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Kasahara K, DaSalla CS, Honda M, Hanakawa T. Neuroanatomical correlates of brain-computer interface performance. Neuroimage 2015; 110:95-100. [PMID: 25659465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer a potential means to replace or restore lost motor function. However, BCI performance varies considerably between users, the reasons for which are poorly understood. Here we investigated the relationship between sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based BCI performance and brain structure. Participants were instructed to control a computer cursor using right- and left-hand motor imagery, which primarily modulated their left- and right-hemispheric SMR powers, respectively. Although most participants were able to control the BCI with success rates significantly above chance level even at the first encounter, they also showed substantial inter-individual variability in BCI success rate. Participants also underwent T1-weighted three-dimensional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI data were subjected to voxel-based morphometry using BCI success rate as an independent variable. We found that BCI performance correlated with gray matter volume of the supplementary motor area, supplementary somatosensory area, and dorsal premotor cortex. We suggest that SMR-based BCI performance is associated with development of non-primary somatosensory and motor areas. Advancing our understanding of BCI performance in relation to its neuroanatomical correlates may lead to better customization of BCIs based on individual brain structure.
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402
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Zürcher NR, Loggia ML, Lawson R, Chonde DB, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Yasek JE, Akeju O, Catana C, Rosen BR, Cudkowicz ME, Hooker JM, Atassi N. Increased in vivo glial activation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: assessed with [(11)C]-PBR28. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7:409-14. [PMID: 25685708 PMCID: PMC4310932 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from human post mortem, in vivo and animal model studies implicates the neuroimmune system and activated microglia in the pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The study aim was to further evaluate in vivo neuroinflammation in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using [11C]-PBR28 positron emission tomography. Ten patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (seven males, three females, 38–68 years) and ten age- and [11C]-PBR28 binding affinity-matched healthy volunteers (six males, four females, 33–65 years) completed a positron emission tomography scan. Standardized uptake values were calculated from 60 to 90 min post-injection and normalized to whole brain mean. Voxel-wise analysis showed increased binding in the motor cortices and corticospinal tracts in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis compared to healthy controls (pFWE < 0.05). Region of interest analysis revealed increased [11C]-PBR28 binding in the precentral gyrus in patients (normalized standardized uptake value = 1.15) compared to controls (1.03, p < 0.05). In patients those values were positively correlated with upper motor neuron burden scores (r = 0.69, p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale (r = –0.66, p < 0.05). Increased in vivo glial activation in motor cortices, that correlates with phenotype, complements previous histopathological reports. Further studies will determine the role of [11C]-PBR28 as a marker of treatments that target neuroinflammation. We used PET to image in vivo glial activation in the brain of patients with ALS. Increased [11C]PBR28 binding was observed in motor cortices in patients with ALS. Glial activation in the motor cortex correlated with ALS disease severity. Findings suggest clinical relevance of brain inflammation measured in vivo in ALS. [11C]-PBR28 could be used as an in vivo marker of upper motor neuron injury in ALS.
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Key Words
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- ALSFRS-R, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale revised
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- FWE, family-wise error rate
- MR, magnetic resonance
- Microglia
- Motor cortex
- Neuroinflammation
- PBR-28, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor 28
- PET, positron emission tomography
- Positron emission tomography
- SUV, standardized uptake value
- TSPO, 18 kDa translocator protein
- UMNB, upper motor neuron burden scale
- VC, vital capacity.
- [11C]PBR-28
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Zürcher
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Marco L Loggia
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert Lawson
- Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel B Chonde
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David Izquierdo-Garcia
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Julia E Yasek
- Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwaseun Akeju
- Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ciprian Catana
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Merit E Cudkowicz
- Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nazem Atassi
- Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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403
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Kasuga S, Matsushika Y, Kasashima-Shindo Y, Kamatani D, Fujiwara T, Liu M, Ushiba J. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances mu rhythm desynchronization during motor imagery that depends on handedness. Laterality 2015; 20:453-68. [PMID: 25599261 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2014.998679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate the amplitude of event-related desynchronization (ERD) that appears on the electroencephalogram (EEG) during motor imagery. To study the effect of handedness on the modulating effect of tDCS, we compared the difference in tDCS-boosted ERD during dominant and non-dominant hand motor imagery. EEGs were recorded over the left sensorimotor cortex of seven healthy right-handed volunteers, and we measured ERD induced either by dominant or non-dominant hand motor imagery. Ten minutes of anodal tDCS was then used to increase the cortical excitability of the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), and ERD was measured again. With anodal tDCS, we observed only a small increase in ERD during non-dominant hand motor imagery, whereas the same stimulation induced a prominent increase in ERD during dominant hand motor imagery. This trend was most obvious in the participants who used their dominant hand more frequently. Although our study is preliminary because of a small sample size, these results suggest that the increase in ERD by applying anodal tDCS was stronger on the dominant side than on the non-dominant side. The background excitability of M1 may determine the strength of the effect of anodal tDCS on ERD by hand motor imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kasuga
- a Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , Yokohama , Japan
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404
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Abstract
Despite many years of research, it is still unknown how exactly transcranial magnetic stimulation activates cortical circuits. A recent computational model by Rusu et al. (2014) has attempted to shed light on potential underlying mechanisms and has successfully explained key experimental findings on I-wave physiology. Here, we critically discuss this model, point out some of its shortcomings, and suggest a number of extensions that may be necessary for it to capture additional existing and emerging data on the physiology of I-waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Zrenner
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Germany.
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405
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Hu B, Yang N, Qiao QC, Hu ZA, Zhang J. Roles of the orexin system in central motor control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 49:43-54. [PMID: 25511388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are produced by one group of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical area. However, the orexins are widely released in entire brain including various central motor control structures. Especially, the loss of orexins has been demonstrated to associate with several motor deficits. Here, we first summarize the present knowledge that describes the anatomical and morphological connections between the orexin system and various central motor control structures. In the next section, the direct influence of orexins on related central motor control structures is reviewed at molecular, cellular, circuitry, and motor activity levels. After the summarization, the characteristic and functional relevance of the orexin system's direct influence on central motor control function are demonstrated and discussed. We also propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates central motor control in a homeostatic regulation manner. Besides, the importance of the orexin system's phasic modulation on related central motor control structures is highlighted in this regulation manner. Finally, a scheme combining the homeostatic regulation of orexin system on central motor control and its effects on other brain functions is presented to discuss the role of orexin system beyond the pure motor activity level, but at the complex behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Nian Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Qi-Cheng Qiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhi-An Hu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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406
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Dekker TM, Mareschal D, Johnson MH, Sereno MI. Picturing words? Sensori motor cortex activation for printed words in child and adult readers. Brain Lang 2014; 139:58-67. [PMID: 25463817 PMCID: PMC4271739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Learning to read involves associating abstract visual shapes with familiar meanings. Embodiment theories suggest that word meaning is at least partially represented in distributed sensorimotor networks in the brain (Barsalou, 2008; Pulvermueller, 2013). We explored how reading comprehension develops by tracking when and how printed words start activating these "semantic" sensorimotor representations as children learn to read. Adults and children aged 7-10 years showed clear category-specific cortical specialization for tool versus animal pictures during a one-back categorisation task. Thus, sensorimotor representations for these categories were in place at all ages. However, co-activation of these same brain regions by the visual objects' written names was only present in adults, even though all children could read and comprehend all presented words, showed adult-like task performance, and older children were proficient readers. It thus takes years of training and expert reading skill before spontaneous processing of printed words' sensorimotor meanings develops in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M Dekker
- Department of Visual Neuroscience, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Science, Birkbeck, University of London, UK.
