed that it is not as effective as the wild-type enzyme, but is more active than the G23D mutant. This patient's intermediate phenotype is thus due to the mild DHPR mutation Y150C. Correlations between genotypes and phenotypes were also found for the other mutations.

Sperm function tests after vasovasostomy

AIM

To evaluate the sperm function after vasovasostomy.

METHODS

Semen samples from 42 subjects after vasovasostomy (Group A: 1-6 months, Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: 12-18 months after vasectomy reversal) were investigated. Semen from 34 normal fertile men was used as controls. Sperm function tests, including hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, acrosome reaction (triple-stain), cervical mucus penetration test (CMPT), etc were done.

RESULTS

After vasectomy reversal, the percentage of HOST was significantly lower than that of the normal fertile men. In regard to AO, there were no significant differences between the three vasovasostomy groups and between these 3 groups and the controls. With triple-stain, the percentage of normal acrosome reaction was significantly lower in Group A as compared with the controls, but not in Groups B and C. There were no significant differences in the results of CMPT between the vasovasostomy groups and the controls. However, the number of "poor" type was significantly higher in Groups A and C than in the controls; the percentage of "negative" type were higher in Groups A and B than in the controls.

CONCLUSION

After vasovasostomy a lower level of HOST remained for one year and gradually recovered after one year. Six months after vasectomy reversal, the percentage of acrosome reaction could be changed from lower level to normal range. The data of AO indicated that the genetic material (double-stranded DNA) in spermatozoa was not affected by vasovasostomy. To evaluate the result of CMPT after vasectomy reversal, not only the normal results but also the abnormal results ("poor" and "negative" types) should also be considered.

Immune competence of chicks from two lines divergently selected for antibody response to sheep red blood cells as affected by supplemental vitamin E

Effects of dietary vitamin E on responses to SRBC antigens and Escherichia coli infection were studied in chicks from White Leghorn lines selected for 24 generations for high (HAS) and low (LAS) antibody responses to SRBC. Chicks were fed corn-soybean diets consisting of either high (300 IU per kg feed) or low (10 IU per kg feed) concentrations of vitamin E from the day of hatch through the end of experiment. The LAS chicks were heavier than the HAS chicks at 14 d of age and thereafter; there was no difference in BW between vitamin E concentrations. At 37 d of age, chicks were inoculated via the brachial vein with 0.1 mL of 0.25% SRBC suspension. Antibody titers at 6 and 10 d after inoculation were higher in HAS than in LAS chicks. At 6 and 10 d after inoculation with SRBC, antibody responses were lower in LAS chicks fed the diet containing the higher vitamin E concentration than in those fed the diet containing the lower concentration of vitamin E. At 64 d of age, chicks were injected in the posterior thoracic air sac with 0.1 mL of 10(-2) or 10(-4) dilution of Escherichia coli and scored for pericardial and air sac lesions. The HAS chicks were more susceptible to E. coli infection than LAS chicks as measured by lesion scores and BW changes. Although dietary vitamin E had no effect on lesion scores in either line, BW loss at 24 h after E. coli inoculation was significantly reduced in HAS chicks fed the higher concentration of vitamin E. The dosage of E. coli had no effect on lesion scores and BW changes. These results suggest that genetic selection might have changed immune competence in relation to responses to dietary vitamin E, and the optimum dietary concentration of vitamin E depends on genotype, among other factors.

Probing non-selective cation binding in the hairpin ribozyme with Tb(III)

Catalysis by the hairpin ribozyme is stimulated by a wide range of both simple and complex metallic and organic cations. This independence from divalent metal ion binding unequivocally excludes inner-sphere coordination to RNA as an obligatory role for metal ions in catalysis. Hence, the hairpin ribozyme is a unique model to study the role of outer-sphere coordinated cations in folding of a catalytically functional RNA structure. Here, we demonstrate that micromolar concentrations of a deprotonated aqueous complex of the lanthanide metal ion terbium(III), Tb(OH)(aq)(2+), reversibly inhibit the ribozyme by competing for a crucial, yet non-selective cation binding site. Tb(OH)(aq)(2+) also reports a likely location of this binding site through backbone hydrolysis, and permits the analysis of metal binding through sensitized luminescence. We propose that the critical cation-binding site is located at a position within the catalytic core that displays an appropriately-sized pocket and a high negative charge density. We show that cationic occupancy of this site is required for tertiary folding and catalysis, yet the site can be productively occupied by a wide variety of cations. It is striking that micromolar Tb(OH)(aq)(2+) concentrations are compatible with tertiary folding, yet interfere with catalysis. The motif implicated here in cation-binding has also been found to organize the structure of multi-helix loops in evolutionary ancient ribosomal RNAs. Our findings, therefore, illuminate general principles of non-selective outer-sphere cation binding in RNA structure and function that may have prevailed in primitive ribozymes of an early "RNA world".

[A novel rabbit endothelin B receptor gene: cloning and sequence analysis]

Endothelin(ET) is the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified to data. As a pathogenic factor, ET is involved in the genesis of many diseases. In this study, a pair of primers was designed and synthesized according to the human ETB receptor gene (hETBR) sequence. A 394 bp of DNA fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and labeled with alpha-32P-CTP using Random Primer-Labeling method. With this probe, rabbit lung cDNA library was screened by in situ hybridization and 11 positive clones were identified. Sequencing result showed that a complete reading frame of rabbit ETB receptor(rETBR) cDNA could be produced from three positive clones of eleven. By a series of subcloning, a recombinant plasmid including the 1326 bp of rETBR coding sequences, named pBlu Script-rETBR, was constructed. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the rETBR is 441 residues in length, with an expected molecular mass of approximately 49.44 kD. N-terminal 18 residues is the potential signal peptide (Score = 11.11) and therefore the molecular mass of mature rETBR is 47.65 kD with 423 amino acid residues. Analysis of the rETBR hydropathy profile indicates the presence of seven hydrophobic regions, putative transmembrane domains. Potential N-glycosylation sites are the 60th and the 118th. The structure exhibits a significant sequence and topographical similarity with G protein-coupled receptors.

Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human glomerulonephritis

BACKGROUND

We have recently demonstrated that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pathogenic role in experimental glomerulonephritis (GN). The aim of the current study was to investigate MIF expression in human GN.

METHODS

MIF expression was examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry staining in 65 biopsies from a variety of glomerulonephridities.

RESULTS

There is constitutive expression of MIF mRNA and protein in normal human kidney that is largely restricted to tubular epithelial cells and to some glomerular epithelial cells. There was little change in the pattern of MIF expression in nonproliferative forms of GN such as minimal change disease and membranous GN. However, there was a marked increase in both glomerular and tubular MIF expression in proliferative forms of GN, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FGS), lupus nephritis, crescentic GN, and mesangiocapillary proliferative GN. The prominent macrophage and T-cell infiltrate in these diseases were largely restricted to areas with marked up-regulation of MIF expression, contributing to glomerular hypercellularity, glomerular focal segmental lesions, crescent formation, tubulitis, and granulomatous lesions. De novo MIF expression was evident in glomerular endothelial cells and mesangial cells in proliferative forms of GN. In addition, many infiltrating macrophages and T cells showed MIF mRNA and protein expression. Quantitative analysis found that increased glomerular and tubular MIF expression gave a highly significant correlation with macrophage and T-cell accumulation, the severity of histologic lesions, and the loss of creatinine clearance.

CONCLUSIONS

Renal MIF expression is markedly up-regulated in proliferative forms of human GN, and this correlates with leukocyte infiltration, histologic damage, and renal function impairment. These results suggest that MIF may be an important mediator of renal injury in progressive forms of human GN. Based on these findings, together with the known pathogenic role of MIF in experimental GN, we propose that MIF is an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of progressive forms of GN.

[Diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic tumor with liver metastases]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate management options and clinical prognosis for women presenting gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) with liver metastases.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed sixteen GTT patients with liver metastases treated in the Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) hospital from 1985 to 1998. All were treated with 5-FU combined chemotherapy or EMA/CO regimen. Eight of them received hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy. Treatment outcome was measured by beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin assay (beta-hCG) and by imaging studies which included ultrasound and computerized tomography.

RESULTS

Of 16 cases, 4 achieved complete remission; biochemical remission was obtained in 2 patients who were alive with residual tumor; 10 patients died of the disease. The overall survival rate was 37.5% (6/16).

CONCLUSIONS

The outcome for women presenting with liver metastases from GTT is poor. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation with vigorous multi-agent chemotherapy given through multi-routes are emphasized for improving the treatment outcome.

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB inhibits rat alpha1D-adrenergic receptor gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by inducing AP-2-like protein binding to alpha1D proximal promoter region

We have previously found that, in addition to mediating contraction of vascular smooth muscle, activation of alpha1D-adrenergic receptors (AR) induces smooth muscle cell (SMC) hypertrophy. Despite their importance, little is known about how alpha1D-AR expression is regulated. Recently, we demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-beta receptor stimulation, but not various other growth factors, inhibits transcription of alpha1D-, but not alpha1A- or alpha1B-ARs, resulting in reduced norepinephrine-mediated SMC growth. To investigate this inhibitory mechanism, herein we cloned and characterized 1.6 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the rat alpha1D-AR gene. Reporter gene transfection assays in rat aorta and vena cava SMCs showed that this 5'-flanking region, which lacks a TATA-box, possesses strong promoter activity. Two transcription initiation sites and their flanking promotor regions were identified, wherein the proximal promotor mediated PDGF-BB inhibition of transcription. Gel mobility shift assays suggested that Sp1 binds constitutively at two consensus sites within the -399 base pair (bp)/-349-bp region of the proximal promotor. This constitutive binding was unaffected by PDGF-BB. In contrast, a flanking motif (-384 bp/-349 bp), possessing putative Sp1/activator protein-2 (AP-2) overlapping binding sites and located upstream of the proximal transcription initiation site, was required for PDGF-BB inhibition of alpha1D transcription. PDGF-BB increased AP-2 binding to the distal AP-2 site in this region in the context of SMCs. Furthermore, overexpression of AP-2 protein, by transgene transfection, dose-dependently inhibited alpha1D-AR activity driven by this motif. Thus, PDGF-BB may increase AP-2 binding within the proximal promoter to cause down-regulation of alpha1D-AR expression in SMCs when PDGF is elevated, such as in the postnatal growing vascular wall and in vascular hypertrophic diseases.

[Human motion analysis system based on common video-camera]

A new human motion analysis system based on common video-camera is introduced in this paper. The image processing technique is used to recognize and track anatomic landmarks, which makes data processing more quickly and accurately. The system is cost-effective and can be easily operated because the common video-cameras instead of special instruments are used. Furthermore, the system can also be used for detection and analysis of other low-speed moving objects.

