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Hu Z, Liu Q, Ouyang B, Wang G, Wei C, Zhao X. Recent advances in genetic engineering to enhance plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzyme expression in Penicillium oxalicum: A brief review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134775. [PMID: 39153674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
With the depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels, there has been an increasing emphasis on renewable biomass. Penicillium oxalicum is notable for its exceptional capacity to secrete a diverse array of enzymes that degrade plant polysaccharides into monosaccharides. These valuable monosaccharides can be harnessed in the production of bioethanol and other sustainable forms of energy. By enhancing the production of plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes (PPDEs) in P. oxalicum, we can optimize the utilization of plant biomass. This paper presents recent advances in augmenting PPDE expression in P. oxalicum through genetic engineering strategies involving protoplast preparation, transformation, and factors influencing PPDE gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Hu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qiling Liu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Bei Ouyang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Chenyang Wei
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xihua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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2
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Tabatabai A, Arora A, Höfmann S, Jauch M, von Tresckow B, Hansen J, Flümann R, Jachimowicz RD, Klein S, Reinhardt HC, Knittel G. Mouse models of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1313371. [PMID: 38124747 PMCID: PMC10731046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1313371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a genetically highly heterogeneous disease. Yet, to date, the vast majority of patients receive standardized frontline chemo-immune-therapy consisting of an anthracycline backbone. Using these regimens, approximately 65% of patients can be cured, whereas the remaining 35% of patients will face relapsed or refractory disease, which, even in the era of CAR-T cells, is difficult to treat. To systematically tackle this high medical need, it is important to design, generate and deploy suitable in vivo model systems that capture disease biology, heterogeneity and drug response. Recently published, large comprehensive genomic characterization studies, which defined molecular sub-groups of DLBCL, provide an ideal framework for the generation of autochthonous mouse models, as well as an ideal benchmark for cell line-derived or patient-derived mouse models of DLBCL. Here we discuss the current state of the art in the field of mouse modelling of human DLBCL, with a particular focus on disease biology and genetically defined molecular vulnerabilities, as well as potential targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areya Tabatabai
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aastha Arora
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Svenja Höfmann
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Jauch
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bastian von Tresckow
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Hansen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Flümann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ron D. Jachimowicz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klein
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gero Knittel
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Essen, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Zhong Y, Tan X, Wang X, Jiang J, Song K, Chen H, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhang L, Guo C, Liang H, Yu W. Generation of Vgll4-DreER transgenic mouse for visualizing and manipulating VGLL4-expressing cells in vivo. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23435. [PMID: 37352117 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Vestigial like family member 4 (VGLL4), a member of the Hippo pathway, is a transcriptional cofactor involved in many biological processes, such as tumor progression, postnatal heart growth, and muscle regeneration. However, the VGLL4 expression pattern in vivo remains unclear. To detect and trace Vgll4-expressing cells and their progeny, we generated and characterized a new tamoxifen-inducible Dre knock-in mouse line, Vgll4-DreER. This mouse line expressed DreER (Dre recombinase fused to the estrogen receptor) under the control of the endogenous Vgll4 promoter. After crossing the Vgll4-DreER mouse line with the Dre-responsive reporter H11-rRFP, Dre-mediated recombination in the tissue was monitored on the basis of red fluorescent protein (RFP) signals, which indicated the distribution of VGLL4-positive cells in vivo. Our data revealed that VGLL4 is widely expressed in various cell types at embryonic and neonatal stages. After comparison with our previously reported Vgll4-GFP mouse, we found that the RFP signal profile was wider than the green fluorescent protein (GFP) pattern, indicating that Vgll4-DreER is more sensitive for labeling VGLL4-expressing cells. We next used a dual-recombination system to simultaneously label VGLL4- and keratin 5 (KRT5)-positive cell populations, and no crosstalk was observed in the Krt5-CreER;Vgll4-DreER;R26-rGlR mice. Taken together, the Vgll4-DreER mouse line is a valuable new tool for examining the precise VGLL4 expression profile and conditional manipulating of VGLL4-expressing cells and their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xixi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Song
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haiyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunming Guo
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongfeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
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Singh P, Ali SA. Mature white adipocyte plasticity during mammary gland remodelling and cancer. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100123. [PMID: 37771567 PMCID: PMC10522874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland growth and differentiation predominantly rely on stromal-epithelial cellular communication. Specifically, mammary adipocytes play a crucial role in ductal morphogenesis, as well as in the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. The process of lactation entails a reduction in the levels of white adipose tissue associated with the MG, allowing for the expansion of milk-producing epithelial cells. Subsequently, during involution and the regression of the milk-producing unit, adipocyte layers resurface, occupying the vacated space. This dynamic phenomenon underscores the remarkable plasticity and expansion of adipose tissue. Traditionally considered terminally differentiated, adipocytes have recently been found to exhibit plasticity in certain contexts. Unraveling the significance of this cell type within the MG could pave the way for novel approaches to reduce the risk of breast cancer and enhance lactation performance. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of adipocyte trans- and de-differentiation processes holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions targeting cancer, fibrosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other related diseases. Additionally, adipocytes may find utility in the realm of regenerative medicine. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in our understanding of MG remodelling, with a specific focus on the tissue-specific functions of adipocytes and their role in the development of cancer. By synthesizing current knowledge in this field, it aims to consolidate our understanding of adipocyte biology within the context of mammary gland biology, thereby fostering further research and discovery in this vital area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, 132001, India
- Division of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, 132001, India
- Division Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Jiang X, Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Xu C, Li Q, Xing X, Li W, Zou J, Meng L, Azhar M, Cao Y, Tong X, Qin W, Zhu X, Bao J. Maternal NAT10 orchestrates oocyte meiotic cell-cycle progression and maturation in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3729. [PMID: 37349316 PMCID: PMC10287700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the production of mature oocytes necessitates rigorous regulation of the discontinuous meiotic cell-cycle progression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. However, the factors underlying this sophisticated but explicit process remain largely unclear. Here we characterize the function of N-acetyltransferase 10 (Nat10), a writer for N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) on RNA molecules, in mouse oocyte development. We provide genetic evidence that Nat10 is essential for oocyte meiotic prophase I progression, oocyte growth and maturation by sculpting the maternal transcriptome through timely degradation of poly(A) tail mRNAs. This is achieved through the ac4C deposition on the key CCR4-NOT complex transcripts. Importantly, we devise a method for examining the poly(A) tail length (PAT), termed Hairpin Adaptor-poly(A) tail length (HA-PAT), which outperforms conventional methods in terms of cost, sensitivity, and efficiency. In summary, these findings provide genetic evidence that unveils the indispensable role of maternal Nat10 in oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuzhang Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Caoling Xu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiaodan Li
- Laboratory animal center, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuemei Xing
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan Meng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Muhammad Azhar
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuzhu Cao
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianhong Tong
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weibing Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), 510600, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Jianqiang Bao
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230001, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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6
