TAK-003: development of a tetravalent dengue vaccine

INTRODUCTION

Dengue incidence has increased over the past few decades. One tetravalent dengue vaccine based on a yellow fever backbone has been approved, but due to increased risk of severe disease in dengue-naïve recipients, its use is limited to individuals with prior dengue exposure.

AREAS COVERED

We summarize the clinical development of TAK-003, a tetravalent dengue vaccine based on a live-attenuated DENV-2 backbone. We discuss vaccine development and preclinical and clinical work leading to a commercially available formulation. TAK-003 is approved in several countries and the WHO-SAGE recommend TAK-003 to be considered for public programs in high transmission areas for individuals aged 6-16 years. Finally, we discuss the potential role of TAK-003 as part of an integrated multimodal strategy for dengue prevention.

EXPERT OPINION

TAK-003 has been assessed in a comprehensive clinical development program; demonstrating sustained efficacy and safety against all four serotypes in baseline seropositive individuals, and against DENV-1 and DENV-2 in seronegative individuals, and has been well tolerated. Effectiveness in a real world setting and safety will be monitored in ongoing and future studies, particularly for DENV-3 and DENV-4, together with the impact of a booster dose. Overall, TAK-003 shows promise as a new tool for dengue prevention.

Longitudinal assessment of immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 booster immunization and breakthrough infection in blood donors: A multicenter study from 2021 to 2023

Assessing immune responses across diverse populations is essential for refining public health strategies. Blood donors offer valuable insights into community-level immunity. This study aims to investigate immune responses associated with inactivated COVID-19 booster immunization and breakthrough infections in blood donors. This study was conducted in a cohort of blood donors from six centers across five of China's seven major geographical regions, spanning from December 2021 to February 2023. Blood samples were collected before booster vaccination, at 1, 3, and 6 months post-vaccination, as well as 1 month post-infection. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, T cell specific IFNγ levels, and neutralizing antibodies against wild-type and Omicron strains were measured. Platelet count, anti-PF4 antibody, and D-dimer levels were assessed. Demographic characteristics were analyzed to determine their impact on immunogenicity. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and IFNγ levels significantly increased post-booster, peaking one month after immunization. Antibodies continued to decrease at six months, while IFNγ levels remained stable at this point. Pseudovirus neutralization assays revealed elevated neutralizing antibodies following the booster dose, with minimal response to the XBB.1.5 variant. Following Omicron infection, antibody and IFNγ levels surpassed that observed post-booster. Participants aged 36-49 and those over 50 exhibited weaker immune responses post-booster than those ages 18-35, while those with BMI above 28 showed lower IFNγ levels. This study demonstrates the utility of blood donor samples for tracking immunization effectiveness against emerging pathogens, and highlights enhanced immune responses after booster immunization and breakthrough infections, underscoring the need for tailored vaccination strategies for different groups.

A surrogate BSL2-compliant infection model recapitulating key aspects of human Marburg virus disease

Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe infectious disease caused by the Marburg virus (MARV), posing a significant threat to humans. MARV needs to be operated under strict biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory conditions. Therefore, accessible and practical animal models are urgently needed to advance prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for MARV. In this study, we constructed a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the Marburg virus glycoprotein (VSV-MARV/GP). Syrian hamsters infected with VSV-MARV/GP presented symptoms such as thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, haemophilia, and multiorgan failure, developing a severe systemic disease akin to that observed in human MARV patients. Notably, the pathogenicity was found to be species-specific, age-related, sex-associated, and challenge route-dependent. Subsequently, the therapeutic efficacy of the MR191 monoclonal antibody was validated in this model. In summary, this alternative model is an effective tool for rapidly screening medical countermeasures against MARV GP in vivo under BSL-2 conditions.

Thiourea-based novel fluorescence chemosensor for selective detection of mercuric ion and its application in bio-imaging

Sensitive and reliable fluorescence chemosensors for the monitoring of Hg2+ levels are very important for the protection of environment and living systems. Herein, a simple thiourea-based irreversible fluorescence and colorimetric chemosensor L has been devised and characterised by various spectral analysis. Probe L selectively detects Hg2+ ion due to the binding site-signalling strategy, where the pyridine ring serves as the fluorophore unit and the thiourea moiety serves as the coordinating site. The incorporation of Hg2+ ions to a DMSO solution of L shows substantial alterations in the UV-Vis spectrum and fluorescence spectra. This alteration in absorption as well as fluorescence profile refers to the increase in the intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT) and chelation-induced enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) of L-Hg2+ complex. For the Hg2+ ion, the detection limit is reached up to 2.5 × 10-8 M, which is calculated from the IUPAC formula CDL = 3σ/slope. The Job's plot reveals a 1:1 binding stoichiometry between L and Hg2+. Applying Benesi-Hildebrand equation, the binding constant for the L-Hg2+ complex was estimated as 7.54 × 106 M-1. To validate the mechanism involved in the formation of L-Hg2+ complex, the DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed in the gas phase. L has been used well to identify Hg2+ ions in soil samples over a wide pH range. The receptor L was also applied for cell imaging study.

Electronic structures, bonding aspects and photophysical properties of N-heterocyclic carbene manganese complexes: DFT and TDDFT exploration

Here we explored the influence of axial ligands on the structural, electronic, and photophysical properties of Mn(II)(TPP)(1,3-Me2Imd)(L) complexes, where L = -NH3, -OCH3, -SH, -Cl, and -NO2, using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods. Frontier molecular orbital analysis was performed to assess the reactivity behavior of the complexes which exhibit strong nonlinear optical properties due to their high polarizability. The nature of bonding and charge distribution was further investigated through electrostatic potential mapping, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, electron localization function and localized orbital locator analyses. Natural bond orbital analysis was also conducted to identify stabilizing interactions within the species. Our calculations reveal that the complex with an NH3 axial ligand (species 1) possesses a larger HOMO-LUMO energy gap and a more negative electrostatic potential, suggesting lower reactivity due to the electron-donating character of the ligand. Furthermore, TDDFT results indicate strong light-harvesting efficiencies in the visible region (575-735 nm), with species 4 demonstrating the highest efficiency and species 5 the lowest. These findings provide insights into the design of Mn-based complexes for optoelectronic applications.

Recent advances in the discovery of copper(II) complexes as potential anticancer drugs

This review article offers a literature search of the most active, new copper (II) anticancer complexes based on nitrogen-containing ligands, reported in the literature over the past 5 years: from the beginning of 2019, until mid-2024. In the modern world, cancer remains one of the deadliest diseases of all. Although years of the ongoing research allowed us to better understand its nature, and thus aim more precisely at specific molecular targets and pathways, many of its aspects remain unclear. Today, chemotherapy still remains at the forefront of cancer treatment. With the ever-growing struggles to overcome chemoresistance and occurrence of serious side effects, the discovery of new, more selective and active drugs is a task of an utmost importance. At the same time, copper (II)-based compounds offer a wide array of biological activities and valuable biochemical properties. This review article provides the update on the recent advances in the discovery of new potential anticancer drugs among copper (II)-based compounds in the recent five years.

Prospects of Innovative Therapeutics in Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic

The sudden global crisis of COVID-19, driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demands swift containment measures due to its rapid spread and numerous problematic mutations, which complicate the establishment of herd immunity. With escalating fatalities across various nations no foreseeable end in sight, there is a pressing need to create swiftly deployable, rapid, cost-effective detection, and treatment methods. While various steps are taken to mitigate the transmission and severity of the disease, vaccination is proven throughout mankind history as the best method to acquire immunity and circumvent the spread of infectious diseases. Nonetheless, relying solely on vaccination might not be adequate to match the relentless viral mutations observed in emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, including alterations to their RBD domain, acquisition of escape mutations, and potential resistance to antibody binding. Beyond the immune system activation achieved through vaccination, it is crucial to develop new medications or treatment methods to either impede the infection or enhance existing treatment modalities. This review emphasizes innovative treatment strategies that aim to directly disrupt the virus's ability to replicate and spread, which could play a role in ending the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Gasdermin E as a potential target and biomarker for CRISPR-Cas9-based cancer therapy

Gasdermin E (GSDME), a protein pivotal in mediating pyroptosis, has gained significant attention due to its role in cancer pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target. The advent of CRISPR-Cas9, a precise genome editing tool, has revolutionized cancer therapy by enabling the manipulation of GSDME expression and function. This review explores the interplay of GSDME and CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer, emphasizing GSDME's unique mechanism of cleavage-dependent pore formation in the cell membrane and its emerging applications as both a therapeutic target and a diagnostic biomarker. We discuss the potential and challenges of using GSDME-induced pyroptosis as a therapeutic strategy and how can enhance its efficacy and specificity. We conclude by highlighting promising future research directions in this emerging field.