Platelet-derived growth factor inhibits alpha1D-adrenergic receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and ex vivo

Indirect evidence suggests that stimulation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) increases smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth in the growing and adult artery and worsens atherosclerosis and restenosis after balloon injury. In support of a direct adrenergic effect, we have previously shown that alpha1D-AR stimulation induces SMC hypertrophy in cell and vessel organ culture. Because interactions between alpha1-ARs and peptide growth factors may be important in normal and pathological SMC growth, herein we examined regulation of alpha1D-AR expression by growth factors. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB dose- and time-dependently lowered alpha1D mRNA in cultured quiescent SMCs (e.g., 58% inhibition at 20 ng/ml, 24 h, p <.05), whereas other alpha1-AR transcripts were unaffected. This same selective effect was seen in the medial layer of aorta in ex vivo organ culture. However, PDGF-AA, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, epidermal growth factor, endothelin, histamine, and serotonin had no effect, whereas thrombin induced a modest (1.8-fold) increase. PDGF-BB inhibition of alpha1D-AR mRNA was accompanied by a 42% reduction in total alpha1-AR density (p <.05) and a functional decrease in norepinephrine-mediated protein synthesis. alpha1D mRNA half-life was not significantly affected by PDGF-BB (3.8 versus 3.2 h). However, transcriptional activity of the alpha1D promoter was inhibited. Reduction in alpha1D-AR mRNA depended partly on new protein synthesis, and was abolished by protein kinase C inhibition, whereas phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition had no effect. These data demonstrate that PDGF-beta receptor stimulation (because PDGF-AA had no effect) induces a selective inhibition of alpha1D-AR expression and hence norepinephrine-mediated SMC growth. This down-regulation may lessen additive or synergistic growth effects of catecholamines with other growth factors in vascular hypertrophic diseases.

The N-terminal LIM domain negatively regulates the kinase activity of LIM-kinase 1

LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK1, where LIM is an acronym of the three gene products Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates cofilin and regulates actin cytoskeletal reorganization. LIMK1 contains two LIM domains and a PDZ (an acronym of the three proteins PSD-95, Dlg and ZO-1) domain in the N-terminal half and a kinase domain in the C-terminal half. In this study we examined the role of the extra-catalytic region in the regulation of kinase activity of LIMK1. Limited proteolysis of LIMK1 resulted in the production of the 35-40-kDa kinase core fragments with 3.5-5. 5-fold increased kinase activity. The LIMK1 mutants with deleted LIM domains (DeltaLIM) or conserved cysteines in the two LIM domains replaced with glycines (dmLIMK1) had 3-7-fold higher kinase activities in vitro, compared with the wild-type LIMK1. The C-terminal kinase fragment of LIMK1 bound to the LIM domain but not to the PDZ domain. Furthermore, the LIM fragment dose-dependently inhibited the kinase catalytic activity of the kinase core fragment of LIMK1. Taken together, these results suggest that the N-terminal LIM domain negatively regulates the kinase activity of LIMK1 by direct interaction with the C-terminal kinase domain. In addition, expression of the DeltaLIM mutant in cultured cells induced punctate accumulation of actin filaments, an event distinct from the pattern of actin organization induced by expression of the wild-type LIMK1, suggesting that the LIM domain plays a role in the function of LIMK1 in vivo.

Heterosis following long-term bidirectional selection for mating frequency in male Japanese quail

Reciprocal crosses (sire line shown first and dam line second) among high (H) and low (L) selected lines and the randombred control line (C), which was the base population for the selected lines, were made after 40 generations of bidirectional selection for mating frequency of male Japanese quail. Significant heterosis for the selected trait was found only in crosses between Lines C and L, being 62 and 92% for LC and CL, respectively. Heterosis for percentage of maters was present in all crosses, ranging from 8% for HC and CH to 46% for HL. Three (HC, LH, and CL) of the six crosses had significant heterosis for both 4- and 8-wk BW. Heterosis for 4- and 8-wk BW was also significant for the HL and CH crosses, respectively. For area of the cloacal gland, heterosis was significant in five crosses. Although crosses tended to exhibit higher relative aggressiveness than their respective midparent means, heterosis for this trait was not significant. Reciprocal effects, although not important for most traits, were present for BW in crosses between Lines C and L and Lines H and C. In general, long-term selection for mating frequency of males changed the genetic basis of selected and correlated traits with considerable nonadditive genetic effects observed for most traits in specific crosses.

Kinetics of antibody responses in hens from chicken lines divergently selected for response to sheep red blood cells

Changes in antibody titers to SRBC were monitored for 180 d after inoculation in hens from two lines divergently selected for 24 generations for high (HAS) or low (LAS) antibody response to SRBC. The HAS hens not only had a higher peak of antibody response (12.9 vs 9.4), but also showed greater persistence in maintaining antibody levels than LAS hens. As a result, HAS hens exhibited higher antibody titers for the 180-d assay period than LAS hens. Antibodies to SRBC were detected in all day-old chicks hatched from HAS eggs collected 10 to 14 d after inoculation as well as 92 to 119 d after inoculation. Only a portion (20 to 75%) of progeny for LAS hens had detectable levels of antibody during the same periods. Among responders, antibody titers were higher for HAS than for LAS progeny. There was a positive correlation among antibody titers taken at different times after the inoculation with SRBC.

[Fractal dimension analysis of the surface EMG]

Fractal analysis is a new method for biomedical signal processing. Present research on surface EMG and its parameterization method were introduced in this paper. Experiments were performed on three conditions: (1) different muscle contraction degree, (2) different static load, (3) different motion pattern. Problems and prospects in engineering application were also discussed here.

[Primary sarcoma of pulmonary artery: a case report]

OBJECTIVE

To call attention to the rare involvement of pulmonary artery by sarcoma.

