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Rijmen J, Wiersema JR. Stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have beneficial effects on ADHD-related performance? The moderate brain arousal model challenged. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108961. [PMID: 39034029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Random noise, such as white or pink noise, has been shown to have beneficial effects on the performance of individuals with (elevated traits of) ADHD. Both the state regulation deficit (SRD) account and the moderate brain arousal (MBA) model argue that this effect is due to enhanced cognitive arousal. The MBA model specifically attributes this to random noise affecting dopaminergic (DA) transmission via stochastic resonance (SR). However, he requirement of SR and the role of DA have not yet been properly examined. To test this, proper control conditions are needed. METHOD To examine the requirement of SR, 60 neurotypical adults with varying levels of ADHD traits performed a slow two-choice reaction time (S1-S2) task in three auditory conditions: pink (random) noise, a pure 100 Hz tone (non-random noise), and silence. All participants also completed the Attention Network Test (ANT) in two conditions (pink noise and silence) to inspect the effect on executive network efficiency which may serve as a proxy measure of DA. ADHD traits were assessed via self-report. RESULTS Auditory stimulation improved performance on the S1-S2 task in participants with elevated ADHD traits, however this was the case for both pink noise and the pure tone. Pink noise did not affect executive network efficiency, irrespective of ADHD traits. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that stochastic resonance is not required for pink noise to have a beneficial effect on ADHD-related performance. Pink noise did not affect our DA proxy measure, however this negative finding should be interpreted with caution. Our results cast doubt on the tenets of the MBA model, warranting further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joske Rijmen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Avisar A. Is the deficit in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder a concentration deficit? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:344-352. [PMID: 35998286 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is comprised of two behavioral clusters of symptoms, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Numerous studies have attempted to address the underlying neuropsychological mechanism of ADHD. However, there is still no uniform mechanism that can fully explain both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. This review describes the research findings that have shifted the focus from cognitive selective attention to executive function deficits and notes that the prominence of the attention deficit remains unclear. As ADHD is not consistently explained by cognitive selective attention but rather with cognitive sustained attention/vigilance and executive function deficits, this review suggests that concentration deficit is likely the cause of inattention symptoms. Indeed, considering concentration deficit as the cause of inattention symptoms may better describe the underlying difficulties of maintaining and controlling attention in ADHD. In addition, as concentration, impulsivity, and hyperactivity may share a common cognitive deficit, this shift in focus may help in identifying a single mechanism for all ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Avisar
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Abstract
Most research has studied self-regulation by presenting experimenter-controlled test stimuli and measuring change between baseline and stimulus. In the real world, however, stressors do not flash on and off in a predetermined sequence, and there is no experimenter controlling things. Rather, the real world is continuous and stressful events can occur through self-sustaining interactive chain reactions. Self-regulation is an active process through which we adaptively select which aspects of the social environment we attend to from one moment to the next. Here, we describe this dynamic interactive process by contrasting two mechanisms that underpin it: the "yin" and "yang" of self-regulation. The first mechanism is allostasis, the dynamical principle underlying self-regulation, through which we compensate for change to maintain homeostasis. This involves upregulating in some situations and downregulating in others. The second mechanism is metastasis, the dynamical principle underling dysregulation. Through metastasis, small initial perturbations can become progressively amplified over time. We contrast these processes at the individual level (i.e., examining moment-to-moment change in one child, considered independently) and also at the inter-personal level (i.e., examining change across a dyad, such as a parent-child dyad). Finally, we discuss practical implications of this approach in improving the self-regulation of emotion and cognition, in typical development and psychopathology.
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4
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Gabay L, Miller P, Alia-Klein N, Lewin MP. Circadian Effects on Attention and Working Memory in College Students With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Symptoms. Front Psychol 2022; 13:851502. [PMID: 35651563 PMCID: PMC9150742 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.851502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Individuals with an evening chronotype prefer to sleep later at night, wake up later in the day and perform best later in the day as compared to individuals with morning chronotype. Thus, college students without ADHD symptoms with evening chronotypes show reduced cognitive performance in the morning relative to nighttime (i.e., desynchrony effect). In combination with symptoms presented in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we predicted that having evening chronotype renders impairment in attention during the morning, when students require optimal performance, amplifying desynchrony. Method Four hundred college students were surveyed for evening chronotype and symptoms of ADHD. Of those surveyed, 43 students with evening chronotype (19 with ADHD symptoms) performed laboratory attention tasks and were queried about fatigue during morning and evening sessions. Results Students with ADHD symptoms demonstrated a greater decrement in sustained attentional vigilance when abstaining from stimulants and asked to perform cognitive tests at times misaligned with natural circadian rhythms in arousal compared to their non-ADHD counterparts with the same chronotype. While individuals with ADHD symptoms had slower reaction-times during sustained attention tasks in the morning session compared to those without symptoms, there was no significant group difference in working memory performance, even though both groups made more errors in the morning session compared to the evening session. Conclusion These findings suggest that evening chronotype students with ADHD symptoms are at a greater disadvantage when having to perform sustained attention tasks at times that are not aligned to their circadian rhythm compared to their neuro-typical peers. The implications of this finding may be useful for the provision of disability accommodations to college age students with ADHD when they are expected to perform tasks requiring sustained attention at times misaligned with their circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Gabay
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pazia Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Monica P. Lewin
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Fuermaier ABM, Tucha L, Guo N, Mette C, Müller BW, Scherbaum N, Tucha O. It Takes Time: Vigilance and Sustained Attention Assessment in Adults with ADHD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095216. [PMID: 35564612 PMCID: PMC9102294 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The present study compares the utility of eight different tests of vigilance and sustained attention in the neuropsychological examination of adults with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Thirty-one adults diagnosed with ADHD performed eight tests for vigilance and sustained attention, spread over three assessment days. Results: Adults with ADHD showed cognitive impairments in most tests and test variables, even though their sensitivity differed greatly. No specific type of test variable stands out to be the most sensitive, and no evidence for a differential deterioration of performance over time was observed. Conclusion: This study underscores the role of vigilance and sustained attention tests in the assessment of adult ADHD. It is further concluded that summary scores over the entire test duration are sufficient, but that all variables of a test should be considered. Finally, we hypothesize that reassessment on a different day may benefit a more accurate clinical assessment of adults with ADHD, in order to adequately take intraindividual fluctuations and limitations regarding test reliability into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.T.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.T.); (N.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Nana Guo
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Christian Mette
- Department of Psychology, Protestant University of Applied Sciences Bochum, 44809 Bochum, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Bernhard W. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.M.); (N.S.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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6
