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Antonioni A, Raho EM, Straudi S, Granieri E, Koch G, Fadiga L. The cerebellum and the Mirror Neuron System: A matter of inhibition? From neurophysiological evidence to neuromodulatory implications. A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105830. [PMID: 39069236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Mirror neurons show activity during both the execution (AE) and observation of actions (AO). The Mirror Neuron System (MNS) could be involved during motor imagery (MI) as well. Extensive research suggests that the cerebellum is interconnected with the MNS and may be critically involved in its activities. We gathered evidence on the cerebellum's role in MNS functions, both theoretically and experimentally. Evidence shows that the cerebellum plays a major role during AO and MI and that its lesions impair MNS functions likely because, by modulating the activity of cortical inhibitory interneurons with mirror properties, the cerebellum may contribute to visuomotor matching, which is fundamental for shaping mirror properties. Indeed, the cerebellum may strengthen sensory-motor patterns that minimise the discrepancy between predicted and actual outcome, both during AE and AO. Furthermore, through its connections with the hippocampus, the cerebellum might be involved in internal simulations of motor programs during MI. Finally, as cerebellar neuromodulation might improve its impact on MNS activity, we explored its potential neurophysiological and neurorehabilitation implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annibale Antonioni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara 44124, Italy; Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Maria Raho
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara 44124, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121 , Italy; Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia, Rome 00179, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121 , Italy
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Moreira-Gomes T, Nóbrega C. From the disruption of RNA metabolism to the targeting of RNA-binding proteins: The case of polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1442-1459. [PMID: 37990934 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (PolyQ SCAs) represent a group of monogenetic diseases in which the expanded polyglutamine repeats give rise to a mutated protein. The abnormally expanded polyglutamine protein produces aggregates and toxic species, causing neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death. The main symptoms of these disorders include progressive ataxia, motor dysfunction, oculomotor impairment, and swallowing problems. Nowadays, the current treatments are restricted to symptomatic alleviation, and no existing therapeutic strategies can reduce or stop the disease progression. Even though the origin of these disorders has been associated with polyglutamine-induced toxicity, RNA toxicity has recently gained relevance in polyQ SCAs molecular pathogenesis. Therefore, the research's focus on RNA metabolism has been increasing, especially on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The present review summarizes RNA metabolism, exposing the different processes and the main RBPs involved. We also explore the mechanisms by which RBPs are dysregulated in PolyQ SCAs. Finally, possible therapies targeting the RNA metabolism are presented as strategies to reverse neuropathological anomalies and mitigate physical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Moreira-Gomes
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Yang YL, Lee HF, Chi CS, Tsai CR, Wu PY, Liu SN. Cerebellar atrophy in genetic epileptic encephalopathies: A cohort study and a systematic review. Seizure 2024; 120:41-48. [PMID: 38897163 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze cerebellar atrophy in genetic epileptic encephalopathies (EEs). METHODS This research included a retrospective cohort study conducted from January 2016 to December 2023 and a systematic review on cerebellar atrophy in genetic EEs. Pediatric individuals who were diagnosed with EEs based on electroclinical features, carried causative gene variants, and exhibited cerebellar atrophy were recruited. Electroclinical features, neuroimaging findings, and causative variants of eligible individuals were analyzed. RESULTS The cohort study showed 10 of 67 pediatric individuals (10/67; 15 %) who were diagnosed with genetic EEs had cerebellar atrophy; and 6 of the 10 individuals (6/10; 60 %) exhibited cerebellar signs. Diagnostic delay between the detection of cerebellar atrophy and the identification of genetic diagnosis existed in 6 individuals (6/10; 60 %) and the median duration was 4.4 years. A total of 32 genes, including 31 genes from the literature review and a newly identified SCN2A gene in this cohort, were reported associated with cerebellar atrophy in genetic EEs. Twenty-six genes (26/32; 81 %) accounted for cerebellar atrophy associated with other brain anomalies and 6 genes (6/32; 19 %) caused isolated cerebellar atrophy. Twenty-five genes (25/32; 78 %) showed late-onset cerebellar atrophy identified after the age of 1 year old. CONCLUSION Cerebellar atrophy is not uncommon in genetic EEs and may serve as an indicator for molecular diagnosis in clinical practice. To shorten the diagnostic delay, follow-up neuroimaging study is crucial because of high rate of clinico-radiological dissociation and late-onset cerebellar atrophy in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Lun