Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on motor planning: a multimodal signal study

Motor planning plays a pivotal role in daily life. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been demonstrated to enhance decision-making efficiency, illustrating its potential use in cognitive modulation. However, current research primarily focuses on behavioral and single-modal electrophysiological signal, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG). To investigate the effect of taVNS on motor planning, a total of 21 subjects were recruited for this study and were divided into two groups: active group (n = 10) and sham group (n = 11). Each subject was required to be involved in a single-blind, sham-controlled, between-subject end-state comfort (ESC) experiment. The study compared behavioral indicators and electrophysiological features before and following taVNS. The results indicated a notable reduction in reaction time and an appreciable increase in the proportion of end-state comfort among the participants following taVNS, accompanied by notable alterations in motor-related cortical potential (MRCP) amplitude, low-frequency power of HRV (LF), and cortico-cardiac coherence, particularly in the parietal and occipital regions. These findings show that taVNS may impact the brain and heart, potentially enhancing their interaction, and improve participants' ability of motor planning.

Longitudinal assessment of peripheral organ metabolism and the gut microbiota in an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202510000-00028/figure1/v/2024-11-26T163120Z/r/image-tiff Alzheimer's disease not only affects the brain, but also induces metabolic dysfunction in peripheral organs and alters the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to investigate systemic changes that occur in Alzheimer's disease, in particular the association between changes in peripheral organ metabolism, changes in gut microbial composition, and Alzheimer's disease development. To do this, we analyzed peripheral organ metabolism and the gut microbiota in amyloid precursor protein-presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) transgenic and control mice at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Twelve-month-old APP/PS1 mice exhibited cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease-related brain changes, distinctive metabolic disturbances in peripheral organs and fecal samples (as detected by untargeted metabolomics sequencing), and substantial changes in gut microbial composition compared with younger APP/PS1 mice. Notably, a strong correlation emerged between the gut microbiota and kidney metabolism in APP/PS1 mice. These findings suggest that alterations in peripheral organ metabolism and the gut microbiota are closely related to Alzheimer's disease development, indicating potential new directions for therapeutic strategies.

Protective effects of Salidroside against ferroptosis through PPARG-dependent mechanism in diabetes-related cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVE

This study focused on investigating the benefits and potential mechanism of Sal in Leptin gene knockout mice (db/db) and primary hippocampal neurons.

METHODS

In the current investigation, male db/db mice were administered Sal via oral gavage. Cognitive functions and learning and memory capacities were assessed through the Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests, respectively. Nissl, Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining techniques were employed to gauge hippocampal neuronal damage. Transmission electron microscopy facilitated the observation of mitochondrial alterations within hippocampal neurons of db/db mice. We further quantified Fe2+ levels, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation both in vivo & vitro. Western blotting got utilized to ascertain the relative levels of GPX4, PPARG, Nrf2 protein expressions.

RESULTS

According to the study results, Sal supplement could dramatically relieve db/db mice' cognitive impairment and protect neurons, through the inhibition of oxidative stress and the reduction of neuronal ferroptosis. According to further research, Sal could achieve a direct binding with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) for promoting it to be expressed. When culturing hippocampus-derived primary neurons, adding PPARG antagonist GW9662 or Nrf2 antagonist ML385 could eliminate the effect of Sal.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, the study is the first one that demonstrates the effectiveness of Sal in improving the cognitive impairment deficits of db/db mice as well as its inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and neuronal ferroptosis via PPARG-dependent mechanism.

Hydrogen sulfide and its donors for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: A comprehensive review

This article reviews the potential role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its donors in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common form of neurotrauma with a complex pathomechanism involving cerebral edema, cell death, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. As an endogenous regulatory molecule, H2S possesses various protective effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cellular death. The article discusses the endogenous pathways of H2S production (via CSE, CBS, and 3-MST enzymes) and the application of exogenous donors (e.g., inorganic sulfides and synthetic donors). In addition, novel delivery systems combining H2S with biomaterials, such as hydrogels, electrospun fibers, and nanocarriers, were explored to enhance therapeutic efficacy. It was shown that H2S has a wide range of neuroprotective effects in TBI and may be an important target for future treatment of TBI.

Manner of death prediction: A machine learning approach to classify suicide and non-suicide using blood metabolomics

The classification of the manner of death (MOD) is a critical step in forensic investigations. The process is based on scene investigation, autopsy, histological and toxicological findings. However, in complex suicide cases, these findings may be insufficient to clearly establish the MOD and need potential biomarkers to assist judicial determinations. This study aims to identify specific biomarkers in the blood that could distinguish suicide from the non-suicidal deaths group. Heart blood samples were collected from suicide (n = 45) and non-suicide cases (n = 45) and metabolomic profiles were analyzed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nineteen blood metabolites were significantly different between the groups (p < 0.05); especially, 4-hydroxyproline, sarcosine and heparan sulfate emerged as potential biomarkers for differentiating between the groups. A logistic regression-based predictive model incorporating sarcosine and heparan sulfate achieved sensitivity and specificity values of 73 % and 72 %, respectively. The integration of machine learning with blood metabolomics holds significant potential in forensic science and may apply to the model to adopt in criminal justice.

Molecular pathways of ketamine: A systematic review of immediate and sustained effects on PTSD

RATIONALE

Existing studies predominantly focus on the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms underlying Ketamine's acute treatment effects on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This emphasis has largely overlooked its sustained therapeutic effects, which hold significant potential for the development of targeted interventions.

OBJECTIVES

This systematic review examines the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of ketamine on PTSD, differentiating between immediate and sustained molecular effects.

METHOD

A comprehensive search across databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Global Health, PubMed) and grey literature yielded 317 articles, where 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies included preclinical models and clinical trials, through neurotransmitter regulation, gene expression, synaptic plasticity, and neural pathways (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024582874).

RESULTS

We found accumulating evidence that the immediate effects of ketamine, which involve changes in GABA, glutamate, and glutamine levels, trigger the re-regulation of BDNF, enhancing synaptic plasticity via pathways such as TrkB and PSD-95. Other molecular influences also include c-Fos, GSK-3, HDAC, HCN1, and the modulation of hormones like CHR and ACTH, alongside immune responses (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α). Sustained effects arise from neurotransmitter remodulations and involve prolonged changes in gene expression. These include mTOR-mediated BDNF expression, alterations in GSK-3β, FkBP5, GFAP, ERK phosphorylation, and epigenetic modifications (DNMT3, MeCP2, H3K27me3, mir-132, mir-206, HDAC).

CONCLUSION

These molecular changes promote long-term synaptic stability and re-regulation in key brain regions, contributing to prolonged therapeutic benefits. Understanding the sustained molecular and epigenetic mechanisms behind ketamine's effects is critical for developing safe and effective personalised treatments, potentially leading to more effective recovery.

Ethanol extract of Moschus attenuates glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells by regulating the Nrf2 and MAPK pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moschus is a traditional Chinese materia medica for treating central nervous system disorders. Oxidative stress is a key pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and serves as a critical bridge linking various pathological processes of AD. Previous studies have shown that Moschus can exert neuroprotective effects by inhibiting glutamate-induced neuronal cell damage. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the effects and potential mechanisms of the ethanol extract of Moschus (EEM) on glutamate-induced oxidative damage in HT22 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The components of EEM were identified using GC-MS. An oxidative toxicity cell model was established by exposing HT22 cells to glutamate. Cell viability was assessed through CCK8 and LDH assays, and the modes of cell death were evaluated using FITC-Annexin V staining and TUNEL assays. Intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels were measured with DCFH-DA and MitoSOX Red probes. Intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured with the Fluo-4 AM fluorescent probe. Mitochondrial function was analyzed using the JC-1 fluorescent probe. Protein expression levels of Bid, Calpain-1, Bax, Bcl-2, AIF, P-ERK, ERK, P-JNK, JNK, P-P38, P38, Nrf2, HO-1, Keap1, and NQO-1 were analyzed through western blotting. The distribution of AIF and Nrf2 in the cytoplasm and nucleus was examined through immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

Using GC-MS, 18 major components were identified in EEM. EEM significantly inhibited apoptosis, reduced ROS generation, and alleviated Ca2+ overload. EEM restored mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the expression of mitochondria-related apoptotic proteins, including the downregulation of Calpain-1 and Bax, upregulation of Bid and Bcl-2, and inhibition of AIF nuclear translocation. EEM inhibited MAPK phosphorylation while activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows that EEM protects HT22 cells from glutamate-induced damage by regulating the MAPK and Nrf2 pathways, effectively reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. In summary, this study first demonstrates at the cellular level that EEM exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating the MAPK and Nrf2 pathways. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Moschus against AD and establish a foundation for its potential application in AD.

