1
|
Zhang X, Sun D, Wong K, Salkini A, Najafi H, Kim WJ. The astrocyte-enriched gene deathstar plays a crucial role in the development, locomotion, and lifespan of D. melanogaster. Fly (Austin) 2024; 18:2368336. [PMID: 38884422 PMCID: PMC11185185 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2024.2368336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster brain is a complex organ with various cell types, orchestrating the development, physiology, and behaviors of the fly. While each cell type in Drosophila brain is known to express a unique gene set, their complete genetic profile is still unknown. Advances in the RNA sequencing techniques at single-cell resolution facilitate identifying novel cell type markers and/or re-examining the specificity of the available ones. In this study, exploiting a single-cell RNA sequencing data of Drosophila optic lobe, we categorized the cells based on their expression pattern for known markers, then the genes with enriched expression in astrocytes were identified. CG11000 was identified as a gene with a comparable expression profile to the Eaat1 gene, an astrocyte marker, in every individual cell inside the Drosophila optic lobe and midbrain, as well as in the entire Drosophila brain throughout its development. Consistent with our bioinformatics data, immunostaining of the brains dissected from transgenic adult flies showed co-expression of CG11000 with Eaat1 in a set of single cells corresponding to the astrocytes in the Drosophila brain. Physiologically, inhibiting CG11000 through RNA interference disrupted the normal development of male D. melanogaster, while having no impact on females. Expression suppression of CG11000 in adult flies led to decreased locomotion activity and also shortened lifespan specifically in astrocytes, indicating the gene's significance in astrocytes. We designated this gene as 'deathstar' due to its crucial role in maintaining the star-like shape of glial cells, astrocytes, throughout their development into adult stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Dongyu Sun
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kyle Wong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ammar Salkini
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hadi Najafi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Woo Jae Kim
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee JY, Gala DS, Kiourlappou M, Olivares-Abril J, Joha J, Titlow JS, Teodoro RO, Davis I. Murine glial protrusion transcripts predict localized Drosophila glial mRNAs involved in plasticity. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306152. [PMID: 39037431 PMCID: PMC11262410 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The polarization of cells often involves the transport of specific mRNAs and their localized translation in distal projections. Neurons and glia are both known to contain long cytoplasmic processes, while localized transcripts have only been studied extensively in neurons, not glia, especially in intact nervous systems. Here, we predict 1,740 localized Drosophila glial transcripts by extrapolating from our meta-analysis of seven existing studies characterizing the localized transcriptomes and translatomes of synaptically associated mammalian glia. We demonstrate that the localization of mRNAs in mammalian glial projections strongly predicts the localization of their high-confidence Drosophila homologs in larval motor neuron-associated glial projections and are highly statistically enriched for genes associated with neurological diseases. We further show that some of these localized glial transcripts are specifically required in glia for structural plasticity at the nearby neuromuscular junction synapses. We conclude that peripheral glial mRNA localization is a common and conserved phenomenon and propose that it is likely to be functionally important in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y. Lee
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dalia S. Gala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jana Joha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rita O. Teodoro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ilan Davis
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beachum AN, Salazar G, Nachbar A, Krause K, Klose H, Meyer K, Maserejian A, Ross G, Boyd H, Weigel T, Ambaye L, Miller H, Coutinho-Budd J. Glia multitask to compensate for neighboring glial cell dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.06.611719. [PMID: 39314422 PMCID: PMC11418964 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.06.611719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
As glia mature, they undergo glial tiling to abut one another without invading each other's boundaries. Upon the loss of the secreted neurotrophin Spätzle3 (Spz3), Drosophila cortex glia transform morphologically and lose their intricate interactions with neurons and surrounding glial subtypes. Here, we reveal that all neighboring glial cell types (astrocytes, ensheathing glia, and subperineurial glia) react by extending processes into the previous cortex glial territory to compensate for lost cortex glial function and reduce the buildup of neuronal debris. However, the loss of Spz3 alone is not sufficient for glia to cross their natural borders, as blocking CNS growth via nutrient-restriction blocks the aberrant infiltration induced by the loss of Spz3. Surprisingly, even when these neighboring glia divert their cellular resources beyond their typical borders to take on new compensatory roles, they are able to multitask to continue to preserve their own normal functions to maintain CNS homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Beachum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Gabriela Salazar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Amelia Nachbar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Kevin Krause
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Hannah Klose
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Kate Meyer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | - Grace Ross
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Hannah Boyd
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Thaddeus Weigel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Lydia Ambaye
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Hayes Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Jaeda Coutinho-Budd
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lacin H, Zhu Y, DiPaola JT, Wilson BA, Zhu Y, Skeath JB. A genetic screen in Drosophila uncovers a role for senseless-2 in surface glia in the peripheral nervous system to regulate CNS morphology. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae152. [PMID: 38996053 PMCID: PMC11373656 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Despite increasing in mass approximately 100-fold during larval life, the Drosophila CNS maintains its characteristic form. Dynamic interactions between the overlying basement membrane and underlying surface glia are known to regulate CNS structure in Drosophila, but the genes and pathways that establish and maintain CNS morphology during development remain poorly characterized. To identify genes that regulate CNS shape in Drosophila, we conducted an EMS-based, forward genetic screen of the second chromosome, uncovered 50 mutations that disrupt CNS structure, and mapped these alleles to 17 genes. Analysis of whole genome sequencing data wedded to genetic studies uncovered the affected gene for all but 1 mutation. Identified genes include well-characterized regulators of tissue shape, like LanB1, viking, and Collagen type IV alpha1, and previously characterized genes, such as Toll-2 and Rme-8, with no known role in regulating CNS structure. We also uncovered that papilin and C1GalTA likely act in the same pathway to regulate CNS structure and found that the fly homolog of a glucuronosyltransferase, B4GAT1/LARGE1, that regulates Dystroglycan function in mammals is required to maintain CNS shape in Drosophila. Finally, we show that the senseless-2 transcription factor is expressed and functions specifically in surface glia found on peripheral nerves but not in the CNS to govern CNS structure, identifying a gene that functionally subdivides a glial subtype along the peripheral-central axis. Future work on these genes should clarify the genetic mechanisms that ensure the homeostasis of CNS form during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Lacin
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose T DiPaola
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth A Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clayworth K, Gilbert M, Auld V. Cell Biology Techniques for Studying Drosophila Peripheral Glial Cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2024; 2024:pdb.top108159. [PMID: 37399179 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells are essential for the proper development and functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The ability to study the biology of glial cells is therefore critical for our ability to understand PNS biology and address PNS maladies. The genetic and proteomic pathways underlying vertebrate peripheral glial biology are understandably complex, with many layers of redundancy making it sometimes difficult to study certain facets of PNS biology. Fortunately, many aspects of vertebrate peripheral glial biology are conserved with those of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster With simple and powerful genetic tools and fast generation times, Drosophila presents an accessible and versatile model for studying the biology of peripheral glia. We introduce here three techniques for studying the cell biology of peripheral glia of Drosophila third-instar larvae. With fine dissection tools and common laboratory reagents, third-instar larvae can be dissected, with extraneous tissues removed, revealing the central nervous system (CNS) and PNS to be processed using a standard immunolabeling protocol. To improve the resolution of peripheral nerves in the z-plane, we describe a cryosectioning method to achieve 10- to 20-µm thick coronal sections of whole larvae, which can then be immunolabeled using a modified version of standard immunolabeling techniques. Finally, we describe a proximity ligation assay (PLA) for detecting close proximity between two proteins-thus inferring protein interaction-in vivo in third-instar larvae. These methods, further described in our associated protocols, can be used to improve our understanding of Drosophila peripheral glia biology, and thus our understanding of PNS biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Clayworth
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mary Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vanessa Auld
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fioriti F, Rifflet A, Gomperts Boneca I, Zugasti O, Royet J. Bacterial peptidoglycan serves as a critical modulator of the gut-immune-brain axis in Drosophila. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:878-897. [PMID: 38710338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolites and compounds derived from gut-associated bacteria can modulate numerous physiological processes in the host, including immunity and behavior. Using a model of oral bacterial infection, we previously demonstrated that gut-derived peptidoglycan (PGN), an essential constituent of the bacterial cell envelope, influences female fruit fly egg-laying behavior by activating the NF-κB cascade in a subset of brain neurons. These findings underscore PGN as a potential mediator of communication between gut bacteria and the brain in Drosophila, prompting further investigation into its impact on all brain cells. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry, we now show that PGN fragments produced by gut bacteria can rapidly reach the central nervous system. In Addition, by employing a combination of whole-genome transcriptome analyses, comprehensive genetic assays, and reporter gene systems, we reveal that gut bacterial infection triggers a PGN dose-dependent NF-κB immune response in perineurial glia, forming the continuous outer cell layer of the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, we demonstrate that persistent PGN-dependent NF-κB activation in perineurial glial cells correlates with a reduction in lifespan and early neurological decline. Overall, our findings establish gut-derived PGN as a critical mediator of the gut-immune-brain axis in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Fioriti
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France
| | - Aline Rifflet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Zugasti
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France.