A comprehensive review on anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and antifungal properties of several bivalent transition metal complexes

Transition metal complexes have been recognized as possible therapeutic agents, attributed to their special biological actions, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer. The pharmacological perspective connected with Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Palladium (Pd), Zinc (Zn), and Platinum (Pt) metal(II) complexes is comprehensively explored in-depth in this research. The complexes show unique coordination chemistry and modes of action that help interactions with biological targets, including DNA binding, enzyme inhibition, and the formation of reactive oxygen species. All the metal(II) complexes showed notable potential impact in their perspective activity. Conspicuously, Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes show better antibacterial and antifungal action, while Cu(II) and Zn(II) combinations show higher anti-inflammatory activity. While research is constantly investigating alternative metal-based anticancer drugs like Pd(II), which seem to have lowered side effects, Pt(II) complexes especially cisplatin continue to be the benchmark in cancer treatment. Although the possible pharmacological actions are motivating, problems with toxicity and biocompatibility still provide major difficulties, especially in relation to Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes. Strategies like ligand modification, nanoparticle-based delivery, and prodrug methods are used to increase selectivity and reduce side effects related to metal complexes. This review compiles the most recent developments and continuous research, thereby shedding light on the potential revolutionary power of metal(II) complexes in medical therapy. Understanding their mechanisms and enhancing their safety profiles will help us open the path to creative ideas for addressing some of the most urgent medical issues of today.

Epigenetic reprogramming in breast cancer: The role of CRISPR-Cas 9

Epigenetic alterations are known to be a significant factor in the development and advancement of breast cancer (BC), which continues to be a substantial cause of illness and death in women globally. The emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology has fundamentally transformed our capacity to edit the genome with unparalleled accuracy, providing novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This review examines the utilization of CRISPR-Cas9 to alter epigenetic landscapes to combat BC. We examine the fundamental processes of CRISPR-Cas9 and its derivatives, including dCas9, in their ability to specifically target DNA methylation and histone alterations. The highlighted review showcases the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in reactivating silenced tumor suppressor genes and inhibiting oncogenes. In addition, we analyze the incorporation of CRISPR-based epigenetic editing into current medicines, offering valuable knowledge on the use of combination therapies to improve treatment effectiveness and overcome resistance. This review intends to highlight the revolutionary potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in generating targeted, personalized therapeutics for BC by explaining the present advancements and future applications. The incorporation of this state-of-the-art technology with conventional and developing therapies holds the potential to establish more efficient and long-lasting remedies in the battle against BC, ultimately enhancing patient results and rates of survival.

Beyond antimicrobial resistance: MATE-type efflux pump FepA contributes to flagellum formation and virulence in Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in nature and can readily contaminate various food products. Efflux pump proteins represent an essential group of proteins in bacteria, playing key roles in numerous biological processes. This study investigates the contribution of FepA to motility and virulence apart from antimicrobial resistance in L. monocytogenes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of various antimicrobials and the survival of L. monocytogenes in medium containing these agents were assessed. Loss of FepA increased sensitivity to a range of antimicrobial agents and significantly impaired growth under antimicrobial pressure. We examined bacterial flagellum formation, flagellar gene transcription, and protein expression. Results indicated a marked decrease in flagellum formation in ΔfepA mutants, owing to reduced expression of key flagellar proteins such as FlhF and FlgG. In addition, results from cell infection, virulence genes transcription, and protein expression experiments revealed that FepA deletion diminished bacterial invasiveness and intracellular proliferation, correlating with decreased secretion of virulence proteins, including InlB, InlC, Mpl, PlcA, and LLO. These findings indicate that FepA is integral not only to antimicrobial resistance and in vitro adaptability but also to flagellar formation and virulence. This research helps deepen the understanding of mechanisms underlying drug resistance and pathogenicity in the significant foodborne pathogen L. monocytogenes.

IMPORTANCE

Listeria monocytogenes is a significant zoonotic foodborne intracellular pathogen with a mortality rate of up to 20%-30%. This bacterium employs various mechanisms, including efflux pumps, to enhance its environmental adaptability and maintain infectivity. In this study, we discovered that the MATE-type multidrug efflux pump protein FepA is not only associated with bacterial resistance to multiple antimicrobials but also plays a crucial role in promoting flagellum formation, which is essential for motility and resistance to adverse environmental conditions. Additionally, FepA is involved in the secretion of virulence proteins, facilitating bacterial invasion and proliferation within the host. Our findings reveal, for the first time, that the multidrug efflux pump FepA contributes to flagellar formation and virulence, providing new insights into the mechanisms of environmental adaptation and virulence expression in L. monocytogenes and aiding in the discovery of potential therapeutic targets.

Behavioral risk assessment of exposure to wild and domestic animals in response to a Marburg virus disease outbreak, Ghana 2022

In July 2022, Ghana reported its first outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD). The source of the outbreak was unknown. In August 2022 we conducted a behavioral risk assessment, surveying 715 participants in three rural communities associated with the presumptive index case: Site 1 in Ashanti Region and Sites 2 and 3 in the Western Region of Ghana. Our primary aim was to characterize exposure to wild and domestic animals, specifically Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs), the natural reservoir for Marburg virus. We focused on two primary routes of potential exposure to ERBs: 1) eating fruit bearing bite marks and 2) entering caves or mines where bats were present. Eating fruit bearing bite marks was common across all sites, but highest at Site 2 in the Western Region. Higher levels of education were negatively correlated with eating fruit bearing bite marks, while having fruit trees present on the participant's home compound increased the odds of this exposure. Residents in Site 3 were significantly more likely to be exposed to bats in caves and mines. Participants across all sites also reported high levels of exposure to bats inside buildings; while ERBs do not typically roost in buildings, this presents a potential risk of exposure to other bat-associated pathogens. One participant at Site 3 reported symptoms consistent with MVD in the previous four months, suggesting the possibility of unrecognized cases that may have been associated with the outbreak. This study identified behaviors within the outbreak regions that could increase the risk of exposure to Marburg virus and other bat-borne pathogens. Serological surveys in these communities would provide important information about the extent of the Marburg outbreak by identifying unreported cases, as well as exposure to other filoviruses.

Cleavage efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 system with G-quadruplex-capped single-guide RNA motifs in RNase II and RNase R

Modification of sgRNA has been considered as a necessary approach to enhance the stability and cleavage efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In this study, a rigid G-quadruplex structure was genetically applied to the 3' end of typical sgRNA for protection of RNA from 3'-5' exoribonuclease degradation. The in vitro transcriptional production yields of sgRNAs bearing G-quadruplex structure such as sgRNA3 and sgRNA4 were around 1.4 and 1.5 times higher than the yield of typical sgRNA1, respectively. The results have also shown that appending G-quadruplex motif at the 3' end of typical sgRNAs did minorly affect the cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas9. Interestingly, cleavage efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 system with sgRNAs bearing the rigid G-quadruplex was fully retained in the presence of 3'-5' exoribonucleases such as RNase II or RNase R. In contrast, the cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas9 system with the typical sgRNA1 was significantly decreased in the same condition. This protection of sgRNA through G-quadruplex structure-based modifications might provide a potential approach for improving cleavage efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 system in the exoribonuclease environment.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04354-x.