Estimation of postmortem interval under different ambient temperatures based on multi-organ metabolomics and machine learning algorithm

In forensic practice, the estimation of postmortem interval has been a persistent challenge. Recently, there has been an increasing utilization of metabolomics techniques combined with machine learning methods for postmortem interval estimation. When examining metabolite changes from a global perspective, rather than relying on specific substance changes, estimating postmortem interval through machine learning methods is more precise and entails fewer errors. Prior studies have investigated the use of metabolomics to estimate postmortem interval. Nevertheless, most of them focused on analyzing the metabolomic properties of a single organ or biofluid concerning a specific temperature. In this study, we employ the GC-MS platform to identify metabolites in the liver, kidney, and quadriceps femoris muscle of mechanically suffocated Sprague Dawley rats at various temperatures. Multivariable statistical analysis was used to determine differential compounds from the original data. The machine learning method was used to establish models for the estimation of postmortem interval under various ambient temperatures. As indicated by the results, liver, kidney, and quadriceps femoris muscle samples were screened for 24, 18, and 19 differential metabolites respectively, associated with postmortem interval under various ambient temperatures. Based on the metabolites listed above, the support vector regression models were established by utilizing single-organ and multi-organ metabolomics data for postmortem interval estimation. The multi-organ model showed a higher estimation accuracy. Also, a comprehensive generalization postmortem interval estimation model was established with multi-organ metabolomics data and temperature variables, which can be used for the postmortem interval estimation within the temperature range of 5-35℃. These results demonstrate that a multi-organ model utilizing metabolomics techniques can accurately estimate the postmortem interval under various ambient temperatures. Meanwhile, this research establishes a strong foundation for the practical application of metabolomics in postmortem interval estimation.

Impact of proteostasis workload on sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma

Genomic alterations and enormous monoclonal immunoglobulin production cause multiple myeloma to heavily depend on proteostasis mechanisms, including protein folding and degradation. These findings support the use of proteasome inhibitors for treating multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Myeloma treatment has evolved, especially with the availability of new drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, into therapeutic strategies for both frontline and relapsed/refractory disease settings. However, proteasome inhibitors are generally not effective enough to cure most patients. Natural resistance and eventual acquired resistance led to relapsed/refractory disease and poor prognosis. Advances in the understanding of cellular proteostasis and the development of innovative drugs that also target other proteostasis network components offer opportunities to exploit the intrinsic vulnerability of myeloma cells. This review outlines recent findings on the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular proteostasis pathways, as well as resistance, sensitivity, and escape strategies developed against proteasome inhibitors and provides a rationale and examples for novel combinations of proteasome inhibitors with FDA-approved drugs and investigational drugs targeting the NRF1 (NFE2L1)-mediated proteasome bounce-back response, redox homeostasis, heat shock response, unfolding protein response, autophagy, and VCP/p97 to increase proteotoxic stress, which can improve the efficacy of antimyeloma therapy based on proteasome inhibitors.

Litigation Patterns of Acute Compartment Syndrome: Distinctions Between Orthopaedic and Non-Orthopaedic Cases and Factors Predicting Successful Defense

BACKGROUND

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a medical emergency and a cause of medical litigation across multiple specialties. We sought to compare the characteristics and outcomes of ACS-related litigation levied against surgeons in orthopaedics compared with other specialties.

METHODS

The Westlaw database was queried for ACS-related cases filed within the United States between 1980 and 2023 using the search term "compartment syndrome." Inclusion criteria were defined as all jury verdicts or settlements tied to alleged medical malpractice concerning ACS of the spine and extremities. ACS cases of the abdomen were excluded.

RESULTS

Of 755 cases, 358 cases met inclusion criteria, 150 (42%) of which listed an orthopaedic surgeon as a defendant. A defendant verdict was reached in 203 cases (57%), a plaintiff verdict was reached in 88 cases (25%), and 67 cases (19%) were settled. The mean payout in orthopaedic cases was $3,219,519. Compared with non-orthopaedic practitioners, orthopaedic surgeons were significantly more likely to be named in cases in which ACS was due to surgery or fracture (both, p < 0.001) and in which the basis of litigation was alleged improper cast or splint application (p < 0.001). Orthopaedic surgeons were significantly less likely to be named in ACS cases when the basis of litigation was alleged negligent medication administration (p < 0.001). Only 3 cases (0.8%) mentioned documentation of compartment checks and intracompartmental pressures, and no cases were levied because of unnecessary fasciotomy. Two cases described the use of postoperative regional anesthesia for pain control.

CONCLUSIONS

ACS-related litigation is associated with a considerable financial burden in the wake of substantial morbidity and mortality. Lawsuits against orthopaedic surgeons more commonly involve fractures and cast or splint application, whereas those against non-orthopaedists more commonly involve medication or fluid infiltration. Documentation of close monitoring for symptoms specifically related to ACS and intracompartmental pressure measures may be a valid method to mitigate associated medicolegal risk. Prophylactic fasciotomies have not historically been a source of litigation.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Tannic Acid-Based Injectable Hydrogel Promotes the Recovery of Traumatic Brain Injury by Anti-Ferroptosis

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can trigger a series of complex physiological responses, with iron overload and neuronal ferroptosis playing particularly pivotal roles. These processes exacerbate secondary brain injury and significantly deteriorate neurological function. To address this challenge, this study developed an innovative local drug delivery strategy: an injectable, post-traumatic microenvironment-responsive hydrogel. The hydrogel, composed of tannic acid (TA) and quaternized chitosan (QCS), is designed to alleviate neurological deficits secondary brain injury following TBI through its anti-ferroptosis mechanism. In vitro, a ferroptosis model was established using HT22 cells treated with the ferroptosis inducer RSL-3, demonstrating the hydrogel's antioxidant capacity in the TBI-like conditions. The results showed that the hydrogel significantly restored cell viability, reversed iron accumulation, alleviated lipid peroxidation, and restored mitochondrial function. Further in vivo experiments in the TBI model showed that the TA/QCS hydrogel not only effectively inhibited neuronal degeneration, reduced iron accumulation, and lipid peroxidation but also restored mitochondrial function in neurons. Additionally, the hydrogel significantly attenuated neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes, thereby facilitating neurological recovery after TBI. This study offers novel insights into TBI management strategies aimed at preventing the progression of a secondary injury.

A preliminary study on estimation of postmortem submersion interval of rat cadavers in freshwater through polyamine analysis in tissues

The estimation of postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) has always been an important scientific issue to be addressed in drowning cases. Traditional methods, such as corpse temperature analysis and the assessment of corpse surface corruption, have limitations and cannot meet the need for accurate estimation of the time of death in the mid to late stages. Biogenic amines, as small molecules produced by protein degradation after death, have a certain regularity in relation to PMSI. To further explore the possibility of utilizing polyamines to estimate PMSI, this experiment constructed a rat cadaver model in both laboratory constant-temperature water and natural water bodies. Furthermore, cadaverine and putrescine in the liver and skeletal muscle were detected at different PMSI using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Through statistical analysis, we have constructed eight sets of mathematical models for polyamines-PMSI estimation, and determined the applicable time range through derivative analysis. After evaluation the models, the error rate in inferring PMSI using the fitted equations was less than 30 % within 242 h. The models established in this study could accurately infer PMSI in the mid to late stages of the postmortem period, providing a feasible approach for the drowning forensic issue.