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Castricum J, Tulen JHM, Taal W, Rietman AB, Elgersma Y. Attention and Motor Learning in Adult Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:563-572. [PMID: 33978520 PMCID: PMC8987013 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211012035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is associated with cognitive disabilities, including attention and motor learning problems. These disabilities have been extensively studied in children with NF1 but limited studies have been performed in adults. METHOD Attention, motor learning and intellectual performance were studied with neuropsychological tasks in 32 adults with NF1 and 32 controls. RESULTS The NF1 and control group performed similarly on attention and motor learning tasks, although controls had shorter reaction times than adults with NF1 during the motor learning task (t[60] = -2.20, p = .03). Measures of attention or motor learning were not significantly associated with reduced intellectual performance in NF1. CONCLUSION In contrast to many studies in children with NF1, our findings did not provide evidence for presence of attention or motor learning problems in adults with NF1 in neuropsychological tasks. Our observations may be of clinical importance to determine treatment focus in adults with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesminne Castricum
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joke H. M. Tulen
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Taal
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André B. Rietman
- The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Erasmus University Medical Center Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Ype Elgersma, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Wass SV. The origins of effortful control: How early development within arousal/regulatory systems influences attentional and affective control. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Wass SV, Smith CG, Clackson K, Mirza FU. In infancy, it's the extremes of arousal that are 'sticky': Naturalistic data challenge purely homeostatic approaches to studying self-regulation. Dev Sci 2020; 24:e13059. [PMID: 33147373 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most theoretical models of arousal/regulatory function emphasise the maintenance of homeostasis; consistent with this, most previous research into arousal has concentrated on examining individuals' recovery following the administration of experimentally administered stressors. Here, we take a different approach: we recorded day-long spontaneous fluctuations in autonomic arousal (indexed via electrocardiogram, heart rate variability and actigraphy) in a cohort of 82 typically developing 12-month-old infants while they were at home and awake. Based on the aforementioned models, we hypothesised that extreme high or low arousal states might be more short-lived than intermediate arousal states. Our results suggested that, contrary to this, both low- and high-arousal states were more persistent than intermediate arousal states. The same pattern was present when the data were viewed over multiple epoch sizes from 1 s to 5 min; over 10-15-minute time-scales, high-arousal states were more persistent than low- and intermediate states. One possible explanation for these findings is that extreme arousal states have intrinsically greater hysteresis; another is that, through 'metastatic' processes, small initial increases and decreases in arousal can become progressively amplified over time. Rather than exclusively using experimental paradigms to study recovery, we argue that future research should also use naturalistic data to study the mechanisms through which states can be maintained or amplified over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia G Smith
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
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9
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Tucha L, Fuermaier ABM, Koerts J, Buggenthin R, Aschenbrenner S, Weisbrod M, Thome J, Lange KW, Tucha O. Sustained attention in adult ADHD: time-on-task effects of various measures of attention. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:39-53. [PMID: 26206605 PMCID: PMC5281679 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological research on adults with ADHD showed deficits in various aspects of attention. However, the majority of studies failed to explore the change of performance over time, so-called time-on-task effects. As a consequence, little is known about sustained attention performance of adults with ADHD. The aim of the present study was therefore to test the hypothesis of sustained attention deficits of adults with ADHD. Twenty-nine adults with ADHD and 30 healthy individuals were assessed on four 20-min tests of sustained attention, measuring alertness, selective attention, divided attention and flexibility. The deterioration of performance over time (time-on-task effects) was compared between patients with ADHD and healthy individuals to conclude on sustained attention performance. Compared to healthy individuals, patients with ADHD showed significant deficits of medium size in selective attention and divided attention. Furthermore, medium sustained attention deficits was observed in measures of alertness, selective attention and divided attention. This study supports the notion of sustained attention deficits of adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anselm B M Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieka Buggenthin
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Aschenbrenner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus W Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Gmehlin D, Fuermaier AB, Walther S, Tucha L, Koerts J, Lange KW, Tucha O, Weisbrod M, Aschenbrenner S. Attentional Lapses of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tasks of Sustained Attention. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:343-57. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Tillman C, Brocki KC, Sørensen L, Lundervold AJ. A longitudinal examination of the developmental executive function hierarchy in children with externalizing behavior problems. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:496-506. [PMID: 23676626 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713488439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a 4-year longitudinal design, we evaluated two hypotheses based on developmental executive function (EF) hierarchy accounts in a sample of children with externalizing problems. METHOD The participants performed EF tasks when they were between 8 and 12 years (M = 9.93), and again approximately 4 years later when they were between 12 and 15 years (M = 13.36). RESULTS Inhibition in middle childhood predicted working memory (WM) 4 years later. Further, deficits in inhibition and sustained attention were more prominent in middle rather than late childhood, whereas poor WM was salient throughout these periods. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypotheses that EFs develop hierarchically and that EF deficits in ADHD are more prominent in actively developing EFs. They also emphasize ADHD as a developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Sørensen
- University of Bergen, Norway Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- University of Bergen, Norway Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Intérêt de l’utilisation d’un logiciel de classe virtuelle dans l’aide au diagnostic et la prise en charge des enfants présentant un Trouble Déficit de l’Attention/Hyperactivité. ENFANCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4074/s0013754515001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Bioulac S. Intérêt de l’utilisation d’un logiciel de classe virtuelle dans l’aide au diagnostic et la prise en charge des enfants présentant un Trouble Déficit de l’Attention/Hyperactivité. ENFANCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3917/enf1.151.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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14
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Allan DM, Lonigan CJ. Relations between response trajectories on the continuous performance test and teacher-rated problem behaviors in preschoolers. Psychol Assess 2014; 27:678-88. [PMID: 25419645 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although both the continuous performance test (CPT) and behavior rating scales are used in both practice and research to assess inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors, the correlations between performance on the CPT and teachers' ratings are typically only small-to-moderate. This study examined trajectories of performance on a low target-frequency visual CPT in a sample of preschool children and how these trajectories were associated with teacher-ratings of problem behaviors (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity [H/I], and oppositional/defiant behavior). Participants included 399 preschool children (mean age = 56 months; 49.4% female; 73.7% White/Caucasian). An attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scale was completed by teachers, and the CPT was completed by the preschoolers. Results showed that children's performance across 4 temporal blocks on the CPT was not stable across the duration of the task, with error rates generally increasing from initial to later blocks. The predictive relations of teacher-rated problem behaviors to performance trajectories on the CPT were examined using growth curve models. Higher rates of teacher-reported inattention and H/I were uniquely associated with higher rates of initial omission errors and initial commission errors, respectively. Higher rates of teacher-reported overall problem behaviors were associated with increasing rates of omission but not commission errors during the CPT; however, the relation was not specific to 1 type of problem behavior. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of errors on the CPT in preschool samples is complex and may be determined by multiple behavioral factors. These findings have implications for the interpretation of CPT performance in young children.