Exploring the multifaceted roles of resuscitation-promoting factors in tuberculosis: Implications for diagnosis, vaccine development, and drug targeting

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating continued research efforts to unravel its complex pathogenesis and advance diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. Resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) are peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing enzymes that have gained attention due to their key roles in TB infection dynamics. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Rpfs in TB, highlighting their immunological roles, diagnostic potential, and implications for vaccine development and drug targeting through both in silico and experimental approaches. Rpfs exhibit diverse roles in TB, influencing bacterial resuscitation from dormancy, and immune modulation through interactions with host immune cells, such as dendritic cells, and they are potential targets for novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Their ability to stimulate immune responses, particularly interferon-γ production by T cells, underscores their potential as vaccine candidates against TB. Moreover, Rpfs represent promising targets for drug discovery, with inhibitors potentially disrupting bacterial resuscitation and growth.

Natural product-derived ALK inhibitors for treating ALK-driven lung cancers: an in silico study

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-driven lung cancer represents a critical therapeutic target, demanding innovative approaches for the identification of effective inhibitors. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a key protein involved in the pathogenesis of ALK-driven lung cancers, has been the focus of extensive drug discovery efforts. This study employed a comprehensive computational drug discovery approach, integrating virtual screening with the Lipinski filter, re-docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and free energy calculations to identify potential inhibitors from a natural compound library. Utilizing the MTiOpenScreen web server, we screened for compounds that exhibit favorable interactions with ALK, resulting in 1227 compounds with virtual screening scores ranging from - 10.2 to - 3.7 kcal/mol. Subsequent re-docking of three selected compounds (ZINC000059779788, ZINC000043552589, and ZINC000003594862) and one reference compound against ALK yielded docking scores - 10.4, - 10.2, - 10.2, and - 10.1 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds demonstrated promising interactions with ALK, suggesting potential inhibitory effects. Advanced analyses, including MD simulation and binding free energy calculations, further supported the potential efficacy of these compounds. MD simulations, particularly the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) analyses, revealed that compounds ZINC000059779788 and ZINC000003594862 achieved better stability compared to compound ZINC000043552589. These stable conformations suggest effective binding over time. Free energy calculations using the MM/GBSA method showed that ZINC000059779788 had the most favorable binding energy, indicating a strong and stable interaction with the ALK protein. The promising computational findings from this study emphasize the necessity for additional experimental testing to verify the therapeutic efficacy of these natural compounds for treating lung cancers.

Phylogenetic analyses of the spread of Clade I MPOX in African and non-African nations

Recently, mpox has spread in some parts of Africa, such as Congo (DRC), Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya, worsening the situation in DRC and Burundi compared to the other parts of Africa due to the spread of the Clade Ib, with several confirmed and lethal cases. The study aims to analyze the broader molecular phylogenetics using greater complete genome sequences and molecular phylogenetics of Clade I (Clade Ia and Clade Ib), nucleotide diversity of the genome of Clade I, NGA/TCN context of G- > A/C- > T mutations, and epidemiology of the recent spread of mpox in the African countries. Overall molecular phylogenetics of mpox inform the divergence was noted between 0.00220 and 0.00265 and found Clade IIb has further subdivided into 37 sublineages. From our phylogenetic analysis and the tracking of recent mpox variants, we report the spread of Clade I (Clade Ib) of mpox, a virulent mpox, in the African continent, Thailand, Sweden, and USA. Furthermore, two Clades, Clade Ia and Clade Ib, have originated from Clade I. Recently, Clade Ib has expanded its region within African continent. We reported the mutation pattern in the genome. Epidemiological analysis indicates the most affected country is the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This work shows that mpox is steadily adapting as geographic area increases and can help the health authorities develop policies such as vaccinations, and travel restrictions to contain the spread of mpox.

1H-NMR and molecular networking-guided dereplication of phloroglucinol meroterpenoids from Cleistocalyx operculatus buds as neuraminidase inhibitors

A dereplication strategy guided by 1H-NMR and molecular networking resulted in the isolation of two unusual phloroglucinols [(±)-1 and (±)-2], which possess a rare decahydro-2H-cyclopenta[i]chromene skeleton, along with five undescribed phloroglucinol meroterpenoids [(±)-3-(±)-7] from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus. The chemical structures of isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ECD, X-ray crystallography, and DP4+ probability calculations. Compounds (±)-1-(±)-7 were naturally found as enantiomeric pairs, which were successfully separated using chiral phase HPLC. Structural analysis of these compounds suggested a plausible biosynthetic pathway, involving the late-stage incorporation of acetoacetyl-CoA into the 2,2,4-trimethylcinnamyl-β-triketone core, followed by a series of functionalization steps leading to compounds (±)-1-(±)-4. Compounds (±)-1 and (±)-2 exhibited moderate neuraminidase inhibitory activity against neuraminidase enzymes from both H1N1 and H9N2 influenza strains. Kinetic experiments suggested a non-competitive binding mechanism for compound (±)-1.

From gene editing to tumor eradication: The CRISPR revolution in cancer therapy

Cancer continues to be a significant worldwide health concern, characterized by high rates of occurrence and death. Unfortunately, existing treatments frequently fall short of delivering satisfying therapeutic outcomes. Immunotherapy has ushered in a new era in the treatment of solid tumors, yet its effectiveness is still constrained and comes with unwanted side effects. The advancement of cutting-edge technology, propelled by gene analysis and manipulation at the molecular scale, shows potential for enhancing these therapies. The advent of genome editing technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9, can greatly augment the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. This review explores the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing and its wide range of tools. The study focuses on analyzing the effects of CRISPR-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) on cancer immunotherapy, specifically by gene knockdown or knockin. In addition, the study emphasizes the utilization of CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening to identify targets, the potential of spatial CRISPR genomics, and the extensive applications and difficulties of CRISPR-Cas9 in fundamental research, translational medicine, and clinical environments.

Identification of new immune target and signaling for cancer immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has become one of the innovative treatments in malignancy as it activates the immune system to find and eliminate malignant cells. The tumor immunology interface has become increasingly intricate, making the identification of new immune targets and signalling pathways on which to base improved therapeutic strategies an ongoing process. This review, we goal to clarify the contacts between cancer and immune system with a focus on immune surveillance as well as immune evasion mechanisms. Comprehensive immunotherapeutic therapies are overviewed with ICI (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1), CAR-T cell therapy, and cancer vaccines whereas, advanced therapies targeting new immune checkpoints are also elucidated including TIM-3, LAG-3, and TIGIT. The JAK/STAT, MAPK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways are reviewed with regards to cancer progression and immunotherapeutic resistance. The dysregulation of these pathways gives hope for the identification of fresh targets for therapy. Genomics, proteomics, immunopeptidomics, single cell mass spectrometry, CRISPR-based functional genomics and bioinformatics are described as essential for immune target identification and for mapping of cancer relevant signaling pathways. This review also considers some emerging issues in the subject area like the tumor heterogeneity, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and personalized treatment. These barriers are described to facilitate the understanding of ways to overcome them and increase the efficacy of immunotherapies through combination therapies. This means that by developing new knowledge of immunological targets and pathways, immunoprecision medicine for cancer could greatly enhance outcomes.

Proctitis and Other Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Mpox Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Mpox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is primarily recognized for its dermatologic and systemic symptoms. However, emerging evidence suggests a significant prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations, particularly proctitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Despite the growing clinical recognition of these symptoms, their epidemiology and impact remain poorly understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to quantify the prevalence of GI manifestations in Mpox patients and assess their clinical significance.

Methods

A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, including quantitative studies published up until October 2024 that reported GI manifestations in Mpox patients. Screening and data extraction were performed using Nested Knowledge software, and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using R version 4.4, with heterogeneity evaluated via the I 2 statistic. Sensitivity analyses and publication bias were assessed using Doi plots and the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index.