Beyond obesity: lean metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis from unveiling molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic advancement

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now known by the name of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), with increased global incidence, has been recognized as a significant metabolic disorder. NAFLD includes a spectrum liver disease from hepatocellular fat accumulation (isolated steatosis) to an advanced form of liver injury known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which refers to distinct histologic features, including hepatocellular steatosis and injury, necroinflammation, and eventually fibrosis. Nonobese or lean individuals associated with metabolic dysregulation usually demonstrated diverse risk factors compared to obese MAFLD. The presence of normal range body mass index (BMI) and excess visceral adiposity with increased cardiometabolic and renal comorbidities, along with sarcopenia, has been evidenced to be associated with lean MASH. Genetic predispositions accompanying lifestyle and environmental factors contribute to disease initiation and progression. The genetic influence in pathophysiology indicated the significant contributions of the following genes: PNPLA3, TM6SF2, APOB, LIPA, MBOAT7, and HSD17B13, and the impact of their disease-specific variants in the development of obesity-independent MASH. The epigenetic modifications exhibited differential DNA methylation patterns in the genes involved in lipid metabolism, particularly hypomethylation of PEMT. Diet-induced and genetic animal models of lean MASH, including Slc: Wistar/ST rats, PPAR-α, PTEN, and MAT1A knockout mice models, are indicated to be pivotal in the exploration of disease progression and observing the effect of therapeutic interventions. This comprehensive review comprises the molecular and genetic pathophysiology, molecular diagnostics, and therapeutic aspects of lean MASH to enunciate a diagnostic approach that combines detailed clinical phenotyping regarding genomic analysis.

Nanoplastics disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism via the inhibition of PPARγ: a study based on digestive system exposure

Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging environmental contaminants capable of crossing biological barriers and accumulating in organs such as the liver, raising growing concerns about their potential contribution to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Notably, bottled water has been recognised as a major daily source of NP exposure. However, the associations between NP exposure and NAFLD onset, as well as the mechanistic basis, remain unclear. To investigate this, we analysed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016 cycles, using daily bottled water intake to estimate NP exposure and the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) as an indicator of liver fat accumulation. Animal and cellular experiments were conducted to evaluate NP-induced hepatic alterations. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis of liver tissues was performed, and integration with DisGeNET and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) enabled bioinformatic analyses and identification of key regulatory pathways. Epidemiological results revealed a significant positive correlation between bottled water consumption and HSI. Experimental findings demonstrated that NP exposure induced liver vacuolisation, oxidative damage, metabolic disruption, and inflammation in both in vivo and in vitro models. Transcriptomic and database integration revealed that NP exposure suppressed the PPAR signalling pathway, particularly by downregulating PPARγ expression, with excessive ROS generation likely contributing to this inhibition. These results were summarised in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, illustrating how NP exposure may impair PPARγ signalling and promote hepatic lipid accumulation. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that environmental NP exposure may be a contributing factor to NAFLD development and highlights the potential public health impact of the intake of NPs from bottled water.

The key role of the ferroptosis mechanism in neurological diseases and prospects for targeted therapy

Neurological disorders represent a major global health concern owing to their intricate pathological processes. Ferroptosis, defined as a form of cell death that is reliant on iron, has been closely linked to various neurological conditions. The fundamental process underlying ferroptosis is defined by the excessive buildup of iron ions, which initiates lipid peroxidation processes leading to cellular demise. Neurons, as highly metabolically active cells, are susceptible to oxidative stress, and imbalances in iron metabolism can directly initiate the ferroptosis process. In neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, ferroptosis driven by iron accumulation represents a fundamental pathological connection. Although the connection between ferroptosis and neurological diseases is clear, clinical application still faces challenges, such as precise regulation of iron metabolism, development of specific drugs, and assessment of efficacy. The limited comprehension of the ferroptosis mechanism hinders the development of personalized treatment approaches. Consequently, subsequent investigations must tackle these obstacles to facilitate the clinical application of ferroptosis-associated therapies in neurological disorders. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements regarding the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis. Subsequently, the study investigates the mechanistic contributions of ferroptosis within the nervous system. In conclusion, we evaluate and deliberate on targeted therapeutic strategies associated with ferroptosis and neurological disorders.

Effects of iron accumulation and its chelation on oxidative stress in intracortical implants

Long-term reliability of microelectrodes implanted in the cortex is hindered due to the foreign body response that occurs at the electrode-tissue interface. Following implantation, there is disruption of the blood-brain-barrier and vasculature, resulting in activation of immune cells and release of erythrocytes. As a result of hemolysis, erythrocytes degrade to heme and then to free iron. Excess free iron can participate in the Fenton Reaction, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Iron-mediated ROS production can contribute to oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA, facilitating a hostile environment of oxidative stress leading to oxidative cellular damage, cytotoxicity, and cell death. The objective of this study was to show the iron accumulation and the downstream effects of oxidative stress at the injury site. A 16-channel microelectrode array (MEA) was implanted in the rat somatosensory cortex. Our results indicated significant elevation of NOX complex subunits across timepoints, suggesting sustained oxidative stress. In a separate group of animals, we administered an iron chelator, deferoxamine mesylate (DFX), to evaluate the effects of chelation on iron accumulation, oxidative stress and damage, and neuronal survival. Results indicate that animals with iron chelation showed reduced ferric iron and markers of oxidative stress and damage corresponding with increased expression of neuronal cell bodies and electrophysiological functional performance. In summary, the study reveals the role of iron in mediating oxidative stress and the effects of modulating iron levels using iron chelation at the electrode-tissue interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Iron accumulation has been observed in central nervous system injuries and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. While the role of iron is studied in various neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury, iron accumulation and its effect on oxidative stress is not known for intracortical implants where there is a persistent injury due to the presence of a foreign device in the brain tissue. The study seeks to understand the effects of iron accumulation on oxidative stress and damage at the electrode-tissue interface in intracortical implants by using iron chelation as a method of modulating iron levels at the interface.

Mitochondria: the hidden engines of traumatic brain injury-driven neurodegeneration

Mitochondria play a critical role in brain energy metabolism, cellular signaling, and homeostasis, making their dysfunction a key driver of secondary injury progression in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This review explores the relationship between mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolism, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in the post-TBI brain. Mitochondrial dysfunction disrupts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, exacerbates calcium dysregulation, and generates reactive oxygen species, triggering a cascade of neuronal damage and neurodegenerative processes. Moreover, damaged mitochondria release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Cytochrome C, and ATP, triggering inflammatory pathways that amplify tissue injury. We discuss the metabolic shifts that occur post-TBI, including the transition from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and the consequences of metabolic inflexibility. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial dynamics, bioenergetic support, and inflammation modulation are explored, highlighting emerging strategies such as mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, metabolic substrate supplementation, and pharmacological regulators of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate neurodegeneration and enhance recovery following brain trauma.

Testing the efficacy of surface swab sampling to determine postmortem submersion interval (PMSI), using the microbiome colonization of skeletal remains

Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation contributes valuable information in the medicolegal investigation of decomposed human remains, and estimating the postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) can specifically aid investigations involving victims discovered in aquatic environments. Microbial succession-driven models in long-term decomposition studies have utilized the abundant colonizing bacterial community of skeletal remains to estimate the PMSI using bone powder. This study investigates the use of bone surface swabbing as an effective alternative method that minimizes time and resources required for bone sampling and also provides a highly replicable method for decomposition studies. Skeletal porcine (Sus scrofa) remains were caged and submerged in both lentic and lotic environments (Henley Lake in White Hall and James River at the Rice Rivers Center in Charles City, respectively) in Central Virginia from November 2017 to November 2018. Bone surface swabs and water samples were analyzed at 500 accumulated degree days (ADD) intervals, from baseline (0 ADD) to 4500 ADD. Variable region 4 (V4) of 16S rDNA was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq Sequencing platform and analyzed using Mothur (v.1.39.5) and R (v.4.04). Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated a significant difference in bacterial community structure among and between the swab, bone, and water samples (p < 0.001, F = 7.92331), and among and between lake and river samples (p < 0.001, F = 9.38829). PMSI models were constructed using random forest models for lake swabs (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 623.24) and river swabs (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 580.2). Swab samples from both aquatic environments predicted PMSI, albeit slightly less accurately than those previously reported from bone powder (lake: R2 = 0.96, 334.1; river: R2 = 0.94, 498.47).