| | - Julien Royet
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sheloukhova L, Watanabe H. Evolution of glial cells: a non-bilaterian perspective. Neural Dev 2024; 19:10. [PMID: 38907299 PMCID: PMC11193209 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems of bilaterian animals generally consist of two cell types: neurons and glial cells. Despite accumulating data about the many important functions glial cells serve in bilaterian nervous systems, the evolutionary origin of this abundant cell type remains unclear. Current hypotheses regarding glial evolution are mostly based on data from model bilaterians. Non-bilaterian animals have been largely overlooked in glial studies and have been subjected only to morphological analysis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of conservation of the bilateral gliogenic genetic repertoire of non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera). We overview molecular and functional features of bilaterian glial cell types and discuss their possible evolutionary history. We then examine which glial features are present in non-bilaterians. Of these, cnidarians show the highest degree of gliogenic program conservation and may therefore be crucial to answer questions about glial evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Sheloukhova
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Contreras EG, Kautzmann S, Klämbt C. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier invades the nervous system in a GPCR-dependent manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1397627. [PMID: 38846639 PMCID: PMC11153769 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1397627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a crucial interface between the circulatory system and the brain. In Drosophila melanogaster, the BBB is composed of perineurial and subperineurial glial cells. The perineurial glial cells are small mitotically active cells forming the outermost layer of the nervous system and are engaged in nutrient uptake. The subperineurial glial cells form occluding septate junctions to prevent paracellular diffusion of macromolecules into the nervous system. To address whether the subperineurial glia just form a simple barrier or whether they establish specific contacts with both the perineurial glial cells and inner central nervous system (CNS) cells, we undertook a detailed morphological analysis. Using genetically encoded markers alongside with high-resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we identified thin cell processes extending into the perineurial layer and into the CNS cortex. Interestingly, long cell processes were observed reaching the glia ensheathing the neuropil of the central brain. GFP reconstitution experiments highlighted multiple regions of membrane contacts between subperineurial and ensheathing glia. Furthermore, we identify the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Moody as negative regulator of the growth of subperineurial cell processes. Loss of moody triggered a massive overgrowth of subperineurial cell processes into the CNS cortex and, moreover, affected the polarized localization of the xenobiotic transporter Mdr65. Finally, we found that GPCR signaling, but not septate junction formation, is responsible for controlling membrane overgrowth. Our findings support the notion that the Drosophila BBB is able to bridge the communication gap between circulation and synaptic regions of the brain by long cell processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Klämbt
- Multiscale Imaging Center, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu Y, Cho K, Lacin H, Zhu Y, DiPaola JT, Wilson BA, Patti GJ, Skeath JB. Loss of dihydroceramide desaturase drives neurodegeneration by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet homeostasis in glial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.01.573836. [PMID: 38260379 PMCID: PMC10802327 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.01.573836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturases convert dihydroceramides to ceramides, the precursors of all complex sphingolipids. Reduction of DEGS1 dihydroceramide desaturase function causes pediatric neurodegenerative disorder hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-18 (HLD-18). We discovered that infertile crescent (ifc), the Drosophila DEGS1 homolog, is expressed primarily in glial cells to promote CNS development by guarding against neurodegeneration. Loss of ifc causes massive dihydroceramide accumulation and severe morphological defects in cortex glia, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion, failure of neuronal ensheathment, and lipid droplet depletion. RNAi knockdown of the upstream ceramide synthase schlank in glia of ifc mutants rescues ER expansion, suggesting dihydroceramide accumulation in the ER drives this phenotype. RNAi knockdown of ifc in glia but not neurons drives neuronal cell death, suggesting that ifc function in glia promotes neuronal survival. Our work identifies glia as the primary site of disease progression in HLD-18 and may inform on juvenile forms of ALS, which also feature elevated dihydroceramide levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Haluk Lacin
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose T DiPaola
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth A Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park K, Choi H, Han IJ, Asefa WR, Jeong C, Yu S, Jeong H, Choi M, Yoon SE, Kim YJ, Choi MS, Kwon JY. Molecular and cellular organization of odorant binding protein genes in Drosophila. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29358. [PMID: 38694054 PMCID: PMC11058302 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemosensation is important for the survival and reproduction of animals. The odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are thought to be involved in chemosensation together with chemosensory receptors. While OBPs were initially considered to deliver hydrophobic odorants to olfactory receptors in the aqueous lymph solution, recent studies suggest more complex roles in various organs. Here, we use GAL4 transgenes to systematically analyze the expression patterns of all 52 members of the Obp gene family and 3 related chemosensory protein genes in adult Drosophila, focusing on chemosensory organs such as the antenna, maxillary palp, pharynx, and labellum, and other organs such as the brain, ventral nerve cord, leg, wing, and intestine. The OBPs were observed to express in diverse organs and in multiple cell types, suggesting that these proteins can indeed carry out diverse functional roles. Also, we constructed 10 labellar-expressing Obp mutants, and obtained behavioral evidence that these OBPs may be involved in bitter sensing. The resources we constructed should be useful for future Drosophila OBP gene family research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keehyun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - I Joon Han
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Wayessa Rahel Asefa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaiyoung Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyun Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhee Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkook Choi
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Yoon
- Korea Drosophila Resource Center, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Korea Drosophila Resource Center, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nguyen TH, Vicidomini R, Choudhury SD, Han TH, Maric D, Brody T, Serpe M. scRNA-seq data from the larval Drosophila ventral cord provides a resource for studying motor systems function and development. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1210-1230.e9. [PMID: 38569548 PMCID: PMC11078614 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord (VNC) shares many similarities with the spinal cord of vertebrates and has emerged as a major model for understanding the development and function of motor systems. Here, we use high-quality scRNA-seq, validated by anatomical identification, to create a comprehensive census of larval VNC cell types. We show that the neural lineages that comprise the adult VNC are already defined, but quiescent, at the larval stage. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-enriched populations, we separate all motor neuron bundles and link individual neuron clusters to morphologically characterized known subtypes. We discovered a glutamate receptor subunit required for basal neurotransmission and homeostasis at the larval neuromuscular junction. We describe larval glia and endorse the general view that glia perform consistent activities throughout development. This census represents an extensive resource and a powerful platform for future discoveries of cellular and molecular mechanisms in repair, regeneration, plasticity, homeostasis, and behavioral coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tsap MI, Yatsenko AS, Hegermann J, Beckmann B, Tsikas D, Shcherbata HR. Unraveling the link between neuropathy target esterase NTE/SWS, lysosomal storage diseases, inflammation, abnormal fatty acid metabolism, and leaky brain barrier. eLife 2024; 13:e98020. [PMID: 38660940 PMCID: PMC11090517 DOI: 10.7554/elife.98020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Drosophila Swiss cheese (SWS) gene or its vertebrate orthologue neuropathy target esterase (NTE) lead to progressive neuronal degeneration in flies and humans. Despite its enzymatic function as a phospholipase is well established, the molecular mechanism responsible for maintaining nervous system integrity remains unclear. In this study, we found that NTE/SWS is present in surface glia that forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and that NTE/SWS is important to maintain its structure and permeability. Importantly, BBB glia-specific expression of Drosophila NTE/SWS or human NTE in the sws mutant background fully rescues surface glial organization and partially restores BBB integrity, suggesting a conserved function of NTE/SWS. Interestingly, sws mutant glia showed abnormal organization of plasma membrane domains and tight junction rafts accompanied by the accumulation of lipid droplets, lysosomes, and multilamellar bodies. Since the observed cellular phenotypes closely resemble the characteristics described in a group of metabolic disorders known as lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), our data established a novel connection between NTE/SWS and these conditions. We found that mutants with defective BBB exhibit elevated levels of fatty acids, which are precursors of eicosanoids and are involved in the inflammatory response. Also, as a consequence of a permeable BBB, several innate immunity factors are upregulated in an age-dependent manner, while BBB glia-specific expression of NTE/SWS normalizes inflammatory response. Treatment with anti-inflammatory agents prevents the abnormal architecture of the BBB, suggesting that inflammation contributes to the maintenance of a healthy brain barrier. Considering the link between a malfunctioning BBB and various neurodegenerative diseases, gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms causing inflammation due to a defective BBB could help to promote the use of anti-inflammatory therapies for age-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I Tsap
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andriy S Yatsenko
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bibiana Beckmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Halyna R Shcherbata
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bear RM, Caspary T. Uncovering cilia function in glial development. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:27-44. [PMID: 37427745 PMCID: PMC10776815 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia play critical roles in regulating signaling pathways that underlie several developmental processes. In the nervous system, cilia are known to regulate signals that guide neuron development. Cilia dysregulation is implicated in neurological diseases, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cilia research has predominantly focused on neurons and has overlooked the diverse population of glial cells in the brain. Glial cells play essential roles during neurodevelopment, and their dysfunction contributes to neurological disease; however, the relationship between cilia function and glial development is understudied. Here we review the state of the field and highlight the glial cell types where cilia are found and the ciliary functions that are linked to glial development. This work uncovers the importance of cilia in glial development and raises outstanding questions for the field. We are poised to make progress in understanding the function of glial cilia in human development and their contribution to neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Bear