METHODS

To summarize the clinical, radiological and pathologic features of a case of pulmonary artery sarcoma.

RESULTS

Pulmonary artery sarcoma has similar clinical manifestations as other pulmonary artery obstructive diseases (including pulmonary thromboembolism). The diagnosis should be considered in the patient with clinical presentations suggested pulmonary embolism. The radiological findings included unilateral hilar enlargement, contiguously soft tissue-filled pulmonary artery and pulmonary nodules and clinically deterioration was found after anticoagulant therapy.

CONCLUSION

Pulmonary artery sarcoma is usually misdiagnosed as other pulmonary artery obstructive diseases. More attention should be paid to it.

Nuclear export of LIM-kinase 1, mediated by two leucine-rich nuclear-export signals within the PDZ domain

LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates cofilin and regulates actin-filament dynamics. LIMK1, which contains two LIM domains and a single PDZ domain, localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm, but its mutant, deleted with the PDZ domain, localizes mainly in the nucleus, thereby indicating that the PDZ domain plays a role in the cytoplasmic localization of LIMK1. Here we provide evidence that the PDZ domain of LIMK1 contains two functional leucine-rich nuclear-export signals (NESs). The PDZ domain of LIMK1 fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST-PDZ), when injected into the nucleus, was rapidly excluded from the nucleus, but its mutant with replacements of conserved hydrophobic residues in two putative NESs by alanines remained in the nucleus. The nuclear export of GST-PDZ was sensitive to leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of nuclear export mediated by leucine-rich NESs. Malfunctional mutation of two NESs or LMB treatment prevented the nuclear export of full-length LIMK1 and induced its nuclear accumulation. These results suggest that the predominant localization of LIMK1 in the cytoplasm is supported by two NESs within the PDZ domain and that LIMK1 normally shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We also provide evidence that a short basic cluster sequence within the protein-kinase domain is involved in the nuclear import of LIMK1.

IL-1 up-regulates osteopontin expression in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis in the rat

Osteopontin (OPN) is a macrophage chemotactic and adhesion molecule that acts to promote macrophage infiltration in rat anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis. The present study investigated the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the up-regulation of renal OPN expression in this disease model. Accelerated anti-GBM glomerulonephritis was induced in groups of six rats. Animals were treated by a constant infusion of the IL-1 receptor antagonist or saline (control) over days -1 to 14 (induction phase) or days 7 to 21 (established disease). In normal rat kidney, OPN was expressed in a few tubules (<5%) and absent from glomeruli. During the development of rat anti-GBM disease (days 7 to 21), there was substantial up-regulation of OPN mRNA and protein expression in glomeruli (>5 cells per glomerular cross-section) and tubular epithelial cells (50-75% OPN-positive). Up-regulation of OPN expression was associated with macrophage accumulation within the kidney, severe proteinuria, loss of renal function, and severe histological damage including glomerular crescentic formation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In contrast, IL-1 receptor antagonist treatment of either the induction phase of disease or established disease significantly reduced OPN mRNA and protein expression in glomeruli (/75-85%, P < 0.001) and tubules (/45-60%, P < 0.001). The reduction in OPN expression was associated with significant inhibition of macrophage accumulation and progressive renal injury. In vitro, the addition of IL-1 to the normal rat tubular epithelial cell line NRK52E up-regulated OPN mRNA and protein levels, an effect that was dose-dependent and inhibited by the addition of IL-1 receptor antagonist, thus demonstrating that IL-1 can act directly to up-regulate renal OPN expression. In conclusion, this study provides in vivo and in vitro evidence that IL-1 up-regulates OPN expression in experimental kidney disease and support for the argument that inhibition of OPN expression is one mechanism by which IL-1 receptor antagonist treatment suppresses macrophage-mediated renal injury.

RNase Protection Assays for Quantitation of Gene Expression in Vascular Tissue

Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) is a sensitive solution hybridization method for quantitation of specific RNAs (1-3). The method is based on the ability of single-strand specific ribonuclease to degrade single-stranded RNA while leaving intact fragments of labeled antisense RNA probe, which are annealed to homologous sequence in the sample RNA. After ribonuclease digestion, the hybridized portion of the probe ("protected fragment") can be visualized via electrophoresis of the mixture on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel followed by autoradiography.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression in human renal allograft rejection

BACKGROUND

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immune-mediated diseases. Despite the long-standing association of MIF with the delayed-type hypersensitivity response, the potential role of MIF in allograft rejection is unknown.

METHODS

MIF expression was assessed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry staining in 62 biopsies of human renal allograft rejection and in normal human kidney.

RESULTS

MIF mRNA and protein is constitutively expressed in normal kidney, being largely restricted to tubular epithelial cells, some glomerular epithelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In both acute and chronic renal allograft rejection, there was marked up-regulation of MIF mRNA and protein expression by intrinsic kidney cells such as tubular epithelial cells and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. There was also MIF expression by infiltrating macrophages and T cells. Of note, macrophage and T cell infiltrates were largely restricted to areas with marked up-regulation of MIF expression, potentially contributing to the development of severe tubulitis and intimal or transmural arteritis. Quantitative analysis found that increased MIF expression in allograft rejection gave a highly significant correlation with macrophage and T cell accumulation in both the glomerulus and interstitium (P<0.001). In addition, the number of MIF+ tubules and interstitial MIF+ cells correlated significantly with the severity of allograft rejection (P<0.01), and the loss of renal function (P<0.01). In contrast, no up-regulation of renal MIF expression and no leukocyte accumulation was seen in allograft biopsies without evidence of rejection.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to demonstrate that local MIF expression is up-regulated during allograft rejection. The association between up-regulation of MIF expression, macrophage and T cell infiltration and the severity of renal allograft rejection suggests that MIF may be an important mediator in the process of allograft rejection.