Decoding the power of saponins in ferroptosis regulation and disease intervention: a review

OBJECTIVES

This review endeavors to elucidate the complex interplay underlying diseases associated with ferroptosis and to delineate the multifaceted mechanisms by which triterpenoid and steroidal saponins modulate this form of cell death.

METHODS

A meticulous examination of the literature was undertaken, drawing from an array of databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and Wiley Library, with a focus on the keywords "ferroptosis," "saponin," "cancer," "inflammation," "natural products," and "signaling pathways."

KEY FINDINGS

Ferroptosis represents a distinctive mode of cell death that holds considerable promise for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting a wide range of diseases, especially cancer and inflammatory disorders. This review reveals the nuanced interactions between saponins and critical signaling pathways, including system Xc--GSH-GPX4, Nrf2, p53, and mTOR. These interactions highlight the dual capacity of saponins to modulate ferroptosis, thereby offering fresh perspectives for therapeutic intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

The insights garnered from this review significantly advance our comprehension of the dynamic relationship between saponins and ferroptosis. By shedding light on these mechanisms, this work sets the stage for leveraging these insights in the creation of pioneering approaches to disease treatment, marking a significant stride in the evolution of therapeutic modalities.

Blood biochemical landscape and new insights into clinical decision-making for polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women: a prospective cohort study

Introduction

The Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women's reproductive and metabolic health, faces diagnostic challenges due to heterogeneous clinical presentations and the absence of reliable biomarkers. This study investigates the role of Glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 2 (GCNT2) in modulating sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and its potential as a therapeutic target in PCOS pathophysiology.

Methods

A prospective cohort of 103 PCOS patients treated with oral contraceptives (2021-2024) was established. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to assess genetic associations and causal relationships between PCOS and SHBG. Molecular docking studies evaluated cryptotanshinone's binding affinity to key proteins (COL1A1, COL4A2, COL6A2) in the PI3K/Akt pathway. GCNT2's regulatory effects on collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix pathways. Pharmacokinetic profiling validated therapeutic viability.

Results

Bidirectional MR revealed significant genetic associations (P < 0.001) and causal links between PCOS and SHBG, implicating GCNT2 as a key modulator. Cryptotanshinone exhibited strong binding affinity to PI3K/Akt signaling pathway proteins and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Enrichment analyses highlighted GCNT2's role in collagen biosynthesis (FDR < 0.05) and extracellular matrix regulation.

Discussion

This study identifies GCNT2 as a critical mediator of PCOS pathophysiology through SHBG modulation and collagen remodeling. Cryptotanshinone emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate, targeting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway with high specificity. These findings advance the understanding of PCOS mechanisms and provide a foundation for biomarker-driven diagnostics and precision therapeutics. Further validation in clinical trials is warranted to translate these insights into practice.

NFE2L1 as a central regulator of proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases: interplay with autophagy, ferroptosis, and the proteasome

Maintaining proteostasis is critical for neuronal health, with its disruption underpinning the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 1 (NFE2L1) has emerged as a key regulator of proteostasis, integrating proteasome function, autophagy, and ferroptosis to counteract oxidative stress and protein misfolding. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of NFE2L1 in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, focusing on its mechanisms for mitigating proteotoxic stress and supporting cellular health, offering protection against neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we discuss the pathological implications of NFE2L1 dysfunction and explore its potential as a therapeutic target. By highlighting gaps in the current understanding and presenting future research directions, this review aims to elucidate NFE2L1's role in advancing treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.

Bioinformatic Analysis for Exploring Target Genes and Molecular Mechanisms of Cadmium-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Targeted Drug Prediction

Cadmium (Cd) is a widely available metal that has been found to have a role in causing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the detailed toxicological targets and mechanisms by which Cd causes NAFLD are unknown. Therefore, the present work aims to reveal the main targets of action, cellular processes, and molecular pathways by which cadmium causes NAFLD. As shown in the bioinformatics analysis, there were 74 main targets of action for cadmium-induced NAFLD, hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK), EPH receptor A2 (EPHA2), MYC proto-oncogene (MYC), lysyl oxidase (LOX), dipeptidyl peptidase 7 (DPP7), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2), dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), CD2 cytoplasmic tail binding protein 2 (CD2BP2), notch receptor 3 (NOTCH3), and phospholipase A2 group IVA (PLA2G4A) were screened as core genes. Testing these core genes in other databases, three differentially expressed genes, HCK, MYC, and DUSP6 were verified and used as targets for drug prediction in DsigDB; decitabine and retinoic acid were screened as potential therapeutic drugs for NAFLD based on the p-value and the combined score. The results of molecular docking showed that the predicted drugs can bind well to the core targets. In conclusion, cadmium is associated with NAFLD; the identified cadmium-toxicity targets, HCK, MYC, and DUSP6, may serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of NAFLD and predicted drugs, decitabine and retinoic acid may have a potential role in the treatment of NAFLD.

Hide and seek with falsified medicines: Current challenges and physico-chemical and biological approaches for tracing the origin of trafficked products

The criminal trafficking of falsified medical products is a worldwide, yet still largely overlooked, public health problem. A falsified medicine fraudulently misrepresents its identity, composition and/or source, often being ineffective or toxic for patients. Although techniques have been developed to detect falsified medicines, it remains a challenge to trace where- and by whom- the products are manufactured. We aim to discuss plausible biological and physico-chemical analytical techniques that could reveal information about the origin of medical falsifications. We first provide a brief overview on the prevalence, criminal activities, health impacts and (bio)chemical features of falsified medical products. We then explore diverse laboratory approaches, that are used in food fraud, illicit drug and wildlife trafficking investigations, and discuss how they could be combined and redirected towards tracing falsified medicine origin and hence empowering enforcement to counter this pernicious but neglected global health problem.

E se tea aqueous-ethanol extract ameliorates D-galactose induced oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2 signal pathway

E Se tea is a traditional herbal tea produced by traditional green tea processing technique from the tender leaves of Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of the aqueous-ethanol extract of E Se tea against oxidative stress induced damage on D-galactose (D-gal) induced mice. UPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS analysis resulted in the identification of eleven compounds inclusive of 1 isoflavone (9), 1 phenolic acid (2), 2 flavanols (1 and 10), 3 dihydrochalcones (5, 8, and 11), and 4 flavones (3, 4, 6, and 7). The quantitative analysis demonstrated that phlorizin (8) had the highest content, followed by phloretin (11) and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (7). The aqueous-ethanol extract of E Se tea significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum, reduced MDA level, and enhanced SOD activity and GSH level in brain and liver tissues. In addition, this extract also remarkably decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) in serum, and inhibited the AchE activity in brain. The possible mechanism might be related to the upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 the expressions by using western blotting experiment. The pearson correlation analysis revealed that phloretin was the possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, and coumaroyl quinic acid was the active compound on AChE enzyme. These findings indicated that E Se tea extract had the protective effect on D-gal induced oxidative stress damage in mice via activating the Nrf2 signal pathway.

Observational protocol on neuropsychological disorders in cardiovascular disease for holistic prevention and treatment

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In view of the close correlation between the functions of the body, which cannot be examined in a piecemeal manner but as an integrated system, a holistic approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the patient. Our study aims to (i) examine the connection between CVD and cognitive deficits; (ii) examine the presence of anxiety and depression; (iii) evaluate the presence of dysphagia, pneumophonic coordination disorders, respiratory and sleep disorders; (iv) analyze the impact of CVD on the caregiver; and (v) evaluate the effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention. At least 218 patients will participate in the survey. At T0, they will undergo neuropsychological, psychological and associated clinical condition assessment through standardized tests. In addition, at least one psychoeducation meeting will be held. After 6 months (T1), the same tests will be repeated, and the effectiveness of psychoeducation will be evaluated. Assessment of associated disorders will provide a comprehensive view of the patient. In addition, it will be observed how psychoeducational intervention can make changes on general well-being. Comprehensive, multi-step observation allows for identification of risk factors, tailoring of treatment, and prevention of future complications.Clinical Trial Registration: registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT06413823).