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Miao H, Wei Y, Lee SG, Wu Z, Kaur J, Kim WJ. Glia-specific expression of neuropeptide receptor Lgr4 regulates development and adult physiology in Drosophila. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25271. [PMID: 38284837 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Similar to the human brain, Drosophila glia may well be divided into several subtypes that each carries out specific functions. Glial GPCRs play key roles in crosstalk between neurons and glia. Drosophila Lgr4 (dLgr4) is a human relaxin receptor homolog involved in angiogenesis, cardiovascular regulation, collagen remodeling, and wound healing. A recent study suggests that ilp7 might be the ligand for Lgr4 and regulates escape behavior of Drosophila larvae. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila Lgr4 expression in glial cells, not neurons, is necessary for early development, adult behavior, and lifespan. Reducing the Lgr4 level in glial cells disrupts Drosophila development, while knocking down other LGR family members in glia has no impact. Adult-specific knockdown of Lgr4 in glia but not neurons reduce locomotion, male reproductive success, and animal longevity. The investigation of how glial expression of Lgr4 contributes to this behavioral alteration will increase our understanding of how insulin signaling via glia selectively modulates neuronal activity and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Miao
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Seung Gee Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zekun Wu
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jasdeep Kaur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Woo Jae Kim
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Valamparamban GF, Spéder P. Homemade: building the structure of the neurogenic niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1275963. [PMID: 38107074 PMCID: PMC10722289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1275963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells live in an intricate cellular environment, the neurogenic niche, which supports their function and enables neurogenesis. The niche is made of a diversity of cell types, including neurons, glia and the vasculature, which are able to signal to and are structurally organised around neural stem/progenitor cells. While the focus has been on how individual cell types signal to and influence the behaviour of neural stem/progenitor cells, very little is actually known on how the niche is assembled during development from multiple cellular origins, and on the role of the resulting topology on these cells. This review proposes to draw a state-of-the art picture of this emerging field of research, with the aim to expose our knowledge on niche architecture and formation from different animal models (mouse, zebrafish and fruit fly). We will span its multiple aspects, from the existence and importance of local, adhesive interactions to the potential emergence of larger-scale topological properties through the careful assembly of diverse cellular and acellular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Spéder
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rathore S, Stahl A, Benoit JB, Buschbeck EK. Exploring the molecular makeup of support cells in insect camera eyes. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:702. [PMID: 37993800 PMCID: PMC10664524 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals typically have either compound eyes, or camera-type eyes, both of which have evolved repeatedly in the animal kingdom. Both eye types include two important kinds of cells: photoreceptor cells, which can be excited by light, and non-neuronal support cells (SupCs), which provide essential support to photoreceptors. At the molecular level deeply conserved genes that relate to the differentiation of photoreceptor cells have fueled a discussion on whether or not a shared evolutionary origin might be considered for this cell type. In contrast, only a handful of studies, primarily on the compound eyes of Drosophila melanogaster, have demonstrated molecular similarities in SupCs. D. melanogaster SupCs (Semper cells and primary pigment cells) are specialized eye glia that share several molecular similarities with certain vertebrate eye glia, including Müller glia. This led us to question if there could be conserved molecular signatures of SupCs, even in functionally different eyes such as the image-forming larval camera eyes of the sunburst diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus. To investigate this possibility, we used an in-depth comparative whole-tissue transcriptomics approach. Specifically, we dissected the larval principal camera eyes into SupC- and retina-containing regions and generated the respective transcriptomes. Our analysis revealed several common features of SupCs including enrichment of genes that are important for glial function (e.g. gap junction proteins such as innexin 3), glycogen production (glycogenin), and energy metabolism (glutamine synthetase 1 and 2). To evaluate similarities, we compared our transcriptomes with those of fly (Semper cells) and vertebrate (Müller glia) eye glia as well as respective retinas. T. marmoratus SupCs were found to have distinct genetic overlap with both fly and vertebrate eye glia. These results suggest that T. marmoratus SupCs are a form of glia, and like photoreceptors, may be deeply conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Rathore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Aaron Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elke K Buschbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cai Y, Cui T, Yin P, Paganelli P, Vicini S, Wang T. Dysregulated glial genes in Alzheimer's disease are essential for homeostatic plasticity: Evidence from integrative epigenetic and single cell analyses. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13989. [PMID: 37712202 PMCID: PMC10652298 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic homeostatic plasticity is a foundational regulatory mechanism that maintains the stability of synaptic and neural functions within the nervous system. Impairment of homeostatic regulation has been linked to synapse destabilization during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent epigenetic and transcriptomic characterizations of the nervous system have revealed intricate molecular details about the aging brain and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, how abnormal epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations in different cell types in AD affect synaptic homeostatic plasticity remains to be elucidated. Various glial cell types play critical roles in modulating synaptic functions both during the aging process and in the context of AD. Here, we investigated the impact of glial dysregulation of histone acetylation and transcriptome in AD on synaptic homeostatic plasticity, using computational analysis combined with electrophysiological methods in Drosophila. By integrating snRNA-seq and H3K9ac ChIP-seq data from the same AD patient cohort, we pinpointed cell type-specific signature genes that were transcriptionally altered by histone acetylation. We subsequently investigated the role of these glial genes in regulating presynaptic homeostatic potentiation in Drosophila. Remarkably, nine glial-specific genes, which were identified through our computational method as targets of H3K9ac and transcriptional dysregulation, were found to be crucial for the regulation of synaptic homeostatic plasticity in Drosophila. Our genetic evidence connects abnormal glial transcriptomic changes in AD with the impairment of homeostatic plasticity in the nervous system. In summary, our integrative computational and genetic studies highlight specific glial genes as potential key players in the homeostatic imbalance observed in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Cai
- Department of Pharmacology & PhysiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
| | - Tao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology & PhysiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in NeuroscienceGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
| | - Pengqi Yin
- Department of Pharmacology & PhysiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
- Present address:
Department of Neurology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Present address:
Department of Neurology, First Affiliated HospitalHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Paxton Paganelli
- Department of Pharmacology & PhysiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Department of Pharmacology & PhysiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in NeuroscienceGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & PhysiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in NeuroscienceGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonD.C.USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chandra B, Voas MG, Davies EL, Roberts-Galbraith RH. Ets-1 transcription factor regulates glial cell regeneration and function in planarians. Development 2023; 150:dev201666. [PMID: 37665145 PMCID: PMC10508700 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Glia play multifaceted roles in nervous systems in response to injury. Depending on the species, extent of injury and glial cell type in question, glia can help or hinder the regeneration of neurons. Studying glia in the context of successful regeneration could reveal features of pro-regenerative glia that could be exploited for new human therapies. Planarian flatworms completely regenerate their nervous systems after injury - including glia - and thus provide a strong model system for exploring glia in the context of regeneration. Here, we report that planarian glia regenerate after neurons, and that neurons are required for correct glial numbers and localization during regeneration. We also identify the planarian transcription factor-encoding gene ets-1 as a key regulator of glial cell maintenance and regeneration. Using ets-1 (RNAi) to perturb glia, we show that glial loss is associated with altered neuronal gene expression, impeded animal movement and impaired nervous system architecture - particularly within the neuropil. Importantly, our work reveals the inter-relationships of glia and neurons in the context of robust neural regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidushi Chandra
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew G. Voas
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Erin L. Davies
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cicconardi F, Milanetti E, Pinheiro de Castro EC, Mazo-Vargas A, Van Belleghem SM, Ruggieri AA, Rastas P, Hanly J, Evans E, Jiggins CD, Owen McMillan W, Papa R, Di Marino D, Martin A, Montgomery SH. Evolutionary dynamics of genome size and content during the adaptive radiation of Heliconiini butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5620. [PMID: 37699868 PMCID: PMC10497600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies, a speciose genus of Müllerian mimics, represent a classic example of an adaptive radiation that includes a range of derived dietary, life history, physiological and neural traits. However, key lineages within the genus, and across the broader Heliconiini tribe, lack genomic resources, limiting our understanding of how adaptive and neutral processes shaped genome evolution during their radiation. Here, we generate highly contiguous genome assemblies for nine Heliconiini, 29 additional reference-assembled genomes, and improve 10 existing assemblies. Altogether, we provide a dataset of annotated genomes for a total of 63 species, including 58 species within the Heliconiini tribe. We use this extensive dataset to generate a robust and dated heliconiine phylogeny, describe major patterns of introgression, explore the evolution of genome architecture, and the genomic basis of key innovations in this enigmatic group, including an assessment of the evolution of putative regulatory regions at the Heliconius stem. Our work illustrates how the increased resolution provided by such dense genomic sampling improves our power to generate and test gene-phenotype hypotheses, and precisely characterize how genomes evolve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicconardi
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anyi Mazo-Vargas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Steven M Van Belleghem
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Hanly
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, WA, 20052, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Elizabeth Evans
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research-IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, WA, 20052, USA
| | - Stephen H Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Krupp S, Hubbard I, Tam O, Hammell GM, Dubnau J. TDP-43 pathology in Drosophila induces glial-cell type specific toxicity that can be ameliorated by knock-down of SF2/SRSF1. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010973. [PMID: 37747929 PMCID: PMC10553832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is seen in both neurons and glia in a range of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disease progression involves non-cell autonomous interactions among multiple cell types, including neurons, microglia and astrocytes. We investigated the effects in Drosophila of inducible, glial cell type-specific TDP-43 overexpression, a model that causes TDP-43 protein pathology including loss of nuclear TDP-43 and accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions. We report that TDP-43 pathology in Drosophila is sufficient to cause progressive loss of each of the 5 glial sub-types. But the effects on organismal survival were most pronounced when TDP-43 pathology was induced in the perineural glia (PNG) or astrocytes. In the case of PNG, this effect is not attributable to loss of the glial population, because ablation of these glia by expression of pro-apoptotic reaper expression has relatively little impact on survival. To uncover underlying mechanisms, we used cell-type-specific nuclear RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptional changes induced by pathological TDP-43 expression. We identified numerous glial cell-type specific transcriptional changes. Notably, SF2/SRSF1 levels were found to be decreased in both PNG and in astrocytes. We found that further knockdown of SF2/SRSF1 in either PNG or astrocytes lessens the detrimental effects of TDP-43 pathology on lifespan, but extends survival of the glial cells. Thus TDP-43 pathology in astrocytes or PNG causes systemic effects that shorten lifespan and SF2/SRSF1 knockdown rescues the loss of these glia, and also reduces their systemic toxicity to the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krupp
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabel Hubbard
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, New York, United States of America
| | - Oliver Tam
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Gale M. Hammell
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Josh Dubnau
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, New York, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang M, Ho MS. Profiling neurotransmitter-evoked glial responses by RNA-sequencing analysis. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1252759. [PMID: 37645568 PMCID: PMC10461064 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1252759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental properties of neurons and glia are distinctively different. Neurons are excitable cells that transmit information, whereas glia have long been considered as passive bystanders. Recently, the concept of tripartite synapse is proposed that glia are structurally and functionally incorporated into the synapse, the basic unit of information processing in the brains. It has then become intriguing how glia actively communicate with the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments to influence the signal transmission. Here we present a thorough analysis at the transcriptional level on how glia respond to different types of neurotransmitters. Adult fly glia were purified from brains incubated with different types of neurotransmitters ex vivo. Subsequent RNA-sequencing analyses reveal distinct and overlapping patterns for these transcriptomes. Whereas Acetylcholine (ACh) and Glutamate (Glu) more vigorously activate glial gene expression, GABA retains its inhibitory effect. All neurotransmitters fail to trigger a significant change in the expression of their synthesis enzymes, yet Glu triggers increased expression of neurotransmitter receptors including its own and nAChRs. Expressions of transporters for GABA and Glutamate are under diverse controls from DA, GABA, and Glu, suggesting that the evoked intracellular pathways by these neurotransmitters are interconnected. Furthermore, changes in the expression of genes involved in calcium signaling also functionally predict the change in the glial activity. Finally, neurotransmitters also trigger a general metabolic suppression in glia except the DA, which upregulates a number of genes involved in transporting nutrients and amino acids. Our findings fundamentally dissect the transcriptional change in glia facing neuronal challenges; these results provide insights on how glia and neurons crosstalk in a synaptic context and underlie the mechanism of brain function and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret S. Ho
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhattacharya MRC. A nerve-wracking buzz: lessons from Drosophila models of peripheral neuropathy and axon degeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1166146. [PMID: 37614471 PMCID: PMC10442544 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1166146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of axons and their terminals occurs following traumatic, toxic, or genetically-induced insults. Common molecular mechanisms unite these disparate triggers to execute a conserved nerve degeneration cascade. In this review, we will discuss how models of peripheral nerve injury and neuropathy in Drosophila have led the way in advancing molecular understanding of axon degeneration and nerve injury pathways. Both neuron-intrinsic as well as glial responses to injury will be highlighted. Finally, we will offer perspective on what additional questions should be answered to advance these discoveries toward clinical interventions for patients with neuropathy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rand MD, Tennessen JM, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Perspectives on the Drosophila melanogaster Model for Advances in Toxicological Science. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e870. [PMID: 37639638 PMCID: PMC10463236 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of Drosophila melanogaster for studies of toxicology has grown considerably in the last decade. The Drosophila model has long been appreciated as a versatile and powerful model for developmental biology and genetics because of its ease of handling, short life cycle, low cost of maintenance, molecular genetic accessibility, and availability of a wide range of publicly available strains and data resources. These features, together with recent unique developments in genomics and metabolomics, make the fly model especially relevant and timely for the development of new approach methodologies and movements toward precision toxicology. Here, we offer a perspective on how flies can be leveraged to identify risk factors relevant to environmental exposures and human health. First, we review and discuss fundamental toxicologic principles for experimental design with Drosophila. Next, we describe quantitative and systems genetics approaches to resolve the genetic architecture and candidate pathways controlling susceptibility to toxicants. Finally, we summarize the current state and future promise of the emerging field of Drosophila metabolomics for elaborating toxic mechanisms. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Rand
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, South Carolina 29646, USA
| | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, South Carolina 29646, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Zhang R, Huang S, Valverde PTT, Lobb-Rabe M, Ashley J, Venkatasubramanian L, Carrillo RA. Glial Draper signaling triggers cross-neuron plasticity in bystander neurons after neuronal cell death in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4452. [PMID: 37488133 PMCID: PMC10366216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death and subsequent brain dysfunction are hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, but how the nearby healthy neurons (bystanders) respond to the death of their neighbors is not fully understood. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular system, bystander motor neurons can structurally and functionally compensate for the loss of their neighbors by increasing their terminal bouton number and activity. We term this compensation as cross-neuron plasticity, and in this study, we demonstrate that the Drosophila engulfment receptor, Draper, and the associated kinase, Shark, are required for cross-neuron plasticity. Overexpression of the Draper-I isoform boosts cross-neuron plasticity, implying that the strength of plasticity correlates with Draper signaling. In addition, we find that functional cross-neuron plasticity can be induced at different developmental stages. Our work uncovers a role for Draper signaling in cross-neuron plasticity and provides insights into how healthy bystander neurons respond to the loss of their neighboring neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupu Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sihao Huang
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Parisa Tajalli Tehrani Valverde
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Robert A Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rathore S, Stahl A, Benoit JB, Buschbeck EK. Exploring the molecular makeup of support cells in insect camera eyes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549729. [PMID: 37503285 PMCID: PMC10370194 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Animals generally have either compound eyes, which have evolved repeatedly in different invertebrates, or camera eyes, which have evolved many times across the animal kingdom. Both eye types include two important kinds of cells: photoreceptor cells, which can be excited by light, and non-neuronal support cells (SupCs), which provide essential support to photoreceptors. Despite many examples of convergence in eye evolution, similarities in the gross developmental plan and molecular signatures have been discovered, even between phylogenetically distant and functionally different eye types. For this reason, a shared evolutionary origin has been considered for photoreceptors. In contrast, only a handful of studies, primarily on the compound eyes of Drosophila melanogaster , have demonstrated molecular similarities in SupCs. D. melanogaster SupCs (Semper cells and primary pigment cells) are specialized eye glia that share several molecular similarities with certain vertebrate eye glia, including Müller glia. This led us to speculate whether there are conserved molecular signatures of SupCs, even in functionally different eyes such as the image-forming larval camera eyes of the sunburst diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus . To investigate this possibility, we used an in-depth comparative whole-tissue transcriptomics approach. Specifically, we dissected the larval principal camera eyes into SupC- and retina-containing regions and generated the respective transcriptomes. Our analysis revealed several conserved features of SupCs including enrichment of genes that are important for glial function (e.g. gap junction proteins such as innexin 3), glycogen production (glycogenin), and energy metabolism (glutamine synthetase 1 and 2). To evaluate the extent of conservation, we compared our transcriptomes with those of fly (Semper cells) and vertebrate (Müller glia) eye glia as well as respective retinas. T. marmoratus SupCs were found to have distinct genetic overlap with both fly and vertebrate eye glia. These results provide molecular evidence for the deep conservation of SupCs in addition to photoreceptor cells, raising essential questions about the evolutionary origin of eye-specific glia in animals.