Results

Out of 1229 records, 33 studies met the eligibility criteria, yielding a pooled prevalence of proctitis in Mpox patients at 24.75% (95% CI: 18.93%-31.04%) across 5878 participants, with high heterogeneity (I 2 = 94.8%). The prediction interval for proctitis ranged from 1.46% to 61.76%. The pooled prevalence of other GI manifestations was 30.45% (95% CI: 18.27%-44.14%) across 2237 participants, with significant heterogeneity (I 2 = 95.2%) and a prediction interval ranging from 0.00% to 85.28%. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of these estimates, while publication bias was indicated by LFK index values exceeding 2.77.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis highlights the substantial burden of GI manifestations in Mpox, particularly proctitis, with considerable variability across studies. The findings underscore the need for standardized diagnostic criteria and increased clinical recognition of GI symptoms in Mpox management. Further research into the underlying pathophysiology and integrating GI symptom assessment into Mpox surveillance and treatment strategies could enhance diagnostic accuracy and patient care outcomes.

Recent SARS-CoV-2 evolution trajectories indicate the emergence of Omicron's several subvariants and the current rise of KP.3.1.1 and XEC

The recent COVID-19 pandemic is one of the quickest-evolving pandemics in the world history. Therefore, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 needs to be tracked consistently. Various VOIs, VOCs, and recent subvariants of Omicron have emerged from the dynamically evolving SARS-CoV-2. Various offspring of the Omicron subvariants have emerged since its origin, including lineages such as BA, BQ, and XBB, as well as more recent subvariants like BA.2.86, JN.1, JN.11.1, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, and XEC. The study evaluated the overall and one year evolutionary patterns, genome diversity, divergence event, transmission and geographical distributions, circulating frequency, entropy diversity, mutational diversity, risk mutations in S-protein and mutational fitness of the subvariants. The study estimated the substitution rate of all variants and subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 since its origin (32.001 × 10-4 subs/year). The geographical distributions of the recent KP.3.1.1 and XEC subvariant indicated its distribution in North America, South America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Simultaneously, genome mutational landscapes were noted, including Spike and RBD mutations. We found that JN.1, JN.1.11.1, KP.3, KP.3.1.1 and XEC subvariants have gained the highest mutational fitness in Europe and North America. Our study indicates that the rapid evolution and highest frequency of mutational fitness have created a variety of subvariants from Omicron. It also indicates a shift from waves to mini-waves. Finally, our possible explanation is that mutation-driven divergent evolution contributes to the emergence of recent subvariants.

Mpox virus (MPXV): comprehensive analysis of pandemic risks, pathophysiology, treatments, and mRNA vaccine development

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV), which has recently attracted global attention due to its potential for widespread outbreaks. Initially identified in 1958, MPXV primarily spreads to humans through contact with infected wild animals, particularly rodents. Historically confined to Africa, the virus has expanded beyond endemic regions, with notable outbreaks in Europe and North America in 2022, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the current Mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of MPXV, along with current treatment strategies and the role of mRNA vaccines. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the changing dynamics of Mpox transmission, which are influenced by factors such as waning immunity from smallpox vaccinations and increased global interconnectedness. The potential for developing multi-epitope vaccines that can stimulate robust immune responses is highlighted, showcasing how bioinformatics can facilitate the identification of immunogenic antigens. Continued research and investment in vaccine development are crucial to address the urgent need for effective candidates that can protect at-risk populations. In summary, this review underscores the necessity for proactive public health measures and collaborative efforts among healthcare authorities, researchers, and communities to mitigate the impact of Mpox and enhance global preparedness for future outbreaks.

Copper-quercetin complexes: methods of study, relevance to cell death pathways, therapeutic applications

Copper-quercetin complexes, CuQ, have been an active area of research for several decades. In vitro experiments show complexes are better antioxidants than quercetin alone. There seems to be a synergy effect. Cancer cell culture experiments also show prooxidant and DNA damaging properties which may be exploitable in cancer cell therapy. The effect of copper in combination with quercetin on cell death pathways needs to be investigated, especially regarding the cuproptosis pathway. CuQ complexes may require formulations similar to quercetin. The use of nanoparticles has enabled practical formulations of quercetin and/or their complexes to be made which guarantee stability, satisfactory bioavailability, and clinical effectiveness. In vivo studies are also being reported as well of planning of applications including skin infections and bone healing. Zn, Cu and quercetin tested on mice shows strong potential to treat Androgenic Alopecia. Copper-quercetin complexes seem to be easy to make and have good pharmacological potential in antimicrobial function, osteogenesis, angiogenesis and cancer treatment. Complexes such as those involving phenoanthroline, quercetin and copper may be found to be superior and zinc might be better for cancer therapy.

Pseudomonadaceae increased the tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes to sanitizers in multi-species biofilms

The persistence of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in food processing facilities may be facilitated by the formation of multi-species biofilms by environmental microbiota. This study aimed to determine whether multi-species biofilm formation results in an increased tolerance of L. monocytogenes in biofilms to the sanitizers benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA) at concentrations commonly used in food processing facilities. Biofilms composed of microbiota previously shown to co-occur with L. monocytogenes in tree fruit packing facilities (i.e., Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Microbacteriaceae) were formed with L. monocytogenes in single- and multi-family assemblages. Multi-family biofilms were exposed to 250 or 500 ppm of PAA, or 200 ppm of BAC to determine the die-off kinetics of L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the ability of a commercial biofilm remover to disrupt biofilms and inhibit bacteria in the formed single- and multi-family assemblage biofilms was assessed. The die-off kinetics of total bacteria and L. monocytogenes in biofilm assemblages throughout the exposure to a sanitizer was determined using the aerobic plate count and the most probable number methods, respectively. Biofilm assemblages that included Pseudomonadaceae resulted in an increased tolerance of L. monocytogenes to BAC and PAA compared to biofilm assemblages without Pseudomonadaceae. Further, the use of the biofilm remover significantly disrupted biofilms and reduced the concentration of L. monocytogenes in single- and multi-family biofilms by 5 or more logarithmic units. These findings highlight the need to improve the control of biofilm-forming microbiota in food processing facilities to mitigate the persistence of L. monocytogenes.

The emergence of oropouche fever: A potential new threat?

Oropouche fever, caused by the Oropouche virus (OROV), has become a significant public health concern. Recent outbreaks highlight its increasing global spread, driven by environmental, social, and ecological factors. The disease presents clinical similarities to other arboviral infections, making accurate diagnosis essential for effective management and prevention. This article examines the epidemiological patterns of Oropouche fever, including its geographic distribution and outbreak drivers. It explores the clinical manifestations of the disease, focusing on common symptoms, complications such as fatal cases and fetal abnormalities, and the necessity of differential diagnosis. The pathophysiology of OROV infection is analyzed, detailing viral entry mechanisms, immune responses, and the role of vectors in transmission. Additionally, we assess diagnostic challenges, comparing serological and molecular methods while identifying their limitations. Therapeutic strategies are also reviewed, including symptomatic treatments and potential antiviral candidates. Findings indicate that OROV infections mimic other arboviral diseases, complicating clinical diagnosis. Current diagnostic tools have limitations in accuracy and accessibility, particularly in resource-limited settings. Symptomatic treatment remains the primary approach, as no specific antiviral therapies or vaccines exist. The study identifies gaps in diagnostic development, vaccine research, and public health surveillance. Oropouche fever threatens global health, necessitating improved surveillance, diagnostic tools, and targeted research efforts. Enhancing epidemiological studies and developing effective vaccines will mitigate its impact. Strengthening public health strategies can help control the spread of OROV and reduce its burden on affected populations.

Virtual screening and identification of potent phytoconstituents from Acorus calamus L. as inhibitors of Monkeypox virus infection

BACKGROUND

The threat posed by the Monkeypox (Mpox) disease has re-emerged globally while the world strives to recover from the Corona Virus Disease -19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The World Health Organization has declared Mpox a global health emergency. Monkeypox virus (MPXV), the causative agent of Mpox disease, is a zoonotic, large, enveloped, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that belongs to the Orthopoxviridae genus. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA has approved repurposed antiviral agents Cidofovir and Tecovirimat as the primary treatment options for Mpox, however, they project systemic toxicity and have underwhelming clinical data. A plethora of medicinal plant compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids have awide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-stimulating potentials. Since many of them are being studied in modern research to discover an active drug candidate, we turned to medicinal plants to explore potent antiviral compounds.