Dimethyl fumarate attenuates bile acid retention and liver fibrosis in a mouse model of cholestasis

Cholestatic liver diseases are characterized by intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids (BAs), exacerbating liver inflammation, and fibrosis. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a clinically approved anti-inflammatory drug that demonstrated protective effects in several experimental models of liver injury. Still, its effect on BA homeostasis and liver fibrosis has not been thoroughly studied. Herein, we hypothesized that DMF could improve BA homeostasis and mitigate the progression of cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis. The DMF was administered to mice with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced cholestasis for 4 wk. The content of individual BAs in the plasma, liver, bile, intestine, and feces was measured using the LC-MS method alongside the analysis of liver phenotype and related executive and regulatory pathways. The DMF slowed down the progression of DDC-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing hepatic stellate cell and macrophage activation and by reducing c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Notably, DMF reduced BA cumulation in the plasma and liver of cholestatic mice by increasing BA fecal excretion via their reduced Bacteroidetes phyla-mediated deconjugation in the intestine. In addition, DMF was identified as the antagonist of the mouse farnesoid X receptor in enterocytes. In conclusion, DMF alleviates DDC-induced cholestatic liver injury through pleiotropic action leading to significant anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity of the agent. In addition, DMF mitigates BA retention in the liver and plasma by increasing their fecal excretion in cholestatic mice. These findings suggest that DMF warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for human chronic fibrosing cholestatic liver disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic cholestatic cholangiopathies present a therapeutic challenge due to their complex pathophysiology, where the accumulation of bile acids plays a crucial role. In this study, we found that dimethyl fumarate attenuated cholestatic liver damage in a murine model through its significant anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity supported by reduced bile acid accumulation in the plasma and liver via their increased fecal excretion.

Adiponectin ameliorates traumatic brain injury-induced ferroptosis through AMPK- ACC1 signaling pathway

Various forms of neuronal death contribute to neurological injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), leading to irreversible neurological deficits. Among these, ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxides and induced by the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into cellular membranes. Adiponectin (APN), a cytokine secreted by adipocytes, have showed neuroprotective effects by binding to adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs), which are widely expressed in the central nervous system. However, the role of APN-AdipoRs signaling in ferroptosis after TBI remains unexplored. Our clinical analysis revealed a significant correlation between serum levels of APN and 6-month outcomes of TBI patients. Subsequent studies confirmed that TBI-induced ferroptosis was more pronounced in APN knockout mice compared to wild-type mice, while additional APN receptor agonist (AdipoRon) treatment significantly mitigated TBI induced ferroptosis. Furthermore, AdipoR1 knockdown significantly diminished the protective effects of AdipoRon against erastin-induced ferroptosis in primary neurons. Correspondingly, in the neuron-specific AdipoR1 conditional knockout (AdipoR1CKO) mice, neurons were more susceptible to ferroptosis after TBI, leading to increased brain edema and lesion volume, and exacerbated neurological deficits. Mechanically, activation of APN-AdipoR1 signaling promoted adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) -mediated phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC1), thus suppressed the PUFAs biosynthesis, which determines theferroptosissensitivity of neurons. Taken together, these findings provided compelling evidence for the protective role of APN-AdipoR1 signaling against TBI-induced ferroptosis by inhibiting AMPK-ACC1.

The role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: from the perspective of ferroptosis

Iron plays a pivotal role in numerous fundamental biological processes in the brain. Among the various cell types in the central nervous system, microglia are recognized as the most proficient cells in accumulating and storing iron. Nonetheless, iron overload can induce inflammatory phenotype of microglia, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and contributing to neurodegeneration. A growing body of evidence shows that disturbances in iron homeostasis in microglia is associated with a range of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent research has revealed that microglia are highly sensitive to ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death. How iron overload influences microglial function? Whether disbiosis in iron metabolism and ferroptosis in microglia are involved in neurodegenerative disorders and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this review we focus on the recent advances in research on microglial iron metabolism as well as ferroptosis in microglia. Meanwhile, we provide a comprehensive overview of the involvement of microglial ferroptosis in neurodegenerative disorders from the perspective of crosstalk between microglia and neuron, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Engineered nanoparticles for imaging and targeted drug delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer, notably hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), poses a significant global health burden due to its high fatality rates. Conventional antitumor medications face challenges, including poor targeting, high toxicity, and drug resistance, leading to suboptimal clinical outcomes. This review focused on nanoparticle use in diagnosing and delivering medication for HCC, aiming to advance the development of nanomedicines for improved treatment outcomes. As an emerging frontier science and technology, nanotechnology has shown great potential, especially in precision medicine and personalized treatment. The success of nanosystems is attributable to their smaller size, biocompatibility, selective tumor accumulation, and lower toxicity. Nanoparticles, as a central part of nanotechnology innovation, have emerged in the field of medical diagnostics and therapeutics to overcome the various limitations of conventional chemotherapy, thus offering promising applications for improved selectivity, earlier and more precise diagnosis of cancers, personalized treatment, and overcoming drug resistance. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in drug delivery and imaging of HCC, with the body acting as a delivery system to target and deliver drugs or diagnostic reagents to specific organs or tissues, helping to accurately diagnose and target therapies while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. They protect drugs from early degradation and increase their biological half-life.

Metabolomics reveals the mechanism of Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule in the treatment of heart failure

Energy deprivation in cardiomyocytes is a pivotal factor in the progression of heart failure (HF). Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule (ZL) is a widely used Chinese patent medicine that has been employed in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. However, its effects on HF and its impact on cardiac metabolism remain to be elucidated. This study aims to validate the therapeutic effects of ZL on heart failure and analyze its influence on human cardiac metabolism through clinical trials and untargeted metabolomics research. A cohort of 80 HF patients was enrolled, all of whom received conventional treatment (CT) in conjunction with ZL. Primary therapeutic endpoints included left ventricular ejection fraction, brain natriuretic peptide levels, 6-min walking distance, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to identify key compounds, core targets, and pathways implicated in the anti-HF effects of CT combined with ZL. Seventy-six subjects completed the clinical study. Post-treatment, significant improvements were observed in heart function, exercise endurance, quality of life, and TCM syndrome scores. Untargeted metabolomics screening identified 57 differential metabolites in the serum of subjects pre- and post-treatment, including PC 20:2_20:2 and cyclic acid, among others. Of these, 25 metabolites were upregulated, while 32 were downregulated. Pathway analysis indicated that these differential metabolites were involved in riboflavin metabolism, the citrate cycle, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, lipoic acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. The combination of CT and ZL for HF treatment exhibits promising clinical efficacy, potentially mediated through the optimization of cardiac energy metabolism.

B cell-derived acetylcholine mitigates skin inflammation in mice through α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signaling

Chronic inflammatory skin disorders are characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and hyperactivation as well as immune cell infiltration. We investigated whether immune cell-derived acetylcholine (ACh) is a modulator of skin inflammation in mice. Here, we identify skin epithelial B cells as a key source of ACh that damps down inflammation. We used imiquimod (IMQ) to induce inflammatory skin disease (ISD) in mice lacking ACh production specifically in B cells (ChATfl/fl;Mb1-Cre mice). Increased keratinocyte proliferation, epidermal thickening, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines resulted. ACh binding to α9 nicotinic ACh receptor (encoded by Chrna9) expressed on wild-type mouse keratinocytes reduced their proliferation. Chrna9-deficient mice exhibited the same exacerbated ISD phenotype as ChATfl/fl;Mb1-Cre mice following IMQ induction. Our data suggest that B cell-derived ACh maintains skin homeostasis by modulating keratinocyte turnover and controlling immune-related inflammation. Therapeutic manipulation of this cholinergic pathway might mitigate both keratinocyte dysfunction and immune dysregulation in human patients, potentially pointing to treatments for ISDs such as psoriasis and related disorders.

Antiepileptic Effects of Acorus tatarinowii Schott in a Rat Model of Epilepsy: Regulation of Metabolic Axes and Gut Microbiota

As a phytotherapeutic agent with historical applications in epilepsy management, Acorus tatarinowii Schott (ATS) remains pharmacologically enigmatic, particularly regarding its pathophysiological mechanisms. This knowledge gap significantly hinders the clinical application of ATS-based treatments. To explore the potential of ATS in combating epileptogenesis, we utilized a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced chronic epilepsy rat model. Brain metabolomic analysis was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed for screening differential metabolites. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and examined using Spearman correlation analysis. The results show that oral ATS (50 mg/kg) significantly improved the seizure latency and pathology of rats with epilepsy. Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and intestinal flora were crucial for ATS's ability to counteract epilepsy. The therapeutic effects of ATS against epilepsy were investigated with brain metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis, providing the basis for further comprehensive research.