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Science, Birkbeck, University of London, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Science, Birkbeck, University of London, UK
| | - Martin I Sereno
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Science, Birkbeck, University of London, UK; Birkbeck-UCL Centre for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology, University College London, UK
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407
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Cervo A, Cocozza S, Saccà F, Giorgio SMDA, Morra VB, Tedeschi E, Marsili A, Vacca G, Palma V, Brunetti A, Quarantelli M. The combined use of conventional MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging increases the diagnostic accuracy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Radiol 2014; 84:151-157. [PMID: 25466774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the diagnostic accuracy of the combined use of conventional MRI signal changes (namely, hypointensity of the precentral cortex and hyperintensity of the corticospinal tracts on T2-weighted images), and N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) reduction in the motor cortex at Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), which are affected by limited diagnostic accuracy when used separately. METHODS T2-hypointensity and NAA/(Choline+Creatine) ratio of the precentral gyrus and T2-hyperintensity of the corticospinal tracts were measured in 84 ALS patients and 28 healthy controls, using a Region-of-Interest approach. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated using Fisher stepwise discriminant analysis, and cross-validated using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS Precentral gyrus T2 signal intensity (p<10(-4)) and NAA peak (p<10(-6)) were significantly reduced in patients, and their values did not correlate significantly to each other both in patients and controls, while no significant differences were obtained in terms of T2-hyperintensity of the corticospinal tract. Sensitivity and specificity of the two discriminant variables, taken alone, were 71.4% and 75.0%, for NAA peak, and 63.1% and 71.4% for T2-hypointensity, respectively. When using these two variables in combination, a significant increase in sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (82.1%) was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Precentral gyrus T2-hypointensity and NAA peak are not significantly correlated in ALS patients, suggesting that they reflect relatively independent phenomena. The combined use of these measures improves the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in ALS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Cervo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara M D A Giorgio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Marsili
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vacca
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palma
- U.O.C. Neurofisiopatologia, PO S. Gennaro ASL Napoli 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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408
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Rogić Vidaković M, Schönwald MZ, Rotim K, Jurić T, Vulević Z, Tafra R, Banožić A, Hamata Ž, Đogaš Z. Excitability of contralateral and ipsilateral projections of corticobulbar pathways recorded as corticobulbar motor evoked potentials of the cricothyroid muscles. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:1570-7. [PMID: 25481338 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the excitability of contralateral and ipsilateral corticobulbar pathways, using the methodologies of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES). METHODS In 11 healthy subjects, the primary motor cortex (M1) for laryngeal muscles was mapped with nTMS in both hemispheres and the corticobulbar motor evoked potentials (CoMEPs) were recorded from the right cricothyroid muscle. In 15 patients undergoing left craniotomy, CoMEPs were obtained from cricothyroid muscles bilaterally, using TES over C3/Cz and C4/Cz. RESULTS In five out of 11 healthy subjects, both contralateral and ipsilateral CoMEPs were recorded from the right cricothyroid muscle. In eight out of 15 patients, contralateral and ipsilateral CoMEPs were elicited with TES over C3/Cz, while in five out of 15 patients contralateral and ipsilateral CoMEPs were elicited with TES over C4/Cz. Contralateral CoMEP amplitude responses were significantly larger compared to ipsilateral CoMEP amplitudes in both groups. CONCLUSION We obtained significantly larger amplitude responses of contralateral CoMEPs from cricothyroid muscles compared to ipsilateral CoMEP amplitude using nTMS in healthy subjects and TES in patients. This confirms the bilateral nature of corticobulbar pathway projections for laryngeal muscles, with contralateral domination. SIGNIFICANCE These findings will influence recording of CoMEPs during preoperative and intraoperative mapping of M1 for laryngeal muscle representation, and they facilitate the pathophysiologic research of motor speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
| | - Marina Zmajević Schönwald
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre 'Sisters of Mercy', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Rotim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre 'Sisters of Mercy', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Jurić
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Zoran Vulević
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Robert Tafra
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat with Head and Neck surgery, Clinical Medical Centre Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Adriana Banožić
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Željko Hamata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre 'Sisters of Mercy', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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409
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Lee NJ, Ahn HJ, Jung KI, Ohn SH, Hong J, Kim YJ, Yoo WK. Reduction of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation-Induced Motor Plasticity in Healthy Elderly With COMT Val158Met Polymorphism. Ann Rehabil Med 2014; 38:658-64. [PMID: 25379495 PMCID: PMC4221394 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2014.38.5.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To delineate whether cortical plasticity induced by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) differed according to catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism in healthy older adults. Methods Eighteen healthy older volunteers (mean age 73.78±5.04; 12 females and 6 males) were recruited. Volunteers randomly assigned in either a sham-first or real cTBS first group participated in two separate TMS visits with at least a 2-day wash-out period. Genotyping was carried out at baseline by a separate researcher who was blinded. cTBS was delivered in a hot spot over M1 at an active motor threshold of 80%. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained at 120% of the resting motor threshold before and after sham/cTBS. Results The relative MEP to baseline was significantly decreased 0 and 10 minutes post-stimulation and increased 40 minutes post-stimulation, as compared with the sham condition. Immediately after cTBS, the Val/Val group had a significantly reduced relative MEP value, as compared with the MET carrier group. Conclusion In healthy older persons, cTBS-induced motor plasticity was reduced in the COMT Val/Val group as compared with the 158Met carrier group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Jae Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ahn
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ik Jung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea
| | - Suk Hoon Ohn
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Hong
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea. ; ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea. ; Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea. ; Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
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410
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Pirio Richardson S. Enhanced dorsal premotor-motor inhibition in cervical dystonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:1387-91. [PMID: 25468241 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand whether the enhanced dPMI, seen in writer's cramp patients previously, extends to other populations of focal dystonia patients (e.g. cervical dystonia) as an endophenotypic marker. METHODS We studied 9 healthy subjects and 9 patients with CD. dPMI was tested by applying conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left dorsal premotor cortex and then a test pulse to the ipsilateral motor cortex at an interval of 6ms. We also looked at the duration of the cortical silent period (CSP)-a measure of cortical excitability. RESULTS CD patients had enhanced dPMI at rest (mean 57.0%, SD 16.2) in contrast to healthy volunteers (mean 124.1%, SD 35.7) (p<0.001). CSP latencies (in ms) in CD patients (mean 108.0, SD 33.1) were significantly shorter than in healthy volunteers (mean 159.1, SD 55.2) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CD patients showed enhanced dPMI in a hand muscle-distant from their affected body part-similar to writer's cramp patients. This enhanced inhibition was independent of disease severity and neck posture. This suggests that enhanced dPMI may be an endophenotypic marker of dystonia. SIGNIFICANCE The abnormal dorsal premotor-motor connection in cervical dystonia is a potential novel and important avenue for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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411
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Manara R, Salvalaggio A, Citton V, Palumbo V, D'Errico A, Elefante A, Briani C, Cantone E, Ottaviano G, Pellecchia MT, Greggio NA, Weis L, D'Agosto G, Rossato M, De Carlo E, Napoli E, Coppola G, Di Salle F, Brunetti A, Bonanni G, Sinisi AA, Favaro A. Brain anatomical substrates of mirror movements in Kallmann syndrome. Neuroimage 2014; 104:52-8. [PMID: 25300200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among male patients affected by Kallmann syndrome, a genetically determined disease due to defective neural migration leading to hypogonadropic hypogonadism and hypo/anosmia, about 40% present the peculiar phenomenon of mirror movements, i.e. involuntary movements mirroring contralateral voluntary hand movements. Several pathogenic hypotheses have been proposed, but the ultimate neurological mechanisms are still elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate brain anatomical substrates of mirror movements in Kallmann syndrome by means of a panel of quantitative MRI analyses. Forty-nine male Kallmann syndrome patients underwent brain MRI. The study protocol included 3D-T1-weighted gradient echo, fluid attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion tensor imaging. Voxel-based morphometry, sulcation, curvature and cortical thickness analyses and tract based spatial statistics were performed using SPM8, Freesurfer and FSL. All patients underwent a complete physical and neurological examination including the evaluation of mirror movements (according to the Woods and Teuber criteria). Kallmann syndrome patients presenting with mirror movements (16/49, 32%) displayed the following brain changes: 1) increased gray matter density in the depth of the left precentral sulcus behind the middle frontal gyrus; 2) decreased cortical thickness in the precentral gyrus bilaterally, in the depth of right precentral sulcus and in the posterior portion of the right superior frontal gyrus; and 3) decreased fractional anisotropy in the left hemisphere involving the temporal lobe and peritrigonal white matter. No differences were shown by cortical curvature and sulcation analyses. The composite array of brain changes observed in Kallmann syndrome patients with mirror movements likely represents the anatomical-structural underpinnings leading to the peculiar derangement of the complex circuitry committed to unilateral hand voluntary movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manara
- Neuroradiology, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - A Salvalaggio
- Neuroradiology, Dept. of Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
| | - V Citton
- IRCCS S. Camillo, Venezia, Italy.
| | - V Palumbo
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology and Medical Andrology Section, Second University of Napoli, Italy.
| | - A D'Errico
- Neuroradiology, Dept. of Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
| | - A Elefante
- Neuroradiology, Dept. of Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
| | - C Briani
- Neurology, Dept. of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - E Cantone
- Ent. Section, Dept. of Neurosciences, "Federico II" University, Napoli, Italy; Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathology, "Federico II" University, Napoli, Italy.
| | - G Ottaviano
- Otolaryngology Section, Dept. of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - M T Pellecchia
- Neurology, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - N A Greggio
- UOS di Endocrinolgia Pediatrica e Adolescentologia, D.A.I.S. per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Azienda Ospedaliera - University of Padova, Italy.
| | - L Weis
- Neuroradiology, Dept. of Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
| | - G D'Agosto
- Medicanova, Diagnostic Center, Battipaglia (SA), Italy.
| | - M Rossato
- Clinica Medica III, Dept. of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy.
| | - E De Carlo
- Clinica Medica III, Dept. of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy.
| | - E Napoli
- Medicanova, Diagnostic Center, Battipaglia (SA), Italy.
| | - G Coppola
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - F Di Salle
- Neuroradiology, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - A Brunetti
- Neuroradiology, Dept. of Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
| | - G Bonanni
- Unità di Endocrinologia, Dept. of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy.
| | - A A Sinisi
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology and Medical Andrology Section, Second University of Napoli, Italy.