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Sun H, Wang S, Lu M, Tinberg CE, Alba BM. Protein production from HEK293 cell line-derived stable pools with high protein quality and quantity to support discovery research. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285971. [PMID: 37267316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics and recombinant protein reagents are often produced in mammalian expression systems, which provide human-like post-translational modifications. Among the available mammalian cell lines used for recombinant protein expression, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived suspension cells are generally utilized because they are easy to culture and tend to produce proteins in high yield. However, some proteins purified from CHO cell overexpression suffer from clipping and display undesired non-human post translational modifications (PTMs). In addition, CHO cell lines are often not suitable for producing proteins with many glycosylation motifs for structural biology studies, as N-linked glycosylation of proteins poses challenges for structure determination by X-ray crystallography. Hence, alternative and complementary cell lines are required to address these issues. Here, we present a robust method for expressing proteins in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293)-derived stable pools, leading to recombinant protein products with much less clipped species compared to those expressed in CHO cells and with higher yield compared to those expressed in transiently-transfected HEK293 cells. Importantly, the stable pool generation protocol is also applicable to HEK293S GnTI- (N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I-negative) and Expi293F GnTI- suspension cells, facilitating production of high yields of proteins with less complex glycans for use in structural biology projects. Compared to HEK293S GnTI- stable pools, Expi293F GnTI- stable pools consistently produce proteins with similar or higher expression levels. HEK293-derived stable pools can lead to a significant cost reduction and greatly promote the production of high-quality proteins for diverse research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Songyu Wang
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mei Lu
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christine E Tinberg
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M Alba
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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7
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Montoliu L. Transgenesis and Genome Engineering: A Historical Review. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:1-32. [PMID: 36995662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to modify DNA molecules and to introduce them into mammalian cells or embryos almost appears in parallel, starting from the 1970s of the last century. Genetic engineering techniques rapidly developed between 1970 and 1980. In contrast, robust procedures to microinject or introduce DNA constructs into individuals did not take off until 1980 and evolved during the following two decades. For some years, it was only possible to add transgenes, de novo, of different formats, including artificial chromosomes, in a variety of vertebrate species or to introduce specific mutations essentially in mice, thanks to the gene-targeting methods by homologous recombination approaches using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Eventually, genome-editing tools brought the possibility to add or inactivate DNA sequences, at specific sites, at will, irrespective of the animal species involved. Together with a variety of additional techniques, this chapter will summarize the milestones in the transgenesis and genome engineering fields from the 1970s to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Montoliu
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Wei M, Mi CL, Jing CQ, Wang TY. Progress of Transposon Vector System for Production of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins in Mammalian Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:879222. [PMID: 35600890 PMCID: PMC9114503 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.879222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mammalian cells have become the primary host cells for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). Despite that the expression of RTPs in mammalian cells can be improved by directly optimizing or engineering the expression vectors, it is still influenced by the low stability and efficiency of gene integration. Transposons are mobile genetic elements that can be inserted and cleaved within the genome and can change their inserting position. The transposon vector system can be applied to establish a stable pool of cells with high efficiency in RTPs production through facilitating the integration of gene of interest into transcriptionally active sites under screening pressure. Here, the structure and optimization of transposon vector system and its application in expressing RTPs at high level in mammalian cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chang-Qin Jing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-Qin Jing, ; Tian-Yun Wang,
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-Qin Jing, ; Tian-Yun Wang,
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9
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Montoliu L. Historical DNA Manipulation Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2495:3-28. [PMID: 35696025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2301-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The history of DNA manipulation for the creation of genetically modified animals began in the 1970s, using viruses as the first DNA molecules microinjected into mouse embryos at different preimplantation stages. Subsequently, simple DNA plasmids were used to microinject into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse oocytes and that method became the reference for many years. The isolation of embryonic stem cells together with advances in genetics allowed the generation of gene-specific knockout mice, later on improved with conditional mutations. Cloning procedures expanded the gene inactivation to livestock and other non-model mammalian species. Lentiviruses, artificial chromosomes, and intracytoplasmic sperm injections expanded the toolbox for DNA manipulation. The last chapter of this short but intense history belongs to programmable nucleases, particularly CRISPR-Cas systems, triggering the development of genomic-editing techniques, the current revolution we are living in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Montoliu
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Lin YY, Zhao S, Lin X, Zhang T, Li CX, Luo XM, Feng JX. Improvement of cellulase and xylanase production in Penicillium oxalicum under solid-state fermentation by flippase recombination enzyme/ recognition target-mediated genetic engineering of transcription repressors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125366. [PMID: 34144430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium oxalicum has received increasing attention as a potential cellulase-producer. In this study, a copper-controlled flippase recombination enzyme/recognition target (FLP/FRT)-mediated recombination system was constructed in P. oxalicum, to overcome limited availability of antibiotic resistance markers. Using this system, two crucial transcription repressor genes atf1 and cxrC for the production of cellulase and xylanase under solid-state fermentation (SSF) were simultaneously deleted, thereby leading to 2.4- to 29.1-fold higher cellulase and 78.9% to 130.8% higher xylanase production than the parental strain under SSF, respectively. Glucose and xylose released from hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse achieved 10.6%-13.5% improvement by using the crude enzymes from the engineered strain Δatf1ΔcxrC::flp under SSF in comparison with that of the parental strain. Consequently, these results provide a feasible strategy for improved cellulase and xylanase production by filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
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11
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Couasnay G, Madel MB, Lim J, Lee B, Elefteriou F. Sites of Cre-recombinase activity in mouse lines targeting skeletal cells. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1661-1679. [PMID: 34278610 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cre/Lox system is a powerful tool in the biologist's toolbox, allowing loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies, as well as lineage tracing, through gene recombination in a tissue-specific and inducible manner. Evidence indicates, however, that Cre transgenic lines have a far more nuanced and broader pattern of Cre activity than initially thought, exhibiting "off-target" activity in tissues/cells other than the ones they were originally designed to target. With the goal of facilitating the comparison and selection of optimal Cre lines to be used for the study of gene function, we have summarized in a single manuscript the major sites and timing of Cre activity of the main Cre lines available to target bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, tenocytes, and osteoclasts, along with their reported sites of "off-target" Cre activity. We also discuss characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these Cre lines for users to avoid common risks related to overinterpretation or misinterpretation based on the assumption of strict cell-type specificity or unaccounted effect of the Cre transgene or Cre inducers. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joohyun Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Chenouard V, Remy S, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Ouisse LH, Cherifi Y, Anegon I. Advances in Genome Editing and Application to the Generation of Genetically Modified Rat Models. Front Genet 2021; 12:615491. [PMID: 33959146 PMCID: PMC8093876 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.615491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has been extensively used as a small animal model. Many genetically engineered rat models have emerged in the last two decades, and the advent of gene-specific nucleases has accelerated their generation in recent years. This review covers the techniques and advances used to generate genetically engineered rat lines and their application to the development of rat models more broadly, such as conditional knockouts and reporter gene strains. In addition, genome-editing techniques that remain to be explored in the rat are discussed. The review also focuses more particularly on two areas in which extensive work has been done: human genetic diseases and immune system analysis. Models are thoroughly described in these two areas and highlight the competitive advantages of rat models over available corresponding mouse versions. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the advantages and potential of rat models for addressing specific scientific questions and to characterize the best genome-engineering tools for developing new projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chenouard
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- genOway, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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13