An improved, inexpensive method for the large-scale purification of human nerve growth factor

Human nerve growth factor (hNGF) was purified to near homogeneity on a large scale from human term placenta with an improved and inexpensive method. The purification procedure included tissue homogenization, ultrafiltration and single CM-cellulose column chromatography. The purified hNGF was a 14.4-kDa protein with an isoelectric point of approximately 9.3. The specific activity of the purified hNGF was approximately 38000 units/mg, and the activity was completely inhibited by the monoclonal antibody against recombinant hNGF (rhNGF). Western-blot analysis showed that the purified hNGF could interact with the monoclonal antibody against rhNGF.

[Clinical study on effect of Chinese herbal medicine combined with hemodialysis in treating uremia]

OBJECTIVE

To elevate the efficacy of dialysis in uremia patients treated with maintaining hemodialysis.

METHODS

Thirty patients of terminal stage uremia were treated with Tongmai oral liquid and rhubarb capsule combined with hemodialysis were observed and compared with a control group of 30 patients treated with hemodialysis alone. The therapeutic course of both groups was 1 month and the observation lasted for 3 months consecutively.

RESULTS

The mean time urea nitrogen concentration, protein catabdic rate and the GS index (KT/V value) of the treated group were all better than those of the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Uremia patients treated with Tongmai oral liquid and rhubarb capsule combined with hemodialysis were better in full utilization of hemodialysis and life quality of patients in comparison with patients treated with hemodialysis alone.

Mouse lactoferrin gene. Promoter-specific regulation by EGF and cDNA cloning of the EGF-response-element binding protein

Expression of the lactoferrin gene in a variety of tissues is regulated differentially. We have previously demonstrated that the lactoferrin gene is regulated by estrogen and mitogen in mouse uterus. The mouse lactoferrin gene responded to forskolin, cAMP, TPA and EGF stimulation via two adjacent enhancer elements, the CRE and EGFRE and collectively referred to as the Mitogen Response Unit (MRU). We found that CRE is responsible for forskolin, cAMP and TPA whereas EGFRE is for EGF stimulation. We examined the minimal promoter and enhancer elements of the mouse lactoferrin gene that are required for EGF induced transcriptional activation. We found that the CRE and noncanonical TATA box (ATAAA) are the minimal promoter elements for basal activity of the CAT reporter construct, whereas, the EGFRE is needed for an additional activity induced by EGF in transiently transfected human endometrial carcinoma RL95-2 cells (RL95-2). The EGFRE, however, did not function in heterologous promoters (SV 40 and TK). Therefore, EGF-stimulated lactoferrin gene activity is promoter specific in RL95-2 cells. Mutation made at either elements or insertion of extra nucleotides between the two elements, severely affected EGF-stimulated activity. Nuclear protein prepared from RL95-2 cells protected the EGFRE, CRE and noncanonical TATA from DNAase I digestion in a footprinting analysis. Nuclear protein which interacted with the CRE were previously identified as API and CREB. In this study, we isolated a cDNA clone from an RL95-2 expression library that encodes the EGFRE binding protein. Partial sequence of the cDNA clone revealed 100% nucleotide identity with a GC-box binding protein, BTEB2. Protein-protein interaction among the transcription factors could fine-tune the mouse lactoferrin expression in various tissues.

Forty generations of bidirectional selection for mating frequency in male Japanese quail

A bidirectional replicated selection experiment for high (H1 and H2) or low (L1 and L2) cumulative number of complete matings (CNCM) in male Japanese quail was conducted for 40 generations. In the S32 generation, a subline was taken from each selected line and selection was relaxed. In the randombred control line (C), CNCM and unselected traits changed significantly over generations. Means of the selected lines were adjusted each generation for deviations from the control means. After 40 generations of selection, there was a 21-fold difference in CNCM (59.4 vs 2.8) between Lines H1 and L1. Whereas means increased and variation decreased in the high lines, means decreased and variation increased in the low lines. Regressions of mean CNCM on generation of Lines H1, H2, L1, and L2 were 1.15 +/- 0.08, 0.61 +/- 0.08, -0.26 +/- 0.04, and -0.34 +/- 0.03, respectively. Although responses to selection were observed throughout the 40 generations in Line H1, the low lines appeared to have reached a limit to selection after the S30 generation. Relaxed lines provided supporting evidence for this conclusion. Mean CNCM decreased in the relaxed high lines to that of the control, whereas the low relaxed lines remained at the same level as their corresponding selected lines. Line H2 went into extinction in the 37th generation as a result of reduced fitness. Realized heritabilities of CNCM were 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, and -0.15 in Lines H1, H2, L1, and L2, respectively. As correlated responses to the selection, male quail in the high lines were heavier, exhibited greater relative aggressiveness, and had larger cloacal glands than those of the control and low lines.

Local macrophage and myofibroblast proliferation in progressive renal injury in the rat remnant kidney

BACKGROUND

We have recently shown that blockade of angiotensin II activity inhibits local macrophage and myofibroblast proliferation in progressive non-immune renal injury in the rat remnant kidney. However, it is not known whether this local proliferation contributes to macrophage and myofibroblast accumulation and the development of renal injury. Therefore, we examined this issue in a detailed time-course study of the rat remnant kidney.