Collapse
|
26
|
Dorkenwald S, Matsliah A, Sterling AR, Schlegel P, Yu SC, McKellar CE, Lin A, Costa M, Eichler K, Yin Y, Silversmith W, Schneider-Mizell C, Jordan CS, Brittain D, Halageri A, Kuehner K, Ogedengbe O, Morey R, Gager J, Kruk K, Perlman E, Yang R, Deutsch D, Bland D, Sorek M, Lu R, Macrina T, Lee K, Bae JA, Mu S, Nehoran B, Mitchell E, Popovych S, Wu J, Jia Z, Castro M, Kemnitz N, Ih D, Bates AS, Eckstein N, Funke J, Collman F, Bock DD, Jefferis GS, Seung HS, Murthy M. Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546656. [PMID: 37425937 PMCID: PMC10327113 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Connections between neurons can be mapped by acquiring and analyzing electron microscopic (EM) brain images. In recent years, this approach has been applied to chunks of brains to reconstruct local connectivity maps that are highly informative, yet inadequate for understanding brain function more globally. Here, we present the first neuronal wiring diagram of a whole adult brain, containing 5×107 chemical synapses between ~130,000 neurons reconstructed from a female Drosophila melanogaster. The resource also incorporates annotations of cell classes and types, nerves, hemilineages, and predictions of neurotransmitter identities. Data products are available by download, programmatic access, and interactive browsing and made interoperable with other fly data resources. We show how to derive a projectome, a map of projections between regions, from the connectome. We demonstrate the tracing of synaptic pathways and the analysis of information flow from inputs (sensory and ascending neurons) to outputs (motor, endocrine, and descending neurons), across both hemispheres, and between the central brain and the optic lobes. Tracing from a subset of photoreceptors all the way to descending motor pathways illustrates how structure can uncover putative circuit mechanisms underlying sensorimotor behaviors. The technologies and open ecosystem of the FlyWire Consortium set the stage for future large-scale connectome projects in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dorkenwald
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Arie Matsliah
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Amy R Sterling
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Eyewire, Boston, USA
| | - Philipp Schlegel
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Szi-chieh Yu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | | | - Albert Lin
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Center for the Physics of Biological Function, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Marta Costa
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katharina Eichler
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yijie Yin
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Will Silversmith
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | | | - Chris S. Jordan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | | | - Akhilesh Halageri
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Kai Kuehner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | | | - Ryan Morey
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Jay Gager
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | | | | | - Runzhe Yang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - David Deutsch
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Doug Bland
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Marissa Sorek
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Eyewire, Boston, USA
| | - Ran Lu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Thomas Macrina
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Kisuk Lee
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - J. Alexander Bae
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Shang Mu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Barak Nehoran
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Eric Mitchell
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Sergiy Popovych
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Jingpeng Wu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Zhen Jia
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Manuel Castro
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Nico Kemnitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Dodam Ih
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Alexander Shakeel Bates
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nils Eckstein
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, USA
| | - Jan Funke
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, USA
| | | | - Davi D. Bock
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Gregory S.X.E Jefferis
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H. Sebastian Seung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Mala Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hopkins BR, Barmina O, Kopp A. A single-cell atlas of the sexually dimorphic Drosophila foreleg and its sensory organs during development. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002148. [PMID: 37379332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To respond to the world around them, animals rely on the input of a network of sensory organs distributed throughout the body. Distinct classes of sensory organs are specialized for the detection of specific stimuli such as strain, pressure, or taste. The features that underlie this specialization relate both to the neurons that innervate sensory organs and the accessory cells they comprise. To understand the genetic basis of this diversity of cell types, both within and between sensory organs, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on the first tarsal segment of the male Drosophila melanogaster foreleg during pupal development. This tissue displays a wide variety of functionally and structurally distinct sensory organs, including campaniform sensilla, mechanosensory bristles, and chemosensory taste bristles, as well as the sex comb, a recently evolved male-specific structure. In this study, we characterize the cellular landscape in which the sensory organs reside, identify a novel cell type that contributes to the construction of the neural lamella, and resolve the transcriptomic differences among support cells within and between sensory organs. We identify the genes that distinguish between mechanosensory and chemosensory neurons, resolve a combinatorial transcription factor code that defines 4 distinct classes of gustatory neurons and several types of mechanosensory neurons, and match the expression of sensory receptor genes to specific neuron classes. Collectively, our work identifies core genetic features of a variety of sensory organs and provides a rich, annotated resource for studying their development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben R Hopkins
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Krupp S, Tam O, Hammell MG, Dubnau J. TDP-43 pathology in Drosophila induces glial-cell type specific toxicity that can be ameliorated by knock-down of SF2/SRSF1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539439. [PMID: 37205372 PMCID: PMC10187300 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is seen in both neurons and glia in a range of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disease progression involves non-cell autonomous interactions among multiple cell types, including neurons, microglia and astrocytes. We investigated the effects in Drosophila of inducible, glial cell type-specific TDP-43 overexpression, a model that causes TDP-43 protein pathology including loss of nuclear TDP-43 and accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions. We report that TDP-43 pathology in Drosophila is sufficient to cause progressive loss of each of the 5 glial sub-types. But the effects on organismal survival were most pronounced when TDP-43 pathology was induced in the perineural glia (PNG) or astrocytes. In the case of PNG, this effect is not attributable to loss of the glial population, because ablation of these glia by expression of pro-apoptotic reaper expression has relatively little impact on survival. To uncover underlying mechanisms, we used cell-type-specific nuclear RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptional changes induced by pathological TDP-43 expression. We identified numerous glial cell-type specific transcriptional changes. Notably, SF2/SRSF1 levels were found to be decreased in both PNG and in astrocytes. We found that further knockdown of SF2/SRSF1 in either PNG or astrocytes lessens the detrimental effects of TDP-43 pathology on lifespan, but extends survival of the glial cells. Thus TDP-43 pathology in astrocytes or PNG causes systemic effects that shorten lifespan and SF2/SRSF1 knockdown rescues the loss of these glia, and also reduces their systemic toxicity to the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Krupp
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - O Tam
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.,11794
| | - M Gale Hammell
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.,11794
| | - J Dubnau
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, NY 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Srivastava S, Shaked HM, Gable K, Gupta SD, Pan X, Somashekarappa N, Han G, Mohassel P, Gotkine M, Doney E, Goldenberg P, Tan QKG, Gong Y, Kleinstiver B, Wishart B, Cope H, Pires CB, Stutzman H, Spillmann RC, Sadjadi R, Elpeleg O, Lee CH, Bellen HJ, Edvardson S, Eichler F, Dunn TM, Dai H, Dhar SU, Emrick LT, Goldman AM, Hanchard NA, Jamal F, Karaviti L, Lalani SR, Lee BH, Lewis RA, Marom R, Moretti PM, Murdock DR, Nicholas SK, Orengo JP, Posey JE, Potocki L, Rosenfeld JA, Samson SL, Scott DA, Tran AA, Vogel TP, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S, Eng CM, Liu P, Ward PA, Behrens E, Deardorff M, Falk M, Hassey K, Sullivan K, Vanderver A, Goldstein DB, Cope H, McConkie-Rosell A, Schoch K, Shashi V, Smith EC, Spillmann RC, Sullivan JA, Tan QKG, Walley NM, Agrawal PB, Beggs AH, Berry GT, Briere LC, Cobban LA, Coggins M, Cooper CM, Fieg EL, High F, Holm IA, Korrick S, Krier JB, Lincoln SA, Loscalzo J, Maas RL, MacRae CA, Pallais JC, Rao DA, Rodan LH, Silverman EK, Stoler JM, Sweetser DA, Walker M, Walsh CA, Esteves C, Kelley EG, Kohane IS, LeBlanc K, McCray AT, Nagy A, Dasari S, Lanpher BC, Lanza IR, Morava E, Oglesbee D, Bademci G, Barbouth D, Bivona S, Carrasquillo O, Chang TCP, Forghani I, Grajewski A, Isasi R, Lam B, Levitt R, Liu XZ, McCauley J, Sacco R, Saporta M, Schaechter J, Tekin M, Telischi F, Thorson W, Zuchner S, Colley HA, Dayal JG, Eckstein DJ, Findley LC, Krasnewich DM, Mamounas LA, Manolio TA, Mulvihill JJ, LaMoure GL, Goldrich MP, Urv TK, Doss AL, Acosta MT, Bonnenmann C, D’Souza P, Draper DD, Ferreira C, Godfrey RA, Groden CA, Macnamara EF, Maduro VV, Markello TC, Nath A, Novacic D, Pusey BN, Toro C, Wahl CE, Baker E, Burke EA, Adams DR, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV, Tifft CJ, Wolfe LA, Yang J, Power B, Gochuico B, Huryn L, Latham L, Davis J, Mosbrook-Davis D, Rossignol F, Solomon B, MacDowall J, Thurm A, Zein W, Yousef M, Adam M, Amendola L, Bamshad M, Beck A, Bennett J, Berg-Rood B, Blue E, Boyd B, Byers P, Chanprasert S, Cunningham M, Dipple K, Doherty D, Earl D, Glass I, Golden-Grant K, Hahn S, Hing A, Hisama FM, Horike-Pyne M, Jarvik GP, Jarvik J, Jayadev S, Lam C, Maravilla K, Mefford H, Merritt JL, Mirzaa G, Nickerson D, Raskind W, Rosenwasser N, Scott CR, Sun A, Sybert V, Wallace S, Wener M, Wenger T, Ashley EA, Bejerano G, Bernstein JA, Bonner D, Coakley TR, Fernandez L, Fisher PG, Fresard L, Hom J, Huang Y, Kohler JN, Kravets E, Majcherska MM, Martin BA, Marwaha S, McCormack CE, Raja AN, Reuter CM, Ruzhnikov M, Sampson JB, Smith KS, Sutton S, Tabor HK, Tucker BM, Wheeler MT, Zastrow DB, Zhao C, Byrd WE, Crouse AB, Might M, Nakano-Okuno M, Whitlock J, Brown G, Butte MJ, Dell’Angelica EC, Dorrani N, Douine ED, Fogel BL, Gutierrez I, Huang A, Krakow D, Lee H, Loo SK, Mak BC, Martin MG, Martínez-Agosto JA, McGee E, Nelson SF, Nieves-Rodriguez S, Palmer CGS, Papp JC, Parker NH, Renteria G, Signer RH, Sinsheimer JS, Wan J, Wang LK, Perry KW, Woods JD, Alvey J, Andrews A, Bale J, Bohnsack J, Botto L, Carey J, Pace L, Longo N, Marth G, Moretti P, Quinlan A, Velinder M, Viskochi D, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Mao R, Westerfield M, Bican A, Brokamp E, Duncan L, Hamid R, Kennedy J, Kozuira M, Newman JH, PhillipsIII JA, Rives L, Robertson AK, Solem E, Cogan JD, Cole FS, Hayes N, Kiley D, Sisco K, Wambach J, Wegner D, Baldridge D, Pak S, Schedl T, Shin J, Solnica-Krezel L, Sadjadi R, Elpeleg O, Lee CH, Bellen HJ, Edvardson S, Eichler F, Dunn TM. SPTSSA variants alter sphingolipid synthesis and cause a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia. Brain 2023; 146:1420-1435. [PMID: 36718090 PMCID: PMC10319774 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse family of lipids with critical structural and signalling functions in the mammalian nervous system, where they are abundant in myelin membranes. Serine palmitoyltransferase, the enzyme that catalyses the rate-limiting reaction of sphingolipid synthesis, is composed of multiple subunits including an activating subunit, SPTSSA. Sphingolipids are both essential and cytotoxic and their synthesis must therefore be tightly regulated. Key to the homeostatic regulation are the ORMDL proteins that are bound to serine palmitoyltransferase and mediate feedback inhibition of enzymatic activity when sphingolipid levels become excessive. Exome sequencing identified potential disease-causing variants in SPTSSA in three children presenting with a complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. The effect of these variants on the catalytic activity and homeostatic regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase was investigated in human embryonic kidney cells, patient fibroblasts and Drosophila. Our results showed that two different pathogenic variants in SPTSSA caused a hereditary spastic paraplegia resulting in progressive motor disturbance with variable sensorineural hearing loss and language/cognitive dysfunction in three individuals. The variants in SPTSSA impaired the negative regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase by ORMDLs leading to excessive sphingolipid synthesis based on biochemical studies and in vivo studies in Drosophila. These findings support the pathogenicity of the SPTSSA variants and point to excessive sphingolipid synthesis due to impaired homeostatic regulation of serine palmitoyltransferase as responsible for defects in early brain development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, BostonChildren's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hagar Mor Shaked