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15
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Mueller AK, Tucha L, Koerts J, Groen Y, Lange KW, Tucha O. Sluggish cognitive tempo and its neurocognitive, social and emotive correlates: a systematic review of the current literature. J Mol Psychiatry 2014; 2:5. [PMID: 25945249 PMCID: PMC4416322 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9256-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the elimination of items associated with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) during the transition from DSM-III to DSM-IV from the diagnostic criteria of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), interest in SCT and its associated cognitive as well as emotional and social consequences is on the increase. The current review discusses recent findings on SCT in clinical as well as community based ADHD populations. The focus is further on clinical correlates of SCT in populations different from ADHD, SCT's genetic background, SCT's association with internalizing and other behavioral comorbidities, as well as SCT's association with social functioning and its treatment efficacy. METHOD A systematic review of empirical studies on SCT in ADHD and other pathologies in PsycInfo, SocIndex, Web of Science and PubMed using the key terms "Sluggish Cognitive Tempo", "Cognitive Tempo", "Sluggish Tempo" was performed. Thirty-two out of 63 studies met inclusion criteria and are discussed in the current review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION From the current literature, it can be concluded that SCT is a psychometrically valid construct with additive value in the clinical field of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), internalizing disorders and neuro-rehabilitation. The taxonomy of SCT has been shown to be far from consistent across studies; however, the impact of SCT on individuals' functioning (e.g., academic achievement, social interactions) seems remarkable. SCT has been shown to share some of the genes with ADHD, however, related most strongly to non-shared environmental factors. Future research should focus on the identification of adequate SCT measurement to promote symptom tailored treatment and increase studies on SCT in populations different from ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Mueller
- />Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- />Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- />Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Groen
- />Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus W Lange
- />Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- />Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Bioulac S, Lallemand S, Fabrigoule C, Thoumy AL, Philip P, Bouvard MP. Video game performances are preserved in ADHD children compared with controls. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:542-50. [PMID: 22628143 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712443702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although ADHD and excessive video game playing have received some attention, few studies have explored the performances of ADHD children when playing video games. The authors hypothesized that performances of ADHD children would be as good as those of control children in motivating video games tasks but not in the Continuous Performance Test II (CPT II). METHOD The sample consisted of 26 ADHD children and 16 control children. Performances of ADHD and control children were compared on three commercially available games, on the repetition of every game, and on the CPT II. RESULTS ADHD children had lower performances on the CPT II than did controls, but they exhibited equivalent performances to controls when playing video games at both sessions and on all three games. CONCLUSION When playing video games, ADHD children present no difference in inhibitory performances compared with control children. This demonstrates that cognitive difficulties in ADHD are task dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bioulac
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Bordeaux, France Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Anne-Laure Thoumy
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Philip
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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Karalunas SL, Geurts HM, Konrad K, Bender S, Nigg JT. Annual research review: Reaction time variability in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: measurement and mechanisms of a proposed trans-diagnostic phenotype. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:685-710. [PMID: 24628425 PMCID: PMC4267725 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraindividual variability in reaction time (RT) has received extensive discussion as an indicator of cognitive performance, a putative intermediate phenotype of many clinical disorders, and a possible trans-diagnostic phenotype that may elucidate shared risk factors for mechanisms of psychiatric illnesses. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY Using the examples of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), we discuss RT variability. We first present a new meta-analysis of RT variability in ASD with and without comorbid ADHD. We then discuss potential mechanisms that may account for RT variability and statistical models that disentangle the cognitive processes affecting RTs. We then report a second meta-analysis comparing ADHD and non-ADHD children on diffusion model parameters. We consider how findings inform the search for neural correlates of RT variability. FINDINGS Results suggest that RT variability is increased in ASD only when children with comorbid ADHD are included in the sample. Furthermore, RT variability in ADHD is explained by moderate to large increases (d = 0.63-0.99) in the ex-Gaussian parameter τ and the diffusion parameter drift rate, as well as by smaller differences (d = 0.32) in the diffusion parameter of nondecision time. The former may suggest problems in state regulation or arousal and difficulty detecting signal from noise, whereas the latter may reflect contributions from deficits in motor organization or output. The neuroimaging literature converges with this multicomponent interpretation and also highlights the role of top-down control circuits. CONCLUSION We underscore the importance of considering the interactions between top-down control, state regulation (e.g., arousal), and motor preparation when interpreting RT variability and conclude that decomposition of the RT signal provides superior interpretive power and suggests mechanisms convergent with those implicated using other cognitive paradigms. We conclude with specific recommendations for the field for next steps in the study of RT variability in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Karalunas
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Lajoie G, Anderson V, Anderson P, Tucker AR, Robertson IH, Manly T. Effects of Methylphenidate on Attention Skills in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BRAIN IMPAIR 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/brim.6.1.21.65479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of methylphenidate on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The study employed a conceptual framework of attention, consistent with contemporary theory, and including the following components: sustained attention, selective attention, divided attention, shifting attention, and speed of information processing. Fifteen children (12 boys and 3 girls) of normal intelligence, with a diagnosis of ADHD according to the DSM-IV criteria, and ranging in age from 8 to 11 years participated in the study. Children's attentional abilities were evaluated using the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch: Manly, Roberston, Anderson, & Nimmo-Smith, 1999). A double-blind counterbalanced repeated-measures design approach was employed to tap on–off medication effects, and deviations from normal. Results showed that comparisons between on–off medication conditions generally detected few differences with respect to sustained and selective attention measures and simple processing speed. In contrast, for higher-level attention domains, including shifting and divided attention, children on medication demonstrated a speed–accuracy trade-off, exhibiting greater accuracy, but slower completion times. When data from the ADHD group were compared to controls a consistent pattern emerged, with children with ADHD in the medication condition being more accurate across all attention domains on all measures. While these children also tended to record slower completion times, group differences and effect sizes were of smaller magnitude. The findings of this study suggest a possible speed–accuracy trade-off effect for children with ADHD on medication.