Microbial community profiling for forensic drowning diagnosis across locations and submersion times

BACKGROUND

Drowning diagnosis has long been a critical issue in forensic research, influenced by various factors such as the environment and decomposition time. While traditional methods such as diatom analysis have limitations in decomposed remains, microbial community profiling offers a promising alternative. With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technology, forensic microbiology has become a prominent focus in the field, providing new research avenues for drowning diagnosis. During drowning, microbial communities enter the lung tissue along with the water.

METHODS

In this study, using a murine model, we collected samples from three rivers at random sites at postmortem intervals (PMI) of 1, 4, and 7 days‌ to comprehensively evaluate the differences in microbial communities between mice subjected to drowning versus postmortem immersion.

RESULTS

The α-diversity analysis revealed that the observed Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) for the drowning group on day 1 was 234.77 ± 16.60, significantly higher than the postmortem immersion group (171.32 ± 9.22), indicating greater initial microbial richness in the drowning group. Additionally, Shannon index analysis showed a significant decline in evenness in the postmortem immersion group on day 7 (1.46 ± 0.09), whereas the drowning group remained relatively stable (2.38 ± 0.15), further indicating a rapid decrease in microbial diversity in the postmortem immersion group over time. PCoA analysis demonstrated that differences in microbial community composition between drowning and postmortem immersion groups were notably stable. Key microbial taxa differentiating the groups were identified through LEfSe analysis, with Enterococcaceae (family), Escherichia-Shigella (genus), and Proteus (genus), emerging as significant markers in drowning cases. A random forest model, trained using microbial community data, exhibited high predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.96) across locations and immersion times and identified microbial markers, including Enterococcaceae (family), Lactobacillales (order), Morganellaceae (family), as critical features influencing model performance.

CONCLUSION

These findings underscore the potential of combining 16 S rRNA sequencing with machine learning as a powerful tool for drowning diagnosis, offering novel insights into forensic microbiology.

Deletion of Nrf1α exacerbates oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence by disrupting cell homeostasis

Cellular senescence is recognized as a fundamental hallmark contributing to ageing and various age-related diseases, with oxidative stress playing a critical initiating role in their pathological processes. However, the anti-senescence potential of the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 1 (Nrf1, encoded by Nfe2l1) remains elusive, despite accumulating evidence demonstrating its role as an indispensable redox-determining transcription factor for maintaining cellular homeostasis and organ integrity. This study reveals that deletion of Nrf1α significantly elevates senescence characteristics in Nrf1α-/--deficient cells, as evidenced by two distinct experimental models. These cells exhibit heightened activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase and progressive senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), accompanied by decreased cell vitality and intensified cell cycle arrest. Further investigation uncovers that this acceleration of oxidative stress-induced senescence results from increased disturbance in cellular homeostasis. The Nrf1α-/- deficiency leads to STAG2- and SMC3-dependent chromosomal stability disruption and autophagy dysfunction, albeit being accompanied by excessive accumulation of Nrf2 (encoded by Nfe2l2). The aberrantly hyperactive Nrf2 cannot effectively counteract the escalating disturbance of cellular homeostasis caused by Nrf1α-/-. This study provides evidence supporting Nrf1α's essential cytoprotective function against stress-induced cellular senescence, highlighting its indispensable contribution to maintaining robust cell homeostasis during the senescence pathophysiological process.

From microbial data to forensic insights: systematic review of machine learning models for PMI estimation

BACKGROUND

Estimating post-mortem interval (PMI) is crucial for forensic timelines, yet traditional methods are prone to errors from witness testimony and biological markers sensitive to environmental factors. New molecular and microbial techniques, such as DNA degradation patterns and bacterial community analysis, have shown promise by improving PMI estimation accuracy and reliability over traditional methods. Machine learning further enhances PMI estimation by leveraging complex microbial data. This review addresses the gap by systematically analyzing how microbiome-based PMI predictions compare across organs, environments, and machine learning techniques.

METHODS

We retrieved relevant articles up to September 2024 from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, and Cochrane Library. Data were extracted from eligible studies by two independent reviewers. This included the number and species of subjects, tissue sample used, PMI range in the study, machine learning algorithms, and model performance.

RESULTS

We gathered 1252 records from five databases after excluding 750 duplicates. After screening titles and abstracts, 43 records were assessed for eligibility, resulting in 28 included articles. Our ranking of machine learning models for PMI estimation identified the top five based on error metrics and explained variance. Wang (2024) achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 6.93 h with a random forests (RF) model. Liu (2020) followed with an MAE of 14.483 h using a neural network. Cui (2022) used soil samples for PMI predictions up to 36 days, reaching an MAE of 1.27 days. Yang (2023) employed an RF model using soil samples, achieving an MAE of 1.567 days in summer and an MAE of 2.001 days in winter. Belk (2018) an RF model on spring soil samples with 16S rRNA data, attaining an MAE of 48 accumulated day degrees (ADD) (~ 3-5 days) across a PMI range of 142 days.

CONCLUSION

Machine learning models, particularly RF, have demonstrated effectiveness in PMI estimation when combined with 16S rRNA and soil samples. However, improving model performance requires standardized parameters and validation across diverse forensic environments.

Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Acute Heart Failure and Sepsis: A Comparative Analysis

Background: Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family, plays a crucial role in immune regulation. Elevated sST2 levels are associated with poor prognosis in various inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, including acute heart failure (AHF), sepsis and transplant rejection. Objectives and methods: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of sST2, along with other biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), procalcitonin (PCT) and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), in patients with AHF, sepsis and AHF/sepsis overlap. Results: A cohort of 74 patients was analyzed, and comparison statistics revealed that sST2 levels were significantly higher in the AHF/sepsis group (113.88 ng/mL) compared to the AHF group (42.24 ng/mL, p = 0.024), while no significant difference was observed between sepsis and AHF groups (p = 0.10). Other biomarkers, including hs-CRP and PCT, showed significant differences between the AHF and AHF/sepsis groups. ROC curve analysis identified sST2 as a strong predictor of mortality and readmission, with high AUC values for 30-day readmission (0.821) and mortality (0.87). Conclusions: These findings suggest that combining biomarkers, including sST2, could improve the early diagnosis, risk stratification and management of critically ill patients with overlapping AHF and sepsis. Further studies with larger populations are needed to validate these findings and explore the potential of integrating these biomarkers into clinical practice.

In vivo anti-ulceration effect of Pancratium maritimum extract against ethanol-induced rats via NLRP3 inflammasome and HMGB1/TLR4/MYD88/NF-κβ signaling pathways and its extract metabolite profile

BACKGROUND

Gastric ulcer is a multifaceted ailment of multiple causes and is chronic warranting the discovery of remedies to alleviate its symptoms and severity. Pancratium maritimum L. is recognized for its several health benefits, although its potential against gastric ulcers has yet to be reported.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

This study reports on the effects of P. maritimum L. whole plant (PM-EtOH) ethanol extract at a dose of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight orally for managing ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in rats. The anti-ulceration capacity of PM-EtOH was determined against ethanol (EtOH)-induced rats via biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and western blotting assays. The profiling of the bioactive metabolites in P. maritimum extract was based on Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) analysis. Following PM-EtOH treated group, the gastric glutathione (GSH) level dropped in the ulcer group receiving ethanol was restored to normal levels. Additionally, following PM-EtOH, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the stomach tissues diminished. PM-EtOH treated group displayed recovery and comparable morphology compared with normal group, concurrent with lower levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), MyD88, and NLRP3, along with low expression of Nuclear Factor kappa β (NF-кβ) and high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) proteins. Immune-histochemicals of caspase-3 and toll-like receptors-4 (TLR-4) showed their normalization. These findings imply that PM-EtOH exerts a protective effect on rat stomach damage that has yet to be further tested in clinical trials for treatment of stomach ulcers. Phytochemical profiling of PM-EtOH via UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS led to the identification of 84 metabolites belonging to amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and fatty acids to likely mediate for the observed effects.