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Kenneth Gable
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sita D Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Niranjanakumari Somashekarappa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gongshe Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Marc Gotkine
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | - Paula Goldenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section on Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Queenie K G Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian Wishart
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Heidi Cope
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Claudia Brito Pires
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hannah Stutzman
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Reza Sadjadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simon Edvardson
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reza Sadjadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105 , USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Simon Edvardson
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus , Jerusalem 91240 , Israel
| | - Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114 , USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Y, Zhang R, Huang S, Valverde PTT, Lobb-Rabe M, Ashley J, Venkatasubramanian L, Carrillo RA. Glial Draper signaling triggers cross-neuron plasticity in bystander neurons after neuronal cell death. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.09.536190. [PMID: 37090512 PMCID: PMC10120647 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death and subsequent brain dysfunction are hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, but how the nearby healthy neurons (bystanders) respond to the cell death of their neighbors is not fully understood. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular system, bystander motor neurons can structurally and functionally compensate for the loss of their neighbors by increasing their axon terminal size and activity. We termed this compensation as cross-neuron plasticity, and in this study, we demonstrated that the Drosophila engulfment receptor, Draper, and the associated kinase, Shark, are required in glial cells. Surprisingly, overexpression of the Draper-I isoform boosts cross-neuron plasticity, implying that the strength of plasticity correlates with Draper signaling. Synaptic plasticity normally declines as animals age, but in our system, functional cross-neuron plasticity can be induced at different time points, whereas structural cross-neuron plasticity can only be induced at early stages. Our work uncovers a novel role for glial Draper signaling in cross-neuron plasticity that may enhance nervous system function during neurodegeneration and provides insights into how healthy bystander neurons respond to the loss of their neighboring neurons.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ayoub M, David LM, Shklyar B, Hakim-Mishnaevski K, Kurant E. Drosophila FGFR/Htl signaling shapes embryonic glia to phagocytose apoptotic neurons. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:90. [PMID: 36898998 PMCID: PMC10006210 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons is crucial for development and proper function of the central nervous system. Relying on transmembrane receptors located on their protrusions, phagocytic glia recognize and engulf apoptotic debris. Like vertebrate microglia, Drosophila phagocytic glial cells form an elaborate network in the developing brain to reach and remove apoptotic neurons. However, the mechanisms controlling creation of the branched morphology of these glial cells critical for their phagocytic ability remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that during early embryogenesis, the Drosophila fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) Heartless (Htl) and its ligand Pyramus are essential in glial cells for the formation of glial extensions, the presence of which strongly affects glial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons during later stages of embryonic development. Reduction in Htl pathway activity results in shorter lengths and lower complexity of glial branches, thereby disrupting the glial network. Our work thus illuminates the important role Htl signaling plays in glial subcellular morphogenesis and in establishing glial phagocytic ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Ayoub
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Li-Mor David
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boris Shklyar
- Bioimaging Unit, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ketty Hakim-Mishnaevski
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Estee Kurant
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Contreras EG, Klämbt C. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier emerges as a model for understanding human brain diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106071. [PMID: 36898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate regulation of the microenvironment within the nervous system is one of the key features characterizing complex organisms. To this end, neural tissue has to be physically separated from circulation, but at the same time, mechanisms must be in place to allow controlled transport of nutrients and macromolecules into and out of the brain. These roles are executed by cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) found at the interface of circulation and neural tissue. BBB dysfunction is observed in several neurological diseases in human. Although this can be considered as a consequence of diseases, strong evidence supports the notion that BBB dysfunction can promote the progression of brain disorders. In this review, we compile the recent evidence describing the contribution of the Drosophila BBB to the further understanding of brain disease features in human patients. We discuss the function of the Drosophila BBB during infection and inflammation, drug clearance and addictions, sleep, chronic neurodegenerative disorders and epilepsy. In summary, this evidence suggests that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, can be successfully employed as a model to disentangle mechanisms underlying human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Contreras
- University of Münster, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, Münster, Germany.
| | - Christian Klämbt
- University of Münster, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aging and memory are altered by genetically manipulating lactate dehydrogenase in the neurons or glia of flies. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:947-981. [PMID: 36849157 PMCID: PMC10008500 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis posits that glial-generated lactate is transported to neurons to fuel metabolic processes required for long-term memory. Although studies in vertebrates have revealed that lactate shuttling is important for cognitive function, it is uncertain if this form of metabolic coupling is conserved in invertebrates or is influenced by age. Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) is a rate limiting enzyme that interconverts lactate and pyruvate. Here we genetically manipulated expression of Drosophila melanogaster lactate dehydrogenase (dLdh) in neurons or glia to assess the impact of altered lactate metabolism on invertebrate aging and long-term courtship memory at different ages. We also assessed survival, negative geotaxis, brain neutral lipids (the core component of lipid droplets) and brain metabolites. Both upregulation and downregulation of dLdh in neurons resulted in decreased survival and memory impairment with age. Glial downregulation of dLdh expression caused age-related memory impairment without altering survival, while upregulated glial dLdh expression lowered survival without disrupting memory. Both neuronal and glial dLdh upregulation increased neutral lipid accumulation. We provide evidence that altered lactate metabolism with age affects the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), and neutral lipid accumulation. Collectively, our findings indicate that the direct alteration of lactate metabolism in either glia or neurons affects memory and survival but only in an age-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Y, Haynes P, Zhang SL, Yue Z, Sehgal A. Ecdysone acts through cortex glia to regulate sleep in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e81723. [PMID: 36719183 PMCID: PMC9928426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are attractive candidates for transmitting long-range signals to affect behavior. These lipid-soluble molecules derived from dietary cholesterol easily penetrate the brain and act through nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that function as transcription factors. To determine the extent to which NHRs affect sleep:wake cycles, we knocked down each of the 18 highly conserved NHRs found in Drosophila adults and report that the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and its direct downstream NHR Eip75B (E75) act in glia to regulate the rhythm and amount of sleep. Given that ecdysone synthesis genes have little to no expression in the fly brain, ecdysone appears to act as a long-distance signal and our data suggest that it enters the brain more at night. Anti-EcR staining localizes to the cortex glia in the brain and functional screening of glial subtypes revealed that EcR functions in adult cortex glia to affect sleep. Cortex glia are implicated in lipid metabolism, which appears to be relevant for actions of ecdysone as ecdysone treatment mobilizes lipid droplets (LDs), and knockdown of glial EcR results in more LDs. In addition, sleep-promoting effects of exogenous ecdysone are diminished in lsd-2 mutant flies, which are lean and deficient in lipid accumulation. We propose that ecdysone is a systemic secreted factor that modulates sleep by stimulating lipid metabolism in cortex glia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Paula Haynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Shirley L Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
SIK3 and Wnk converge on Fray to regulate glial K+ buffering and seizure susceptibility. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010581. [PMID: 36626385 PMCID: PMC9870106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells play a critical role in maintaining homeostatic ion concentration gradients. Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) regulates a gene expression program that controls K+ buffering in glia, and upregulation of this pathway suppresses seizure behavior in the eag, Shaker hyperexcitability mutant. Here we show that boosting the glial SIK3 K+ buffering pathway suppresses seizures in three additional molecularly diverse hyperexcitable mutants, highlighting the therapeutic potential of upregulating glial K+ buffering. We then explore additional mechanisms regulating glial K+ buffering. Fray, a transcriptional target of the SIK3 K+ buffering program, is a kinase that promotes K+ uptake by activating the Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter, Ncc69. We show that the Wnk kinase phosphorylates Fray in Drosophila glia and that this activity is required to promote K+ buffering. This identifies Fray as a convergence point between the SIK3-dependent transcriptional program and Wnk-dependent post-translational regulation. Bypassing both regulatory mechanisms via overexpression of a constitutively active Fray in glia is sufficient to robustly suppress seizure behavior in multiple Drosophila models of hyperexcitability. Finally, we identify cortex glia as a critical cell type for regulation of seizure susceptibility, as boosting K+ buffering via expression of activated Fray exclusively in these cells is sufficient to suppress seizure behavior. These findings highlight Fray as a key convergence point for distinct K+ buffering regulatory mechanisms and cortex glia as an important locus for control of neuronal excitability.