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van der Meere JJ, Shalev RS, Borger N, Wiersema JR. Methylphenidate, interstimulus interval, and reaction time performance of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Child Neuropsychol 2012; 15:554-66. [PMID: 19296298 DOI: 10.1080/09297040902758803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD: DSM-IV-TR) participated in the pilot study. They carried out a Go/No-Go test with a short (2 seconds) and long (6 seconds) interstimulus interval (ISI) when on placebo and a therapeutic dose of methylphenidate (MPH). For the long-ISI placebo condition the responses were slow and inaccurate. This pattern of response may be due to underactivation of the readiness-to-respond state that is not fully controlled by effort allocation. Speed of response and accuracy were enhanced during the short-ISI placebo condition and the long-ISI MPH condition. However, the combined effect (short ISI and MPH) resulted in a fast but inaccurate response style. This pattern of response may be due to overactivation of the readiness-to-respond state. The data of the pilot study support the stimulus shift hypothesis: MPH administration result in deterioration on tests on which children had previously done well (short ISI plus placebo versus short ISI plus MPH). In addition, the data support the idea that ADHD is associated with poor state regulation rather than motivational (delay aversion) theories or temporal-processing/time-estimation theories of ADHD. The pilot study defined empirically an issue for further study with the larger controlled sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J van der Meere
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wilding
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
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21
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Wåhlstedt C, Bohlin G. DSM-IV-Defined Inattention and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Independent and Interactive Relations to Neuropsychological Factors and Comorbidity. Child Neuropsychol 2010; 16:350-65. [PMID: 20574866 DOI: 10.1080/09297041003671176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Brocki KC, Tillman CM, Bohlin G. CPT performance, motor activity, and continuous relations to ADHD symptom domains: A developmental study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17405620801937764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tillman CM, Bohlin G, Sørensen L, Lundervold AJ. Intellectual Deficits in Children with ADHD Beyond Central Executive and Non-Executive Functions. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 24:769-82. [PMID: 19825866 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acp075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carin M Tillman
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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24
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Wiersema JR, van der Meere JJ, Roeyers H. Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 20:86-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-009-9115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Anderson V, Catroppa C, Morse S, Haritou F, Rosenfeld J. Attentional and processing skills following traumatic brain injury in early childhood. Brain Inj 2009; 19:699-710. [PMID: 16195184 DOI: 10.1080/02699050400025281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Attentional deficits are common following TBI in adults. This study examined whether these skills are also vulnerable following early childhood injury, when such skills are rapidly developing. RESEARCH DESIGN This study investigated attention 30 months post-TBI in pre-schoolers (n=56) and age-matched controls (n=26). TBI children were divided into mild, moderate and severe injury groups. METHODS AND PROCEDURE Pre-injury data were collected at time of injury. Assessment of attention included the Continuous Performance Test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale and Personality Inventory for Children. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Severe TBI was associated with reduced accuracy and slowed processing, particularly on complex motor responses. Sustained attention was more intact. Parental reports indicate internalized behavioural problems and somatic complaints. CONCLUSIONS Young children with severe TBI are at risk for severe, persisting attentional impairments. Children with mild and moderate TBI show better outcome, with pre-injury behaviour and age also predictive of attentional skills at 30 months post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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26
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Tucha L, Tucha O, Walitza S, Sontag TA, Laufkötter R, Linder M, Lange KW. Vigilance and sustained attention in children and adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2009; 12:410-21. [PMID: 18400983 DOI: 10.1177/1087054708315065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present article tests the hypothesis of a sustained attention deficit in children and adults suffering from ADHD. METHOD Vigilance and sustained attention of 52 children with ADHD and 38 adults with ADHD were assessed using a computerized vigilance task. Furthermore, the attentional performance of healthy children (N = 52) and healthy adults (N = 38) was examined. RESULTS Children and adults with ADHD performed significantly less well in the vigilance task than healthy participants (main effect for group). Furthermore, children and adults showed a significant decrease of performance over time (time-on-task effects). However, there was no greater decrement of performance with the passage of time in patient groups than in control groups (group-by-time interaction). CONCLUSION The present results do not support the hypothesis of a sustained attention deficit in children and adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tucha
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
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27
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Tillman CM, Bohlin G, Sörensen L, Lundervold AJ. Intelligence and Specific Cognitive Abilities in Children. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001.30.4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This community-based study investigated the relationships between measures of specific cognitive functions (such as working memory [WM] and interference control) and intelligence in 283 8- to 11-year-old children, including 124 children who fulfilled criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis. A hierarchical regression analysis was used to overcome issues of overlapping predictor constructs. The results generally showed that measures of processing speed, WM, as well as inhibitory interference control entered in the order of presentation, each contributed uniquely to the explanation of fluid intelligence performance. The results for crystallized intelligence performance generally showed that the measures of processing speed, short-term memory (STM), WM, and sustained attention – entered in that order – made significant independent contributions. While effect sizes varied somewhat for contributions in the whole sample compared with the subgroup not meeting criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, there were no significant differences. The findings therefore should be broadly representative in indicating that the unique aspects of these cognitive functions are important in the explanation of intelligence. The findings also demonstrate important independent features of the functions used as predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Sörensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, Norway
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28
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Marchetta NDJ, Hurks PPM, De Sonneville LMJ, Krabbendam L, Jolles J. Sustained and focused attention deficits in adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2008; 11:664-76. [PMID: 17712171 DOI: 10.1177/1087054707305108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the specificity of deficits in focused attention and sustained attention in adults with ADHD and to evaluate the effect of comorbidity. METHOD Twenty-eight adults with ADHD without comorbidity were compared with 28 ADHD outpatients with comorbidity. Two control groups were used: 68 adults referred for ADHD but with another psychopathology rather than ADHD (non-ADHD) and 28 healthy controls. All participants completed attention tests of the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks program. RESULTS Both ADHD groups demonstrated a sustained attention deficit relative to the control groups, as indicated by a disproportionate deterioration of speed fluctuation with time-on-task reflecting temporal lapses in attention. Only the ADHD+ group showed focused attention deficits in that they were less able to ignore irrelevant information. CONCLUSION These findings show that adults with ADHD have specific deficits in sustained attention. Additional deficits in focused attention are confined to outpatients with ADHD and comorbidity.