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Zhang M, Yang C, Tasan I, Zhao H. Expanding the Potential of Mammalian Genome Engineering via Targeted DNA Integration. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:429-446. [PMID: 33596056 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inserting custom designed DNA sequences into the mammalian genome plays an essential role in synthetic biology. In particular, the ability to introduce foreign DNA in a site-specific manner offers numerous advantages over random DNA integration. In this review, we focus on two mechanistically distinct systems that have been widely adopted for targeted DNA insertion in mammalian cells, the CRISPR/Cas9 system and site-specific recombinases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized the genome engineering field thanks to its high programmability and ease of use. However, due to its dependence on linearized DNA donor and endogenous cellular pathways to repair the induced double-strand break, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated DNA insertion still faces limitations such as small insert size, and undesired editing outcomes via error-prone repair pathways. In contrast, site-specific recombinases, in particular the Serine integrases, demonstrate large-cargo capability and no dependence on cellular repair pathways for DNA integration. Here we first describe recent advances in improving the overall efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9-based methods for DNA insertion. Moreover, we highlight the advantages of site-specific recombinases over CRISPR/Cas9 in the context of targeted DNA integration, with a special focus on the recent development of programmable recombinases. We conclude by discussing the importance of protein engineering to further expand the current toolkit for targeted DNA insertion in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Che Yang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ipek Tasan
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Yoshimi K, Yamauchi Y, Tanaka T, Shimada T, Sato M, Mashimo T. Photoactivatable Cre knock-in mice for spatiotemporal control of genetic engineering in vivo. J Transl Med 2021; 101:125-135. [PMID: 32892213 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Cre-loxP recombination system has been extensively used to analyze gene function in vivo, spatiotemporal control of Cre activity is a critical limitation for easy and precise recombination. Here, we established photoactivatable-Cre (PA-Cre) knock-in (KI) mice at a safe harbor locus for the spatial and temporal regulation of Cre recombinase activity. The mice showed whole-body Cre recombination activity following light exposure for only 1 h. Almost no leaks of Cre recombination activity were detected in the KI mice under natural light conditions. Spot irradiation could induce locus-specific recombination noninvasively, enabling us to compare phenotypes on the left and right sides in the same mouse. Furthermore, long-term irradiation using an implanted wireless LED substantially improved Cre recombination activity, especially in the brain. These results demonstrate that PA-Cre KI mice can facilitate the spatiotemporal control of genetic engineering and provide a useful resource to elucidate gene function in vivo with Cre-loxP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshimi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Division of Genome Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamauchi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | - Moritoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Division of Genome Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
The Cre-LoxP technology permits gene ablation in specific cell lineages, at chosen differentiation stages of this lineage and in an inducible manner. It has allowed tremendous advances in our understanding of skeleton biology and related pathophysiological mechanisms, through the generation of loss/gain of function or cell tracing experiments based on the creation of an expanding toolbox of transgenic mice expressing the Cre recombinase in skeletal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, or osteoclasts. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the different Cre-LoxP systems and Cre mouse lines used in the bone field, we discuss their advantages, limitations, and we outline best practices to interpret results obtained from the use of Cre mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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DNA binding induces a cis-to- trans switch in Cre recombinase to enable intasome assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24849-24858. [PMID: 32968014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011448117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of DNA recombination in the Cre-loxP system has largely been guided by crystallographic structures of tetrameric synaptic complexes. Those studies have suggested a role for protein conformational dynamics that has not been well characterized at the atomic level. We used solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to discover the link between intrinsic flexibility and function in Cre recombinase. Transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy (TROSY) NMR spectra show the N-terminal and C-terminal catalytic domains (CreNTD and CreCat) to be structurally independent. Amide 15N relaxation measurements of the CreCat domain reveal fast-timescale dynamics in most regions that exhibit conformational differences in active and inactive Cre protomers in crystallographic tetramers. However, the C-terminal helix αN, implicated in assembly of synaptic complexes and regulation of DNA cleavage activity via trans protein-protein interactions, is unexpectedly rigid in free Cre. Chemical shift perturbations and intra- and intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) NMR data reveal an alternative autoinhibitory conformation for the αN region of free Cre, wherein it packs in cis over the protein DNA binding surface and active site. Moreover, binding to loxP DNA induces a conformational change that dislodges the C terminus, resulting in a cis-to-trans switch that is likely to enable protein-protein interactions required for assembly of recombinogenic Cre intasomes. These findings necessitate a reexamination of the mechanisms by which this widely utilized gene-editing tool selects target sites, avoids spurious DNA cleavage activity, and controls DNA recombination efficiency.
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17
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Garcia-Gonzalez I, Mühleder S, Fernández-Chacón M, Benedito R. Genetic Tools to Study Cardiovascular Biology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1084. [PMID: 33071802 PMCID: PMC7541935 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in biomedical science is tightly associated with the improvement of methods and genetic tools to manipulate and analyze gene function in mice, the most widely used model organism in biomedical research. The joint effort of numerous individual laboratories and consortiums has contributed to the creation of a large genetic resource that enables scientists to image cells, probe signaling pathways activities, or modify a gene function in any desired cell type or time point, à la carte. However, as these tools significantly increase in number and become more sophisticated, it is more difficult to keep track of each tool's possibilities and understand their advantages and disadvantages. Knowing the best currently available genetic technology to answer a particular biological question is key to reach a higher standard in biomedical research. In this review, we list and discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of available mammalian genetic technology to analyze cardiovascular cell biology at higher cellular and molecular resolution. We start with the most simple and classical genetic approaches and end with the most advanced technology available to fluorescently label cells, conditionally target their genes, image their clonal expansion, and decode their lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Sahai E, Astsaturov I, Cukierman E, DeNardo DG, Egeblad M, Evans RM, Fearon D, Greten FR, Hingorani SR, Hunter T, Hynes RO, Jain RK, Janowitz T, Jorgensen C, Kimmelman AC, Kolonin MG, Maki RG, Powers RS, Puré E, Ramirez DC, Scherz-Shouval R, Sherman MH, Stewart S, Tlsty TD, Tuveson DA, Watt FM, Weaver V, Weeraratna AT, Werb Z. A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:174-186. [PMID: 31980749 PMCID: PMC7046529 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1961] [Impact Index Per Article: 490.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumour microenvironment with diverse functions, including matrix deposition and remodelling, extensive reciprocal signalling interactions with cancer cells and crosstalk with infiltrating leukocytes. As such, they are a potential target for optimizing therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, many challenges are present in ongoing attempts to modulate CAFs for therapeutic benefit. These include limitations in our understanding of the origin of CAFs and heterogeneity in CAF function, with it being desirable to retain some antitumorigenic functions. On the basis of a meeting of experts in the field of CAF biology, we summarize in this Consensus Statement our current knowledge and present a framework for advancing our understanding of this critical cell type within the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sahai
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Biology Program, Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G DeNardo
- Division of Oncology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Fearon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Claus Jorgensen
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Nether Alderley, UK
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert G Maki
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Scott Powers
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel C Ramirez
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Scherz-Shouval
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mara H Sherman
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sheila Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Medicine, ICCE Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Valerie Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes play critical roles orchestrating anti-cancer programs that are both context dependent and mechanistically diverse. Beyond canonical tumor suppressive programs that control cell division, cell death, and genome stability, unexpected tumor suppressor gene activities that regulate metabolism, immune surveillance, the epigenetic landscape, and others have recently emerged. This diversity underscores the important roles these genes play in maintaining cellular homeostasis to suppress cancer initiation and progression, but also highlights a tremendous challenge in discerning precise context-specific programs of tumor suppression controlled by a given tumor suppressor. Fortunately, the rapid sophistication of genetically engineered mouse models of cancer has begun to shed light on these context-dependent tumor suppressor activities. By using techniques that not only toggle "off" tumor suppressor genes in nascent tumors, but also facilitate the timely restoration of gene function "back-on again" in disease specific contexts, precise mechanisms of tumor suppression can be revealed in an unbiased manner. This review discusses the development and implementation of genetic systems designed to toggle tumor suppressor genes off and back-on again and their potential to uncover the tumor suppressor's tale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonuelle Acosta
- Biomedical Graduate Studies Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA
| | - Walter Wang
- Vagelos Scholars Program, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA
| | - David M Feldser
- Biomedical Graduate Studies Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA. .,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., 751 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA.