Collapse
|
36
|
De Lazzari F, Agostini F, Plotegher N, Sandre M, Greggio E, Megighian A, Bubacco L, Sandrelli F, Whitworth AJ, Bisaglia M. DJ-1 promotes energy balance by regulating both mitochondrial and autophagic homeostasis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105941. [PMID: 36473592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein DJ-1 is mutated in rare familial forms of recessive Parkinson's disease and in parkinsonism accompanied by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis symptoms and dementia. DJ-1 is considered a multitasking protein able to confer protection under various conditions of stress. However, the precise cellular function still remains elusive. In the present work, we evaluated fruit flies lacking the expression of the DJ-1 homolog dj-1β as compared to control aged-matched individuals. Behavioral evaluations included lifespan, locomotion in an open field arena, sensitivity to oxidative insults, and resistance to starvation. Molecular analyses were carried out by analyzing the mitochondrial morphology and functionality, and the autophagic response. We demonstrated that dj-1β null mutant flies are hypoactive and display higher sensitivity to oxidative insults and food deprivation. Analysis of mitochondrial homeostasis revealed that loss of dj-1β leads to larger and more circular mitochondria, characterized by impaired complex-I-linked respiration while preserving ATP production capacity. Additionally, dj-1β null mutant flies present an impaired autophagic response, which is suppressed by treatment with the antioxidant molecule N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine. Overall, our data point to a mechanism whereby DJ-1 plays a critical role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, by sustaining mitochondrial homeostasis and affecting the autophagic flux through the maintenance of the cellular redox state. In light of the involvement of DJ-1 in neurodegenerative diseases and considering that neurons are highly energy-demanding cells, particularly sensitive to redox stress, our study sheds light on a key role of DJ-1 in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Lazzari
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | | | | | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Padua 35121, Italy.
| | | | - Alexander J Whitworth
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Padua 35121, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Baonza A, Velarde S. Glial regenerative response in the imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:109-110. [PMID: 35799518 PMCID: PMC9241408 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.339479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
38
|
Calvin-Cejudo L, Martin F, Mendez LR, Coya R, Castañeda-Sampedro A, Gomez-Diaz C, Alcorta E. Neuron-glia interaction at the receptor level affects olfactory perception in adult Drosophila. iScience 2022; 26:105837. [PMID: 36624835 PMCID: PMC9823236 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some types of glia play an active role in neuronal signaling by modifying their activity although little is known about their role in sensory information signaling at the receptor level. In this research, we report a functional role for the glia that surround the soma of the olfactory receptor neurons (OSNs) in adult Drosophila. Specific genetic modifications have been targeted to this cell type to obtain live individuals who are tested for olfactory preference and display changes both increasing and reducing sensitivity. A closer look at the antenna by Ca2+ imaging shows that odor activates the OSNs, which subsequently produce an opposite and smaller effect in the glia that partially counterbalances neuronal activation. Therefore, these glia may play a dual role in preventing excessive activation of the OSNs at high odorant concentrations and tuning the chemosensory window for the individual according to the network structure in the receptor organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calvin-Cejudo
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Martin
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis R. Mendez
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ruth Coya
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Castañeda-Sampedro
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Esther Alcorta
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bonini NM. A perspective on Drosophila genetics and its insight into human neurodegenerative disease. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1060796. [PMID: 36518845 PMCID: PMC9743296 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has been long appreciated as a classic genetic system for its ability to define gene function in vivo. Within the last several decades, the fly has also emerged as a premiere system for modeling and defining mechanisms of human disease by expressing dominant human disease genes and analyzing the effects. Here I discuss key aspects of this latter approach that first intrigued me to focus my laboratory research on this idea. Differences between the loss-of-function vs. the gain-of-function approach are raised-and the insight of these approaches for appreciating mechanisms that contribute to human neurodegenerative disease. The application of modifier genetics, which is a prominent goal of models of human disease, has implications for how specific genes or pathways intersect with the dominant disease-associated mechanisms. Models of human disease will continue to reveal unanticipated insight into fundamental cellular processes-insight that might be harder to glean from classical genetic methodologies vs modifier genetics of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lin WY, Liu CH, Cheng J, Liu HP. Alterations of RNA-binding protein found in neurons in Drosophila neurons and glia influence synaptic transmission and lifespan. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1006455. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1006455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The found in neurons (fne), a paralog of the RNA-binding protein ELAV gene family in Drosophila, is required for post-transcriptional regulation of neuronal development and differentiation. Previous explorations into the functions of the FNE protein have been limited to neurons. The function of fne in Drosophila glia remains unclear. We induced the knockdown or overexpression of fne in Drosophila neurons and glia to determine how fne affects different types of behaviors, neuronal transmission and the lifespan. Our data indicate that changes in fne expression impair associative learning, thermal nociception, and phototransduction. Examination of synaptic transmission at presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals of the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) revealed that loss of fne in motor neurons and glia significantly decreased excitatory junction currents (EJCs) and quantal content, while flies with glial fne knockdown facilitated short-term synaptic plasticity. In muscle cells, overexpression of fne reduced both EJC and quantal content and increased short-term synaptic facilitation. In both genders, the lifespan could be extended by the knockdown of fne in neurons and glia; the overexpression of fne shortened the lifespan. Our results demonstrate that disturbances of fne in neurons and glia influence the function of the Drosophila nervous system. Further explorations into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal and glial fne and elucidation of how fne affects neuronal activity may clarify certain brain functions.
Collapse
|
41
|
Vaughen JP, Theisen E, Rivas-Serna IM, Berger AB, Kalakuntla P, Anreiter I, Mazurak VC, Rodriguez TP, Mast JD, Hartl T, Perlstein EO, Reimer RJ, Clandinin MT, Clandinin TR. Glial control of sphingolipid levels sculpts diurnal remodeling in a circadian circuit. Neuron 2022; 110:3186-3205.e7. [PMID: 35961319 PMCID: PMC10868424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural plasticity in the brain often necessitates dramatic remodeling of neuronal processes, with attendant reorganization of the cytoskeleton and membranes. Although cytoskeletal restructuring has been studied extensively, how lipids might orchestrate structural plasticity remains unclear. We show that specific glial cells in Drosophila produce glucocerebrosidase (GBA) to locally catabolize sphingolipids. Sphingolipid accumulation drives lysosomal dysfunction, causing gba1b mutants to harbor protein aggregates that cycle across circadian time and are regulated by neural activity, the circadian clock, and sleep. Although the vast majority of membrane lipids are stable across the day, a specific subset that is highly enriched in sphingolipids cycles daily in a gba1b-dependent fashion. Remarkably, both sphingolipid biosynthesis and degradation are required for the diurnal remodeling of circadian clock neurites, which grow and shrink across the day. Thus, dynamic sphingolipid regulation by glia enables diurnal circuit remodeling and proper circadian behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Vaughen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emma Theisen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irma Magaly Rivas-Serna
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Andrew B Berger
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prateek Kalakuntla
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ina Anreiter
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Joshua D Mast
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Tom Hartl
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | | | - Richard J Reimer
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Thomas Clandinin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
De Backer JF, Grunwald Kadow IC. A role for glia in cellular and systemic metabolism: insights from the fly. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 53:100947. [PMID: 35772690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excitability and synaptic transmission make neurons high-energy consumers. However, neurons do not store carbohydrates or lipids. Instead, they need support cells to fuel their metabolic demands. This role is assumed by glia, both in vertebrates and invertebrates. Many questions remain regarding the coupling between neuronal activity and energy demand on the one hand, and nutrient supply by glia on the other hand. Here, we review recent advances showing that fly glia, similar to their role in vertebrates, fuel neurons in times of high energetic demand, such as during memory formation and long-term storage. Vertebrate glia also play a role in the modulation of neurons, their communication, and behavior, including food search and feeding. We discuss recent literature pointing to similar roles of fly glia in behavior and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François De Backer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, UKB, Institute of Physiology II, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, UKB, Institute of Physiology II, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Amrein H, Keene AC. Sensory biology: Thirsty glia motivate water consumption. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R949-R952. [PMID: 36167042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of water intake is governed by numerous motivated behaviors that are critical for the survival of nearly all animals. A recent study identifies a critical role for glia-neuron communication in the detection of water shortage and the initiation of thirst-associated behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Amrein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Barragán-Álvarez CP, Flores-Fernandez JM, Hernández-Pérez OR, Ávila-Gónzalez D, Díaz NF, Padilla-Camberos E, Dublan-García O, Gómez-Oliván LM, Diaz-Martinez NE. Recent advances in the use of CRISPR/Cas for understanding the early development of molecular gaps in glial cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:947769. [PMID: 36120556 PMCID: PMC9479146 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.947769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are non-neuronal elements of the nervous system (NS) and play a central role in its development, maturation, and homeostasis. Glial cell interest has increased, leading to the discovery of novel study fields. The CRISPR/Cas system has been widely employed for NS understanding. Its use to study glial cells gives crucial information about their mechanisms and role in the central nervous system (CNS) and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the increasingly accelerated discovery of genes associated with the multiple implications of glial cells could be studied and complemented with the novel screening methods of high-content and single-cell screens at the genome-scale as Perturb-Seq, CRISP-seq, and CROPseq. Besides, the emerging methods, GESTALT, and LINNAEUS, employed to generate large-scale cell lineage maps have yielded invaluable information about processes involved in neurogenesis. These advances offer new therapeutic approaches to finding critical unanswered questions about glial cells and their fundamental role in the nervous system. Furthermore, they help to better understanding the significance of glial cells and their role in developmental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patricia Barragán-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular y Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño Del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Miguel Flores-Fernandez