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29
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Oades RD, Christiansen H. Cognitive switching processes in young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007; 23:21-32. [PMID: 17976951 DOI: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be slow at switching between stimuli, or between sets of stimuli to control behaviour appropriate to changing situations. We examined clinical and experimental parameters that may influence the speed of such processes measured in the trail-making (TMT) and switch-tasks in cases with ADHD combined type, their non-affected siblings and unrelated healthy controls. The latency for completion of the trail-making task controlling for psychomotor processing (TMT-B-A) was longer for ADHD cases, and correlated with Conners' ratings of symptom severity across all subjects. The effect decreased with age. Switch-task responses to questions of "Which number?" and "How many?" between sets of 1/111 or 3/333 elicited differential increases in latency with condition that affected all groups. But there was evidence for increased symptom-related intra-individual variability among the ADHD cases, and across all subjects. Young siblings showed familiality for some measures of TMT and switch-task performance but these were modest. The potential influences of moderator variables on the efficiency of processing stimulus change rather than the speed of processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Oades
- Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Virchowstr 174, Essen, Germany.
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30
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Greimel E, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Günther T, Vitt C, Konrad K. Attentional functions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 115:191-200. [PMID: 17896073 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the coexistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorder (TD) is common, the nature of association is yet not fully understood. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore attentional dysfunction in children with pure ADHD compared to children with comorbid ADHD + TD. Three groups of 20 children each, aged 8-15 years with either ADHD, ADHD + chronic tic disorder or Tourette syndrome (ADHD + TD) and a healthy control group were compared in their performance on three computerized attention tasks. Tasks of sustained attention, selective attention and interference control were employed. In addition, parental ratings of ADHD symptom severity and behaviour problems were obtained. Both clinical groups were rated as equally inattentive, however, externalising symptoms were more severe in the ADHD group. Objective measures of attentional performance revealed differences between the groups: whereas the ADHD group was markedly impaired in sustaining attention and selective attention/inhibitory control, the ADHD + TD group only showed marginal deficits in selective attention/inhibitory control. Possible explanations for the superior performance of the comorbid group are discussed: In particular, the results may indicate that in some patients, the tic disorder produces behavioural symptoms of ADHD, but not the broad neurocognitive deficits that usually are associated with ADHD. Alternatively, compensatory neural mechanisms of TD patients may result in a better neuropsychological performance of comorbid patients relative to patients suffering from pure ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Greimel
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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31
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Wu KK, Anderson V, Castiello U. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Working Memory: A Task Switching Paradigm. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2007; 28:1288-306. [PMID: 17050259 DOI: 10.1080/13803390500477267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated working memory (WM) in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using a task switching paradigm with Stroop color-word stimuli which required participants to switch from color-naming to word-reading. High and low WM load conditions were compared by manipulation of task reminders as a tempo cue. The sample comprised 83 children with ADHD and 29 normal children comparable in age (aged 7 to 13). Within the ADHD group, participants were divided according to the presence or absence of Learning Disability (LD). Results indicated that children with ADHD had slower response times and less accurate responses in general, however, the ADHD groups were not consistently slower in the high WM load condition. Instead, an impairment in adjusting response speed to cope with higher task demands (i.e., high WM load condition) was found. These results do not support the previously documented association between ADHD and a primary deficit in WM for task switching. However, children with ADHD do demonstrate a specific difficulty in slowing down for a demanding task. Present findings suggest that earlier proposals of under-arousal and poor state regulation in ADHD deserve renewed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Caritas Medical Centre, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong
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Betts J, McKay J, Maruff P, Anderson V. The Development of Sustained Attention in Children: The Effect of Age and Task Load. Child Neuropsychol 2007; 12:205-21. [PMID: 16837396 DOI: 10.1080/09297040500488522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study explored how children's sustained attention develops and the effect of manipulating task parameters on sustained attention. The sample comprised 57 children (5-12 years) who completed CogState and Score! (Test of Everyday Attention for Children). Novel variability and traditional indices indicated rapid development from 5-6 to 8-9 years on all measures and a developmental plateau from 8-9 to 11-12, with growth evident on some measures. Findings suggest that sustained attention improves to age 10, then plateaus with only minor improvements. Further, performance was generally poorer on high load tasks compared to low load, with the same developmental pattern uncovered.
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Huang-Pollock CL, Nigg JT, Halperin JM. Single dissociation findings of ADHD deficits in vigilance but not anterior or posterior attention systems. Neuropsychology 2006; 20:420-9. [PMID: 16846260 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.20.4.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a distributed network model of visuospatial attention, the authors used an A-X version of the Continuous Performance Test and a covert orienting paradigm to examine the vigilance, anterior, and posterior attention systems. Compared with control participants without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), children with the predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) and combined (ADHD-C) subtypes had lower sensitivity (d') to detect targets from nontargets. Children with ADHD-C, but not ADHD-I, additionally had a highly activated response style (lnbeta). Performance for both subtypes decreased to a greater extent over time in a manner consistent with problems in sustained attention. Together, these results suggest the presence of vigilance system deficits in participants with both ADHD subtypes. However, consistent with previous meta-analytic work, there was no evidence for anterior or posterior system orienting dysfunctions in either subtype.
