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Kelly AC, Katan A, Zuroff DC. The ups and downs of self-criticism and disordered eating: Complementing Paranjothy and Wade's (2024) analysis by considering both trait and state perspectives. Int J Eat Disord 2024. [PMID: 38702893 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Paranjothy and Wade's (2024) meta-review reveals that individuals higher in the personality trait of self-criticism consistently experience more disordered eating than those lower in the trait. The clinical implications of this meta-review are important in that they suggest current theoretical models and clinical practices in the field of eating disorders should incorporate a greater focus on self-criticism. Building on this exciting contribution, we highlight conceptual, practical, and empirical reasons why the field would benefit from supplementing this research on trait self-criticism with investigations of state self-criticism. We review research showing that self-criticism levels vary not only between individuals, with some people chronically more self-critical than others, but also within a person, with a given individual enacting relatively more self-criticism during some moments and days than others. We then present emerging research showing that these periods of higher-than-usual self-criticism are associated with more disordered eating. Thus, we emphasize the need to explore the factors that give rise to self-critical states in daily life, and review preliminary findings on this topic. We highlight the ways in which research on within-person variations in self-criticism can complement research on trait self-criticism to advance case formulation, prevention, and treatment in the field of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleece Katan
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Zuroff
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Wall J, Xie H, Wang X. Temporal Interactions between Maintenance of Cerebral Cortex Thickness and Physical Activity from an Individual Person Micro-Longitudinal Perspective and Implications for Precision Medicine. J Pers Med 2024; 14:127. [PMID: 38392561 PMCID: PMC10890462 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of brain structure is essential for neurocognitive health. Precision medicine has interests in understanding how maintenance of an individual person's brain, including cerebral cortical structure, interacts with lifestyle factors like physical activity. Cortical structure, including cortical thickness, has recognized relationships with physical activity, but concepts of these relationships come from group, not individual, focused findings. Whether or how group-focused concepts apply to an individual person is fundamental to precision medicine interests but remains unclear. This issue was studied in a healthy man using concurrent micro-longitudinal tracking of magnetic resonance imaging-defined cortical thickness and accelerometer-defined steps/day over six months. These data permitted detailed examination of temporal relationships between thickness maintenance and physical activity at an individual level. Regression analyses revealed graded significant and trend-level temporal interactions between preceding activity vs. subsequent thickness maintenance and between preceding thickness maintenance vs. subsequent activity. Interactions were bidirectional, delayed/prolonged over days/weeks, positive, bilateral, directionally asymmetric, and limited in strength. These novel individual-focused findings in some ways are predicted, but in other ways remain unaddressed or undetected, by group-focused work. We suggest that individual-focused concepts of temporal interactions between maintenance of cortical structure and activity can provide needed new insight for personalized tailoring of physical activity, cortical, and neurocognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Davison K, Malmberg LE, Sylva K. Academic help-seeking interactions in the classroom: A microlongitudinal study. Br J Educ Psychol 2023; 93:33-55. [PMID: 36069315 PMCID: PMC10087139 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Help-seeking research has traditionally inferred behavioural responses to the need for help from post-hoc reflections and experiments outside of the classroom context. AIM We aimed to gain an ecologically valid understanding of the help-seeking process by examining the association between pupils' task-specific perceptions and their help-seeking interactions with teachers and peers during lessons. SAMPLE Participants were 290 pupils in Years 4-6 (aged 8.22-11.48) and 12 teachers in 12 classrooms in three schools across two local authorities in South East England, UK. METHOD The microlongitudinal data consisted of 6,592 task-specific reports. Pupils reported on their task understanding and need for help and their help-seeking (teacher and peer) and help-giving behaviours at the end of each lesson. On average, pupils completed 25.44 reports across 14.64 lessons, 13 school subjects and 4.80 days. Teachers reported on pupils' academic performance. Data were analysed using two-level logistic and multinomial logistic regressions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Task-specific understanding and need for help were associated with help-seeking and help-giving behaviour during lessons. Understanding was associated also with the type of help sought and given among classmates and appeared to influence whether pupils were help-seekers or help-givers during peer interactions. There was an apparent reciprocity in peer help-seeking interactions, occurring namely among girls and higher performers. Overall, girls were more likely than boys to seek and give help across tasks. Pupils for whom English was an additional language were less likely than classmates to seek help when they needed it. The study (1) sheds new light on the dynamics of everyday help-seeking interactions in the classroom, (2) provides a conceptual framework for researchers interested in reciprocal processes of social interaction in self-regulated learning, and (3) highlights groups who might benefit from intervention.