CONCLUSIONS

These outcomes provided evidence for the potential of PM-EtOH in gastric ulcers management.

Metabolomic analysis of fatal hypothermia using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry

Introduction

The identification of fatal hypothermia remains a significant challenge in forensic medicine. Metabolomics, which reflects the overall changes in endogenous metabolites within an organism, holds substantial value in the exploration of disease mechanisms and the screening of molecular markers.

Methods

Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (UHPLC‒MS), we conducted a metabolomic analysis of serum, heart, lung, and kidney tissues from mice with fatal hypothermia.

Results

A total of 67 metabolites significantly differed across all the tissues, involving pathways such as the TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation, arginine metabolism, histamine metabolism, and antioxidant-related pathways. Each tissue also displayed unique metabolic alterations. Additionally, we observed significant differences in the metabolomic profiles of kidney tissues from mice with different survival times.

Conclusion

Our findings contribute to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved and provide a foundation for the forensic identification of markers of fatal hypothermia.

Mechanism of valproic acid-induced hepatic steatosis via enhancing NRF2-FATP2-mediated fatty acid uptake

Rationale: Valproic acid (VPA), a first-line antiepileptic drug, can induce life-threatening hepatic steatosis with prolonged use; however, the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately elucidated. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a hepatoprotective factor that maintains redox homeostasis; however, increased levels have been observed in VPA-induced hepatic steatosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the function of NRF2 in VPA-triggered hepatic steatosis. Methods: NRF2 overexpression mice, NRF2 knockout mice, and fatty acid transport protein 2 (FATP2) knockout mice were constructed using adeno-associated virus, homologous recombination, and CRISPR/Cas9 technology, respectively. The mice were then treated with or without oral VPA to induce hepatic steatosis. Results: NRF2 nuclear expression was positively correlated with triglyceride levels in VPA-induced hepatic steatosis. NRF2 overexpression exacerbated VPA-triggered inflammation and steatosis, whereas NRF2 knockout alleviated the effects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that FATP2 is a target gene of NRF2. NRF2 exacerbated VPA-induced hepatic steatosis dependent on FATP2. VPA bound to Cys288 and Arg415 of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), leading to its autophagic degradation and subsequent nuclear translocation of NRF2. Conclusions: Our results revealed a mechanism that VPA binds to specific KEAP1 sites, promoting its degradation and disrupting the KEAP1-NRF2 complex, thereby facilitating NRF2 nuclear translocation. Subsequently, NRF2 activates FATP2 transcription, enhancing fatty acid uptake and contributing to hepatic steatosis. Our findings suggest that inhibiting the NRF2-FATP2 axis could improve VPA-induced hepatic steatosis, offering promising insights into managing drug-induced fatty liver disease.

Life-threatening risk factors contribute to the development of diseases with the highest mortality through the induction of regulated necrotic cell death

Chronic diseases affecting the cardiovascular system, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and various other organ-specific conditions, involve different underlying pathological processes. However, they share common risk factors that contribute to the development and progression of these diseases, including air pollution, hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol levels, smoking and alcoholism. In this review, we aim to explore the connection between four types of diseases with different etiologies and various risk factors. We highlight that the presence of risk factors induces regulated necrotic cell death, leading to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), ultimately resulting in sterile inflammation. Therefore, DAMP-mediated inflammation may be the link explaining how risk factors can lead to the development and maintenance of chronic diseases. To explore these processes, we summarize the main cell death pathways activated by the most common life-threatening risk factors, the types of released DAMPs and how these events are associated with the pathophysiology of diseases with the highest mortality. Various risk factors, such as smoking, air pollution, alcoholism, hypertension, obesity, and high cholesterol levels induce regulated necrosis. Subsequently, the release of DAMPs leads to chronic inflammation, which increases the risk of many diseases, including those with the highest mortality rates.

Unraveling cell death mechanisms in traumatic brain injury: dynamic roles of ferroptosis and necroptosis

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with ferroptosis and necroptosis emerging as key drivers of secondary neuronal damage. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction, exacerbates oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. In parallel, necroptosis, mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPK1 and RIPK3), amplifies inflammation through membrane rupture and the release of cellular components. Mitochondrial dynamics, involving fission and fusion processes, play a dual role in regulating these pathways. While mitochondrial fusion preserves cellular integrity and reduces oxidative stress, excessive mitochondrial fission driven by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) accelerates necroptotic signaling and neuronal injury. This intricate interplay between ferroptosis, necroptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics highlights potential therapeutic targets. Modulating these pathways through tailored interventions could reduce neuronal damage, mitigate neuroinflammation, and improve functional outcomes in TBI patients. Advancing our understanding of these mechanisms is essential for developing precision therapies that address the complex pathology of traumatic brain injury.

ELANE enhances KEAP1 protein stability and reduces NRF2-mediated ferroptosis inhibition in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Neutrophil elastase (Elane) is upregulated in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and has the capacity to promote disease progression. However, the mechanism by which Elane promotes MAFLD development remains unclear. Ferroptosis, which is an iron-dependent nonapoptotic form of cell death characterized by the iron-induced accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been recently considered as an important mechanism for the development of MAFLD. In this study, we used mice of Elane-knockout (Elane-KO) and wild-type (WT), and their primary mouse hepatocytes to establish MAFLD models in vivo and vitro for elucidating the role of Elane in ferroptosis of hepatocytes and MAFLD development. Elane-KO in vivo reduced high-fat diet (HFD) induced hepatic lipid peroxidation levels and the proportion of hepatocyte death, upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and Gpx4, and downregulated Keap1 expression. Treatment with recombinant Elane increased the lipid peroxidation level of hepatocytes, increased the ferroptosis rate of hepatocytes, upregulated the expression of Keap1, enhanced the ubiquitination of Nrf2, and downregulated the expression of Nrf2 and Gpx4 in an FFA-induced MAFLD in vitro model. However, primary hepatocytes from Elane-KO mice presented opposite changes. Furthermore, an in vitro experiment revealed that Elane enhanced the protein stability of Keap1 and thus increased Keap1 expression in hepatocytes by inhibiting the lysosomal degradation of the Keap1 protein. Finally, in vitro Co-IP experiments revealed that Elane increased the protein stability of Keap1 by weakening the binding between P62 and Keap1 and ultimately promoted hepatocyte Nrf2 ubiquitination and ferroptosis in MAFLD. In conclusion, our results suggested that Elane promoted hepatocyte ferroptosis in MAFLD through the P62-Keap1-Nrf2-Gpx4 axis. Elane promotes ferroptosis in hepatocytes from fatty livers. Elane reduces the binding of P62 to Keap1, thereby increasing Keap1 protein stability and subsequently inhibiting the Nrf2/Gpx4 pathway, ultimately leading to ferroptosis in hepatocytes.

Unveiling the Forensic Potential of Oral and Nasal Microbiota in Post-Mortem Interval Estimation

Microbiota have emerged as a promising tool for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic investigations. The role of oral and nasal microbiota in cadaver decomposition is crucial; however, their distribution across human cadavers at different PMIs remains underexplored. In this study, we collected 88 swab samples from the oral and nasal cavities of 10 healthy volunteers and 34 human cadavers. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we conducted comprehensive analyses of the alpha diversity, beta diversity, and relative abundance distribution to characterize the microbial communities in both healthy individuals and cadavers at varying PMIs and under different freezing conditions. Random forest models identified Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Fusobacteriota as potential PMI-associated biomarkers at the phylum level for both the oral and nasal groups, along with genus-level biomarkers specific to each group. These biomarkers exhibited nonlinear changes over increasing PMI, with turning points observed on days 5, 12, and 22. The random forest inference models demonstrated that oral biomarkers at both the genus and phylum levels achieved the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) values in the training dataset (MAE = 2.16 days) and the testing dataset (MAE = 5.14 days). Additionally, freezing had minimal impact on the overall phylum-level microbial composition, although it did affect the relative abundance of certain phyla. At the genus level, significant differences in microbial biomarkers were observed between frozen and unfrozen cadavers, with the oral group showing greater stability compared to the nasal group. These findings suggest that the influence of freezing should be considered when using genus-level microbial data to estimate PMIs. Overall, our results highlight the potential of oral and nasal microbiota as robust tools for PMI estimation and emphasize the need for further research to refine predictive models and explore the environmental factors shaping microbial dynamics.