Yang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ren Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ning Liu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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Zhang H, Wang X. The Role of Protein Quantity Control in Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01722-w. [PMID: 39052145 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (polyQ SCAs) represent the most prevalent subtype of SCAs. The primary pathogenic mechanism is believed to be the gain-of-function neurotoxicity of polyQ proteins. Strategies such as enhancing the degradation or inhibiting the accumulation of these mutant proteins are pivotal for reducing their toxicity and slowing disease progression. The protein quality control (PQC) system, comprising primarily molecular chaperones and the ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS), is essential for maintaining protein homeostasis by regulating protein folding, trafficking, and degradation. Notably, polyQ proteins can disrupt the PQC system by sequestering its critical components and impairing its proteasomal functions. Therefore, restoring the PQC system through genetic or pharmacological interventions could potentially offer beneficial effects and alleviate the symptoms of the disease. Here, we will provide a review on the distribution, expression, and genetic or pharmacological intervention of protein quality control system in cellular or animal models of PolyQ SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
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Alshareet M, Alakkas A, Alsinaidi OA, Bawazeer S, Peer-Zada AA. Novel de novo heterozygous CACNA1A gene variant in generalised dystonia: a case report. BMJ Neurol Open 2024; 6:e000710. [PMID: 38912174 PMCID: PMC11191759 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2024-000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dystonia is a genetic or non-genetic movement disorder with typical patterned and twisting movements due to abnormal muscle contractions that may be associated with tremor. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity leads to variable clinical presentation. Methodology Next-generation sequencing technologies are being currently used in the workup of patients with inherited dystonia to determine the specific cause in the individuals with autosomal dominant, recessive, X-linked or mitochondrial inheritance patterns. Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A (CACNA1A) gene variants are rare in dystonias. Results We here present a 20-year-old man with a history of delayed milestones, flexor posturing, dysarthria, dysphagia and a negative family history from consanguineous parents. Neurological examination revealed right lateral scoliosis of the neck and generalised dystonic posturing affecting both upper and lower limbs. MRI of the brain was unremarkable. Molecular genetic results revealed a heterozygous variant in the CACNA1A gene (CHR19: NM_023035.2, c. 1602G>A; p. Met534Ile). Segregation analyses in both the parents revealed wild-type CACNA1A gene suggesting de novo nature of the variant with a likely pathogenic classification. Conclusion Dystonia is one of the clinical phenotypes that can be associated with CACNA1A gene mutations and we recommend that this gene either be included in the dystonia panel offered or tested when the initial primary genetic result is negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alshareet
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, KFMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljoharah Alakkas
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, KFMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Alsinaidi
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, KFMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdul Ali Peer-Zada
- Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration, KFMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Zhu CH, Yu JY, Ma Y, Dong Y, Wu ZY. Progressive Ataxia due to de novo Missense Variants in the CACNA1A Gene. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01710-0. [PMID: 38869769 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The CACNA1A gene encodes the alpha-1A subunit of P/Q type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.1, which is associated with a broad clinical spectrum and variable symptomatology. While few patients with progressive ataxia caused by CACNA1A missense variants have been reported, here we report three unrelated Chinese patients with progressive ataxia due to de novo missense variants in the CACNA1A gene, including a novel pathogenic variant (c.4999C > G) and a previously reported pathogenic variant (c.4037G > A). Our findings and a systematic literature review show the unique phenotype of progressive ataxia caused by missense variants and enlarge the genetic and clinical spectrum of CACNA1A. This suggests that in addition to routine screening for dynamic mutations, screening for CACNA1A variants is important for clinicians facing patients with progressive ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases and Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jin-Yang Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases and Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yin Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases and Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases and Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases and Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China.