METHODS

In the present study, we aimed to screen phytoconstituents ofAcorus calamusL. (AC) against four essential virulence enabling proteins D8L, A48R, D13L, and A42R of MPXV byin silicoapproach. Further, we have elucidated pharmaceutical-relevant parameters of hit compounds through their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties as well as drug-likeness parameters.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that AC phytoconstituents such as β-Sitosterol against A42R and D8L, Lucenin-2 against D13L and Zingiberene against A48R showed the strongest binding affinities, respectively. Moreover, Galangin could prominently interact with all four proteins with lower binding energy and higher affinity. All top phytoconstituents obeyed Lipinski's RO5 and drug-likeness properties.

CONCLUSIONS

The phytoconstituents of AC can act as potent inhibitors of essential virulence enabling proteins of MPXV. Thus, we recommend further experimental investigations to validate the promising results of thepresent in silico study.

Magnetic 2D Transition-Metal-Based Nanomaterials in Biomedicine: Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Therapy

Severe systemic toxicity and poor targeting efficiency remain major limitations of traditional chemotherapy, emphasising the need for smarter drug delivery systems. Magnetic 2D transition-metal-based nanomaterials offer a promising approach, as they can be designed to combine high drug loading, precise targeting, and controlled release. The key material classes-transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal carbides/nitrides, transition metal oxides, and metal-organic frameworks-share important physicochemical properties. These include high surface-to-volume ratios, tuneable functionalities, and efficient intracellular uptake. Incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into these 2D structures broadens their potential beyond drug delivery, through enabling multimodal therapeutic strategies such as hyperthermia induction, real-time imaging, and photothermal or photodynamic therapy. This review outlines the potential of magnetic 2D transition-metal-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications by evaluating their therapeutic performance and biological response. In parallel, it offers a critical analysis of how differences in physicochemical properties influence their potential for specific cancer treatment applications, highlighting the most promising uses of each in bionanomedicine.

The resurgence of monkeypox virus: a critical global health challenge and the need for vigilant intervention

The resurgence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus historically regarded as endemic to the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa, represents a significant and evolving global health challenge. Waning Orthopoxvirus immunity following the cessation of smallpox vaccination and inequitable vaccine access have increased susceptibility, especially in resource-limited settings. Combined with urbanization, environmental degradation, global travel, and human-wildlife interactions, these factors have driven MPXV beyond its traditional regions. Notably, recent outbreaks in non-endemic countries have exhibited a distinct epidemiological shift, with a higher incidence among men who have sex with men, often in the absence of travel history to endemic areas, underscoring evolving transmission dynamics. This review provides a comprehensive examination of MPXV's epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission mechanisms, highlighting the complexities of its containment. Key challenges-including surveillance gaps, vaccine inequities, and limited access to diagnostics and therapeutics-are compounded by unresolved controversies over MPXV's natural reservoirs and respiratory transmissibility, as well as critical research gaps in zoonotic spillover mechanisms and long-term immunity. Addressing these issues demands global collaboration to leverage next-generation vaccines and antivirals, paired with an integrated public health response: enhanced surveillance, targeted education, and equitable resource allocation. Sustaining these efforts is vital to curbing MPXV's resurgence and preventing its entrenchment as a global health threat.

Adults in Ghana generate higher and more durable neutralising antibody titres following primary course COVID-19 vaccination than matched UK adults: The HERITAGE Study

BACKGROUND

Little data exist on the COVID-19 vaccine response in African countries who despite having high disease burden, have low COVID-19 mortality rates. We investigated the longitudinal immune response in a West-African urban population upon COVID-19 vaccination, two years after the start of the pandemic.

METHODS

The HERITAGE study is a prospective cohort study of 301 residents of Accra, Ghana. Participants received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine (AZD1222 or BNT162b2) from December 2021 and were followed-up for 12 months. COVID-19 status was determined by RT-PCR at seven time points. Serological responses, including anti-Nucleocapsid IgG, anti-Spike IgG and live-virus neutralisation were determined at four time points during the 12 months follow-up.

RESULTS

COVID-19 positivity was 19.3% at baseline and reduced rapidly upon vaccination. Serological analyses indicated previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in 80.5% of the HERITAGE participants. After vaccination, neutralising antibody titres (NAbTs) against six different SARS-CoV-2 variants significantly (p < 0.001) increased, with fold changes (FC) ranging from 1.87 to 4.59. Highest NAbTs were recorded in the previously exposed group. Participants without prior exposure showed a continues increase in NAbTs between months 3 and 12 for circulating variants (Omicron B.A2 (FC 2.44, p < 0.001) and XBB.1.5 (FC 1.91, p = 0.05)). By comparison a matched cohort from the UK-based LEGACY study showed generally lower NAbTs at baseline (HERITAGE vs LEGACY for Wild-type: 250.3 vs 141.3, p < 0.0001, for A.27 84.6 vs 43.2, p = 0.0129, for Eta 159.7 vs 118.1, p = 0.3428, for Delta 158.6 vs 10.0, p < 0.0001, for Omicron B.A2 153.7 vs 10.0, p < 0.0001) and after receiving the vaccine (HERITAGE vs LEGACY for Wild-type: 882.6 vs 337.7, p < 0.0001, for A.27 552.0 vs 227.7, p = 0.0001, for Eta 682.2 vs 295.3, p < 0.0001, for Delta 557.6 vs 165.1, p < 0.0001, for Omicron B.A2 283.3 vs 124.2, p < 0.0001). NAbTs kinetics between the two cohorts were more similar when analysis was restricted to previously unexposed participants when adjusted for circulating variants during the sampling period.

CONCLUSIONS

Two doses of AZD1222 or BNT162b2 significantly increased existing NAbTs against SARS-CoV-2 in a highly exposed population, showing durable boosting of pre-existing infection-induced immunity. This indicates the importance of considering local population exposure in vaccination design and deployment.

New hope and promise with CRISPR-Cas9 technology for the treatment of HIV

The commencement of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy almost completely stopped viral replication, enabling the immune system to restore its full functionality. The rise in life expectancy has resulted in a decrease in the incidence of classical infections and HIV-associated cancers. HAART has raised concerns, including its exorbitant cost (which hinders its implementation in developing nations), the need for strict adherence, and the potential for both immediate and prolonged ill effects. Lipodystrophy is a significant long-term consequence of HIV that may result in central fat accumulation and severe peripheral fat depletion. Current initiatives to tackle these difficulties include the global expansion of access to HAART, the development of novel drugs that mitigate early side effects, and the introduction of once-daily drug combinations that enhance adherence. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has facilitated the creation of a powerful instrument for precise gene editing. This method has lately established itself as the gold standard for efficient HIV-1 genome editing in HIV therapy, owing to progress in related disciplines. CRISPR may be customized to cleave specific sequences by altering Cas9. This article offers a concise overview of promising CRISPR-Cas9 technology. This technique has the potential to halt the transmission of HIV-1 and alleviate its symptoms. CRISPR-Cas9 technology will be significant in the fight against HIV-1 in the future.

Heterozygous interferon signaling deficient mice as animal models for Chikungunya virus infection in the heart

Although chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-caused cardiovascular diseases are frequently reported in clinics, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, which is primarily due to a lack of animal models. In this study, we report that CHIKV infection in homozygous interferon α/β receptor-deficient (ifnar1-/-) and interferon α/β/γ receptor-deficient (ifnag-/-) mice resulted in high viral loads in the hearts as early as day (D) 1 post-infection (p.i.) but with 100% mortality within three days p.i. In contrast, the heterozygous ifnar1+/-and ifnag+/- mice survived CHIKV infection and bore higher viral burdens in the heart tissues than the wild-type (WT) controls. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed that more leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, infiltrated the heart of ifnag+/- and ifnar1+/- mice than WT mice. In addition, the Hematoxylin and Eosin staining analysis showed that CHIKV infection caused vasculitis in the left ventricles on D5 p.i. in both heterozygous groups and the vacuole formation and pyknosis in ifnar1+/- mice. Moreover, CHIKV infection may also lead to cardiac fibrosis, as indicated by the upregulation of the expression of the Connective Tissue Growth Factor gene in the hearts of ifnar1+/- mice. In summary, our data suggest that the heterozygous ifnar1+/- and ifnag+/- mice are invaluable for studying pathogenesis and testing therapeutic interventions for CHIKV-caused cardiac diseases.