Glucocorticoids regulate the expression of Srsf1 through Hdac4/Foxc1 axis to induce apoptosis of osteoblasts

Further study of the mechanism of glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoblast (OB) apoptosis is highly important for the prevention and treatment of GC-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (Srsf1) expression was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner during GC-induced OB apoptosis. Knockdown of Srsf1 significantly promotes GC-induced OB apoptosis, while overexpression of Srsf1 significantly inhibits GC-induced OB apoptosis. Mechanistically, GC induces the up-regulation of histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) in OB, and inhibits the expression of transcription activator forkhead box C1 (Foxc1) by reducing the levels of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) and H3K27ac in the promoter region of Foxc1, thereby down-regulating Srsf1. Next, SRSF1 regulates GC-induced OB apoptosis by regulating Bcl-2 modifying factor (Bmf) alternative splicing. From the perspective of alternative splicing, this study demonstrates that Srsf1 and its regulatory mechanism may serve as a new target for the prevention and treatment of GC-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis.

The novel miR_146-Tfdp2 axis antagonizes METH induced neuron apoptosis and cell cycle abnormalities in tree shrew

Methamphetamine (METH) is a synthetic drug with potent addictive, relapse, and neurotoxic properties. METH abuse contributes to severe damage to the central nervous system, potentially causing cognitive impairments, behavioral changes, and neurodegenerative diseases. METH-induced neuronal damage is closely related to apoptosis and cell cycle abnormalities, while gene expression regulator microRNAs (miRNAs) may play extensive roles in this progress, but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. We found that the novel miRNA 146 (miR_146) was downregulated in METH-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in tree shrew primary neurons, while the expression of its target gene Tfdp2 was increased after METH exposure. Overexpression of miR_146 or silencing of Tfdp2 significantly alleviated METH-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in primary tree shrew neurons. These findings provide new insights into the role of the miR_146-Tfdp2 axis in METH-induced neurotoxic injury and offer a theoretical basis for miR_146 as potential therapeutic targets in drug abuse.

Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 alleviates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm by reducing inflammation and endothelial-mesenchymal transition

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the most common fatal macrovascular diseases worldwide which pathogenesis is still not well clarified. In this study, we systematically investigated the alternations of endothelial cell (ECs) functions and phenotypes by single-cell RNA sequencing in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced AAA mice models.

METHOD AND RESULTS

According to 10 × single-cell sequencing analysis, we revealed that ECs inflammation and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) were involved in the progress of Ang II-induced AAA. Three types of ECs, including Mature ECs (uninjured ECs), EndoMT ECs and Injury & inflammation ECs successively emerged during the progression of AAA. By using pseudotime-trajectory analysis, we speculated bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) as a candidate gene, participating in Ang II-induced AAA by regulating EndoMT and vascular inflammation. We found that inhibition of BMP4 ameliorated EndoMT and vascular inflammation in Ang II-induced AAA in vivo. In addition, we found that exogenous BMP4 directly promoted the phenotypic transition, inflammation, cell migration and invasion of mouse aortic endothelial cells via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in vitro. Finally, Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) revealed that biglycan (BGN) directly combined with BMP4 and promoted the conversion of EndoMT.

CONCLUSION

Our findings firstly revealed a critical role of BMP4 in AAA progression, which promoted disease progression by inducing EndoMT and reprogramming ECs from anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory phenotype.

Chlorogenic acid improves SPS-induced PTSD-like behaviors in rats by regulating the crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a long-term delayed mental disorder caused by sudden, threatening or catastrophic life events. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenolic acid rich in Eucommia ulmoides and other plants with potential neuroprotective effects, effectively enhances learning and memory, and exerts a beneficial impact on improving mood and attention. However, the effects and mechanisms of CGA on PTSD-like behaviors remain uncertain. This study is to explore the effects and mechanisms of CGA on PTSD by using network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking and experimental validation, and try to provide new strategies for the treatment of PTSD. The results indicated that 9 core targets with a strong binding affinity with CGA were screened out, and they were mainly enriched in apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The followed vivo experiments indicated that CGA could alleviate single prolonged stress (SPS)-induced PTSD-like behaviors, and improve hippocampal pathological damage, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. Thus, CGA may inhibit hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, reduce neuroinflammatory and oxdiative stress response, and enhance hippocampal synaptic plasticity through regulating the crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby improving SPS-induced PTSD-like behaviors.

Chitooligosaccharide ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice associated with the regulation of Nrf2/NF-κB axis

Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) could recruit and activate microglia, leading to the generation of pro-inflammatory factors, and ultimately neuroinflammation. Chitooligosaccharide (COS) is widely recognized as anti-inflammation bioactive substance, though whether it exerts beneficial effect on AD is unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of COS on AD prevention and treatment. We found that COS ameliorated cognitive deficiency, increased the expression of Nrf2 but decreased Aβ levels and the activation of NF-κB in APP/PS1 mice. In vitro, COS decreased the secretions of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in Aβ25-35 + lipopolysaccharides (LPS) -exposed BV2 microglia. Meanwhile, COS down-regulated the expressions of iNOS, COX-2, NLRP3, caspase 1 and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, while upregulated the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1. Further, COS improved the viability of SK-N-SH cells that exposed to Aβ25-35 + LPS-stimulated microglial conditioned media, and the repressive effect of COS on NLRP3, iNOS, and phospho-NF-κB p65 expressions were markedly compromised upon Nrf2-siRNA transfection. Collectively, COS improved cognitive decline and suppressed neuroinflammation via the Nrf2/NF-κB signaling axis, suggesting COS might be a promising candidate in down-regulating inflammatory responses during AD progression.

FATP1-mediated fatty acid uptake in renal tubular cells as a countermeasure for hypothermia

Hypothermia is a condition in which body temperature falls below 35 °C, resulting from exposure to low environmental temperatures or underlying medical conditions. Postmortem examinations have revealed increased levels of fatty acids in blood and lipid droplet formation in renal tubules during hypothermia. However, the causes and implications of these findings are unclear. This study aimed to analyze the biological significance of these phenomena through lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses of specimens from emergency hypothermia patients and mouse hypothermia models. Both human hypothermia patients and murine models exhibited elevated plasma concentrations of fatty acids and their derivatives compared with controls. Hypothermic mouse kidneys displayed lipid droplet formation, with gene expression analysis revealing enhanced fatty acid uptake and β-oxidation in renal tubular cells. In primary cultured mouse renal proximal tubular cells, low temperatures increased the expression levels of Fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), a fatty acid transporter, and boosted oxygen consumption via β-oxidation. Mice treated with FATP1 inhibitors showed a more rapid decrease in body temperature upon exposure to low temperatures compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, increased fatty acid uptake mediated by FATP1 in renal tubular cells plays a protective role during hypothermia. KEY MESSAGES: Low temperatures increase FATP1 expression and fatty acid uptake in renal proximal tubular cells, resulting in enhanced β-oxidation. Renal proximal tubular cells play an important role in the resistance to hypothermia via lipid uptake. Maintaining renal lipid metabolism is essential for cold stress adaptation.

Role of Thrombosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Intricate Mechanism of Neurovascular Complications

Thrombosis, the formation of blood clots in arteries or veins, poses a significant health risk by disrupting the blood flow. It can potentially lead to major cardiovascular complications such as acute myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke (arterial thrombosis) and deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (venous thrombosis). Nevertheless, over the course of several decades, researchers have observed an association between different cardiovascular events and neurodegenerative diseases, which progressively harm and impair parts of the nervous system, particularly the brain. Furthermore, thrombotic complications have been identified in numerous clinical instances of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Substantial research indicates that endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, and platelet hyperactivation are commonly observed in these conditions, collectively contributing to an increased risk of thrombosis. Thrombosis can, in turn, contribute to the onset, pathogenesis, and severity of these neurological disorders. Hence, this concise review comprehensively explores the correlation between cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of thrombosis in these neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, a detailed discussion is provided on the commonly employed antithrombotic medications in the context of these neuronal diseases.