| | - A Favaro
- Psychiatry, Dept. of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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412
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Bisio A, Avanzino L, Gueugneau N, Pozzo T, Ruggeri P, Bove M. Observing and perceiving: A combined approach to induce plasticity in human motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:1212-1220. [PMID: 25454343 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether action observation combined with peripheral nerve electrical stimulation was able to evoke plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). METHODS The stimulation protocol consisted in the observation of a video showing repetitive thumb-index tapping movements (AO) combined with peripheral electrical nerve stimulation (PNS) delivered on the median nerve (AO-PNS). M1 excitability, measured by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation, was compared with that assessed after AO and PNS alone. RESULTS M1 excitability increased after AO-PNS, whilst no modifications occurred after AO and PNS alone. The increased M1 excitability after AO-PNS was long-lasting (45 min) and specific for the stimulated muscle. CONCLUSIONS This study described an innovative stimulation paradigm that exploited the mirror neuron system to induce plasticity in M1. However, this occurred only when action observation was combined with afferent signals coming from periphery. SIGNIFICANCE This study supports the literature proposing the mirror neuron system as neural substrate for rehabilitation and opens a debate on the rehabilitative treatments that employ AO to improve patients' motor functions. Indeed, these results suggest that AO has to be combined with afferent inputs from periphery to evoke plasticity in the human motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicolas Gueugneau
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy; INSERM, U1093, Cognition Action Plasticité Sensori Motrice, 21065 Dijon, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Université de Bourgogne, Campus Universitaire, UFR STAPS, Dijon, France
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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413
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Guerra A, Petrichella S, Vollero L, Ponzo D, Pasqualetti P, Määttä S, Mervaala E, Könönen M, Bressi F, Iannello G, Rossini PM, Ferreri F. Neurophysiological features of motor cortex excitability and plasticity in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia: a TMS mapping study. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:906-13. [PMID: 25262646 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate neurophysiological features of M1 excitability and plasticity in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia (SIVD), by means of a TMS mapping study. METHODS Seven SIVD and nine AD patients, along with nine control subjects were tested. The M1 excitability was studied by resting thresholds, area and volume of active cortical sites for forearm and hand's examined muscles. For M1 plasticity, coordinates of the hot-spot and the center of gravity (CoG) were evaluated. The correlation between the degree of hyperexcitability and the amount of M1 plastic rearrangement was also calculated. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of excitability measures demonstrated similarly enhanced cortical excitability in AD and SIVD patients with respect to controls. SIVD patients showed a medial and frontal shift of CoG from the hot-spot, not statistically different from that observed in AD. A significant direct correlation was seen between parameters related to cortical excitability and those related to cortical plasticity. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the existence of common compensatory mechanisms in different kind of dementing diseases supporting the idea that cortical hyperexcitability can promote cortical plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE This study characterizes neurophysiological features of motor cortex excitability and plasticity in SIVD, providing new insights on the correlation between cortical excitability and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerra
- Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Petrichella
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Vollero
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - David Ponzo
- Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Patrizio Pasqualetti
- Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology, Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Määttä
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Esa Mervaala
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Federica Bressi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Iannello
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Institute of Neurology, Dept. Geriatrics, Neurosciences, Orthopaedics, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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414
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Cunningham DA, Machado A, Janini D, Varnerin N, Bonnett C, Yue G, Jones S, Lowe M, Beall E, Sakaie K, Plow EB. Assessment of inter-hemispheric imbalance using imaging and noninvasive brain stimulation in patients with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 96:S94-103. [PMID: 25194451 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how interhemispheric balance in stroke, measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), relates to balance defined using neuroimaging (functional magnetic resonance [fMRI], diffusion-tensor imaging [DTI]) and how these metrics of balance are associated with clinical measures of upper-limb function and disability. DESIGN Cross sectional. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Patients with chronic stroke (N = 10; age, 63 ± 9 y) in a population-based sample with unilateral upper-limb paresis. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Interhemispheric balance was measured with TMS, fMRI, and DTI. TMS defined interhemispheric differences in the recruitment of corticospinal output, size of the corticomotor output maps, and degree of mutual transcallosal inhibition that they exerted on one another. fMRI studied whether cortical activation during the movement of the paretic hand was lateralized to the ipsilesional or to the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex (PMC), and supplementary motor cortex (SMA). DTI was used to define interhemispheric differences in the integrity of the corticospinal tracts projecting from the M1. Clinical outcomes tested function (upper extremity Fugl-Meyer [UEFM]) and perceived disability in the use of the paretic hand (Motor Activity Log [MAL] amount score). RESULTS Interhemispheric balance assessed with TMS relates differently to fMRI and DTI. Patients with high fMRI lateralization to the ipsilesional hemisphere possessed stronger ipsilesional corticomotor output maps (M1: r = .831, P = .006; PMC: r = .797, P = .01) and better balance of mutual transcallosal inhibition (r = .810, P = .015). Conversely, we found that patients with less integrity of the corticospinal tracts in the ipsilesional hemisphere show greater corticospinal output of homologous tracts in the contralesional hemisphere (r = .850, P = .004). However, an imbalance in integrity and output do not relate to transcallosal inhibition. Clinically, although patients with less integrity of corticospinal tracts from the ipsilesional hemisphere showed worse impairments (UEFM) (r = -.768, P = .016), those with low fMRI lateralization to the ipsilesional hemisphere had greater perception of disability (MAL amount score) (M1: r = .883, P = .006; PMC: r = .817, P = .007; SMA: r = .633, P = .062). CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic motor deficits of the upper limb, fMRI may serve to mark perceived disability and transcallosal influence between hemispheres. DTI-based integrity of the corticospinal tracts, however, may be useful in categorizing the range of functional impairments of the upper limb. Further, in patients with extensive corticospinal damage, DTI may help infer the role of the contralesional hemisphere in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cunningham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Andre Machado
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Daniel Janini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nicole Varnerin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Corin Bonnett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Guang Yue
- Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange, NJ
| | | | - Mark Lowe
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Erik Beall
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ken Sakaie
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ela B Plow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
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415
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Alaverdashvili M, Hackett MJ, Pickering IJ, Paterson PG. Laminar-specific distribution of zinc: evidence for presence of layer IV in forelimb motor cortex in the rat. Neuroimage 2014; 103:502-510. [PMID: 25192655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is the most widely studied pre-clinical model system of various neurological and neurodegenerative disorders affecting hand function. Although brain injury to the forelimb region of the motor cortex in rats mostly induces behavioral abnormalities in motor control of hand movements, behavioral deficits in the sensory-motor domain are also observed. This questions the prevailing view that cortical layer IV, a recipient of sensory information from the thalamus, is absent in rat motor cortex. Because zinc-containing neurons are generally not found in pathways that run from the thalamus, an absence of zinc (Zn) in a cortical layer would be suggestive of sensory input from the thalamus. To test this hypothesis, we used synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence imaging to measure Zn distribution across cortical layers. Zn maps revealed a heterogeneous layered Zn distribution in primary and secondary motor cortices of the forelimb region in the adult rat. Two wider bands with elevated Zn content were separated by a narrow band having reduced Zn content, and this was evident in two rat strains. The Zn distribution pattern was comparable to that in sensorimotor cortex, which is known to contain a well demarcated layer IV. Juxtaposition of Zn maps and the images of brain stained for Nissl bodies revealed a "Zn valley" in primary motor cortex, apparently starting at the ventral border of pyramidal layer III and ending at the close vicinity of layer V. This finding indicates the presence of a conspicuous cortical layer between layers III and V, i.e. layer IV, the presence of which previously has been disputed. The results have implications for the use of rat models to investigate human brain function and neuropathology, such as after stroke. The presence of layer IV in the forelimb region of the motor cortex suggests that therapeutic interventions used in rat models of motor cortex injury should target functional abnormalities in both motor and sensory domains. The finding is also critical for future investigation of the biochemical mechanisms through which therapeutic interventions can enhance neural plasticity, particularly through Zn dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alaverdashvili
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Mark J Hackett
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Phyllis G Paterson
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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416
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Tazoe T, Perez MA. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 96:S145-55. [PMID: 25175159 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of rehabilitation strategies after spinal cord injury (SCI) is to enhance the recovery of function. One possible avenue to achieve this goal is to strengthen the efficacy of the residual neuronal pathways. Noninvasive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used in patients with motor disorders as a tool to modulate activity of corticospinal, cortical, and subcortical pathways to promote functional recovery. This article reviews a series of studies published during the last decade that used rTMS in the acute and chronic stages of paraplegia and tetraplegia in humans with complete and incomplete SCI. In the studies, rTMS has been applied over the arm and leg representations of the primary motor cortex to target 3 main consequences of SCI: sensory and motor function impairments, spasticity, and neuropathic pain. Although some studies demonstrated that consecutive sessions of rTMS improve aspects of particular functions, other studies did not show similar effects. We discuss how rTMS parameters and postinjury reorganization in the corticospinal tract, motor cortical, and spinal cord circuits might be critical factors in understanding the advantages and disadvantages of using rTMS in patients with SCI. The available data highlight the limited information on the use of rTMS after SCI and the need to further understand the pathophysiology of neuronal structures affected by rTMS to maximize the potential beneficial effects of this technique in humans with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tazoe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Monica A Perez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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417
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Vukovic N, Shtyrov Y. Cortical motor systems are involved in second-language comprehension: evidence from rapid mu-rhythm desynchronisation. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:695-703. [PMID: 25175538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neurocognitive mechanisms supporting the use of multiple languages is a key question in language science. Recent neuroimaging studies in monolinguals indicated that core language areas in human neocortex together with sensorimotor structures form a highly interactive system underpinning native language comprehension. While the experience of a native speaker promotes the establishment of strong action-perception links in the comprehension network, this may not necessarily be the case for L2 where, as it has been argued, the most a typical L2 speaker may get is a link between an L2 wordform and its L1 translation equivalent. Therefore, we investigated, whether the motor cortex of bilingual subjects shows differential involvement in processing action semantics of native and non-native words. We used high-density EEG to dynamically measure changes in the cortical motor system's activity, indexed by event-related desynchronisation (ERD) of the mu-rhythm, in response to passively reading L1 (German) and L2 (English) action words. Analysis of motor-related EEG oscillations at the sensor level revealed an early (starting ~150 ms) and left-lateralised coupling between action and semantics during both L1 and L2 processing. Crucially, source-level activation in the motor areas showed that mu-rhythm ERD, while present for both languages, is significantly stronger for L1 words. This is the first neurophysiological evidence of rapid motor-cortex involvement during L2 action-semantic processing. Our results both strengthen embodied cognition evidence obtained previously in monolinguals and, at the same time, reveal important quantitative differences between L1 and L2 sensorimotor brain activity in language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Vukovic