- Departamento de Investigación e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica de Oriental, Oriental, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Daniela Ávila-Gónzalez
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular y Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño Del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México City, Mexico
| | - Nestor Fabian Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Padilla-Camberos
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular y Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño Del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublan-García
- Laboratorio de Alimentos y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Alimentos y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Nestor Emmanuel Diaz-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular y Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño Del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Castañeda-Sampedro A, Calvin-Cejudo L, Martin F, Gomez-Diaz C, Alcorta E. The Ntan1 gene is expressed in perineural glia and neurons of adult Drosophila. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14749. [PMID: 36042338 PMCID: PMC9427837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Ntan1 gene encodes an N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase that we show is highly conserved throughout evolution. Protein isoforms share more than 72% of similarity with their human counterparts. At the cellular level, this gene regulates the type of glial cell growth in Drosophila larvae by its different expression levels. The Drosophila Ntan1 gene has 4 transcripts that encode 2 protein isoforms. Here we describe that although this gene is expressed at all developmental stages and adult organs tested (eye, antennae and brain) there are some transcript-dependent specificities. Therefore, both quantitative and qualitative cues could account for gene function. However, widespread developmental stage and organ-dependent expression could be masking cell-specific constraints that can be explored in Drosophila by using Gal4 drivers. We report a new genetic driver within this gene, Mz317-Gal4, that recapitulates the Ntan1 gene expression pattern in adults. It shows specific expression for perineural glia in the olfactory organs but mixed expression with some neurons in the adult brain. Memory and social behavior disturbances in mice and cancer and schizophrenia in humans have been linked to the Ntan1 gene. Therefore, these new tools in Drosophila may contribute to our understanding of the cellular basis of these alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castañeda-Sampedro
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Laura Calvin-Cejudo
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Martin
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. .,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Esther Alcorta
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área de Genética), Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Corrales M, Cocanougher BT, Kohn AB, Wittenbach JD, Long XS, Lemire A, Cardona A, Singer RH, Moroz LL, Zlatic M. A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of complete insect nervous systems across multiple life stages. Neural Dev 2022; 17:8. [PMID: 36002881 PMCID: PMC9404646 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-022-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular profiles of neurons influence neural development and function but bridging the gap between genes, circuits, and behavior has been very difficult. Here we used single cell RNAseq to generate a complete gene expression atlas of the Drosophila larval central nervous system composed of 131,077 single cells across three developmental stages (1 h, 24 h and 48 h after hatching). We identify 67 distinct cell clusters based on the patterns of gene expression. These include 31 functional mature larval neuron clusters, 1 ring gland cluster, 8 glial clusters, 6 neural precursor clusters, and 13 developing immature adult neuron clusters. Some clusters are present across all stages of larval development, while others are stage specific (such as developing adult neurons). We identify genes that are differentially expressed in each cluster, as well as genes that are differentially expressed at distinct stages of larval life. These differentially expressed genes provide promising candidates for regulating the function of specific neuronal and glial types in the larval nervous system, or the specification and differentiation of adult neurons. The cell transcriptome Atlas of the Drosophila larval nervous system is a valuable resource for developmental biology and systems neuroscience and provides a basis for elucidating how genes regulate neural development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Corrales
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin T Cocanougher
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.,Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Department of Neuroscience and Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville/St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Jason D Wittenbach
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Xi S Long
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Lemire
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Albert Cardona
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert H Singer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience and Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville/St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA. .,Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang Y, Lobb-Rabe M, Ashley J, Chatterjee P, Anand V, Bellen HJ, Kanca O, Carrillo RA. Systematic expression profiling of Dpr and DIP genes reveals cell surface codes in Drosophila larval motor and sensory neurons. Development 2022; 149:dev200355. [PMID: 35502740 PMCID: PMC9188756 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In complex nervous systems, neurons must identify their correct partners to form synaptic connections. The prevailing model to ensure correct recognition posits that cell-surface proteins (CSPs) in individual neurons act as identification tags. Thus, knowing what cells express which CSPs would provide insights into neural development, synaptic connectivity, and nervous system evolution. Here, we investigated expression of Dpr and DIP genes, two CSP subfamilies belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, in Drosophila larval motor neurons (MNs), muscles, glia and sensory neurons (SNs) using a collection of GAL4 driver lines. We found that Dpr genes are more broadly expressed than DIP genes in MNs and SNs, and each examined neuron expresses a unique combination of Dpr and DIP genes. Interestingly, many Dpr and DIP genes are not robustly expressed, but are found instead in gradient and temporal expression patterns. In addition, the unique expression patterns of Dpr and DIP genes revealed three uncharacterized MNs. This study sets the stage for exploring the functions of Dpr and DIP genes in Drosophila MNs and SNs and provides genetic access to subsets of neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupu Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Purujit Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Veera Anand
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurobiological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurobiological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert A. Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cellular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nguyen PK, Cheng LY. Non-autonomous regulation of neurogenesis by extrinsic cues: a Drosophila perspective. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac004. [PMID: 38596708 PMCID: PMC10913833 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a functional circuitry in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the correct number and subtypes of neural cells. In the developing brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) self-renew while giving rise to progenitors that in turn generate differentiated progeny. As such, the size and the diversity of cells that make up the functional CNS depend on the proliferative properties of NSCs. In the fruit fly Drosophila, where the process of neurogenesis has been extensively investigated, extrinsic factors such as the microenvironment of NSCs, nutrients, oxygen levels and systemic signals have been identified as regulators of NSC proliferation. Here, we review decades of work that explores how extrinsic signals non-autonomously regulate key NSC characteristics such as quiescence, proliferation and termination in the fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Khanh Nguyen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Salazar G, Ross G, Maserejian AE, Coutinho-Budd J. Quantifying Glial-Glial Tiling Using Automated Image Analysis in Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:826483. [PMID: 35401121 PMCID: PMC8987577 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.826483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Not only do glia form close associations with neurons throughout the central nervous system (CNS), but glial cells also interact closely with other glial cells. As these cells mature, they undergo a phenomenon known as glial tiling, where they grow to abut one another, often without invading each other’s boundaries. Glial tiling occurs throughout the animal kingdom, from fruit flies to humans; however, not much is known about the glial-glial interactions that lead to and maintain this tiling. Drosophila provide a strong model to investigate glial-glial tiling, where tiling occurs both among individual glial cells of the same subtype, as well as between those of different subtypes. Furthermore, the spatial segregation of the CNS allows for the unique ability to visualize and manipulate inter-subtype interactions. Previous work in Drosophila has suggested an interaction between cortex glia and astrocytes, where astrocytes cross the normal neuropil-cortex boundary in response to dysfunctional cortex glia. Here, we further explore this interaction by implementing an automated pipeline to more fully characterize this astrocyte-cortex glial relationship. By quantifying and correlating the extent of cortex glial dysfunction and aberrant astrocyte infiltration using automated analysis, we maximize the size of the quantified dataset to reveal subtle patterns in astrocyte-cortex glial interactions. We provide a guide for creating and validating a fully-automated image analysis pipeline for exploring these interactions, and implement this pipeline to describe a significant correlation between cortex glial dysfunction and aberrant astrocyte infiltration, as well as demonstrate variations in their relationship across different regions of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Salazar
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Vermont Complex Systems Center, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Grace Ross
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Ariana E Maserejian
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jaeda Coutinho-Budd
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bajar BT, Phi NT, Randhawa H, Akin O. Developmental neural activity requires neuron-astrocyte interactions. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:235-244. [PMID: 35225404 PMCID: PMC9018619 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Developmental neural activity is a common feature of neural circuit assembly. Although glia have established roles in synapse development, the contribution of neuron-glia interactions to developmental activity remains largely unexplored. Here we show that astrocytes are necessary for developmental activity during synaptogenesis in Drosophila. Using wide-field epifluorescence and two-photon imaging, we show that the glia of the central nervous system participate in developmental activity with type-specific patterns of intracellular calcium dynamics. Genetic ablation of astrocytes, but not of cortex or ensheathing glia, leads to severe attenuation of neuronal activity. Similarly, inhibition of neuronal activity results in the loss of astrocyte calcium dynamics. By altering these dynamics, we show that astrocytic calcium cycles can influence neuronal activity but are not necessary per se. Taken together, our results indicate that, in addition to their recognized role in the structural maturation of synapses, astrocytes are also necessary for the function of synapses during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce T. Bajar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Scientist Training Program, Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Nguyen T. Phi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Harpreet Randhawa
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Orkun Akin
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| |
Collapse
|