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20
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Wu Q, Han Y, Tong Q. Current Genetic Techniques in Neural Circuit Control of Feeding and Energy Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:211-233. [PMID: 30390293 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current epidemic of obesity and its associated metabolic syndromes imposes unprecedented challenges to our society. Despite intensive research focus on obesity pathogenesis, an effective therapeutic strategy to treat and cure obesity is still lacking. The obesity development is due to a disturbed homeostatic control of feeding and energy expenditure, both of which are controlled by an intricate neural network in the brain. Given the inherent complexity of brain networks in controlling feeding and energy expenditure, the understanding of brain-based pathophysiology for obesity development is limited. One key limiting factor in dissecting neural pathways for feeding and energy expenditure is unavailability of techniques that can be used to effectively reduce the complexity of the brain network to a tractable paradigm, based on which a strong hypothesis can be tested. Excitingly, emerging techniques have been involved to be able to link specific groups of neurons and neural pathways to behaviors (i.e., feeding and energy expenditure). In this chapter, novel techniques especially those based on animal models and viral vector approaches will be discussed. We hope that this chapter will provide readers with a basis that can help to understand the literatures using these techniques and with a guide to apply these exciting techniques to investigate brain mechanisms underlying feeding and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Children's Nutrition Research Center, Research Service of Department of Agriculture of USA, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA-ARS, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Recent exponential advances in genome sequencing and engineering technologies have enabled an unprecedented level of interrogation into the impact of DNA variation (genotype) on cellular function (phenotype). Furthermore, these advances have also prompted realistic discussion of writing and radically re-writing complex genomes. In this Perspective, we detail the motivation for large-scale engineering, discuss the progress made from such projects in bacteria and yeast and describe how various genome-engineering technologies will contribute to this effort. Finally, we describe the features of an ideal platform and provide a roadmap to facilitate the efficient writing of large genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chari
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - George M. Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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22
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The protein phosphatase 1 regulator NIPP1 is essential for mammalian spermatogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13364. [PMID: 29042623 PMCID: PMC5645368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NIPP1 is one of the major nuclear interactors of protein phosphatase PP1. The deletion of NIPP1 in mice is early embryonic lethal, which has precluded functional studies in adult tissues. Hence, we have generated an inducible NIPP1 knockout model using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase transgene. The inactivation of the NIPP1 encoding alleles (Ppp1r8) in adult mice occurred very efficiently in testis and resulted in a gradual loss of germ cells, culminating in a Sertoli-cell only phenotype. Before the overt development of this phenotype Ppp1r8−/− testis showed a decreased proliferation and survival capacity of cells of the spermatogenic lineage. A reduced proliferation was also detected after the tamoxifen-induced removal of NIPP1 from cultured testis slices and isolated germ cells enriched for undifferentiated spermatogonia, hinting at a testis-intrinsic defect. Consistent with the observed phenotype, RNA sequencing identified changes in the transcript levels of cell-cycle and apoptosis regulating genes in NIPP1-depleted testis. We conclude that NIPP1 is essential for mammalian spermatogenesis because it is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of progenitor germ cells, including (un)differentiated spermatogonia.
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23
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Tsai CY, Poon YY, Chen CH, Chan SHH. Anomalous baroreflex functionality inherent in floxed and Cre-Lox mice: an overlooked physiological phenotype. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H700-H707. [PMID: 28778914 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00346.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen the emergence of Cre-Lox recombination as one of the most powerful and versatile technologies for cell-specific genetic engineering of mammalian cells. Understandably, the primary concerns in the practice of Cre-Lox recombination are whether the predicted genome has been correctly modified and the targeted phenotypes expressed. Rarely are the physiological conditions of the animals routinely examined because the general assumption is that they are normal. Based on corroborative results from radiotelemetric recording, power spectral analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging/diffusion tensor imaging in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-floxed mice, the present study revealed that this assumption requires amendment. We found that despite comparable blood pressure and heart rate with C57BL/6 or Cre mice under the conscious state, floxed and Cre-Lox mice exhibited diminished baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone and cardiac vagal baroreflex. We further found that the capacity and plasticity of baroreflex of these two strains of mice under isoflurane anesthesia were retarded, as reflected by reduced connectivity between the nucleus tractus solitarii and rostral ventrolateral medulla or nucleus ambiguus. The identification of anomalous baroreflex functionality inherent in floxed and Cre-Lox mice points to the importance of incorporating physiological phenotypes into studies that engage gene manipulations such as Cre-Lox recombination.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We established that anomalous baroreflex functionality is inherent in floxed and Cre-Lox mice. These two mouse strains exhibited diminished baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone and cardiac vagal baroreflex under the conscious state, retarded capacity and plasticity of baroreflex under isoflurane anesthesia, and reduced connectivity between key nuclei in the baroreflex neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Yan-Yuen Poon
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Han Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Samuel H H Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
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Eppig JT. Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) Resource: Genetic, Genomic, and Biological Knowledgebase for the Laboratory Mouse. ILAR J 2017; 58:17-41. [PMID: 28838066 PMCID: PMC5886341 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) Resource supports basic, translational, and computational research by providing high-quality, integrated data on the genetics, genomics, and biology of the laboratory mouse. MGI serves a strategic role for the scientific community in facilitating biomedical, experimental, and computational studies investigating the genetics and processes of diseases and enabling the development and testing of new disease models and therapeutic interventions. This review describes the nexus of the body of growing genetic and biological data and the advances in computer technology in the late 1980s, including the World Wide Web, that together launched the beginnings of MGI. MGI develops and maintains a gold-standard resource that reflects the current state of knowledge, provides semantic and contextual data integration that fosters hypothesis testing, continually develops new and improved tools for searching and analysis, and partners with the scientific community to assure research data needs are met. Here we describe one slice of MGI relating to the development of community-wide large-scale mutagenesis and phenotyping projects and introduce ways to access and use these MGI data. References and links to additional MGI aspects are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan T. Eppig
- Janan T. Eppig, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