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, CB3 9DA Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, bldg. 10G, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; Centre for Languages and Literature, Box 201, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Rd, CB2 7EF Cambridge, United Kingdom; Faculty of Psychology, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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418
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Wang Z, Guo Y, Myers KG, Heintz R, Peng YH, Maarek JMI, Holschneider DP. Exercise alters resting-state functional connectivity of motor circuits in parkinsonian rats. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:536-44. [PMID: 25219465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined changes in functional connectivity after long-term aerobic exercise. We examined the effects of 4 weeks of forced running wheel exercise on the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of motor circuits of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the dorsal striatum. Our results showed substantial similarity between lesion-induced changes in rsFC in the rats and alterations in rsFC reported in Parkinson's disease subjects, including disconnection of the dorsolateral striatum. Exercise in lesioned rats resulted in: (1) normalization of many of the lesion-induced alterations in rsFC, including reintegration of the dorsolateral striatum into the motor network; (2) emergence of the ventrolateral striatum as a new broadly connected network hub; and (3) increased rsFC among the motor cortex, motor thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Our results showed for the first time that long-term exercise training partially reversed lesion-induced alterations in rsFC of the motor circuits, and in addition enhanced functional connectivity in specific motor pathways in the parkinsonian rats, which could underlie recovery in motor functions observed in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalisa G Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Heintz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel I Maarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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419
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Flint RD, Wang PT, Wright ZA, King CE, Krucoff MO, Schuele SU, Rosenow JM, Hsu FPK, Liu CY, Lin JJ, Sazgar M, Millett DE, Shaw SJ, Nenadic Z, Do AH, Slutzky MW. Extracting kinetic information from human motor cortical signals. Neuroimage 2014; 101:695-703. [PMID: 25094020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain machine interfaces (BMIs) have the potential to provide intuitive control of neuroprostheses to restore grasp to patients with paralyzed or amputated upper limbs. For these neuroprostheses to function, the ability to accurately control grasp force is critical. Grasp force can be decoded from neuronal spikes in monkeys, and hand kinematics can be decoded using electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals recorded from the surface of the human motor cortex. We hypothesized that kinetic information about grasping could also be extracted from ECoG, and sought to decode continuously-graded grasp force. In this study, we decoded isometric pinch force with high accuracy from ECoG in 10 human subjects. The predicted signals explained from 22% to 88% (60 ± 6%, mean ± SE) of the variance in the actual force generated. We also decoded muscle activity in the finger flexors, with similar accuracy to force decoding. We found that high gamma band and time domain features of the ECoG signal were most informative about kinetics, similar to our previous findings with intracortical LFPs. In addition, we found that peak cortical representations of force applied by the index and little fingers were separated by only about 4mm. Thus, ECoG can be used to decode not only kinematics, but also kinetics of movement. This is an important step toward restoring intuitively-controlled grasp to impaired patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Flint
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Po T Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Zachary A Wright
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christine E King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Max O Krucoff
- Division of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephan U Schuele
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Frank P K Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Charles Y Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jack J Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Mona Sazgar
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - David E Millett
- Department of Neurology, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Susan J Shaw
- Department of Neurology, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zoran Nenadic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - An H Do
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Marc W Slutzky
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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420
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Brazhnik E, Novikov N, McCoy AJ, Cruz AV, Walters JR. Functional correlates of exaggerated oscillatory activity in basal ganglia output in hemiparkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:563-77. [PMID: 25084518 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated beta range (13-30Hz) synchronized activity is observed in the basal ganglia of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients during implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes and is thought to contribute to the motor symptoms of this disorder. To explore the translational potential of similar activity observed in a rat model of PD, local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity in basal ganglia output were characterized in rats with unilateral dopamine cell lesion during a range of behaviors. A circular treadmill was used to assess activity during walking; hemiparkinsonian rats could maintain a steady gait when oriented ipsiversive to the lesioned hemisphere, but were less effective at walking when oriented contraversive to lesion. Dramatic increases in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) LFP oscillatory activity and spike-LFP synchronization were observed within the beta/low gamma range (12-40Hz) in the lesioned hemisphere, relative to the non-lesioned hemisphere, with the dominant frequency of spike-LFP entrainment and LFP power varying with behavioral state. At 3weeks postlesion, the mean dominant entrainment frequency during ipsiversive treadmill walking and grooming was 34Hz. Other behaviors were associated with lower mean entrainment frequencies: 27-28Hz during alert non-walking and REM, 17Hz during rest and 21Hz during urethane anesthesia with sensory stimulation. SNpr spike-LFP entrainment frequency was stable during individual treadmill walking epochs, but increased gradually over weeks postlesion. In contrast, SNpr LFP power in the 25-40Hz range was greatest at the initiation of each walking epoch, and decreased during walking to stabilize by 6min at 49% of initial values. Power was further modulated in conjunction with the 1.5s stepping rhythm. Administration of l-dopa improved contraversive treadmill walking in correlation with a reduction in SNpr 25-40Hz LFP power and spike synchronization in the dopamine cell lesioned hemisphere. These effects were reversed by the serotonergic 1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT. While the prominent spike-LFP phase locking observed during ongoing motor activity in the hemiparkinsonian rats occurs at frequencies intriguingly higher than in PD patients, the synchronized activity in the SNpr of this animal model has much in common with oscillatory activity recorded from the basal ganglia of the PD patients. Results support the potential of this model for providing insight into relationships between synchronization of basal ganglia output induced by loss of dopamine and motor symptoms in PD.
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421
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Buetefisch CM, Howard C, Korb C, Haut MW, Shuster L, Pergami P, Smith C, Hobbs G. Conditions for enhancing the encoding of an elementary motor memory by rTMS. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:581-93. [PMID: 25113275 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor learning results in changes of movement representation in primary motor cortex (M1) a process involving long-term potentiation (LTP). Pairing motor training with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of M1 enhances the formation of a motor memory. Here we determined the effect of pairing M1 stimulation and the execution of training movements at different times and frequencies on the formation of a motor memory. METHODS Formation of a motor memory was defined as increases in motor evoked potentials (MEP) of the training agonist (extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, ECU) and increases in peak acceleration of the trained movements that last more than 60min. Training consisted of auditory-paced ballistic wrist extension movements (30min, 0.5Hz) paired with 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5Hz subthreshold rTMS. The rTMS pulse was applied at either the onset, 100ms prior to or 300ms after the onset of training movement related increases in electromyographic (EMG) activity of ECU. This was compared to a Sham condition. RESULTS Only 0.1Hz rTMS applied at the onset of the training related increase in ECU-EMG activity resulted in increases in MEP amplitudes and peak acceleration when compared to the Sham. CONCLUSIONS The formation of motor memory is enhanced above the naïve level by co-administration of low frequency rTMS at the time of execution of training movements. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate the importance of time and frequency of rTMS in these settings and should be considered in the design of rehabilitation treatment strategies using rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Buetefisch
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - C Howard
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - C Korb
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M W Haut
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - L Shuster
- Department of Language Speech Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - P Pergami
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - C Smith
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - G Hobbs
- Department of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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422
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Bolton DAE, Vesia M, Lakhani B, Staines WR, McIlroy WE. Timing of response differentiation in human motor cortex during a speeded Go/No-Go task. Neurosci Res 2014; 85:65-8. [PMID: 24973619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We explored the brain's ability to quickly prevent a pre-potent but unwanted motor response. To address this, transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over the motor cortex (hand representation) to probe excitability changes immediately after somatosensory cues prompted subjects to either move as fast as possible or withhold movement. Our results showed a difference in motor cortical excitability 90ms post-stimulus contingent on cues to either promote or prevent movement. We suggest that our study design emphasizing response speed coupled with well-defined early probes allowed us to extend upon similar past investigations into the timing of response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A E Bolton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael Vesia
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, ON, Canada
| | - William E McIlroy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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423
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Obata H, Sekiguchi H, Ohtsuki T, Nakazawa K. Posture-related modulation of cortical excitability in the tibialis anterior muscle in humans. Brain Res 2014; 1577:29-35. [PMID: 24978603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Corticospinal excitability in the lower leg muscles is enhanced during standing as compared to other postures. In the present study, we investigated how the excitability of intracortical circuits that control the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) is modulated during standing. Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed by the paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation technique during standing (STD) and sitting (SIT) with a comparable background activity level in both the soleus and the TA muscle. The results demonstrated that SICI was less effective during STD than during SIT, whereas ICF was more effective during STD than during SIT. These findings suggest that the excitabilities of these cortical neural circuits are modulated depending on posture. A decrease in SICI and an increase in ICF may reflect subliminal enhancement of the cortical excitability in the TA muscle during standing as compared with that during sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Obata
- Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute of the National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Sekiguchi
- Sports Management Program, Faculty of Business and Information Sciences, Jobu University, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohtsuki
- Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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424
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Landi D, Vollaro S, Pellegrino G, Mulas D, Ghazaryan A, Falato E, Pasqualetti P, Rossini PM, Filippi MM. Oral fingolimod reduces glutamate-mediated intracortical excitability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:165-9. [PMID: 25022794 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fingolimod is an effective disease modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Beyond its main action on peripheral lymphocytes, several noteworthy side effects have been demonstrated in vitro, among which modulation of neural excitability. Our aim was to explore cortical excitability in vivo in patients treated with fingolimod 0.5mg/day. METHODS Paired-pulse TMS was applied on the left primary motor cortex in 13 patients affected by relapsing-remitting MS, the day before the first dose of fingolimod (T0) and 60days later (T1). Resting motor threshold, baseline motor evoked potentials, short interval intracortical inhibition (at 1, 3, 5ms) and intracortical facilitation (at 7, 9, 11 and 13ms) were estimated at T0 and T1. RESULTS Intracortical facilitation was reduced at T1, without any changes in short interval intracortical inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Fingolimod selectively reduced intracortical facilitation, which is mainly mediated by glutamate. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first in vivo confirmation of the effects of fingolimod on glutamatergic drive in treated humans. Our results suggest a novel neuromodulatory activity of fingolimod with potential effect on glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in vivo, as already seen in animal models.