Predicting cardiovascular risk with hybrid ensemble learning and explainable AI

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still one of the leading causes of death globally, underscoring the importance of early and right risk prediction for effective preventive measures and therapeutic approaches. This study proposes an innovative hybrid ensemble learning framework that combines state-of-the-art machine learning models and explainable AI approaches to risk prediction for cardiovascular disease. Using a range of publicly accessible datasets, the suggested structure incorporates Gradient Boosting, CatBoost, and Neural Networks using a stacked ensemble architecture, resulting in more robust predictive performance than the constituent models. This is particularly interesting when visualised through techniques such as SHAP values, t-SNE and PCA projections which allows the study to explore the multidimensional aspects of the relationships between key risk factors including systolic/diastolic blood pressure, BMI, cholesterol-glucose ratio, alongside various lifestyle parameters. They build further on model interpretability through explainable AI methods so that clinicians can observe the involvement of each feature in generating the predictions. The hybrid model demonstrated strong predictive performance with an AUC-ROC score of 0.82, and confusion matrices showing a well-balanced classification of both positive and negative cases - achieving Precision: 81%, Recall: 83%, and F1-Score: 82% on the test dataset. The results highlight the potential of ensemble learning for addressing complex medical prediction problems and the need for models to be interpretable to ensure the trustworthiness of AI systems in healthcare settings. These findings provide an exciting opportunity toward better models of CVD risk prediction, potentially providing healthcare stakeholders with interpretable means to target treatments.

Firocoxib nanocrystals: Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs

This study aimed to develop drug nanocrystals to enhance the aqueous solubility of firocoxib, an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of pain in the veterinary field. Different non-ionic stabilizers were evaluated to obtain firocoxib nanocrystals with reduced particle size, increased saturation solubility, and adequate storage stability. Optimization using the Box-Behnken design resulted in nanocrystals with a particle size of < 200 nm. In vitro dissolution testing demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase in drug dissolution compared to the pure drug. Safety assessment in Galleria mellonella L. larvae revealed any acute toxicity below a dosage of 50 times. In the pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs, the nanocrystals improved Cmax in 2x compared to commercial product. Physicochemical stability was maintained over 12 months, with reduced variability in particle size and a PdI < 0.3. Additionally, an exploratory scale-up study successfully produced 3000 g of firocoxib nanocrystals with particle size < 400 nm. These findings suggest that firocoxib nanocrystals have the potential to enhance drug absorption and enabling faster symptom relief from inflammation and pain in dogs.

Interlaboratory validation trial report on multiplex real-time PCR method for molecular serotyping and identification of the 30 major clonal complexes of Listeria monocytogenes circulating in food in Europe

The performance of a new method developed in 2021 by the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Listeria monocytogenes based on 12 multiplex real-time PCR, allowing the identification of the molecular serotype and the 30 major L. monocytogenes multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes (CC), was assessed through a European interlaboratory validation trial (ILVT). This ILVT was adapted from ISO standard 16140 part 6. Overall, 98 blinded pure strains of Listeria (monocytogenes or spp.), previously characterized by the EURL, were sent to 15 laboratories distributed in 11 countries. The molecular serotype had to be identified for 20 strains of the ILVT panel, while CC identification had to be performed for the whole panel. The results of the 12 multiplex real-time PCR were reproducible between the participating laboratories with high individual concordance values for molecular serotyping (100%) and CC identification (90.8%-100%) irrespective of DNA extraction protocols, PCR master mixes, and thermocycler diversity. Master mixes identified as incompatible with some of the multiplex real-time PCR were excluded from the method. The overall concordance of the results was sufficient for the method to be confidently applied in other laboratories involved in L. monocytogenes typing.IMPORTANCEThis interlaboratory validation trial, coordinated by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, was the final step to assess the performance of the multiplex real-time PCR method developed and published by B. Félix, K. Capitaine, S. Te, A. Felten, et al. (Microbiol Spectr 11:e0395422, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03954-22). Different combinations of parameter settings were applied in 15 French and European laboratories involved in L. monocytogenes typing. It was a prerequisite to establish this new real-time PCR method as a standard for rapid molecular serotyping and clonal complex identification. The accuracy and reproducibility of the results obtained on the panel of 98 strains of L. monocytogenes sent to the participants proved that the real-time PCR was suitable for use in their conditions. Rapid screening of strains is therefore now possible, and the method provides a valuable tool for epidemiological investigations to identify food-associated strains during listeriosis outbreaks.

Active compounds of licorice ameliorate microplastics-induced intestinal damage by targeting FADD

Microplastics (MPs), as a novel type of environmental pollutant, have the potential to impact human health. This study aims to investigate the protective efficacy of active compounds in licorice on microplastics-injured rats and reveal the underlying mechanisms. The MPs-injured rat model was established by orally administrated with MPs. After the treatment with different doses of a combination of liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhetinic acid, the tissue injury, oxidative stress, inflammation and expressions of tight junction proteins in colon and liver were evaluated. Our data showed that active compounds of licorice significantly ameliorate colonic and liver damage caused by MPs, improving function colonic barrier and liver function, reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory factors. Then, a total of 29 differentially expressed proteins were identified by label-free proteomics analysis, among which the down-regulated Fas-associating protein with a novel death domain (FADD) was found to be the most related with the protective effects of licorice. What's more, this protein target also interacts directly with active compounds of licorice, through hydrogen bounds and hydrophobic interactions involving 11 residues. This study suggested that licorice exerts protective effects against MPs on rats, through down-regulating as well as directly interacting with FADD.

Integrated Transcriptomic and Targeted Metabolomic Analyses Elucidate the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Dihydromyricetin Synthesis in Nekemias grossedentata

Nekemias grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) J. Wen & Z. L. Nie is a medicinal and edible plant with a high dihydromyricetin (DHM) content in its bud tips. Vine tea made from its bud tips has served as a health tea and Chinese herbal medicine for nearly 700 years. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the high DHM content in N. grossedentata bud tips remain inadequately elucidated. This study conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of bud tip flavonoids utilizing HPLC and targeted metabolomics. Core genes influencing the substantial synthesis of DHM in N. grossedentata were identified through integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses. The results revealed that 65 flavonoid metabolites were detected in bud tips, with DHM as the predominant flavonoid (37.5%), followed by myricetin (0.144%) and taxifolin (0.141%). Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between NgF3'5'H3 expression and DHM content. Co-expression analysis and qRT-PCR validation demonstrated a significant positive correlation between NgMYB71 and NgF3'5'H3, with consistent expression trends across three periods and four tissues. Consequently, NgF3'5'H3 and NgMYB71 were identified as core genes influencing the substantial synthesis of DHM in N. grossedentata. Elevated NgMYB71 expression in bud tips induced high NgF3'5'H3 expression, facilitating extensive DHM synthesis in bud tips. Molecular docking analysis revealed that NgF3'5'H3 had a strong binding affinity for taxifolin. NgF3'5'H3 was the pivotal core node gene in the dihydromyricetin biosynthesis pathway in N. grossedentata and was highly expressed in bud tips. The strong specific binding of NgF3'5'H3 to dihydromyricetin precursor metabolites catalyzed their conversion into DHM, resulting in higher DHM contents in bud tips than in other tissues or plants. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the substantial synthesis of DHM in N. grossedentata, providing a theoretical foundation for enhancing DHM production and developing N. grossedentata resources.