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Giordano A, Perugini J, Kristensen DM, Sartini L, Frontini A, Kajimura S, Kristiansen K, Cinti S. Mammary alveolar epithelial cells convert to brown adipocytes in post-lactating mice. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2923-2928. [PMID: 28191637 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, subcutaneous white adipocytes in the mouse mammary gland transdifferentiate reversibly to milk-secreting epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy that in the post-lactating mammary gland interscapular multilocular adipocytes found close to the mammary alveoli contain milk protein granules. Use of the Cre-loxP recombination system allowed showing that the involuting mammary gland of whey acidic protein-Cre/R26R mice, whose secretory alveolar cells express the lacZ gene during pregnancy, contains some X-Gal-stained and uncoupling protein 1-positive interscapular multilocular adipocytes. These data suggest that during mammary gland involution some milk-secreting epithelial cells in the anterior subcutaneous depot may transdifferentiate to brown adipocytes, highlighting a hitherto unappreciated feature of mouse adipose organ plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - David M Kristensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loris Sartini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Metagenomics, BGI-Shenzen, Shenzen, China
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy.,Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche)-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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Sprengel R, Eltokhi A, Single FN. Gene Targeted Mice with Conditional Knock-In (-Out) of NMDAR Mutations. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1677:201-230. [PMID: 28986875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7321-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
For the genetic alterations of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) properties like Ca2+-permeability or voltage-dependent gating in mice and for the experimental analysis of nonsense or missense mutations that were identified in human patients, single nucleotide mutations have to be introduced into the germ line of mice (Burnashev and Szepetowski, Curr Opin Pharmacol 20:73-82, 2015; Endele et al., Nat Genet 42:1021-1026, 2010). This can be done with very high precision by the well-established method of gene replacement, which makes use of homologous recombination in pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells of mice. The homologous recombination at NMDAR subunit genes (Grin; for glutamate receptor ionotropic NMDAR subtype) has to be performed by targeting vectors, also called replacement vectors. The targeting vector should encode part of the gene for the NMDAR subunit, the NMDAR mutation, and a removable selection maker. In these days, the targeting vector can be precisely designed using DNA sequences from public databases. The assembly of the vector is then done from isogenic NMDAR gene fragments cloned in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) using "high fidelity" long-range PCR reactions. During these PCR reactions, the NMDAR mutations are introduced into the cloned NMDAR gene fragments of the targeting vector. Finally, the targeting vector is used for homologous recombination in mouse ES cells. Positive ES cell clones which have the correct mutation have to be selected and are then used for blastocyst injection to generate chimeric mice that hopefully transmit the Grin gene targeted ES cells to their offspring. In the first offspring generation of the founder (F1), some animals will be heterozygous for the targeted NMDAR gene mutation. In order to regulate the expression of NMDAR mutations, it is important to keep the targeted NMDAR mutation under conditional control. Here, we describe a general method how those conditionally controlled NMDAR mutations can be engraved into the germ line of mice as hypomorphic Grin alleles. By breeding these hypomorphic Grin gene targeted mice with Cre recombinase expressing mice, the hypomorphic Grin allele can be activated at specific time points in specific cell types, and the function of the mutated NMDAR can be analyzed in these - so called - conditional mouse models. In this method chapter, we describe in detail the different methodical steps for successful gene targeting and generation of conditional NMDAR mutant mouse lines. Within the last 20 years, several students in our Department of Molecular Neurobiology in Heidelberg used these techniques several times to generate different mouse lines with mutated NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Sprengel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ahmed Eltokhi
- Max Planck Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank N Single
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, Heidelberg, Germany
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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Animal Models in Glioblastoma: Use in Biology and Developing Therapeutic Strategies. ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF GLIOBLASTOMA 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56820-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Marvin JS, Looger LL. Falling apart. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27345573 PMCID: PMC4922843 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Destabilized nanobodies can be used to deliver fluorescent proteins and enzymes to specific targets inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Loren L Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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29
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Abstract
The use of Cre recombinase to carry out conditional mutagenesis of transgenes and insert DNA cassettes into eukaryotic chromosomes is widespread. In addition to the numerous in vivo and in vitro applications that have been reported since Cre was first shown to function in yeast and mammalian cells nearly 30 years ago, the Cre-loxP system has also played an important role in understanding the mechanism of recombination by the tyrosine recombinase family of site-specific recombinases. The simplicity of this system, requiring only a single recombinase enzyme and short recombination sequences for robust activity in a variety of contexts, has been an important factor in both cases. This review discusses advances in the Cre recombinase field that have occurred over the past 12 years since the publication of Mobile DNA II. The focus is on those recent contributions that have provided new mechanistic insights into the reaction. Also discussed are modifications of Cre and/or the loxP sequence that have led to improvements in genome engineering applications.
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30
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New inducible genetic method reveals critical roles of GABA in the control of feeding and metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3645-50. [PMID: 26976589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602049113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available inducible Cre/loxP systems, despite their considerable utility in gene manipulation, have pitfalls in certain scenarios, such as unsatisfactory recombination rates and deleterious effects on physiology and behavior. To overcome these limitations, we designed a new, inducible gene-targeting system by introducing an in-frame nonsense mutation into the coding sequence of Cre recombinase (nsCre). Mutant mRNAs transcribed from nsCre transgene can be efficiently translated into full-length, functional Cre recombinase in the presence of nonsense suppressors such as aminoglycosides. In a proof-of-concept model, GABA signaling from hypothalamic neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) was genetically inactivated within 4 d after treatment with a synthetic aminoglycoside. Disruption of GABA synthesis in AgRP neurons in young adult mice led to a dramatic loss of body weight due to reduced food intake and elevated energy expenditure; they also manifested glucose intolerance. In contrast, older mice with genetic inactivation of GABA signaling by AgRP neurons had only transient reduction of feeding and body weight; their energy expenditure and glucose tolerance were unaffected. These results indicate that GABAergic signaling from AgRP neurons plays a key role in the control of feeding and metabolism through an age-dependent mechanism. This new genetic technique will augment current tools used to elucidate mechanisms underlying many physiological and neurological processes.