METHODS

Groups of five rats were killed 4, 8,12 or 16 weeks after 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy (STNx) or a sham operation. Macrophage and myofibroblast proliferation was assessed by two-colour immunostaining for ED1+ macrophages or alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or bromodeoxyuridine.

RESULTS

All parameters of renal function and histology remained normal in the sham-operated controls, and no macrophage or myofibroblast accumulation was evident. In contrast, prominent macrophage accumulation developed in both the glomerulus and tubulointerstitium in STNx animals, peaking at week 12. Many ED1+ macrophages showed PCNA expression, accounting for 19-34% of the total macrophage population. There was a highly significant correlation between proliferating macrophages and total macrophage accumulation in the glomerulus (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and tubulointerstitium (r = 0.70, P < 0.001). Macrophage proliferation was largely restricted to focal areas of renal damage, such as glomerular segmental lesions and severe tubulointerstitial damage. Also, the subpopulation of proliferating macrophages gave a highly significant correlation with loss of renal function, proteinuria, and glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions. In addition, many alpha-SMA myofibroblasts were evident within expanded mesangial areas and the tubulointerstitium following STNx. Interestingly, active lesions contained many large alpha-SMA+ cells double-stained for PCNA, accounting for 24-29% of total myofibroblasts. There was a highly significant correlation between the number of proliferating myofibroblasts and total myofibroblast accumulation during the evolution of this disease, and both populations correlated with progressive renal injury.

CONCLUSIONS

This study has shown that local proliferation is an important mechanism in both macrophage and myofibroblast accumulation during the development of renal injury in the rat remnant kidney. In addition, local macrophage proliferation is postulated as a mechanism for amplifying kidney damage in nonimmune renal injury.

[Esophageal insufflation test in secondary voice reconstruction]

OBJECTIVE

To restore the alaryengeal patients' enunciation function, reduce operative trauma, increase the accuracy of detecting the success of secondary voice restoration and evaluate objectively the practical clinical significance of esophageal insufflation test.

METHODS

Esophageal insufflation test and secondary voice restoration were done for 45 alaryngeal patients, especially those with negative results of esophageal insufflation tests.

RESULTS

It showed that the success rate of voice rehabilitation in patients with negative insufflation test but no intact pharyngeal constrictor was 94.7%(36/38), in those with positive insufflation test was 100%(7/7) uniformly. The postoperative pronounciation performance was better than that at the test time.

CONCLUSION

Esophageal insufflation test is a useful procedure in predicting the postoperative pronunciation, but could be influenced by many factors, so it can not be used as the only test for estimating the postoperative pronunciation.

Local macrophage proliferation in human glomerulonephritis

BACKGROUND

Local macrophage proliferation has been described in several animal models of glomerulonephritis (GN), but its significance in human disease is unknown.

METHODS

Double immunostaining for CD68 and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used to identify macrophage proliferation in 84 biopsies from a variety of glomerulonephridities.

RESULTS

A small resident population of glomerular and interstitial CD68+ macrophages was identified in normal human kidney, of which only 1 to 2% showed evidence of proliferation on the basis of PCNA expression. A mild macrophage infiltrate, with only occasional proliferating macrophages, was seen in the less aggressive forms of GN (minimal change disease, non-IgA mesangioproliferative GN and IgA nephropathy). This was in sharp contrast to the more aggressive forms of disease (lupus class IV, vasculitis-associated GN, crescentic GN and mesangiocapillary proliferative GN), in which the prominent macrophage infiltrates contained many proliferating macrophages, accounting for 28 to 47% of the total macrophage population. Macrophage proliferation was largely restricted to areas of severe tissue damage (glomerular segmental proliferative lesions, crescents and foci of tubulointerstitial damage), suggesting that local proliferation is a mechanism for amplifying macrophage-mediated injury. Glomerular and interstitial macrophage proliferation gave a significant correlation with loss of renal function (P < 0.0001) and histologic lesions (P < 0.0001), but not with proteinuria. Interstitial T-cell proliferation also gave a significant correlation with loss of renal function and histologic damage, even though proliferation within the T-cell population was much lower than in the macrophage population.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that macrophage proliferation is a feature of the more aggressive forms of human GN. Local proliferation may be an important mechanism for amplifying macrophage-mediated renal injury. In addition, the degree of local macrophage proliferation may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic indicator for human GN.

Cofilin phosphorylation by LIM-kinase 1 and its role in Rac-mediated actin reorganization

Rac is a small GTPase of the Rho family that mediates stimulus-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization to generate lamellipodia. Little is known about the signalling pathways that link Rac activation to changes in actin filament dynamics. Cofilin is known to be a potent regulator of actin filament dynamics, and its ability to bind and depolymerize actin is abolished by phosphorylation of serine residue at 3; however, the kinases responsible for this phosphorylation have not been identified. Here we show that LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK-1), a serine/threonine kinase containing LIM and PDZ domains, phosphorylates cofilin at Ser 3, both in vitro and in vivo. When expressed in cultured cells, LIMK-1 induces actin reorganization and reverses cofilin-induced actin depolymerization. Expression of an inactive form of LIMK-1 suppresses lamellipodium formation induced by Rac or insulin. Furthermore, insulin and an active form of Rac increase the activity of LIMK-1. Taken together, our results indicate that LIMK-1 participates in Rac-mediated actin cytoskeletal reorganization, probably by phosphorylating cofilin.