Inter-host diversity associated with age, sex, and menstrual cycle modulates clinical manifestations in DENV-2 patients

Dengue virus (DENV-2) remains a global threat, yet the influence of age, sex, and menstrual status on its epidemiology and genetic diversity is underexplored. We analyzed 2136 hospitalized DENV-2 patients (ages 0-86) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to examine how these host factors shape interhost viral diversity and clinical manifestations. Young adult males (19-35 years) had the highest prevalence with sex-based clinical differences where females exhibited severe hematological changes, while males showed increased hepatic injury. Premenopausal females harbored more diverse viral populations, whereas postmenopausal women experienced pronounced platelet depletion. Dengue virus WGS identified 1100336 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) across 2932 genomic positions, with greater viral diversity in adults and females. Significant SNV burdens were observed in the E, NS3, and NS5 genes of the virus. These interconnected findings underscore the profound impact of age, sex, and menstrual status on DENV-2 epidemiology which merits inclusion into the disease pathophysiology.

Organic Cation Transporter Mediates the Uptake of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Arabidopsis

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), widely used in consumer products and pharmaceuticals, are increasingly released into soils and can accumulate in plants, posing significant ecological and health risks. While plant uptake mechanisms for QACs remain poorly characterized, this study identifies organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) as a potential mediator of QAC absorption in Arabidopsis. Root uptake experiments demonstrated reduced QAC accumulation under treatments with metabolic and OCT inhibitors. Transcriptional upregulation of AtOCT1 in QAC-exposed wild-type plants, along with functional validation through yeast heterologous expression systems, implicated this transporter in cationic pollutant absorption. Comparative analysis revealed 12%-42% lower root QAC concentrations in AtOCT1 mutants compared to wild-type plants, while overexpression lines exhibited 9.4%-43% increases in accumulation alongside enhanced sensitivity. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated stronger binding affinities between AtOCT1 and QACs compared to its native substrate L-carnitine, with microscale thermophoresis confirming direct interactions. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis identified electronic energy, molecular weight, and polarizability as critical determinants of AtOCT1-mediated transport efficiency. These findings establish the biological and structural role of AtOCT1 in cationic pollutant uptake, advancing mechanistic understanding of transporter-mediated plant accumulation of ionizable organic pollutants.

Taurultam shows antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus are highly contagious respiratory viruses that continuously pose major threats to human and public health. The high frequency of viral mutations led to the emergence of resistant isolates and caused virus epidemics repeatedly, emphasizing the urgent need to develop new antivirals. Taurultam is a metabolite of taurolidine. Moreover, taurolidine has been shown to have potent antiviral activities against multiple viruses and to have antiviral effects through its metabolites.

RESULTS

In this study, we sought to determine the antiviral activities of taurultam against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in Vero-E6, Huh7, 293T-ACE2, and MDCK cell lines and mouse infection models. The results showed that taurultam exhibited potent antiviral activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) virus and influenza B virus, in vitro. Moreover, in influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza B virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection models, taurultam significantly reduced viral loads, increased survival, improved mouse body weight and lung injury. Surprisingly, taurultam treatment not only inhibited the influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2, but also benefited for therapy of mixed infection of these two viruses in vitro, demonstrating the great antiviral potential of taurultam for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus infections.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, our findings identify taurultam as a new candidate for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus infections, especially virus-induced lung pathology.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

High-Lethality Precision-Guided Nanomissile for Broad-Spectrum Virucidal and Anti-Inflammatory Therapy

Viral infection, especially the past SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, has posed severe threat toward globalized healthcare, whereas vaccine and drug development can hardly keep up with the rate of virus mutation and resistance. In severe COVID-19 patients, the virus triggers a cytokine storm marked by excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine release, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, a comprehensive strategy for viral neutralization and inflammation suppression is highly demanded. Herein, we designed a high-lethality precision-guided nanomissile for broad-spectrum virucidal and anti-inflammatory therapy. The nanomissile was a nanoscale molecularly imprinted polymer (nanoMIP) harboring hypervalent mannose-binding cavities and loaded with a magnetocaloric core and photothermal dye ICG. It demonstrated an ultrafast heating rate, increasing from 25.2 to 55.9 °C within 60 s under alternating magnetic field (AMF) and near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. In addition, the nanomissile exhibited a unique double-punch mechanism, being capable of targeting not only the conserved high-mannose glycans of SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, LASV, and PDCoV with Kd values reaching 10-10 M but also heat-inactivating the virions right away. Beyond this, it also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In the mouse model, the nanomissile exerted outstanding therapeutic and prophylactic effects while inhibiting virus replication and protecting lung injury. Thus, this potently broad-spectrum virucidal strategy opens a new access to eradicating viral infectivity and inflammatory storm suspension.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase as a prognostic marker for 90-day mortality in connective tissue disease patients receiving glucocorticoids and hospitalized with pneumonia: a cohort study

Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels have been associated with poor prognosis in various diseases. This study investigates the relationship between serum LDH levels and 90-day mortality in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD) receiving glucocorticoids and hospitalized with pneumonia. A total of 298 CTD patients were included in this study. The cohort was divided into three groups based on serum LDH levels (Group 1: < 246 U/L, 0% mortality; Group 2: 246-407 U/L, 26% mortality; Group 3: ≥ 407 U/L, 48% mortality). Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed to evaluate the association between LDH levels and 90-day mortality using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox regression models, and subgroup analyses. Elevated LDH levels were significantly associated with increased mortality. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients in Group 3 (highest LDH levels) had the highest 90-day mortality rate, while those in Group 1 (lowest LDH levels) had the lowest (p < 0.0001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that every 100 U/L increase in LDH was associated with a higher risk of mortality (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.13, p = 0.02). Patients in Group 3 showed a significantly increased risk of mortality (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.06-4.96, p = 0.036). The subgroup analyses demonstrated stable results across different clinical subgroups. Elevated serum LDH levels, particularly in Group 3, are independently associated with increased 90-day mortality in CTD patients receiving glucocorticoids and hospitalized with pneumonia. LDH may serve as an important prognostic marker for these patients.

Exploring corrosion behavior, antimicrobial evaluation, molecular docking and DFT calculation of thiosemicarbazone ligand and its metal complexes

In the current study, the execution of thiosemicarbazone ligand (HL) as a novel corrosion inhibitor for copper metal in 1 M HCl solution was evaluated through the electrochemical measurements which includes (open circuit potential (OCP) potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results confirmed that the ligand (HL) acted as a good corrosion inhibitor for copper metal in 1 M HCl solution; as it displayed high percentage of inhibition efficiency about 94.66% and 92.93% after PDP and EIS methods respectively; at its optimum concentration (1 × 10-7 M). The morphology and surface constituents of the sample were examined before and after addition of the ligand (HL) by using the analysis (scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) which clarified the passivation effect of the ligand (HL) after formation of a protective layer of its adsorbed molecules on the surface of the copper sample. In addition, the metal complexes Ni (II), Co (II) and Cd (II) derived from thiosemicarbazone ligand (HL) were used in this study to shed light on some of their electrochemical properties. But based on their nature as they are insoluble in aqueous media the cyclic voltammetry method was used in this section. The results deducted from cyclic voltammetry technique showed that, the oxidation-reduction process of the ligand (HL) and its metal complexes Ni (II), Co (II) and Cd (II) under quasi-reversible system and the reaction occurred on the metal surface under diffusion control. In vitro, the antibacterial activity testing against S. aureus, S. pneumonia, E. coli and S. Typhimurium were performed for the ligand (HL) and its metal complexes Ni (II), Co (II) and Cd (II). The result showed that Co (II) and Cd (II), complexes exhibited the best antibacterial activity against S. pneumonia, S. Typhimurium and E. coli while, all the compounds did not show any antibacterial activity against S. aureus. To obtain a good relation that supports and explains the interactions between the molecules of the studied compounds and the metal surface and with the antibacterial activity; the theoretical study in detail was applied using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking. The parameters such as, energy level (ΔE), the highest HOMO (EH), and the lowest occupied LUMO (EL), molecular orbital and the binding energy are deducted and discussed. The main target investigated of this study is that the thiosemicarbazone ligand (HL) can be used as a new corrosion inhibitor for the metals and their alloys against the aggressive media. Also, from cyclic voltammetry technique which had been used for testing the metal complexes Ni (II), Co (II) and Cd (II) derived from the ligand (HL); all the details about the redox reactions of these compounds had been obtained. The importance of knowing oxidation and reduction reactions is due to their consideration as the main source of energy for the most biological process, energy productions, photosynthesis to immune responses and the synthesis and breakdown of biomolecules. Therefore, redox reactions are very important in our life.