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425
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Grecco LAC, E Mendonça M, Duarte NAC, Zanon N, Fregni F, Oliveira CS. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Treadmill Gait Training in Delayed Neuro-psychomotor Development. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:945-50. [PMID: 25013302 PMCID: PMC4085227 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to describe the results of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with treadmill training in a child with delayed neuro-psychomotor development. [Subject and Methods] Transcranial direct current stimulation (intensity: 1 mA) was applied over the primary motor cortex for 20 minutes during simultaneous treadmill training (2.5 km/h) in ten sessions. [Results] Clinically significant improvement was found in motor development (fine motor subscale, 23 to 25; gross motor subscale, 32 to 41). Reductions in mean oscillation of the center of pressure were found in the anteroposterior (239.2 to 146.5 mm) and mediolateral (177.4 to 149.2 mm) directions. Increases occurred in cadence (106 to 123 steps/minute), step length (0.16 to 0.23 m), step width (0.09 to 0.14 m) and gait velocity with support (0.3 to 0.7 m/s). [Conclusion] After treatment, the child was able to initiate the standing position for the first time and walk without support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana E Mendonça
- Neurosciences and Behavior, Psychology Institute,
University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nelci Zanon
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Federal de São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neurosciences and Behavior, Psychology Institute,
University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Rehabilitation Sciences, University Nove de Julho,
Brazil
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Federal de São Paulo,
Brazil
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, USA
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426
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Min HK, Ross EK, Lee KH, Dennis K, Han SR, Jeong JH, Marsh MP, Striemer B, Felmlee JP, Lujan JL, Goerss S, Duffy PS, Blaha C, Chang SY, Bennet KE. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces motor network BOLD activation: use of a high precision MRI guided stereotactic system for nonhuman primates. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:603-607. [PMID: 24933029 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful method for identifying in vivo network activation evoked by deep brain stimulation (DBS). OBJECTIVE Identify the global neural circuitry effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in nonhuman primates (NHP). METHOD An in-house developed MR image-guided stereotactic targeting system delivered a mini-DBS stimulating electrode, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation during STN DBS in healthy NHP was measured by combining fMRI with a normalized functional activation map and general linear modeling. RESULTS STN DBS significantly increased BOLD activation in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, caudate nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, cingulate, insular cortex, and cerebellum (FDR < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that STN DBS evokes neural network grouping within the motor network and the basal ganglia. Taken together, these data highlight the importance and specificity of neural circuitry activation patterns and functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kendall Dennis
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seong Rok Han
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ho Jeong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael P Marsh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bryan Striemer
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steve Goerss
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Penelope S Duffy
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Charles Blaha
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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427
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Devergnas A, Pittard D, Bliwise D, Wichmann T. Relationship between oscillatory activity in the cortico-basal ganglia network and parkinsonism in MPTP-treated monkeys. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:156-66. [PMID: 24768805 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinsonism is associated with changes in oscillatory activity patterns and increased synchronization of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex in patients and animal models of Parkinson's disease, but the relationship between these changes and the severity of parkinsonian signs remains unclear. We examined this relationship by studying changes in local field potentials (LFPs) in the internal pallidal segment (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and in encephalographic signals (EEG) from the primary motor cortex (M1) in Rhesus monkeys which were rendered progressively parkinsonian by repeated systemic injections of small doses of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Observations during wakefulness and sleep (defined by EEG and video records) were analyzed separately. The severity of parkinsonism correlated with increases in spectral power at frequencies below 15.5Hz in M1 and GPi and reductions in spectral power at frequencies above 15.6Hz with little change in STN. The severity of parkinsonism also correlated with increases in the coherence between M1 EEG and basal ganglia LFPs in the low frequency band. Levodopa treatment reduced low-frequency activity and increased high-frequency activity in all three areas, but did not affect coherence. The state of arousal also affected LFP and EEG signals in all three structures, particularly in the STN. These results suggest that parkinsonism-associated changes in alpha and low-beta band oscillatory activity can be detected early in the parkinsonian state in M1 and GPi. Interestingly, oscillations detectable in STN LFP signals (including oscillations in the beta-band) do not appear to correlate strongly with the severity of mild-to-moderate parkinsonism in these animals. Levodopa-induced changes in oscillatory M1 EEG and basal ganglia LFP patterns do not necessarily represent a normalization of abnormalities caused by dopamine depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaelle Devergnas
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Damien Pittard
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Donald Bliwise
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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428
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Oza CS, Giszter SF. Plasticity and alterations of trunk motor cortex following spinal cord injury and non-stepping robot and treadmill training. Exp Neurol 2014; 256:57-69. [PMID: 24704619 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces significant reorganization in the sensorimotor cortex. Trunk motor control is crucial for postural stability and propulsion after low thoracic SCI and several rehabilitative strategies are aimed at trunk stability and control. However little is known about the effect of SCI and rehabilitation training on trunk motor representations and their plasticity in the cortex. Here, we used intracortical microstimulation to examine the motor cortex representations of the trunk in relation to other representations in three groups of chronic adult complete low thoracic SCI rats: chronic untrained, treadmill trained (but 'non-stepping') and robot assisted treadmill trained (but 'non-stepping') and compared with a group of normal rats. Our results demonstrate extensive and significant reorganization of the trunk motor cortex after chronic adult SCI which includes (1) expansion and rostral displacement of trunk motor representations in the cortex, with the greatest significant increase observed for rostral (to injury) trunk, and slight but significant increase of motor representation for caudal (to injury) trunk at low thoracic levels in all spinalized rats; (2) significant changes in coactivation and the synergy representation (or map overlap) between different trunk muscles and between trunk and forelimb. No significant differences were observed between the groups of transected rats for the majority of the comparisons. However, (3) the treadmill and robot-treadmill trained groups of rats showed a further small but significant rostral migration of the trunk representations, beyond the shift caused by transection alone. We conclude that SCI induces a significant reorganization of the trunk motor cortex, which is not qualitatively altered by non-stepping treadmill training or non-stepping robot assisted treadmill training, but is shifted further from normal topography by the training. This shift may potentially make subsequent rehabilitation with stepping longer or less successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan S Oza
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon F Giszter
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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429
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Opitz A, Zafar N, Bockermann V, Rohde V, Paulus W. Validating computationally predicted TMS stimulation areas using direct electrical stimulation in patients with brain tumors near precentral regions. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 4:500-7. [PMID: 24818076 PMCID: PMC3984442 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The spatial extent of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is of paramount interest for all studies employing this method. It is generally assumed that the induced electric field is the crucial parameter to determine which cortical regions are excited. While it is difficult to directly measure the electric field, one usually relies on computational models to estimate the electric field distribution. Direct electrical stimulation (DES) is a local brain stimulation method generally considered the gold standard to map structure–function relationships in the brain. Its application is typically limited to patients undergoing brain surgery. In this study we compare the computationally predicted stimulation area in TMS with the DES area in six patients with tumors near precentral regions. We combine a motor evoked potential (MEP) mapping experiment for both TMS and DES with realistic individual finite element method (FEM) simulations of the electric field distribution during TMS and DES. On average, stimulation areas in TMS and DES show an overlap of up to 80%, thus validating our computational physiology approach to estimate TMS excitation volumes. Our results can help in understanding the spatial spread of TMS effects and in optimizing stimulation protocols to more specifically target certain cortical regions based on computational modeling. Use of patient specific FEM models to predict electric fields in TMS and DES. Validation of TMS computational models with the DES gold standard. TMS electric fields have high overlap with the computationally predicted DES area. Realistic models outperform more commonly used spherical models. Computational physiology approach enables a more precise preoperative mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Opitz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Noman Zafar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Bockermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Veit Rohde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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430
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Marker RJ, Stephenson JL, Kluger BM, Curran-Everett D, Maluf KS. Modulation of intracortical inhibition in response to acute psychosocial stress is impaired among individuals with chronic neck pain. J Psychosom Res 2014; 76:249-56. [PMID: 24529046 PMCID: PMC9288141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress has been associated with a variety of chronic pain disorders although the mechanisms responsible for this relationship are unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the excitability of intracortical and corticospinal pathways to the trapezius muscle in individuals with and without chronic neck pain during exposure to low and high levels of psychosocial stress. METHODS Single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during mental math performed in the presence and absence of social evaluative threat. RESULTS All participants demonstrated higher amplitude MEPs in the high stress compared to the low stress condition (p < 0.01). Participants with chronic neck pain had significantly greater SICI than healthy participants in the low stress condition (p = 0.03). During exposure to the stressor, healthy participants showed an increase in SICI, whereas participants with neck pain showed no change (group difference for change in SICI, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individuals with chronic neck pain inhibit motor output to the trapezius in the presence of minor stressors, and are unable to compensate for additional stress-evoked increases in corticospinal excitability through further modulation of SICI. This observation has potential implications for the management of patients who have difficulty relaxing painful muscles during times of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Marker
- Rehabilitation Science Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Stephenson
- Clinical Science Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benzi M. Kluger
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Douglas Curran-Everett
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Katrina S. Maluf
- Rehabilitation Science Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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431
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Gandolla M, Ferrante S, Molteni F, Guanziroli E, Frattini T, Martegani A, Ferrigno G, Friston K, Pedrocchi A, Ward NS. Re-thinking the role of motor cortex: context-sensitive motor outputs? Neuroimage 2014; 91:366-74. [PMID: 24440530 PMCID: PMC3988837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard account of motor control considers descending outputs from primary motor cortex (M1) as motor commands and efference copy. This account has been challenged recently by an alternative formulation in terms of active inference: M1 is considered as part of a sensorimotor hierarchy providing top–down proprioceptive predictions. The key difference between these accounts is that predictions are sensitive to the current proprioceptive context, whereas efference copy is not. Using functional electric stimulation to experimentally manipulate proprioception during voluntary movement in healthy human subjects, we assessed the evidence for context sensitive output from M1. Dynamic causal modeling of functional magnetic resonance imaging responses showed that FES altered proprioception increased the influence of M1 on primary somatosensory cortex (S1). These results disambiguate competing accounts of motor control, provide some insight into the synaptic mechanisms of sensory attenuation and may speak to potential mechanisms of action of FES in promoting motor learning in neurorehabilitation. Peripheral functional electrical stimulation provides altered proprioception. Altered proprioception and volitional movement interaction is shown in M1 and S1. M1–S1 connection is modulated by proprioception and therefore is context-sensitive. Context-sensitive M1–S1 pathway supports an active inference motor control account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gandolla
- Politecnico di Milano, NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Via G. Colombo 40, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simona Ferrante
- Politecnico di Milano, NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Via G. Colombo 40, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Franco Molteni
- Valduce Hospital, Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Via N. Sauro 17, 23845 Costamasnaga, LC, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Guanziroli
- Valduce Hospital, Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Via N. Sauro 17, 23845 Costamasnaga, LC, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Frattini
- Valduce Hospital, Unità Operativa Complessa di Radiologia, via D. Alighieri 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - Alberto Martegani
- Valduce Hospital, Unità Operativa Complessa di Radiologia, via D. Alighieri 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Ferrigno
- Politecnico di Milano, NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Via G. Colombo 40, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- Politecnico di Milano, NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Via G. Colombo 40, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Nick S Ward
- Sobell Department of Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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432
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Ueno T, Yamada J, Nishijima H, Arai A, Migita K, Baba M, Ueno S, Tomiyama M. Morphological and electrophysiological changes in intratelencephalic-type pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex of a rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 64:142-9. [PMID: 24398173 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a major complication of long-term dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease, and becomes increasingly problematic in the advanced stage of the disease. Although the cause of LID still remains unclear, there is accumulating evidence from animal experiments that it results from maladaptive plasticity, resulting in supersensitive excitatory transmission at corticostriatal synapses. Recent work using transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests that the motor cortex displays the same supersensitivity in Parkinson's disease patients with LID. To date, the cellular mechanisms underlying the abnormal cortical plasticity have not been examined. The morphology of the dendritic spines has a strong relationship to synaptic plasticity. Therefore, we explored the spine morphology of pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex in a rat model of LID. We used control rats, 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats (a model of Parkinson's disease), 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats chronically treated with levodopa (a model of LID), and control rats chronically treated with levodopa. Because the direct pathway of the basal ganglia plays a central role in the development of LID, we quantified the density and size of dendritic spines in intratelencephalic (IT)-type pyramidal neurons in M1 cortex that project to the striatal medium spiny neurons in the direct pathway. The spine density was not different among the four groups. In contrast, spine size became enlarged in the Parkinson's disease and LID rat models. The enlargement was significantly greater in the LID model than in the Parkinson's disease model. This enlargement of the spines suggests that IT-type pyramidal neurons acquire supersensitivity to excitatory stimuli. To confirm this possibility, we monitored miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in the IT-type pyramidal neurons in M1 cortex using whole-cell patch clamp. The amplitude of the mEPSCs was significantly increased in the LID model compared with the control. This indicates that the IT-type pyramidal neurons become hyperexcited in the LID model, paralleling the enlargement of spines. Thus, spine enlargement and the resultant hyperexcitability of IT-type pyramidal neurons in M1 cortex might contribute to the abnormal cortical neuronal plasticity in LID.