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Kim SY, Park SY, Mathai B, Daheim J, France C, Delgado B. Cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism and risk of opioid misuse: A test of Social Cognitive Theory. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:2341-2356. [PMID: 35881671 PMCID: PMC9796527 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the critical role social and cultural contexts play in pain experience, limited theoretical and empirical attention has been devoted to the interplay between social, cognitive, cultural, and psychological factors in chronic pain management and the risk of opioid misuse. METHODS Using structural equation modeling, the present study tested the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) of chronic pain management and risk of opioid misuse in the context of intraindividual cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism among 316 ethnically diverse adults with chronic pain in the United States. RESULTS Social cognitive predictors account for a significant amount of variance in pain dysfunction and risk of opioid misuse in adults with chronic pain. Satisfaction with pain support was positively associated with both greater pain acceptance and greater pain self-efficacy. Individualism was found to be positively associated with satisfaction with pain support, pain self-efficacy, and pain acceptance but negatively associated with the risk of opioid misuse. Collectivism was positively associated with the risk of opioid misuse. CONCLUSIONS The study findings not only empirically support using SCT for adults with chronic pain, but also provide a more thorough conceptual framework that highlights the intracultural diversity and interplay among social, cognitive, and psychological factors that affect pain experience and the risk of opioid misuse among adults with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ye Kim
- Department of Counseling PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sung Yong Park
- Department of PsychologyKeimyung UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| | - Babetta Mathai
- Department of Clinical and Health PsychologyUniversity of Florida Health Science CenterGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Jacob Daheim
- Department of Psychological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | | | - Betsaida Delgado
- Department of Psychological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
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Leonard JA, Lydon-Staley DM, Sharp SDS, Liu HZ, Park AT, Bassett DS, Duckworth AL, Mackey AP. Daily fluctuations in young children's persistence. Child Dev 2022; 93:e222-e236. [PMID: 34904237 PMCID: PMC8930564 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Children's behavior changes from day to day, but the factors that contribute to its variability are understudied. We developed a novel repeated measures paradigm to study children's persistence by capitalizing on a task that children complete every day: toothbrushing (N = 81; 48% female; 36-47 months; 80% white, 14% Multiracial, 10% Hispanic, 2% Asian, 1% Black; 1195 observations collected between January 2019 and March 2020). Children brushed longer on days when their parents used more praise (d = .23) and less instruction (d = -.22). Sensitivity to mood, sleep, and parent stress varied across children, suggesting that identifying the factors that shape an individual child's persistence could lead to personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Leonard
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511 USA,Corresponding author: Julia Leonard,
| | - David M. Lydon-Staley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sophie D. S. Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Hunter Z. Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Anne T. Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA
| | - Angela L. Duckworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Allyson P. Mackey
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Shaw H, Taylor PJ, Ellis DA, Conchie SM. Behavioral Consistency in the Digital Age. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:364-370. [PMID: 35174745 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to infer personality from digital footprints have focused on behavioral stability at the trait level without considering situational dependency. We repeated a classic study of intraindividual consistency with secondary data (five data sets) containing 28,692 days of smartphone usage from 780 people. Using per-app measures of pickup frequency and usage duration, we found that profiles of daily smartphone usage were significantly more consistent when taken from the same user than from different users (d > 1.46). Random-forest models trained on 6 days of behavior identified each of the 780 users in test data with 35.8% accuracy for pickup frequency and 38.5% accuracy for duration frequency. This increased to 73.5% and 75.3%, respectively, when success was taken as the user appearing in the top 10 predictions (i.e., top 1%). Thus, situation-dependent stability in behavior is present in our digital lives, and its uniqueness provides both opportunities and risks to privacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University.,Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk and Safety, University of Twente
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Seo E, Patall EA. Feeling proud today may lead people to coast tomorrow: Daily intraindividual associations between emotion and effort in academic goal striving. Emotion 2021; 21:892-897. [PMID: 32223282 PMCID: PMC7529845 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research examining the associations between emotions and goal-directed behaviors has mainly relied on between-subjects designs even though much of the advice based on these findings focus on within-individual changes. The purpose of this study was to better understand intraindividual daily associations between emotions and effort in the context of college students' academic goal striving. In Study 1 (2,531 daily reports from 194 college students at a competitive university), daily positive emotions related to goal pursuit were associated with reduced time spent on the goal the next day (i.e., coasting). In contrast, daily negative emotions were associated with increased time spent on the goal the next day (i.e., pushing), particularly for students with high self-control. In Study 2 (338 daily reports from 80 college students in diverse universities), feeling pride was linked to coasting on the next day. Feeling shame was unrelated to changes in next-day effort among students with high self-control, but predicted decreased next-day effort among students with low self-control. Taken together, the findings suggest that goal pursuers may be less likely to expend effort after the day they feel certain positive emotions (e.g., pride) about their goal progress. Furthermore, the association between negative emotions and pushing may be heterogeneous depending on individual characteristics such as self-control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Seo
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin. Postal address: 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712-1043, USA
| | - Erika A. Patall
- Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California. Postal address: Waite Phillips Hall, 3470 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Haas P, Yang CH, Dunton GF. Associations Between Physical Activity Enjoyment and Age-Related Decline in Physical Activity in Children-Results From a Longitudinal Within-Person Study. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2021; 43:205-214. [PMID: 33811189 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity declines from childhood to adolescence. Affective factors may partially account for this decline. The present study investigated whether within-person changes in children's enjoyment of physical activity are associated with the age-related decline in physical activity. Children (N = 169, 54% female, 56% Hispanic; 8-12 years old at enrollment) took part in a longitudinal study with six assessment waves across 3 years. At each wave, enjoyment of physical activity was reported, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured with an accelerometer across seven consecutive days. MVPA and enjoyment of physical activity both declined across waves. Multilevel analyses revealed that within-person changes in enjoyment moderated the effects of age on within-person changes in MVPA. Enjoyment appeared to be a dynamic factor that buffered against the age-related decline in physical activity in youth. These findings call for health promotion interventions that encourage enjoyable physical activities.