Epigenetic dynamics and molecular mechanisms in oncogenesis, tumor progression, and therapy resistance

Cancer progression is governed by a dynamic interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance. This review highlights key molecular pathways involved in oncogenesis, focusing on genetic alterations (mutations, amplifications, and translocations) in oncogenes (RAS and MYC) and tumor suppressor genes (TP53 and PTEN). Additionally, genomic instability, resulting from defective DNA repair mechanisms like mismatch repair and homologous recombination (HR), is identified as a critical factor contributing to tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNA regulation, further remodel chromatin structure and modulate gene expression, influencing tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and response to treatment. Post-translational modifications, such as the attachment of a Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) to a target protein and ubiquitination, further influence autophagy, apoptosis, and cellular plasticity, enabling cancer cells to survive therapeutic stress. Cutting-edge technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9-mediated epigenome editing and single-cell RNA sequencing have opened new doors to understanding cellular diversity and regulatory networks in cancer. The review further examines the tumor microenvironment, including stromal remodeling, immune evasion, and hypoxia-driven signaling pathways, which are critical modulators of tumor progression and drug resistance to treatment. By integrating molecular, genetic, and epigenetic perspectives, this study underscores the crucial need for innovative, targeted therapeutic approaches to address the complexity and adaptability of cancer, thereby paving the way for more effective treatments.

Oroxylin A ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating oxidative stress and ferroptosis through the Nrf2 pathway

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and progressive liver disorder posing a global health challenge. Oroxylin A, a naturally occurring flavonoid, with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of oroxylin A and unravel its molecular mechanisms in mitigating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in murine models. Wild-type (WT) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mice were administered a HFD to generate in vivo models, while free fatty acids-treated HepG2 cells served as the in vitro model. To investigate the effects of oroxylin A, serum and liver biochemical markers, hepatic histology, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress were assessed in a NAFLD mouse model. The underlying mechanisms of oroxylin A were further explored through Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analysis. Oroxylin A mitigated hepatic steatosis and injury by reducing liver index, AST, ALT, TG, and TC levels, improving histology, and restoring lipid metabolism. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests demonstrated improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, oroxylin A suppressed inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis, while enhancing antioxidant defenses, and improving mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, oroxylin A activated the Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4/SLC7A11 axis, upregulating Nrf2 and HO-1. These effects were abolished in Nrf2-/- mice. In vitro results were consistent, and molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and CETSA confirmed its direct Keap1 binding. Oroxylin A protects against NAFLD by modulating the Nrf2 pathway, reducing oxidative stress and ferroptosis, making it a promising candidate for clinical NAFLD therapy.

Exploring multi-instance learning in whole slide imaging: Current and future perspectives

Whole slide images (WSI), due to their gigabyte-scale size and ultra-high resolution, play a significant role in diagnostic pathology. However, the enormous data size makes it difficult to directly input these images into image processing units (GPU) for computation, limiting the development of automated screening and diagnostic algorithms. As an effective computational framework, multi-instance learning (MIL) has provided strong support in addressing this challenge. This review systematically summarizes the research progress and applications of MIL in WSI analysis, based on over 90 articles retrieved from Web of Science, IEEE Xplore and PubMed. It briefly outlines the unique advantages and specific improvements in handling whole slide images, with a focus on analyzing the core characteristics and performance of mainstream techniques in tasks such as cancer detection and subtype classification. The results indicate that methods like data preprocessing, multi-scale feature fusion, representative instance selection, and Transformer-based models significantly enhance the ability of MIL in WSI processing. Furthermore, this paper also summarizes the characteristics of different technologies and proposes future research directions to promote the widespread application of MIL in pathological diagnosis.

Interpretable AI-driven multi-objective risk prediction in heart failure patients with thyroid dysfunction

Introduction

Heart Failure (HF) complicated by thyroid dysfunction presents a complex clinical challenge, demanding more advanced risk stratification tools. In this study, we propose an AI-driven machine learning (ML) approach to predict mortality and hospitalization risk in HF patients with coexisting thyroid disorders.

Methods

Using a retrospective cohort of 762 HF patients (including euthyroid, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, and low T3 syndrome cases), we developed and optimized several ML models-including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machines, and others-to identify high-risk individuals.

Results

The best-performing model, a Random Forest classifier, achieved robust predictive accuracy for both 1-year mortality and HF-related hospitalization (area under the ROC curve ∼0.80 for each). We further employed model interpretability techniques (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations, LIME) to elucidate key predictors of risk at the individual level. This interpretability revealed that factors such as atrial fibrillation, absence of cardiac resynchronization therapy, amiodarone use, and abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels strongly influenced model predictions, providing clinicians with transparent insights into each prediction. Additionally, a multi-objective risk stratification analysis across thyroid status subgroups highlighted that patients with hypothyroidism and low T3 syndrome are particularly vulnerable under high-risk conditions, indicating a need for closer monitoring and tailored interventions in these groups.

Discussion

In summary, our study demonstrates an innovative AI methodology for medical risk prediction: interpretable ML models can accurately stratify mortality and hospitalization risk in HF patients with thyroid dysfunction, offering a novel tool for personalized medicine. These findings suggest that integrating explainable AI into clinical workflows can improve prognostic precision and inform targeted management, though prospective validation is warranted to confirm realworld applicability.

Advances in the Functionalization of Vaccine Delivery Systems: Innovative Strategies and Translational Perspectives

The development of effective vaccines requires a rational design that considers the interaction between antigens, their vectors, and the immune system in addition to the activation of pathways that induce a safe and specific immune response. The efficacy of a vaccine formulation depends on the nature of the antigen, the protection offered by the delivery system, the ability to potentiate the immune response, and the precise release of the immunogen. Carrier systems such as lipid nanoparticles, polymers, exosomes, and microorganisms can be functionalized by chemical, physical, or biological methods to generate selective and improved biodistribution profiles. These methods enhance interaction with target cells, thereby improving immunological efficacy. The conjugation of specific ligands or the modification of parameters such as shape, charge, and size of vectors can enhance the specificity, stability, and efficiency of antigen transport to cellular compartments, thereby facilitating a robust immune response. This study examines modifications in vaccine delivery systems, focusing on biomolecules and physicochemical changes that enhance antigen presentation. Additionally, we examine innovative methods, including microneedles, electroporation, and needle-free systems that show potential for enhancing the immune response.

Marburg Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Immune Responses, and Innovations in Vaccination and Treatment for Enhanced Public Health Strategies

Marburg virus disease (MVD) remains an important global health concern, in part because of its particularly high mortality rate [...].

Quaternary ammonium compounds in wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: occurrence, exposure evaluation and risk assessment

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used as active ingredients in cleaning products and personal care products, which could enter domestic wastewater through various daily human activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated usage of QACs was reported; however, whether the increase could pose potential risks to the environment and human health is still unknown. To evaluate the population exposure and risks of QACs, influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from December 15, 2022, to January 31, 2023, in a wastewater treatment plant. QACs were detected at mean ΣQAC concentrations of 711 ng L-1 in influent and 50.4 ng L-1 in effluent. Dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DADMACs) and benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs) accounted for the largest mean proportion of 48.5% and 66.1% in influent and effluent, respectively. The evaluated daily ΣQAC exposure ranged from 0.309 to 2114 mg per 1000 residents during the sampling period. Most QACs could be removed, with mean removal efficiency in the range of 62.6-100%. DADMAC-14:14, DADMAC-16:16 and BAC-C12 in effluent displayed higher risks to aquatic organisms based on risk quotient calculation. The estimated daily intakes of QACs were below the reference dose, suggesting negligible health concerns. The environmental occurrence and physico-chemical properties were further integrated in the toxicological priority index approach to rank the monitored QACs. DADMAC-16:16 exhibited the highest score, indicating its priority in further environmental and toxicological research.