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433
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Malcolm MP, Enney L, Cramer SC. Methods for an International Randomized Clinical Trial to Investigate the Effect of Gsk249320 on Motor Cortex Neurophysiology using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Survivors of Stroke. J Clin Trials 2014; 4:1-9. [PMID: 26865990 PMCID: PMC4745095 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0870.1000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neurophysiological tool capable of assessing the motor nervous system and its change over time. In multi-site clinical trials, this technique has some advantages over other neuroimaging methods owing to its relatively low cost, low personnel and equipment infrastructure requirements, and greater ease in consistently applying technology to collect and analyze data. Limited published details exist regarding methods to deliver TMS and analyze data in a standardized and consistent manner as part of an international, multicenter, clinical trial. Purpose The objective of this paper is to describe standardized methods of applying TMS motor cortex assessments in an international clinical trial of a pharmacological intervention for stroke patients, which was conducted at 15 centers in three countries. Materials and methods A standardization process was developed to ensure TMS protocol adherence and data quality, and each clinical site was required to successfully complete standardization procedures prior to collecting patient data. Key elements of standardization included internet-based training, pilot subject data collection, common TMS equipment across sites, and corrective feedback provided by a standardization administrator. Subsequently, TMS assessments of motor hot spot location, motor threshold, and recruitment curve were conducted in stroke patients on post-stroke Days 5, 30, and 112. Ongoing standardization was maintained by regular review of patient data and communication between the clinical site and standardization administrator. Conclusion Although TMS methodological approaches vary, a protocol with standardized procedures was successfully developed and implemented. Using this protocol, centers were formally certified to perform TMS-based neurophysiological measures in this clinical trial of stroke patients. The methodology described is potentially valuable to investigators who might construct future multi-site clinical trials using TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt P Malcolm
- Integrative Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lori Enney
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Steven C Cramer
- Departments of Neurology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, and PMR; University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Hanajima R, Terao Y, Shirota Y, Ohminami S, Tsutsumi R, Shimizu T, Tanaka N, Okabe S, Tsuji S, Ugawa Y. Triad-conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul 2013; 7:74-9. [PMID: 24183477 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to reveal excitability changes of the primary motor cortex (M1) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Abnormal rhythmic neural activities are considered to play pathophysiological roles in the motor symptoms of PD. The cortical responses to external rhythmic stimulation have not been studied in PD. We recently reported a new method of triad-conditioning TMS to detect the excitability changes after rhythmic conditioning stimuli, which induce facilitation by 40-Hz stimulation in healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVE We applied a triad-conditioning TMS to PD patients to reveal the motor cortical response characteristics to rhythmic TMS. METHODS The subjects included 13 PD patients and 14 healthy volunteers. Three conditioning stimuli over M1 at an intensity of 110% active motor threshold preceded the test TMS at various inter-stimulus intervals corresponding to 10-200 Hz. RESULTS The triad-conditioning TMS at 40 Hz induced no MEP enhancement in PD patients in either the On or Off state, in contrast to the facilitation observed in the normal subjects. Triad-conditioning TMS at 20-33 Hz in the beta frequency elicited significant MEP suppression in PD patients. The amount of suppression at 20 Hz positively correlated with the UPDRS III score. CONCLUSION We observed abnormal M1 responses to rhythmic TMS in PD. The suppression induced by beta frequency stimulation and no facilitation by 40-Hz stimulation may be related to abnormal beta and gamma band activities within the cortical-basal ganglia network in PD patients. The motor cortical response to rhythmic TMS may be an additional method to detect physiological changes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shirota
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohminami
- Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tsutsumi
- Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Okabe
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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435
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Abstract
Clinical presentation of supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome includes complete akinesia of the contralateral side of the body and mutism, with secondary recovery of neurologic deficit. Multi-joint coordination is frequently impaired following the development of a brain lesion and is generally restricted by abnormal patterns of muscle activation within the hemiparetic limb, clinically termed muscle synergies. However, no work to date has confirmed this observation with the aid of objective methods, such as gait analysis, and the development of reflex pattern has not been suggested as a possible cause. We describe two unusual cases of flexor synergy after tumor resection of SMA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Seok Ryu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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436
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Lindenbach D, Bishop C. Critical involvement of the motor cortex in the pathophysiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2737-50. [PMID: 24113323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the involvement of the motor cortex in Parkinson's disease (PD), a debilitating movement disorder typified by degeneration of dopamine cells of the substantia nigra. While much of PD research has focused on the caudate/putamen, many aspects of motor cortex function are abnormal in PD patients and in animal models of PD, implicating motor cortex involvement in disease symptoms and their treatment. Herein, we discuss several lines of evidence to support this hypothesis. Dopamine depletion alters regional metabolism in the motor cortex and also reduces interneuron activity, causing a breakdown in intracortical inhibition. This leads to functional reorganization of motor maps and excessive corticostriatal synchrony when movement is initiated. Recent work suggests that electrical stimulation of the motor cortex provides a clinical benefit for PD patients. Based on extant research, we identify a number of unanswered questions regarding the motor cortex in PD and argue that a better understanding of the contribution of the motor cortex to PD symptoms will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lindenbach
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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437
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Dinomais M, Chinier E, Lignon G, Richard I, Ter Minassian A, Tich SNT. The effect of video-guidance on passive movement in patients with cerebral palsy: fMRI study. Res Dev Disabil 2013; 34:3487-3496. [PMID: 23927991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In patients with cerebral palsy (CP), neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that passive movement and action-observation tasks have in common to share neuronal activation in all or part of areas involved in motor system. Action observation with simultaneous congruent passive movements may have additional effects in the recruitment of brain motor areas. The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to examine brain activation in patients with unilateral CP during passive movement with and without simultaneous observation of simple hand movement. Eighteen patients with unilateral CP (fourteen male, mean age 14 years and 2 months) participated in the study. Using fMRI block design, brain activation following passive simple opening-closing hand movement of either the paretic or nonparetic hand with and without simultaneous observation of a similar movement performed by either the left or right hand of an actor was compared. Passive movement of the paretic hand performed simultaneously to the observation of congruent movement activated more "higher motor areas" including contralesional pre-supplementary motor area, superior frontal gyrus (extending to premotor cortex), and superior and inferior parietal regions than nonvideo-guided passive movement of the paretic hand. Passive movement of the paretic hand recruited more ipsilesional sensorimotor areas compared to passive movement of the nonparetic hand. Our study showed that the combination of observation of congruent hand movement simultaneously to passive movement of the paretic hand recruits more motor areas, giving neuronal substrate to propose video-guided passive movement of paretic hand in CP rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Dinomais
- LUNAM, Université d'Angers, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Automatisés (LISA) - EA4094, F-49000, France; LUNAM, Université d'Angers, CHU Angers, Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, F-49933, France.