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Mayrhofer M, Mione M. The Toolbox for Conditional Zebrafish Cancer Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:21-59. [PMID: 27165348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the conditional zebrafish cancer toolbox, which allows for fine control of the expression of oncogenes or downregulation of tumor suppressors at the spatial and temporal level. Methods such as the Gal4/UAS or the Cre/lox systems paved the way to the development of elegant tumor models, which are now being used to study cancer cell biology, clonal evolution, identification of cancer stem cells and anti-cancer drug screening. Combination of these tools, as well as novel developments such as the promising genome editing system through CRISPR/Cas9 and clever application of light reactive proteins will enable the development of even more sophisticated zebrafish cancer models. Here, we introduce this growing toolbox of conditional transgenic approaches, discuss its current application in zebrafish cancer models and provide an outlook on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mayrhofer
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marina Mione
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Abstract
Site-specific recombinases (SSRs) such as Cre are widely used in gene targeting and genetic approaches for cell labeling and manipulation. They mediate DNA strand exchange between two DNA molecules at dedicated recognition sites. Precise understanding of the Cre recombination mechanism, including the role of individual base pairs in its loxP target site, guided the generation of mutant lox sites that specifically recombine with themselves but not with the wild type loxP. This has led to the development of a variety of combinatorial Cre-dependent genetic strategies, such as multicolor reporters, irreversible inversions, or recombination-mediated cassette exchange. Dre, a Cre-related phage integrase that recognizes roxP sites, does not cross-react with the Cre-loxP system, but has similar recombination efficiency. We have previously described intersectional genetic strategies combining Dre and Cre. We now report a mutagenesis screen aimed at identifying roxP base pairs critical for self-recognition. We describe several rox variant sites that are incompatible with roxP, but are able to efficiently recombine with themselves in either purified systems or bacterial and eukaryotic tissue culture systems. These newly identified rox sites are not recognized by Cre, thus enabling potential combinatorial strategies involving Cre, Dre, and target loci including multiple loxP and roxP variants.
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Roy E, Neufeld Z, Livet J, Khosrotehrani K. Concise review: understanding clonal dynamics in homeostasis and injury through multicolor lineage tracing. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3046-54. [PMID: 25113584 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lineage tracing is an essential tool to study stem cell fate. Although traditional lineage tracing techniques have considerably advanced our understanding of stem cell behavior, they pose significant limitations for identification and longitudinal tracking of the progeny of individual stem cells, to compare their behaviors. This is of importance given the well-established heterogeneity among stem cells both in terms of potentialities and proliferative capacities. The recent development of multicolor genetic reporters addressable to specific cell populations largely overcomes these issues. These new "rainbow" technologies provide increased resolution in clonal identification and offer the possibility to study the relative distribution, contacts, tiled arrangement, and competitive interactions among cells or groups of cells of the same type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Roy
- Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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34
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Venken KJT, Sarrion-Perdigones A, Vandeventer PJ, Abel NS, Christiansen AE, Hoffman KL. Genome engineering: Drosophila melanogaster and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:233-67. [PMID: 26447401 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge in investigating biological phenomena is the development of techniques to modify genomic DNA with nucleotide precision that can be transmitted through the germ line. Recent years have brought a boon in these technologies, now collectively known as genome engineering. Defined genomic manipulations at the nucleotide level enable a variety of reverse engineering paradigms, providing new opportunities to interrogate diverse biological functions. These genetic modifications include controlled removal, insertion, and substitution of genetic fragments, both small and large. Small fragments up to a few kilobases (e.g., single nucleotide mutations, small deletions, or gene tagging at single or multiple gene loci) to large fragments up to megabase resolution can be manipulated at single loci to create deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of substantial sections of whole chromosome arms. A specialized substitution of chromosomal portions that presumably are functionally orthologous between different organisms through syntenic replacement, can provide proof of evolutionary conservation between regulatory sequences. Large transgenes containing endogenous or synthetic DNA can be integrated at defined genomic locations, permitting an alternative proof of evolutionary conservation, and sophisticated transgenes can be used to interrogate biological phenomena. Precision engineering can additionally be used to manipulate the genomes of organelles (e.g., mitochondria). Novel genome engineering paradigms are often accelerated in existing, easily genetically tractable model organisms, primarily because these paradigms can be integrated in a rigorous, existing technology foundation. The Drosophila melanogaster fly model is ideal for these types of studies. Due to its small genome size, having just four chromosomes, the vast amount of cutting-edge genetic technologies, and its short life-cycle and inexpensive maintenance requirements, the fly is exceptionally amenable to complex genetic analysis using advanced genome engineering. Thus, highly sophisticated methods developed in the fly model can be used in nearly any sequenced organism. Here, we summarize different ways to perform precise inheritable genome engineering using integrases, recombinases, and DNA nucleases in the D. melanogaster. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J T Venken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul J Vandeventer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas S Abel
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Audrey E Christiansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristi L Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA
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35
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Lizen B, Claus M, Jeannotte L, Rijli FM, Gofflot F. Perinatal induction of Cre recombination with tamoxifen. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:1065-77. [PMID: 26395370 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Temporal control of site-specific recombination is commonly achieved by using a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre or Flp recombinases. Although powerful protocols of induction have been developed for gene inactivation at adult stages or during embryonic development, induction of recombination at late gestational or early postnatal stages is still difficult to achieve. In this context, using the ubiquitous CMV-CreER(T2) transgenic mice, we have tested and validated two procedures to achieve recombination just before and just after birth. The efficiency of recombination was evaluated in the brain, which is known to be more problematic to target. For the late gestation treatment with tamoxifen, different protocols of complementary administration of progesterone and estrogen were tested. However, delayed delivery and/or mortality of pups due to difficult delivery were always observed. To circumvent this problem, pups were collected from tamoxifen-treated pregnant dams by caesarian section at E18.5 and given to foster mothers. For postnatal treatment, different dosages of tamoxifen were administered by intragastric injection to the pups during 3 or 4 days after birth. The efficiency of these treatments was analyzed at P7 using a transgenic reporter line. They were also validated with the Hoxa5 conditional allele. In conclusion, we have developed efficient procedures that allow achieving efficient recombination of floxed alleles at perinatal stages. These protocols will allow investigating the late/adult functions of many developmental genes, whose characterization has been so far restricted to embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lizen
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Melissa Claus
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Institut de Duve, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,CRHDQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Gofflot
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Reporter Gene Silencing in Targeted Mouse Mutants Is Associated with Promoter CpG Island Methylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134155. [PMID: 26275310 PMCID: PMC4537176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted mutations in mouse disrupt local chromatin structure and may lead to unanticipated local effects. We evaluated targeted gene promoter silencing in a group of six mutants carrying the tm1a Knockout Mouse Project allele containing both a LacZ reporter gene driven by the native promoter and a neo selection cassette. Messenger RNA levels of the reporter gene and targeted gene were assessed by qRT-PCR, and methylation of the promoter CpG islands and LacZ coding sequence were evaluated by sequencing of bisulfite-treated DNA. Mutants were stratified by LacZ staining into presumed Silenced and Expressed reporter genes. Silenced mutants had reduced relative quantities LacZ mRNA and greater CpG Island methylation compared with the Expressed mutant group. Within the silenced group, LacZ coding sequence methylation was significantly and positively correlated with CpG Island methylation, while promoter CpG methylation was only weakly correlated with LacZ gene mRNA. The results support the conclusion that there is promoter silencing in a subset of mutants carrying the tm1a allele. The features of targeted genes which promote local silencing when targeted remain unknown.