Reversal of established rat crescentic glomerulonephritis by blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF): potential role of MIF in regulating glucocorticoid production

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that also counter-regulates glucocorticoid action. We investigated whether immunoneutralization of MIF could reverse established experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis and if this treatment could modulate endogenous glucocorticoid levels. Accelerated anti-GBM glomerulonephritis was induced in six littermate pairs of rats. Once crescentic disease was established on day 7, one animal in each pair was given a daily injection of neutralizing anti-MIF antibody (Ab) or irrelevant isotype control Ab for 14 days and then killed on day 21. In addition, a group of 6 animals was killed on day 7 of disease without any treatment. Animals receiving the control Ab exhibited a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with severe renal injury (proteinuria), loss of renal function (creatinine clearance), anemia, and marked histologic damage (including glomerular crescent formation), compared with animals killed on day 7 without treatment. In contrast, anti-MIF Ab treatment partially reversed the disease by restoring normal renal function and reducing histological damage compared with untreated animals killed on day 7 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, anti-MIF Ab treatment also prevented severe anemia (p < 0.05). Reversal of disease was associated with a significant reduction in leukocyte infiltration and activation and renal interleukin-1 (IL-1) production. Importantly, anti-MIF Ab treatment caused a significant increase in endogenous serum corticosterone levels, which correlated with the reversal of disease parameters. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that blocking MIF activity can partially reverse established crescentic glomerulonephritis and suggests that MIF operates by both enhancing the cellular immune response and suppressing the endogenous anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid response.

Cytoplasmic localization of LIM-kinase 1 is directed by a short sequence within the PDZ domain

LIM-containing protein kinase 1 (LIMK1) is a serine/threonine kinase with a structure composed of two LIM domains, a PDZ domain, and a protein kinase domain. We examined the subcellular localization of LIMK1 and its variously deleted mutants in HeLa cells by transfection with these cDNAs. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the full-length LIMK1 and its mutants deleted with LIM domain or protein kinase domain preferentially localized in the cytoplasm, while the mutants deleted with the PDZ domain or a 52 amino acid region (B region) within the PDZ domain localized mainly in the nucleus. When the normally nuclear cyclin A was fused with the PDZ domain or the B region of LIMK1, it was localized in the cytoplasm of transfected cells. The corresponding region of the PDZ domain of postsynaptic density protein (PSD)-95 had no such function. Additionally, the PDZ domain of LIMK1 had no potential to bind to the C-terminal S/TXV peptides, to which the PSD-95 PDZ domain can bind. Taken together these results suggest that the PDZ domain, particularly the B region, of LIMK1 has a specific function to localize the protein in the cytoplasm. When glutathione S-transferase (GST) fused with the PDZ domain of LIMK1 (GST-PDZ) or GST-PDZ deleted with the B region (GST-PDZ delta B) was microinjected into the nucleus of COS cells, GST-PDZ was almost completely excluded from the nucleus within 30 min, whereas GST-PDZ delta B remained in the nucleus. These findings suggest that the B region of LIMK1 probably has nuclear export signal activity.

[Research and development of the surface EMG detection and analysis system]

To meet the requirement of developing myoelectric controller for a man-machine systems, a surface electromyography (EMG) detection and analysis system is discussed in this paper. This system consists of two parts--data acquisition hardware and signal processing software. In the surface EMG acquisition system both wire and wireless TELEMG are available. In the surface EMG processing system various methods are integrated such as the methods in time domain, the methods for frequency analysis, and also including some newly developed methods, e.g., wavelet transform and fractal analysis. This system provides a useful platform for research and development of the myoelectric controller that is widely used in rehabilitation engineering products.

[Alanyl-glutamine dipeptides protected the liver function by increasing the hepatic glutathione]

OBJECTIVE

Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant which protects hepatic tissues from free radical injury. Alanyl-Glutamine (ALA-GLN) proved to be a precursor of GSH synthesis, was used to investigate the relationship to GSH biosynthesis which may be effective for hepatic protection.

METHODS

20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups receiving standard parenteral nutrition (STD) supplemented with or without ALA-GLN for 7 days. At 5th day 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was injected peritoneally, the blood samples for GSH, GSSG, ALT (sGPT), AKP and TBilli tests were measured after 4-8 h.

RESULTS

The concentration measurements were significantly different in ALA-GLN group compared with STD animals in serum GLN (687.3 +/- 49.8) vs (504.9 +/- 38.6) mumol/L, P < 0.05), serum GSH (14.37 +/- 5.16) vs (7.08 +/- 3.16) mumol/L, P < 0.01) and in liver GSH content (6.86 +/- 2.46) vs (4.38 +/- 1.63) mumol/g liver tissue, P < 0.05). Rats in ALA-GLN group have lesser elevations in hepatic enzymes after 5-FU administration.

CONCLUSIONS

The supplemented nutrition ALA-GLN protected the liver function through increasing the glutathione biosynthesis and preserving the glutathione stores of hepatic tissue.

A comparative study of transvaginal ultrasonography and pelvic arteriogram in assessment of patients with gestational trophoblastic tumour

OBJECTIVE

To compare the reliability of transvaginal ultrasonography with pelvic arteriography in the assessment of patients with gestational trophoblastic disease.

METHODS

Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed in 24 patients with gestational trophoblastic tumour. Within one week after ultrasound investigation, pelvic arteriography was carried out in each patient. Of 24 cases, 16 patients hadn't been treated by chemical reagent, 5 had accepted 2 to 5 courses of chemotherapy, and 3 had achieved complete remission before both investigations performed.