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438
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Kim CH, Lee SC, Shin JW, Chung KJ, Lee SH, Shin MS, Baek SB, Sung YH, Kim CJ, Kim KH. Exposure to music and noise during pregnancy influences neurogenesis and thickness in motor and somatosensory cortex of rat pups. Int Neurourol J 2013; 17:107-13. [PMID: 24143288 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2013.17.3.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prenatal environmental conditions affect the development of the fetus. In the present study, we investigated the effects of exposure to music and noise during pregnancy on neurogenesis and thickness in the motor and somatosensory cortex of rat pups. Methods The pregnant rats in the music-applied group were exposed to 65 dB of comfortable music for 1 hour, once per day, from the 15th day of pregnancy until delivery. The pregnant rats in the noise-applied group were exposed to 95 dB of sound from a supersonic sound machine for 1 hour, once per day, from the 15th day of pregnancy until delivery. After birth, the offspring were left undisturbed together with their mother. The rat pups were sacrificed at 21 days after birth. Results Exposure to music during pregnancy increased neurogenesis in the motor and somatosensory cortex of rat pups. In contrast, rat pups exposed to noise during pregnancy showed decreased neurogenesis and thickness in the motor and somatosensory cortex. Conclusions Our study suggests that music and noise during the developmental period are important factors influencing brain development and urogenital disorders.
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439
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Lindenbach D, Dupre KB, Eskow Jaunarajs KL, Ostock CY, Goldenberg AA, Bishop C. Effects of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation on striatal and cortical M1 pERK induction by L-DOPA and a D1 receptor agonist in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2013; 1537:327-39. [PMID: 24060645 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are commonly treated using l-DOPA although long-term treatment usually causes debilitating motor side effects including dyskinesias. A putative source of dyskinesia is abnormally high levels of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) within the striatum. In animal models, the serotonin 1A receptor agonist ±8-OH-DPAT reduces dyskinesia, suggesting it may exhibit efficacy through the pERK pathway. The present study investigated the effects of ±8-OH-DPAT on pERK density in rats treated with l-DOPA or the D1 receptor agonist SKF81297. Rats were given a unilateral dopamine lesion with 6-hydroxydopamine and primed with a chronic regimen of l-DOPA, SKF81297 or their vehicles. On the final test day, rats were given two injections: first with ±8-OH-DPAT, the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 or their vehicles, and second with l-DOPA, SKF81297 or their vehicles. Rats were then transcardially perfused for immunohistological analysis of pERK expression in the striatum and primary motor cortex. Rats showed greater dyskinesia in response to l-DOPA and SKF81297 after repeated injections. Although striatal pERK induction was similar between acute and chronic l-DOPA, SKF81297 caused the largest increase in striatal pERK after the first exposure. Neither compound alone affected motor cortex pERK. Surprisingly, in the ventromedial striatum, ±8-OH-DPAT potentiated l-DOPA-induced pERK; in the motor cortex, ±8-OH-DPAT potentiated pERK with l-DOPA or SKF81297. Our results support previous work that the striatal pERK pathway is dysregulated after dopamine depletion, but call into question the utility of pERK as a biomarker of dyskinesia expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lindenbach
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
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440
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de Munck E, Muñoz-Sáez E, Miguel BG, Solas MT, Ojeda I, Martínez A, Gil C, Arahuetes RM. β-N-methylamino-l-alanine causes neurological and pathological phenotypes mimicking Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): the first step towards an experimental model for sporadic ALS. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 36:243-255. [PMID: 23688553 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic amino acid that has been related to various neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this work was to analyze the biotoxicity produced by L-BMAA in vivo in rats, trying to elucidate its physiopathological mechanisms and to search for analogies between the found effects and pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Our data demonstrated that the neurotoxic effects in vivo were dosage-dependent. For evaluating the state of the animals, a neurological evaluation scale was developed as well as a set of functional tests. Ultrastructural cell analysis of spinal motoneurons has revealed alterations both in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Since GSK3β could play a role in some neuropathological processes, we analyzed the alterations occurring in GSK3β levels in L-BMAA treated rats, we have observed an increase in the active form of GSK3β levels in lumbar spinal cord and motor cerebral cortex. On the other hand, (TAR)-DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) increased in L-BMAA treated animals. Our results indicated that N-acetylaspartate (NAA) declined in animals treated with L-BMAA, and the ratio of N-acetylaspartate/choline (NAA/Cho), N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) and N-acetylaspartate/choline+creatine (NAA/Cho+Cr) tended to decrease in lumbar spinal cord and motor cortex. This project offers some encouraging results that could help establishing the progress in the development of an animal model of sporadic ALS and L-BMAA could be a useful tool for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía de Munck
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña G Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Solas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ojeda
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Química Médica - Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Instituto de Química Médica - Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Mª Arahuetes
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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441
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Khodaparast N, Hays SA, Sloan AM, Hulsey DR, Ruiz A, Pantoja M, Rennaker RL, Kilgard MP. Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training improves forelimb strength following ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 60:80-8. [PMID: 23954448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper limb impairment is a common debilitating consequence of ischemic stroke. Physical rehabilitation after stroke enhances neuroplasticity and improves limb function, but does not typically restore normal movement. We have recently developed a novel method that uses vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with forelimb movements to drive specific, long-lasting map plasticity in rat primary motor cortex. Here we report that VNS paired with rehabilitative training can enhance recovery of forelimb force generation following infarction of primary motor cortex in rats. Quantitative measures of forelimb function returned to pre-lesion levels when VNS was delivered during rehab training. Intensive rehab training without VNS failed to restore function back to pre-lesion levels. Animals that received VNS during rehab improved twice as much as rats that received the same rehabilitation without VNS. VNS delivered during physical rehabilitation represents a novel method that may provide long-lasting benefits towards stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khodaparast
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
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442
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Faraji J, Gomez-Palacio-Schjetnan A, Luczak A, Metz GA. Beyond the silence: bilateral somatosensory stimulation enhances skilled movement quality and neural density in intact behaving rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:78-89. [PMID: 23871611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is thought that a close dialogue between the primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices is necessary for skilled motor learning. The extent of the relative S1 contribution in producing skilled reaching movements, however, is still unclear. Here we used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which is able to alter polarity-specific excitability in the S1, to facilitate skilled movement in intact behaving rats. We hypothesized that the critical role of S1 in reaching performance can be enhanced by bilateral tDCS. Pretrained rats were assigned to control or stimulation conditions: (1) UnAno: the unilateral application of an anodal current to the side contralateral to the paw preferred for reaching; (2) BiAno1: bilateral anodal current; (3) BiAno2: a bilateral anodal current with additional 30ms of 65μA pulses every 5s. Rats received tDCS (65μA; 10min/rat) to the S1 during skilled reach training for 20 days (online-effect phase). After-effect assessment occurred for the next ten days in the absence of electrical stimulation. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of online-effects of tDCS showed that UnAno and BiAno1 somatosensory stimulation significantly improve skilled reaching performance. Bilateral BiAno1 stimulation was associated with greater qualitative functional improvement than unilateral UnAno stimulation. tDCS-induced improvements were not observed in the after-effects phase. Quantitative cytoarchitectonic analysis revealed that somatosensory tDCS bilaterally increases cortical neural density. The findings emphasize the central role of bilateral somatosensory feedback in skill acquisition through modulation of cortico-motor excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4.
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443
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Pellicciari MC, Brignani D, Miniussi C. Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: a multimodal approach. Neuroimage 2013; 83:569-80. [PMID: 23845429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulations (tDCS) are both established techniques to induce cortical excitability changes. Typically, in the human motor system, such cortical modulations are inferred through changes in the amplitude of the motor evoked potentials (MEPs). However, it is now possible to directly evaluate tDCS-induced changes at the cortical level by recording the transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials (TEPs) using electroencephalography (EEG). The present study investigated the modulation induced by the tDCS on the motor system. The study evaluates changes in the MEPs, in the amplitude and distribution of the TEPs, in resting state oscillatory brain activity and in behavioral performance in a simple manual response task. Both the short- and long-term tDCS effects were investigated by evaluating their time course at ~0 and 30min after tDCS. Anodal tDCS over the left primary motor cortex (M1) induced an enhancement of corticospinal excitability, whereas cathodal stimulation produced a reduction. These changes in excitability were indexed by changes in MEP amplitude. More interestingly, tDCS modulated the cortical reactivity, which is the neuronal activity evoked by TMS, in a polarity-dependent and site-specific manner. Cortical reactivity increased after anodal stimulation over the left M1, whereas it decreased with cathodal stimulation. These effects were partially present also at long term evaluation. No polarity-specific effect was found either on behavioral measures or on oscillatory brain activity. The latter showed a general increase in the power density of low frequency oscillations (theta and alpha) at both stimulation polarities. Our results suggest that tDCS is able to modulate motor cortical reactivity in a polarity-specific manner, inducing a complex pattern of direct and indirect cortical activations or inhibitions of the motor system-related network, which might be related to changes in synaptic efficacy of the motor cortex.