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Tucha O, Mecklinger L, Laufkötter R, Klein HE, Walitza S, Lange KW. Methylphenidate-induced improvements of various measures of attention in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1575-92. [PMID: 16897610 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of the stimulant medication methylphenidate (MPH) on attentional functioning of adults with ADHD. Sixteen adults with a diagnosed ADHD without comorbidity were assessed twice, at baseline off MPH and following MPH treatment. The assessment battery consisted of reaction time tasks of low complexity, including measures of alertness--subdivided into tonic and phasic alertness, vigilance, divided attention, flexibility and such aspects of selective attention as including focused attention, inhibition and integration of sensory information. In addition, 16 healthy participants who were matched to adults with ADHD according to sex, age, education level and intellectual functions were also assessed twice using the same test battery. The results of the present study suggest that adults with ADHD off stimulant medication are seriously impaired in various components of attention including vigilance, divided attention, selective attention and flexibility. These impairments of attention were observed primarily in regard to reaction time and its variability. Treatment of adults with ADHD using individually tailored doses of MPH has a positive effect on measures of alertness, vigilance, selective attention, divided attention and flexibility. However, even on MPH adults with ADHD displayed considerable deficits in vigilance and integration of sensory information. The present findings indicate that adults with ADHD are not differentially impaired in attentional processes but may suffer from a more global deficit of attention. Although MPH treatment has been found to be effective in the treatment of the attention deficit of adults with ADHD, additional treatment appears to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tucha
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Bellgrove MA, Hawi Z, Kirley A, Gill M, Robertson IH. Dissecting the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype: sustained attention, response variability and spatial attentional asymmetries in relation to dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype. Neuropsychologia 2006; 43:1847-57. [PMID: 16168728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ADHD is a childhood-onset behavioural disorder with a heterogeneous profile of neuropsychological impairment. Neuropsychological heterogeneity may, in part, reflect underlying genetic differences. Here we examined sustained attention, response variability and spatial attentional asymmetries in a sample of children and adolescents with ADHD (n=22) in relation to dopamine transporter genotype (DAT1) and also controls (n=20). Participants performed the sustained attention to response task (SART) (testing sustained attention and response variability) and the greyscales task (a perceptual measure of attentional bias). The latter has previously been shown to yield a robust leftward attentional asymmetry in healthy subjects. The 10-repeat allele of the DAT1 gene has been associated with ADHD in a number of studies and appears to have biological significance. The ADHD group was sub-divided into those individuals with two copies of the "high-risk" 10-repeat allele (high-risk DAT1) versus those with one or no copies of this allele (low-risk DAT1). The high-risk DAT1 ADHD group displayed greater response variability on the SART than either the low-risk DAT1 group or healthy controls, whereas the latter two groups did not differ. Further, the high-risk DAT1 group showed an attenuated spatial asymmetry, relative to the low-risk DAT1 ADHD group, who showed the typical leftward attentional asymmetry. Our results suggest that the 10-repeat DAT1 allele may mediate neuropsychological impairment in ADHD. The application of molecular genetics may help to define neuropsychological impaired subgroups of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bellgrove
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Berwid OG, Curko Kera EA, Marks DJ, Santra A, Bender HA, Halperin JM. Sustained attention and response inhibition in young children at risk for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005; 46:1219-29. [PMID: 16238669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of school-aged children, adolescents, and adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have variably shown ADHD-related impairment in both inhibitory control and sustained attention. However, few studies have examined ADHD-associated patterns of performance on these tasks among younger children (below age 7 years). METHODS A combined continuous performance test and go/no-go task (CPT/GNG) and the Day-Night Stroop Task (DNST) were administered to an ethnically diverse sample of 3.44- to 6.95-year-old children rated by parents and teachers as being either high risk or low risk for ADHD. All children performed the DNST (N = 71) and a subset of the sample (N = 44) performed the CPT/GNG. Analyses assessed task validity as well as the effects of age and risk status. RESULTS Significant main effects for age and risk status were found on all tasks. In addition, age x condition interactions were found for the CPT and DNST, which suggest that the tasks were sensitive to age-related changes in sustained attention and inhibitory control respectively. No significant risk status x condition interactions were found, suggesting that young children at risk for ADHD do not exhibit specific deficits in either inhibitory control or sustained attention. The most consistent effect related to risk status across tasks was the greater number of errors and longer and more variable reaction times on the part of children at risk for ADHD irrespective of condition. CONCLUSIONS ADHD-associated decrements in performance on these tasks appear to be attributable either to generalized behavioral dysregulation or poor state regulation rather than to deficient inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G Berwid
- Department of Psychology, the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York, USA
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Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Scheres A, Di Martino A, Hyde C, Walters JR. Varieties of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-related intra-individual variability. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1416-23. [PMID: 15950016 PMCID: PMC1236991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intra-individual variability in behavior and functioning is ubiquitous among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it has not been systematically examined or integrated within causal models. This article seeks to provide a conceptual, methodologic, and analytic framework as a foundation for future research. We first identify five key research questions and methodologic issues. For illustration, we examine the periodic structure of Eriksen Flanker task reaction time (RT) data obtained from 24 boys with ADHD and 18 age-matched comparison boys. Reaction time variability in ADHD differed quantitatively from control subjects, particularly at a modal frequency around .05 Hz (cycle length approximately 20 sec). These oscillations in RT were unaffected by double-blind placebo and were suppressed by double-blind methylphenidate. Together with converging lines of basic and clinical evidence, these secondary data analyses support the speculative hypothesis that the increased power of multisecond oscillations in ADHD RT data, and by inference, in attentional performance, represents a catecholaminergic deficit in the ability to appropriately modulate such oscillations in neuronal activity. These results highlight the importance of retaining time-series data and quantitatively examining intra-subject measures of variability as a putative endophenotype for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Castellanos
- Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University, Child Study Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Huang-Pollock CL, Nigg JT. Searching for the attention deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the case of visuospatial orienting. Clin Psychol Rev 2004; 23:801-30. [PMID: 14529699 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We review all 14 extant studies of covert visuospatial attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (total N=248). Metaanalysis showed that intriguing but isolated findings of alerting or posterior disengage deficits were too small to reliably detect with the sample sizes typically employed. Posterior move and engage operations and the vigilance sustained attention process were normal in ADHD. For exogenous cues, effect sizes for group differences were homogeneously small across all repeated-measures conditions, as were calculations of cost, benefit, and validity effects. For endogenous cues, effect sizes were heterogeneous; however, calculations of cost, benefit, and validity effects were small and homogenous. The most parsimonious conclusion may be that ADHD is not characterized by significant visual orienting dysfunction, but questions remain about the extent of anterior lateralized effects in the combined subtype and about attentional functioning in the inattentive subtype.