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37
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Differential organ phenotypes after postnatal Igf1r gene conditional deletion induced by tamoxifen in UBC-CreERT2; Igf1r fl/fl double transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:279-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Fleet JC. Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. New mouse models for studying dietary prevention of colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G249-59. [PMID: 24875098 PMCID: PMC4121636 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00019.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is one of the major causes of cancer death in the U.S. There is evidence that lifestyle factors like diet can modulate the course of this disease. Demonstrating the benefit and mechanism of action of dietary interventions against colon cancer will require studies in preclinical models. Many mouse models have been developed to study colon cancer but no single model can reflect all types of colon cancer in terms of molecular etiology. In addition, many models develop only low-grade cancers and are confounded by development of the disease outside of the colon. This review will discuss how mice can be used to model human colon cancer and it will describe a variety of new mouse models that develop colon-restricted cancer as well as more advanced phenotypes for studies of late-state disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Fleet
- 1Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and ,2Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Loulier K, Barry R, Mahou P, Le Franc Y, Supatto W, Matho KS, Ieng S, Fouquet S, Dupin E, Benosman R, Chédotal A, Beaurepaire E, Morin X, Livet J. Multiplex cell and lineage tracking with combinatorial labels. Neuron 2014; 81:505-20. [PMID: 24507188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a method to label and trace the lineage of multiple neural progenitors simultaneously in vertebrate animals via multiaddressable genome-integrative color (MAGIC) markers. We achieve permanent expression of combinatorial labels from new Brainbow transgenes introduced in embryonic neural progenitors with electroporation of transposon vectors. In the mouse forebrain and chicken spinal cord, this approach allows us to track neural progenitor's descent during pre- and postnatal neurogenesis or perinatal gliogenesis in long-term experiments. Color labels delineate cytoarchitecture, resolve spatially intermixed clones, and specify the lineage of astroglial subtypes and adult neural stem cells. Combining colors and subcellular locations provides an expanded marker palette to individualize clones. We show that this approach is also applicable to modulate specific signaling pathways in a mosaic manner while color-coding the status of individual cells regarding induced molecular perturbations. This method opens new avenues for clonal and functional analysis in varied experimental models and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Loulier
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Raphaëlle Barry
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France; CNRS, UMR 7645, Palaiseau 91128, France; INSERM, U696, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Yann Le Franc
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France; CNRS, UMR 7645, Palaiseau 91128, France; INSERM, U696, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Katherine S Matho
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Siohoi Ieng
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Elisabeth Dupin
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Ryad Benosman
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France; CNRS, UMR 7645, Palaiseau 91128, France; INSERM, U696, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Xavier Morin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris 75005, France; INSERM, U1024, Paris 75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Jean Livet
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris 75012, France.
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Marecki JC, Parajuli N, Crow JP, MacMillan-Crow LA. The use of the Cre/loxP system to study oxidative stress in tissue-specific manganese superoxide dismutase knockout models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1655-70. [PMID: 23641945 PMCID: PMC3942694 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Respiring mitochondria are a significant site for reactions involving reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that contribute to irreversible cellular, structural, and functional damage leading to multiple pathological conditions. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a critical component of the antioxidant system tasked with protecting the oxidant-sensitive mitochondrial compartment from oxidative stress. Since global knockout of MnSOD results in significant cardiac and neuronal damage leading to early postnatal lethality, this approach has limited use for studying the mechanisms of oxidant stress and the development of disease in specific tissues lacking MnSOD. To circumvent this problem, a number of investigators have employed the Cre/loxP system to precisely knockout MnSOD in individual tissues. RECENT ADVANCES Multiple tissue and organ-specific Cre-expressing mice have been generated, which greatly enhance the specificity of MnSOD knockout in tissues and organ systems that were once difficult, if not impossible to study. CRITICAL ISSUES Evaluating the contribution of MnSOD deficiency to oxidant-mediated mitochondrial damage requires careful consideration of the promoter system used for creating the tissue-specific knockout animal, in addition to the collection and interpretation of multiple indices of oxidative stress and damage. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Expanded use of well-characterized tissue-specific promoter elements and inducible systems to drive the Cre/loxP recombinational events will lead to a spectrum of MnSOD tissue knockout models, and a clearer understanding of the role of MnSOD in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Marecki
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
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Yen J, White RM, Stemple DL. Zebrafish models of cancer: progress and future challenges. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 24:38-45. [PMID: 24657535 PMCID: PMC4003353 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The need for scalable strategies to probe the biological consequences of candidate cancer genes has never been more pressing. The zebrafish, with its capacity for high-throughput transgenesis, in vivo imaging and chemical/genetic screening, has ideal features for undertaking this task. Unique biological insights from zebrafish have already led to the identification of novel oncogenic drivers and small molecules being used to treat the human cancer. This review summarizes the recent main findings and describes pertinent areas where the zebrafish can greatly contribute to our understanding of cancer biology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 11788, United States
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
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Genetic inducible fate mapping in adult mice using tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1194:113-39. [PMID: 25064100 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1215-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cre/lox site-specific recombination system allows the control of gene activity in space and time in almost any tissue of the mouse. A major technical advance was the development of tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinases, such as CreER(T2), that can be activated by administration of tamoxifen to the animal. This powerful tool greatly facilitates the study of gene functions and the generation of more realistic animal models of sporadic human diseases. Another important application of tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinases is genetic inducible fate mapping (GIFM). In GIFM studies, the inducible Cre/lox system is used to genetically label a defined cell population at a selected time by irreversible activation of the expression of a Cre-responsive reporter transgene. Then, marked cells are detected at later time points to determine how the originally labeled progenitors contribute to specific structures and cell types during pre- and postnatal development. GIFM was initially applied during mouse embryogenesis, but is now increasingly used for cell lineage tracing in adult mice under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here we describe the design of GIFM experiments in adult mice as exemplified by CreER(T2)-assisted tracing of vascular smooth muscle cells during the development of atherosclerotic lesions. First, we give an overview of reporter transgenes available for genetic cell marking that are expressed from the Rosa26 locus, such as β-galactosidase and fluorescent proteins. Then we present detailed protocols for the generation of experimental mice for GIFM studies, the induction of cell labeling by tamoxifen treatment, and the detection of marked cells in fixed and live tissues. Each section also provides a discussion of limitations and common pitfalls of GIFM experiments. Most of the protocols can be easily adapted to other developmental stages, cell types, Cre recombinases, and reporter transgenes and, thus, can be used as general guidelines for GIFM studies in mice.
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Schmidt H, Ter-Avetisyan G, Rathjen FG. A genetic strategy for the analysis of individual axon morphologies in cGMP signalling mutant mice. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1020:193-204. [PMID: 23709034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-459-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the many physiological functions of cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate (cGMP) signalling is the regulation of a specific mode of axonal branching. The bifurcation of axons from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons at the dorsal root entry zone of the embryonic spinal cord is triggered by a cGMP -signalling pathway comprising the ligand C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), the cGMP-producing natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2), and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα (cGKIα). Absence of any of these components causes a loss of bifurcation and sensory axons instead only turn in either a rostral or a caudal direction. In this chapter we describe a genetic strategy to study the impact of cGMP signalling on the arborization of individual DRG neurons in mice. Expression of an alkaline phosphatase (AP) reporter is selectively induced in Npr2-positive DRG neurons by tamoxifen-dependent activation of a Cre -recombinase under the control of the Npr2 promoter. This approach might also be employed for the analysis of axonal branching in neuronal subsets expressing Npr2 elsewhere in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schmidt
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that afflicts a large number of people in the USA. The use of animal models has the potential to increase our understanding of carcinogenesis, tumor biology, and the impact of specific molecular events on colon biology. In addition, animal models with features of specific human colorectal cancers can be used to test strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms driving human cancer, we discuss the approaches one can take to model colon cancer in animals, and we describe a number of specific animal models that have been developed for the study of colon cancer. We believe that there are many valuable animal models to study various aspects of human colorectal cancer. However, opportunities for improving upon these models exist.