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444
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Farzan F, Barr MS, Hoppenbrouwers SS, Fitzgerald PB, Chen R, Pascual-Leone A, Daskalakis ZJ. The EEG correlates of the TMS-induced EMG silent period in humans. Neuroimage 2013; 83:120-34. [PMID: 23800790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of magnetic or electrical stimulation to the motor cortex can result in a period of electromyography (EMG) silence in a tonically active peripheral muscle. This period of EMG silence is referred to as the silent period (SP). The duration of SP shows intersubject variability and reflects the integrity of cortical and corticospinal pathways. A non-invasive technique for assessing the duration of SP is the combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) with EMG. Utilizing TMS-EMG, several studies have reported on the shortening or lengthening of SP in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. However, cortical, corticospinal and peripheral components are difficult to disentangle from EMG alone. Here, we use the multimodal neuroimaging technique of TMS-EMG combined with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) recording to further examine the cortical origin of SP and the cortical oscillatory activity that underlies SP genesis. We demonstrate that the duration of SP is related to the temporal characteristics of the cortical reactivity and the power of delta to alpha oscillations in both local and remote areas ipsilateral and contralateral to the stimulation site, and beta oscillations locally. We illustrate that, compared to EMG, the EEG indices of the SP provide additional information about the brain dynamics and propose that the EEG measures of SP may be used in future clinical and research investigations to more precisely delineate the mechanisms underlying inhibitory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Farzan
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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445
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Kerr AL, Wolke ML, Bell JA, Jones TA. Post-stroke protection from maladaptive effects of learning with the non-paretic forelimb by bimanual home cage experience in C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:180-7. [PMID: 23756140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral experience, in the form of skilled limb use, has been found to impact the structure and function of the central nervous system, affecting post-stroke behavioral outcome in both adaptive and maladaptive ways. Learning to rely on the less-affected, or non-paretic, body side is common following stroke in both humans and rodent models. In rats, it has been observed that skilled learning with the non-paretic forelimb following ischemic insult leads to impaired or delayed functional recovery of the paretic limb. Here we used a mouse model of focal motor cortical ischemic injury to examine the effects of non-paretic limb training following unilateral stroke. In addition, we exposed some mice to increased bimanual experience in the home cage following stroke to investigate the impact of coordinated dexterous limb use on the non-paretic limb training effect. Our results confirmed that skilled learning with the non-paretic limb impaired functional recovery following stroke in C56BL/6 mice, as it does in rats. Further, this effect was avoided when the skill learning of the non-paretic limb was coupled with increased dexterous use of both forelimbs in the home cage. These findings further establish the mouse as an appropriate model in which to study the neural mechanisms of recovery following stroke and extend previous findings to suggest that the dexterous coordinated use of the paretic and non-paretic limb can promote functional outcome following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Kerr
- University of Texas at Austin, Psychology Department, 1 University Station, A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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446
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Shah B, Nguyen TT, Madhavan S. Polarity independent effects of cerebellar tDCS on short term ankle visuomotor learning. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:966-8. [PMID: 23711765 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), an emerging technique of noninvasive brain stimulation, has shown to produce beneficial neural effects in consequence with improvements in motor behavior. There are not many studies examining the use of tDCS for lower limb motor control and learning. Most studies using tDCS for facilitating lower limb motor coordination have applied tDCS to the lower limb motor cortex (M1). As the cerebellum is also critically involved in movement control, it is important to dissociate the effect of tDCS on the cerebellum and M1 with respect to lower limb motor control before we begin the application of tDCS as a neuromodulatory tool. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cerebellar vs. motor cortical tDCS on short term ankle visuomotor learning in healthy individuals. METHODS Eight healthy individuals practiced a skilled ankle motor tracking task while receiving either facilitatory anodal tDCS to cerebellum, inhibitory cathodal tDCS to cerebellum, facilitatory anodal tDCS to M1, inhibitory cathodal tDCS to M1 or sham stimulation. Pre- and post-measures of changes in cortical excitability of the tibialis anterior muscle and measures of tracking accuracy were assessed. RESULTS Anodal cerebellar, cathodal cerebellar, and anodal M1 stimulation improved target-tracking accuracy of the ankle. This was not dependent on the observed changes in motor cortical excitability of the tibialis anterior muscle. CONCLUSION(S) Polarity independent effects of tDCS on cerebellum were observed. The present study shows that modulation effects of tDCS can occur because of changes in the cerebellum, a structure implicated in several forms of motor learning, providing an additional way in which tDCS can be used to improve motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Shah
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., MC 898, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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447
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Pollok B, Kamp D, Butz M, Wojtecki L, Timmermann L, Südmeyer M, Krause V, Schnitzler A. Increased SMA-M1 coherence in Parkinson's disease - Pathophysiology or compensation? Exp Neurol 2013; 247:178-81. [PMID: 23664959 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder owing to loss of dopaminergic cells. Akinesia - one of the core symptoms of PD - is associated with exaggerated oscillations at beta frequency (13-30 Hz) within the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Thus, enhanced oscillations below 30 Hz are assumed to represent a pathophysiological marker of PD. However, recent data suggest that OFF medication exaggerated beta oscillations within basal ganglia (BG) cortical networks may serve for the compensation of BG dysfunctions. The STN is functionally connected to mesial prefrontal areas like the supplementary motor area (SMA). But, it is still not fully understood how enhanced beta oscillations within the BG exert dominance over the primary motor cortex (M1) thereby yielding motor impairment. The present study, therefore, investigates the effect of dopaminergic state on SMA-M1 functional connectivity using Magnetoencephalography (MEG). MEG data were recorded in 7 patients suffering from PD with preponderance of akinesia during isometric contraction of the right forearm and during rest. Coherence as a measure of functional connectivity between M1 and SMA was calculated OFF and ON medication and correlated with the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS III) and with disease duration. During rest a significant positive correlation between disease duration and SMA-M1 coherence was found ON but not OFF medication. Conversely, during isometric contraction SMA-M1 coherence and UPDRS III were inversely correlated OFF but not ON medication explaining more than 80% of variance. The results favor the hypothesis that OFF medication exaggerated cortical coherence at beta frequency represents a compensatory mechanism rather than a pathophysiological marker per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pollok
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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448
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Opitz A, Legon W, Rowlands A, Bickel WK, Paulus W, Tyler WJ. Physiological observations validate finite element models for estimating subject-specific electric field distributions induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuroimage 2013; 81:253-264. [PMID: 23644000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates subject-specific gyral folding patterns and white matter anisotropy uniquely shape electric fields generated by TMS. Current methods for predicting the brain regions influenced by TMS involve projecting the TMS coil position or center of gravity onto realistic head models derived from structural and functional imaging data. Similarly, spherical models have been used to estimate electric field distributions generated by TMS pulses delivered from a particular coil location and position. In the present paper we inspect differences between electric field computations estimated using the finite element method (FEM) and projection-based approaches described above. We then more specifically examined an approach for estimating cortical excitation volumes based on individualistic FEM simulations of electric fields. We evaluated this approach by performing neurophysiological recordings during MR-navigated motormapping experiments. We recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to single pulse TMS using two different coil orientations (45° and 90° to midline) at 25 different locations (5×5 grid, 1cm spacing) centered on the hotspot of the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle in left motor cortex. We observed that motor excitability maps varied within and between subjects as a function of TMS coil position and orientation. For each coil position and orientation tested, simulations of the TMS-induced electric field were computed using individualistic FEM models and compared to MEP amplitudes obtained during our motormapping experiments. We found FEM simulations of electric field strength, which take into account subject-specific gyral geometry and tissue conductivity anisotropy, significantly correlated with physiologically observed MEP amplitudes (rmax=0.91, p=1.8×10(-5) rmean=0.81, p=0.01). These observations validate the implementation of individualistic FEM models to account for variations in gyral folding patterns and tissue conductivity anisotropy, which should help improve the targeting accuracy of TMS in the mapping or modulation of human brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Opitz
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wynn Legon
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA
| | - Abby Rowlands
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, USA
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - William J Tyler
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, USA.
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449
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Salinas FS, Narayana S, Zhang W, Fox PT, Szabó CÁ. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation elicits rate-dependent brain network responses in non-human primates. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:777-87. [PMID: 23540281 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has the potential to treat brain disorders by tonically modulating firing patterns in disease-specific neural circuits. The selection of treatment parameters for clinical repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) trials has not been rule based, likely contributing to the variability of observed outcomes. OBJECTIVE To utilize our newly developed baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis) model of rTMS during position-emission tomography (PET) to quantify the brain's rate-response functions in the motor system during rTMS. METHODS We delivered image-guided, suprathreshold rTMS at 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz and rest (in separate randomized sessions) to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the lightly anesthetized baboon during PET imaging; we also administered a (reversible) paralytic to eliminate any somatosensory feedback due to rTMS-induced muscle contractions. Each rTMS/PET session was analyzed using normalized cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements; statistical parametric images and the resulting areas of significance underwent post-hoc analysis to determine any rate-specific rTMS effects throughout the motor network. RESULTS The motor system's rate-response curves were unimodal and system wide--with all nodes in the network showing highly similar rate response functions--and an optimal network stimulation frequency of 5 Hz. CONCLUSION(S) These findings suggest that non-invasive brain stimulation may be more efficiently delivered at (system-specific) optimal frequencies throughout the targeted network and that functional imaging in non-human primates is a promising strategy for identifying the optimal treatment parameters for TMS clinical trials in specific brain regions and/or networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S Salinas
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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450
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Muthukumaraswamy SD, Myers JFM, Wilson SJ, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes A, Singh KD, Hamandi K. The effects of elevated endogenous GABA levels on movement-related network oscillations. Neuroimage 2012; 66:36-41. [PMID: 23110884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The EEG/MEG signal is generated primarily by the summation of the post-synaptic potentials of cortical principal cells. At a microcircuit level, these glutamatergic principal cells are reciprocally connected to GABAergic interneurons and cortical oscillations are thought to be dependent on the balance of excitation and inhibition between these cell types. To investigate the dependence of movement-related cortical oscillations on excitation-inhibition balance, we pharmacologically manipulated the GABA system using tiagabine, which blocks GABA Transporter 1(GAT-1), the GABA uptake transporter and increases endogenous GABA activity. In a blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design, in 15 healthy participants we administered either 15mg of tiagabine or a placebo. We recorded whole-head magnetoencephalograms, while the participants performed a movement task, prior to, one hour post, three hour post and five hour post tiagabine ingestion. Using time-frequency analysis of beamformer source reconstructions, we quantified the baseline level of beta activity (15-30Hz), the post-movement beta rebound (PMBR), beta event-related desynchronisation (beta-ERD) and movement-related gamma synchronisation (MRGS) (60-90Hz). Our results demonstrated that tiagabine, and hence elevated endogenous GABA levels causes, an elevation of baseline beta power, enhanced beta-ERD and reduced PMBR, but no modulation of MRGS. Comparing our results to recent literature (Hall et al., 2011) we suggest that beta-ERD may be a GABAA receptor mediated process while PMBR may be GABAB receptor mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J F M Myers
- Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - S J Wilson
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - D J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - A Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - K D Singh
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF103AT, UK
| | - K Hamandi
- The Epilepsy Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
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