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Mason DJ, Humphreys GW, Kent LS. Exploring selective attention in ADHD: visual search through space and time. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2003; 44:1158-76. [PMID: 14626457 DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to examine the mechanisms mediating selective attention in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), this study compared the performance of children diagnosed with ADHD to non-clinical controls on a visual search task in three conditions. METHOD In the single feature condition, the target differed from distractors in terms of shape only, whilst in the conjunction baseline, the target was defined by shape and colour relative to distractors. In the preview condition, the conjunction stimuli were segmented over time, so that one set of distractors appeared first, followed 1000 ms later by the second set with the target. RESULTS Although children with ADHD were slower overall than controls, RTs revealed no difference in search mechanisms between groups; for all children, search was more efficient in the single feature and preview conditions than in the conjunction baseline. However, children with ADHD made more errors, especially in the conjunction and preview conditions. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD were not impaired in their mechanisms of visual search relative to controls, but their error patterns implied the adoption of a premature response deadline in the conjunction search condition, and an occasional failure to inhibit old items in the preview condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Mason
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
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Berlin L, Bohlin G, Nyberg L, Janols LO. Sustained performance and regulation of effort in clinical and non-clinical hyperactive children. Child Care Health Dev 2003; 29:257-67. [PMID: 12823330 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2003.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study sustained performance and its relation to regulation of effort among four different groups of children: two clinical subgroups of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)--one with and one without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD); a control sample of children without a diagnosis of ADHD but with parental reports of hyperactivity; and a normal control sample. METHODS Sustained performance was studied (n=64) using a choice reaction time task with long interstimulus intervals, and hyperactive behaviour and regulation of effort was rated throughout the task. RESULTS The clinical sample differed from the normal controls regarding all measures of overall, but not initial, performance. When studying performance over time, the ADHD group was shown to differ from the normal controls with regard to omissions, mean reaction time and regulation of effort. No significant differences were found between the ADHD children with or without comorbid ODD. The non-clinical hyperactive children differed from the normal controls with regard to reaction time, initially and overall, and regulation of effort overall. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in sustained performance among ADHD children appear to be evident when long interstimulus intervals are used, and these deficits are related to poor regulation of effort. Further, the observed differences between ADHD children and normal controls do not appear to be a result of comorbid conduct problems. The non-clinical hyperactive children were more similar to the control group than to the ADHD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berlin
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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41
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Nyberg L, Bohlin G, Berlin L, Janols LO. Differentiating Type A behaviour and hyperactivity using observed motivation during a reaction time task. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Gerjets P, Graw T, Heise E, Westermann R, Rothenberger A. Handlungskontrolldefizite und störungsspezifische Zielintentionen bei der Hyperkinetischen Störung. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2002. [DOI: 10.1026/0084-5345.31.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: In diesem Beitrag wird innerhalb der Rubikontheorie der Handlungsphasen eine integrative Beschreibung hyperkinetischer Verhaltensauffälligkeiten entwickelt. Fragestellung: Es wird geprüft, ob sich auf diese Weise verschiedene vorliegende Erklärungsansätze unter einer einheitlichen Rahmenkonzeption zusammenführen lassen. Methode: Mithilfe der Handlungsphasentheorie lässt sich einerseits ein motivationaler Erkärungsansatz für die Hyperkinetische Störung elaborieren, der störungsspezifische stimulationsbezogene Zielintentionen als Grundlage hyperkinetischer Verhaltensauffälligkeiten postuliert. Andererseits kann ein volitionaler Erklärungsansatz formuliert werden, der Handlungskontrolldefizite bei der Abschirmung von Zielintentionen in den Vordergrund stellt. Ergebnisse: Auf der Grundlage dieses theoretischen Ansatzes lassen sich empirische Hypothesen ableiten, die die Rolle verschiedener möglicher Teilursachen der hyperkinetischen Störung bei der Entstehung störungsspezifischer Verhaltensauffälligkeiten betreffen. Schlussfolgerung: Das zugrundegelegte handlungspsychologische Rahmenmodell ist damit sowohl zur Integration von Erklärungsansätzen als auch zur Ableitung neuer empirischer Vorhersagen geeignet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gerjets
- Fachrichtung Psychologie, Universität des Saarlandes
| | - Thomas Graw
- Fliedner Klinik Duisburg, Zentrum für Psychologische Psychotherapie
| | - Elke Heise
- FB 14, Psychologie, Universität Dortmund
| | - Rainer Westermann
- Institut für Psychologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen
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Steger J, Imhof K, Steinhausen H, Brandeis D. Brain mapping of bilateral interactions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and control boys. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111:1141-56. [PMID: 10880787 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are thought to have deficits in attentional control, whereas the status of deficits at visual and pre-motor processing stages is unclear. METHODS The timing of such deficits was examined with event-related potential (ERP) microstates (stimulus- and response-related) and continuous force recordings in 15 ADHD and 16 control boys in a choice reaction time task. Unilateral and bilateral stimulus and response conditions were used to assess bilateral interactions at visual, central, and pre-motor stages. RESULTS ADHD boys showed poorer performance, particularly in the bilateral conditions. In the visual P1 microstates, they exhibited less suppression of visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitudes but similar speeding of VEP latencies in the bilateral compared to the summed unilateral condition. The central P3 and pre-/post-response microstates were attenuated and topographically altered in ADHD boys. The attenuation was most pronounced in the bilateral condition and was similar for stimulus- and response-related averages. The lateralized readiness potential was also reduced in ADHD boys; this was most pronounced for the left hand responses. CONCLUSIONS Brain mapping during uni- and bilateral stimulus and response conditions thus indicates multilevel deficits in ADHD boys affecting visuo-attentional, central, and pre-motor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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Neurobiological models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a brief review of the empirical evidence. CNS Spectr 2000; 5:34-44. [PMID: 18268457 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900007057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and overactivity that begins in childhood. While considerable research has focused on the neurobiological substrates of this disorder, the specific nature of the brain dysfunction in ADHD has remained elusive. However, early data from pharmacological treatment studies, as well as from basic research in animals and humans, initially led several investigators to develop neurobiological models of ADHD. These models of ADHD and more recent evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, neurochemical, and genetic research are briefly reviewed. While not completely consistent, the empirical data suggest that dysfunction in prefrontal-striatal neural circuits, as well as in brain stem catecholamine systems that innervate these circuits, may underlie the executive function deficits in ADHD.
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Abstract
The performance of nine adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was compared with the performance of 23 normal controls on computerized measures of target orientation, sustained attention, encoding speed, and motor output/response organization to determine the nature of the neurocognitive deficits of adults with ADHD. While the groups' performances on measures of sustained attention and encoding speed did not differ, significant group differences were seen on a task that targeted motor output/response organization. These data suggest that the neurocognitive difficulties of ADHD adults are not related to a primary deficit in sustained attentional functioning. Rather, the deficient information processing in ADHD adults is related to difficulties with motor output/response organization.