RESULTS

In 3 patients with complete remission, 2 had no evidence of abnormal findings either on transvaginal ultrasonography or on pelvic arteriography, 1 showed intramyometrial lesions by both methods. In the remaining 21 patients, all demonstrated a abnormal uterine image, and 5 of them accompanied with the finding of parametrium metastatic signs by transvaginal ultrasonography; these abnormal results were confirmed by pelvic arteriographic imaging. However, in two cases without clinical and ultrasonic signs of parametrium metastasis, pelvic arteriography indicated the early metastasis of parametrium vessels.

CONCLUSIONS

Even though it is difficult to predict the early parametrium metastasis in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease by B-ultrasonic investigation, our data would support the introduction of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and evaluation of gestational trophoblastic tumour.

De novo glomerular osteopontin expression in rat crescentic glomerulonephritis

Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted acidic glycoprotein that has potent monocyte chemoattractant and adhesive properties. Up-regulation of tubular OPN expression is thought to promote interstitial macrophage infiltration in experimental nephritis; however, the role of OPN in glomerular lesions, particularly crescent formation, is unknown. The present study used Northern blotting, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to examine OPN expression in a rat model of accelerated anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. Osteopontin mRNA and protein is expressed by some parietal epithelial cells, thick ascending limbs of Henle and medullary tubules and collecting ducts in normal rat kidney. De novo OPN mRNA and protein expression was evident in glomerular visceral and parietal epithelial cells in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. Glomerular OPN expression preceded and correlated with macrophage infiltration in the development of hypercellularity, focal and segmental lesions and, notably, crescent formation. There was marked up-regulation of OPN expression by tubular epithelial cells that also preceded and correlated with interstitial macrophage (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) and T-cell infiltration (r = 0.85, P < 0.001). Both glomerular and tubular OPN expression correlated significantly with proteinuria (P < 0.001) and a reduction in creatinine clearance (P < 0.01). In addition, double immunohistochemistry showed co-expression of osteopontin and one of its ligands, CD44, in intrinsic renal cells. CD44 and OPN expression by parietal epithelial cells was evident in crescent formation, while virtually all OPN-positive tubules expressed CD44. Infiltrating macrophages and T-cells were CD44-positive, but only a small proportion of T-cells and few macrophages showed OPN expression. Interestingly, strong OPN mRNA and protein expression was seen in macrophage multinucleated giant cells. In summary, this study suggests that OPN promotes macrophage and T-cell infiltration in the development of renal lesions in rat anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, including glomerular crescent and multinucleated giant cell formation.

The mouse estrogen receptor-related orphan receptor alpha 1: molecular cloning and estrogen responsiveness

Estrogen receptor-related orphan receptor alpha 1 is a member of the steroid/thyroid nuclear receptor superfamily. We have previously cloned the human estrogen receptor-related orphan receptor alpha 1 (hERR alpha 1) cDNA and demonstrated that it enhances estrogen responsiveness of the lactoferrin gene promoter in transfected human endometrial carcinoma cells. In the present study, we used the hERR alpha 1 cDNA as a probe and isolated the mouse homologue of ERR alpha 1 from the cDNA libraries of the brain and kidney. Sequence comparison between human and mouse ERR alpha 1 (mERR alpha 1) revealed that the homologies are 89% in nucleotides and 97% in amino acids. By electrophoresis mobility shift assay, we showed that the glutathione S-transferase-mERR alpha 1 fusion protein produced in a bacterial system bound to the human ERR alpha 1 DNA-binding element. Mouse uterine nuclear extract also interacted with this DNA element and produced three complexes in the mobility shift assay, one of which was supershifted by the hERR alpha 1 antiserum. A 2.2 kbp transcript was detected by Northern analysis in all adult mouse tissues tested; however, large variations in the amount of ERR alpha 1 mRNA were found among them. Multiple immunoreactive forms of mouse ERR alpha 1 were detected by Western analysis in non-reproductive tissues, whereas a major 53 kDa protein was found in reproductive tissues such as uterus, cervix and vagina. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) stimulated the expression of ERR alpha 1 mRNA in the uterus of 19-day-old mouse. We showed that DES and estradiol, but not progesterone or dexamethasone, enhanced the level of immunoreactive ERR alpha 1 in the mouse uterus. These results demonstrated that the ERR alpha 1 is an estrogen-responsive gene in the mouse uterus and provides a model system with which to study the biological roles of this nuclear orphan receptor.

[Simultaneous determination of matrine and oxymatrine in jieeryin and fuyanshuan by RP-HPLC]

Matrine and oxymatrine in Jieeryin and Fuyanshuan were separated and determined by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography, A chromatographic method for the separation and determination of matrine and oxymatrine in these preparations was established. Chromatographic coditions: ODS column with methanol-water-triethylamine(55:45:0.02) as the mobil phase, and UV detection at 215 nm. The method is simple, sensitive and accurate. This study provides the scientific basis for quality evaluation and quality control in making these preparations.

Macrophage and myofibroblast proliferation in remnant kidney: role of angiotensin II

Local macrophage proliferation has been shown to be a major mechanism of macrophage accumulation in several immunologically-induced animal models of renal diseases. This study has explored whether local proliferation of macrophages and myofibroblasts contribute to their accumulation in rat remnant kidney model and investigated the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in these cellular pathological events by blocking the angiotensin II activity with ramipril, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, or valsartan, an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist. There was local proliferation of macrophages and myofibroblasts within renal parenchyma following renal ablation, contributing significantly to macrophage and myofibroblasts accumulation, renal dysfunction and fibrosis. Both treatment resulted in inhibition of local proliferation of macrophages and myofibroblasts and this was associated with attenuation of renal injury. In conclusion, inhibition of local macrophage and myofibroblast proliferation may be an important mechanism by which Ang II blockade attenuated renal injury following renal ablation.