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Soden ME, Gore BB, Zweifel LS. Defining functional gene-circuit interfaces in the mouse nervous system. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:2-12. [PMID: 24007626 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexity in the nervous system is established by developmental genetic programs, maintained by differential genetic profiles and sculpted by experiential and environmental influence over gene expression. Determining how specific genes define neuronal phenotypes, shape circuit connectivity and regulate circuit function is essential for understanding how the brain processes information, directs behavior and adapts to changing environments. Mouse genetics has contributed greatly to current percepts of gene-circuit interfaces in behavior, but considerable work remains. Large-scale initiatives to map gene expression and connectivity in the brain, together with advanced techniques in molecular genetics, now allow detailed exploration of the genetic basis of nervous system function at the level of specific circuit connections. In this review, we highlight several key advances for defining the function of specific genes within a neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Soden
- Department of Pharmacology; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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46
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Deussing JM. Targeted mutagenesis tools for modelling psychiatric disorders. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:9-25. [PMID: 24078022 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the 1980s, the basic principles of gene targeting were discovered and forged into sharp tools for efficient and precise engineering of the mouse genome. Since then, genetic mouse models have substantially contributed to our understanding of major neurobiological concepts and are of utmost importance for our comprehension of neuropsychiatric disorders. The "domestication" of site-specific recombinases and the continuous creative technological developments involving the implementation of previously identified biological principles such as transcriptional and posttranslational control now enable conditional mutagenesis with high spatial and temporal resolution. The initiation and successful accomplishment of large-scale efforts to annotate functionally the entire mouse genome and to build strategic resources for the research community have significantly accelerated the rapid proliferation and broad propagation of mouse genetic tools. Addressing neurobiological processes with the assistance of genetic mouse models is a routine procedure in psychiatric research and will be further extended in order to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms. In light of the highly complex nature of psychiatric disorders and the current lack of strong causal genetic variants, a major future challenge is to model of psychiatric disorders more appropriately. Humanized mice, and the recently developed toolbox of site-specific nucleases for more efficient and simplified tailoring of the genome, offer the perspective of significantly improved models. Ultimately, these tools will push the limits of gene targeting beyond the mouse to allow genome engineering in any model organism of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Molecular Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany,
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Simple piggyBac transposon-based mammalian cell expression system for inducible protein production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5004-9. [PMID: 23476064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218620110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported here is a piggyBac transposon-based expression system for the generation of doxycycline-inducible, stably transfected mammalian cell cultures for large-scale protein production. The system works with commonly used adherent and suspension-adapted mammalian cell lines and requires only a single transfection step. Moreover, the high uniform expression levels observed among clones allow for the use of stable bulk cell cultures, thereby eliminating time-consuming cloning steps. Under continuous doxycycline induction, protein expression levels have been shown to be stable for at least 2 mo in the absence of drug selection. The high efficiency of the system also allows for the generation of stable bulk cell cultures in 96-well format, a capability leading to the possibility of generating stable cell cultures for entire families of membrane or secreted proteins. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the system through the large-scale production (140-750 mg scale) of an endoplasmic reticulum-resident fucosyltransferase and two potential anticancer protein therapeutic agents.
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Bire S, Rouleux-Bonnin F. Transgene Site-Specific Integration: Problems and Solutions. SITE-DIRECTED INSERTION OF TRANSGENES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4531-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hwang SH, Lee H, Yamamoto M, Jones LA, Dayalan J, Hopkins R, Zhou XJ, Yarovinsky F, Connolly JE, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Wakeland EK, Fairhurst AM. B cell TLR7 expression drives anti-RNA autoantibody production and exacerbates disease in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5786-96. [PMID: 23150717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antinuclear autoantibodies. Antinuclear autoantibody development is recognized as one of the initial stages of disease that often results in systemic inflammation, kidney disease, and death. The etiology is complex, but it is clear that innate pathways may play an important role in disease progression. Recent data have highlighted an important role for the TLR family, particularly TLR7, in both human disease and murine models. In this study, we have presented a low copy conditional TLR7 transgenic (Tg7) mouse strain that does not develop spontaneous autoimmunity. When we combine Tg7 with the Sle1 lupus susceptibility locus, the mice develop severe disease. Using the CD19(Cre) recombinase system, we normalized expression of TLR7 solely within the B cells. Using this method we demonstrated that overexpression of TLR7 within the B cell compartment reduces the marginal zone B cell compartment and increases B and T cell activation but not T follicular helper cell development. Moreover, this enhanced B cell TLR7 expression permits the specific development of Abs to RNA/protein complexes and exacerbates SLE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Ayadi A, Birling MC, Bottomley J, Bussell J, Fuchs H, Fray M, Gailus-Durner V, Greenaway S, Houghton R, Karp N, Leblanc S, Lengger C, Maier H, Mallon AM, Marschall S, Melvin D, Morgan H, Pavlovic G, Ryder E, Skarnes WC, Selloum M, Ramirez-Solis R, Sorg T, Teboul L, Vasseur L, Walling A, Weaver T, Wells S, White JK, Bradley A, Adams DJ, Steel KP, Hrabě de Angelis M, Brown SD, Herault Y. Mouse large-scale phenotyping initiatives: overview of the European Mouse Disease Clinic (EUMODIC) and of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Mouse Genetics Project. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:600-10. [PMID: 22961258 PMCID: PMC3463797 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two large-scale phenotyping efforts, the European Mouse Disease Clinic (EUMODIC) and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Mouse Genetics Project (SANGER-MGP), started during the late 2000s with the aim to deliver a comprehensive assessment of phenotypes or to screen for robust indicators of diseases in mouse mutants. They both took advantage of available mouse mutant lines but predominantly of the embryonic stem (ES) cells resources derived from the European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis programme (EUCOMM) and the Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) to produce and study 799 mouse models that were systematically analysed with a comprehensive set of physiological and behavioural paradigms. They captured more than 400 variables and an additional panel of metadata describing the conditions of the tests. All the data are now available through EuroPhenome database (www.europhenome.org) and the WTSI mouse portal (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/mouseportal/), and the corresponding mouse lines are available through the European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA), the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC), or the Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) Repository. Overall conclusions from both studies converged, with at least one phenotype scored in at least 80% of the mutant lines. In addition, 57% of the lines were viable, 13% subviable, 30% embryonic lethal, and 7% displayed fertility impairments. These efforts provide an important underpinning for a future global programme that will undertake the complete functional annotation of the mammalian genome in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Ayadi
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, IGBMC/ICS-MCI, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, UMR964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
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