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Swaab-Barneveld H, de Sonneville L, Cohen-Kettenis P, Gielen A, Buitelaar J, Van Engeland H. Visual sustained attention in a child psychiatric population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39:651-9. [PMID: 10802984 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200005000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To increase knowledge of the diversity and specificity of sustained attention deficits in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with special reference to the issue of distinguishing between children with ADHD and children with other psychiatric diagnoses. METHOD A visual sustained attention task was used to compare 52 boys with ADHD with 55 normal controls, 29 boys with oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder (ODD/CD), 29 boys with anxiety or dysthymia (ANX/DYS), 43 boys with pervasive developmental disorder, 24 boys with ADHD plus ODD/CD, and 14 boys with ADHD plus ANX/DYS. RESULTS Compared with normal controls, children with ADHD were slower, were more inaccurate, were more impulsive, were less responsive to feedback, and showed less perceptual sensitivity and stability of performance, resulting in a marked decrease in vigilance over time. Unresponsiveness to feedback and the extent of the decrease in vigilance during time on task were found to be the only factors that distinguished children with ADHD from children with other diagnoses. CONCLUSION Although only children with ADHD are characterized primarily by "attention deficit," sustained attention deficit is common to a certain extent to all children with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Swaab-Barneveld
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Utrecht University Hospital and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, The Netherlands.
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Oades RD. Differential measures of 'sustained attention' in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity or tic disorders: relations to monoamine metabolism. Psychiatry Res 2000; 93:165-78. [PMID: 10725533 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists on whether the constructs tested by paper/pencil and computerized continuous-performance tests (CPT) are similar, and the deficits recorded in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms (ADHD) are comparable. Signal-detection measures were recorded on four such tests of 'sustained attention', with increasing working-memory requirements in healthy children (14; mean 10 years), and those with ADHD (14; mean 10 years) or a tic syndrome (TS, 11; mean 11 years). Clinical associations were sought from 24-h urinary measures of monoamine activity. The cancellation paper/pencil test revealed no group differences for errors or signal detection measures. On the CPT, ADHD children made more omission and commission errors than control subjects, but TS children made mostly omissions. This reflected the poor perceptual sensitivity (d-prime, d') for ADHD and conservative response criteria (beta) for TS children. This group difference extended to the CPTax, which was shown on a regression analysis to test for putative working-memory-related abilities as well as concentration. In all children, immediate response-feedback reduced omissions, and modestly improved d'. CPTax performance related negatively to dopamine metabolism in control subjects and to serotonin metabolism in the ADHD group. But comparisons between the metabolites in the ADHD group suggest that increased serotonin and decreased noradrenaline, with respect to dopamine metabolism, may detract from CPT performance in terms of d'. CPT tasks demonstrated a perceptual-based impairment in ADHD and response conservatism in TS patients independent of difficulty. Catecholamine activity was implicated in the promotion of perceptual processing in normal and ADHD children, but serotonin activity may contribute to poor CPTax (working-memory) performance in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Oades
- University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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48
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Kuntsi J, Stevenson J. Hyperactivity in children: a focus on genetic research and psychological theories. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2000; 3:1-23. [PMID: 11228764 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009580718281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity has attracted a large amount of research interest in recent years. Here we review developments in genetic research and in research testing psychological theories of the condition. Family, adoptee and twin studies indicate a strong role for genetic factors in the etiology of hyperactivity. Evidence is emerging also from molecular genetic studies, implicating specific genes that may be involved. At the level of cognitive functioning, a divided, focused or sustained attention deficit does not seem to be a 'core' deficit in hyperactivity. Although children with hyperactivity often perform poorly on certain executive function tasks, there is disagreement about the interpretation of these findings. The association reported in some studies between a slow inhibitory process and hyperactivity may reflect a generally slow, variable in speed and inaccurate pattern of responding. Hypotheses about psychological mechanisms such as state regulation or delay aversion provide alternative, and particularly encouraging, interpretations of the findings. We discuss the possible integration of the two lines of research--those of genetic research and research on psychological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuntsi
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London Medical School, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, England.
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Börger N, van der Meere J. Motor control and state regulation in children with ADHD: a cardiac response study. Biol Psychol 2000; 51:247-67. [PMID: 10686368 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to investigate whether poor motor control in children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was associated with a state regulation deficit. For this purpose, 28 ADHD and 22 healthy children carried out two Go No-Go tests: one with a fast stimulus presentation rate, and the other with a slow stimulus presentation rate. Groups were compared on RT performance and on specific cardiac measures, reflecting arousal, motor activation/inhibition, and effort allocation. No group difference in the arousal measure (mean heart rate) was found. Further, groups did not differ with respect to response inhibition: in both the fast and slow condition, ADHD children made comparable numbers of errors of commission to the control group, and the groups did not differ with respect to the heart rate deceleration after the onset of the No-Go signal, reflecting motor inhibition. Group differences were found with respect to motor activation and effort allocation in the condition with a slow presentation rate. In this condition: (1) ADHD children reacted more slowly to Go signals than control children, suggesting poor motor activation; (2) the heart rate deceleration before the onset of Go signals, which is believed to reflect motor preparation, was less pronounced in the ADHD children; (3) after Go signals, where a response was given, the cardiac shift from deceleration to acceleration, indicating response initiation, was delayed in ADHD children; and (4) ADHD children had greater heart rate variability (0.10 Hz component) than the control group, indicating that less effort was allocated. No group differences in motor activation and effort allocation were found in the condition with a fast presentation rate of stimuli. We conclude, therefore, that a slow presentation rate of stimuli brings the ADHD child in a non-optimal activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Börger
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Grote Kruisstratt 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Raggio DJ, Rhodes RL, Whitten JD. Factor analysis of the continuous performance test and parent-teacher reports of attention deficit disorder. Psychol Rep 1999; 85:935-41. [PMID: 10672754 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between a computerized measure of attention deficit disorder and scores from two commonly used parent-teacher reports were investigated. A factor analysis of the raw omission and commission scores provided by the Continuous Performance Test and Conners' Parent Rating Scale and the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher Rating Scale indicated that for a sample of 54 children the Continuous Performance Test was most closely associated with measures of impulsivity and hyperactivity provided by the Conners' rating. This finding was congruent with the use of the Continuous Performance Test in the evaluation as a measure of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and suggestive of a positive and significant relation between this computerized measure of behavior and parents' perception of behavior. Little association was detected between scores on the teachers' scale and omission and commission scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Raggio
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216, USA
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