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López-Íñiguez G, McPherson GE. Regulation of Emotions to Optimize Classical Music Performance: A Quasi-Experimental Study of a Cellist-Researcher. Front Psychol 2021; 12:627601. [PMID: 33889107 PMCID: PMC8056010 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The situational context within which an activity takes place, as well as the personality characteristics of individuals shape the types of strategies people choose in order to regulate their emotions, especially when confronted with challenging or undesirable situations. Taking self-regulation as the framework to study emotions in relation to learning and performing chamber music canon repertoire, this quasi-experimental and intra-individual study focused on the self-rated emotional states of a professional classical cellist during long-term sustained practice across 100-weeks. This helped to develop greater awareness of different emotions and how they vary over artistic events (9 profiled concerts and 1 commercially recorded album). Data analysis included traditional psychometric measurements to test the internal consistency of the time series data as well as the relationship between variables (artistic events). The study mapped the cellist’s flexible regulation of 17 different positive and negative emotions empirically linked to learning and achievement while practicing within the social context of performing music publicly at a high level. Findings arising from the study help with understandings of how to support musicians to maximize their artistic potential by reducing emotion dysregulation and strengthening the types of adaptive methods that enable them to manage their own emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary E McPherson
- Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Maher JP, Dzubur E, Nordgren R, Huh J, Chou CP, Hedeker D, Dunton GF. Do fluctuations in positive affective and physical feeling states predict physical activity and sedentary time? Psychol Sport Exerc 2019; 41:153-161. [PMID: 30853854 PMCID: PMC6402603 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Higher levels of positive affect and feelings of energy and vitality are associated with greater physical activity (PA) and lower sedentary time (ST). However, whether fluctuations in these feelings contribute to the regulation of these behaviors is unclear. This study examined the extent to which within-person variability in positive affect and feeling energetic predicted participants' overall levels of PA and ST. DESIGN This analysis combined data from four ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies (agerange: 8-73 years) with ambulatory monitoring via waist-worn accelerometry (N=661). METHODS Positive affect and energy were assessed through EMA several times per day across 4-7 days. Accelerometer data was used to create the following behavioral outcomes: (1) meeting MVPA guidelines (children: 60 minutes/day, adults: 30 minutes/day) and (2) minutes of ST per hour of accelerometer wear. A two-stage analytic approach was used to test the study aim. In the first stage, Mixed-Effects Location Scale Modeling decomposed mean levels and variability in positive affect and energy. In the second stage, a linear or logistic regression (depending on whether the outcome was continuous or dichotomous, respectively) was tested to investigate associations between subject-level mean and variability in EMA ratings and the behavioral outcome. RESULTS Greater subject-level variability but not subject-level mean of feeling energetic was associated with lower odds of meeting MVPA guidelines (β=-0.43, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fluctuations in physical feeling states may deplete self-regulatory resources involved in planning and implementing PA behavior. Alternatively, being more physically active may stabilize one's perceived energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn P. Maher
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Kinesiology,1408 Walker Avenue, Greensboro, NC 27402
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Rachel Nordgren
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jimi Huh
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Donald Hedeker
- University of Chicago, Department of Public Health Sciences, 5841 South Maryland Avenue Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
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Conroy DE, Hedeker D, McFadden HG, Pellegrini CA, Pfammatter AF, Phillips SM, Siddique J, Spring B. Lifestyle intervention effects on the frequency and duration of daily moderate-vigorous physical activity and leisure screen time. Health Psychol 2017; 36:299-308. [PMID: 27642762 PMCID: PMC5357594 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE How a healthy lifestyle intervention changes the frequency and duration of daily moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior has not been well characterized. Secondary analyses of data from the Make Better Choices randomized controlled trial were conducted to evaluate how interventions to increase physical activity or reduce leisure screen time affected the frequency and duration of these behaviors during treatment initiation and follow-up. METHOD Participants were 202 adults who exhibited insufficient physical activity, excessive screen time and poor diet during a 14-day baseline screening period. The design was a randomized controlled trial with a 3-week intervention period followed by eight 3- to 7-day bursts of data collection over the 6-month follow-up period after intervention termination. Participants self-reported on their physical activity and screen time at the end of each day. RESULTS A 2-part multilevel model indicated that, relative to baseline levels, the physical activity intervention increased the odds of daily moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity (frequency) but not the duration of activity during the intervention period and these effects persisted (albeit somewhat more weakly) during the follow-up period. The screen time intervention reduced both the frequency and duration of daily screen time from the beginning of the intervention through the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS A 3-week intervention increased daily physical activity frequency but not duration, and reduced both the frequency and duration of daily leisure screen time. These effects were maintained over 20 weeks following the end of the intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago
| | - H G McFadden
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | - Juned Siddique
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Bonnie Spring
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
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Ji X, Liu P, Sun Z, Su X, Wang W, Gao Y, Sun D. Intra-individual variation in urinary iodine concentration: effect of statistical correction on population distribution using seasonal three-consecutive-day spot urine in children. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010217. [PMID: 26920442 PMCID: PMC4769391 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of statistical correction for intra-individual variation on estimated urinary iodine concentration (UIC) by sampling on 3 consecutive days in four seasons in children. SETTING School-aged children from urban and rural primary schools in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. PARTICIPANTS 748 and 640 children aged 8-11 years were recruited from urban and rural schools, respectively, in Harbin. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The spot urine samples were collected once a day for 3 consecutive days in each season over 1 year. The UIC of the first day was corrected by two statistical correction methods: the average correction method (average of days 1, 2; average of days 1, 2 and 3) and the variance correction method (UIC of day 1 corrected by two replicates and by three replicates). The variance correction method determined the SD between subjects (Sb) and within subjects (Sw), and calculated the correction coefficient (Fi), Fi=Sb/(Sb+Sw/di), where di was the number of observations. The UIC of day 1 was then corrected using the following equation:[Formula: see text] RESULTS The variance correction methods showed the overall Fi was 0.742 for 2 days' correction and 0.829 for 3 days' correction; the values for the seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter were 0.730, 0.684, 0.706 and 0.703 for 2 days' correction and 0.809, 0.742, 0.796 and 0.804 for 3 days' correction, respectively. After removal of the individual effect, the correlation coefficient between consecutive days was 0.224, and between non-consecutive days 0.050. CONCLUSIONS The variance correction method is effective for correcting intra-individual variation in estimated UIC following sampling on 3 consecutive days in four seasons in children. The method varies little between ages, sexes and urban or rural setting, but does vary between seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Physical activity is considered a valuable tool for enhancing life satisfaction. However, the processes linking these constructs likely differ across the adult life span. In older adults the association between physical activity and life satisfaction appears to involve usual levels of physical activity (i.e., a between-person association driven by differences between more and less active people). In younger adults the association has consistently been based on day-to-day physical activity (i.e., a within-person association driven by differences between more and less active days). To resolve this inconsistency, a daily diary study was conducted with a life span sample of community-dwelling adults (age 18-89 years; N = 150) over three 21-day measurement bursts. Usual physical activity was positively associated with life satisfaction in middle and older adulthood; however, this association was not present in young adulthood. When present, this between-person association was mediated by physical and mental health. A within-person association between physical activity and life satisfaction was also present (and did not differ across age). Generally, on days when people were more physically active then was typical for them, they experienced greater life satisfaction. Age differences in life satisfaction followed a cubic trajectory: lower during emerging adulthood, higher during midlife, and lower during older adulthood. This study adds to accumulating evidence that daily fluctuations in physical activity have important implications for well-being regardless of age, and clarifies developmental differences in life satisfaction dynamics that can inform strategies for enhancing life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn P Maher
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University
| | - David E Conroy
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
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Abstract
Self-conscious emotions play a role in regulating daily achievement strivings, social behavior, and health, but little is known about the processes underlying their daily manifestation. Emerging adults (n = 182) completed daily diaries for eight days and multilevel models were estimated to evaluate whether, how much, and why their emotions varied from day-to-day. Within-person variation in authentic pride was normally-distributed across people and days whereas the other emotions were burst-like and characterized by zero-inflated, negative binomial distributions. Perceiving social interactions as generally communal increased the odds of hubristic pride activation and reduced the odds of guilt activation; daily communal behavior reduced guilt intensity. Results illuminated processes through which meaning about the self-in-relation-to-others is constructed during a critical period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Conroy
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Center for Behavior and Health, Northwestern University
| | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies
| | - Aaron L Pincus
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
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15
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Fitzsimmons PT, Maher JP, Doerksen SE, Elavsky S, Rebar AL, Conroy DE. A Daily Process Analysis of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Perceived Cognitive Abilities. Psychol Sport Exerc 2014; 15:498-504. [PMID: 25419176 PMCID: PMC4235764 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the role of both physical activity and sedentary behavior in daily perceptions of cognitive abilities and whether these relations exist within-person, between-person, or both. DESIGN Non-experimental, intensive longitudinal research using ecological momentary assessments. METHOD College students wore accelerometers and provided end-of-day reports on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and perceived cognitive abilities for 14 days. RESULTS Across self-reports and objective measures of behavior, daily deviations in physical activity were positively associated with perceived cognitive abilities. Daily deviations in self-reported, but not objectively-assessed, sedentary behavior also were negatively associated with perceived cognitive abilities. Contrary to previous research, overall levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviors were not associated with perceived cognitive abilities. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that physical activity has a within- rather than between-person association with perceived cognitive abilities although between-person associations effects may require longer monitoring periods to manifest. Further research is needed to establish the direction of causality and resolve whether the nature (rather than quantity) of sedentary activities influences cognition.
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16
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Karalunas SL, Geurts HM, Konrad K, Bender S, Nigg JT. Annual research review: Reaction time variability in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: measurement and mechanisms of a proposed trans-diagnostic phenotype. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:685-710. [PMID: 24628425 PMCID: PMC4267725 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraindividual variability in reaction time (RT) has received extensive discussion as an indicator of cognitive performance, a putative intermediate phenotype of many clinical disorders, and a possible trans-diagnostic phenotype that may elucidate shared risk factors for mechanisms of psychiatric illnesses. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY Using the examples of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), we discuss RT variability. We first present a new meta-analysis of RT variability in ASD with and without comorbid ADHD. We then discuss potential mechanisms that may account for RT variability and statistical models that disentangle the cognitive processes affecting RTs. We then report a second meta-analysis comparing ADHD and non-ADHD children on diffusion model parameters. We consider how findings inform the search for neural correlates of RT variability. FINDINGS Results suggest that RT variability is increased in ASD only when children with comorbid ADHD are included in the sample. Furthermore, RT variability in ADHD is explained by moderate to large increases (d = 0.63-0.99) in the ex-Gaussian parameter τ and the diffusion parameter drift rate, as well as by smaller differences (d = 0.32) in the diffusion parameter of nondecision time. The former may suggest problems in state regulation or arousal and difficulty detecting signal from noise, whereas the latter may reflect contributions from deficits in motor organization or output. The neuroimaging literature converges with this multicomponent interpretation and also highlights the role of top-down control circuits. CONCLUSION We underscore the importance of considering the interactions between top-down control, state regulation (e.g., arousal), and motor preparation when interpreting RT variability and conclude that decomposition of the RT signal provides superior interpretive power and suggests mechanisms convergent with those implicated using other cognitive paradigms. We conclude with specific recommendations for the field for next steps in the study of RT variability in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Karalunas
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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17
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Abstract
Social-cognitive theories, such as the theory of planned behavior, posit intentions as proximal influences on physical activity (PA). This paper extends those theories by examining within-person variation in intentions and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as a function of the unfolding constraints in people's daily lives (e.g., perceived time availability, fatigue, soreness, weather, overeating). College students (N = 63) completed a 14-day diary study over the Internet that rated daily motivation, contextual constraints, and MVPA. Key findings from multilevel analyses were that (1) between-person differences represented 46% and 33% of the variability in daily MVPA intentions and behavior, respectively; (2) attitudes, injunctive norms, self-efficacy, perceptions of limited time availability, and weekend status predicted daily changes in intention strength; and (3) daily changes in intentions, perceptions of limited time availability, and weekend status predicted day-to-day changes in MVPA. Embedding future motivation and PA research in the context of people's daily lives will advance understanding of individual PA change processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Conroy
- Department of Kinesiology and with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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