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Bonsor M, Ammar O, Schnoegl S, Wanker EE, Silva Ramos E. Polyglutamine disease proteins: Commonalities and differences in interaction profiles and pathological effects. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300114. [PMID: 38615323 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Currently, nine polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion diseases are known. They include spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and Huntington's disease (HD). At the root of these neurodegenerative diseases are trinucleotide repeat mutations in coding regions of different genes, which lead to the production of proteins with elongated polyQ tracts. While the causative proteins differ in structure and molecular mass, the expanded polyQ domains drive pathogenesis in all these diseases. PolyQ tracts mediate the association of proteins leading to the formation of protein complexes involved in gene expression regulation, RNA processing, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction. In this review, we discuss commonalities and differences among the nine polyQ proteins focusing on their structure and function as well as the pathological features of the respective diseases. We present insights from AlphaFold-predicted structural models and discuss the biological roles of polyQ-containing proteins. Lastly, we explore reported protein-protein interaction networks to highlight shared protein interactions and their potential relevance in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bonsor
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Orchid Ammar
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigrid Schnoegl
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich E Wanker
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Silva Ramos
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Henriques C, Lopes MM, Silva AC, Lobo DD, Badin RA, Hantraye P, Pereira de Almeida L, Nobre RJ. Viral-based animal models in polyglutamine disorders. Brain 2024; 147:1166-1189. [PMID: 38284949 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine disorders are a complex group of incurable neurodegenerative disorders caused by an abnormal expansion in the trinucleotide cytosine-adenine-guanine tract of the affected gene. To better understand these disorders, our dependence on animal models persists, primarily relying on transgenic models. In an effort to complement and deepen our knowledge, researchers have also developed animal models of polyglutamine disorders employing viral vectors. Viral vectors have been extensively used to deliver genes to the brain, not only for therapeutic purposes but also for the development of animal models, given their remarkable flexibility. In a time- and cost-effective manner, it is possible to use different transgenes, at varying doses, in diverse targeted tissues, at different ages, and in different species, to recreate polyglutamine pathology. This paper aims to showcase the utility of viral vectors in disease modelling, share essential considerations for developing animal models with viral vectors, and provide a comprehensive review of existing viral-based animal models for polyglutamine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Henriques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Gene and Stem Cell Therapies for the Brain Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Gene and Stem Cell Therapies for the Brain Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (III), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Gene and Stem Cell Therapies for the Brain Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (III), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana D Lobo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Gene and Stem Cell Therapies for the Brain Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (III), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Romina Aron Badin
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- CEA, DRF, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory (UMR9199), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Gene and Stem Cell Therapies for the Brain Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Jorge Nobre
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Gene and Stem Cell Therapies for the Brain Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (III), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
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Pilotto F, Del Bondio A, Puccio H. Hereditary Ataxias: From Bench to Clinic, Where Do We Stand? Cells 2024; 13:319. [PMID: 38391932 PMCID: PMC10886822 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of movement disorders. Within this broad umbrella of diseases, there are both genetics and sporadic forms. The clinical presentation of these conditions can exhibit a diverse range of symptoms across different age groups, spanning from pure cerebellar manifestations to sensory ataxia and multisystemic diseases. Over the last few decades, advancements in our understanding of genetics and molecular pathophysiology related to both dominant and recessive ataxias have propelled the field forward, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing and arresting the progression of these diseases. Nevertheless, the rarity of certain forms of ataxia continues to pose challenges, leading to limited insights into the etiology of the disease and the identification of target pathways. Additionally, the lack of suitable models hampers efforts to comprehensively understand the molecular foundations of disease's pathophysiology and test novel therapeutic interventions. In the following review, we describe the epidemiology, symptomatology, and pathological progression of hereditary ataxia, including both the prevalent and less common forms of these diseases. Furthermore, we illustrate the diverse molecular pathways and therapeutic approaches currently undergoing investigation in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Finally, we address the existing and anticipated challenges within this field, encompassing both basic research and clinical endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pilotto
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Del Bondio
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
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10
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Wang D, Honda S, Shin MK, Watase K, Mizusawa H, Ishikawa K, Shimizu S. Subcellular localization and ER-mediated cytotoxic function of α1A and α1ACT in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 695:149481. [PMID: 38211534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a polyglutamine (polyQ) disease, which is caused by the elongation of CAG repeats encoding polyQ in the CACNA1A gene. The CACNA1A gene encodes two proteins, namely, α1A (a subunit of the plasma membrane calcium channel), which is translated in its entire length, and α1ACT, which is translated from the second cistron, and both proteins have a polyQ tract. The α1A-polyQ and α1ACT-polyQ proteins with an elongated polyQ stretch have been reported to form aggregates in cells and induce neuronal cell death, but the subcellular localization of these proteins and their cytotoxic properties remain unclear. In this study, we first analyzed SCA6 model mice and found that α1A-polyQlong localized mainly to the Golgi apparatus, whereas a portion of α1ACT-polyQlong localized to the nucleus. Analysis using Neuro2a cells also showed similar subcellular localizations of these proteins, and a proportion of both proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cytotoxic studies demonstrated that both proteins induce both the ER stress response and apoptosis, indicating that they are able to induce ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan; Department of Personalized Genomic Medicine for Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Min Kyoung Shin
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Watase
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Personalized Genomic Medicine for Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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11
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Leung TCS, Fields E, Rana N, Shen RYL, Bernstein AE, Cook AA, Phillips DE, Watt AJ. Mitochondrial damage and impaired mitophagy contribute to disease progression in SCA6. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:26. [PMID: 38286873 PMCID: PMC10824820 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a neurodegenerative disease that manifests in midlife and progressively worsens with age. SCA6 is rare, and many patients are not diagnosed until long after disease onset. Whether disease-causing cellular alterations differ at different disease stages is currently unknown, but it is important to answer this question in order to identify appropriate therapeutic targets across disease duration. We used transcriptomics to identify changes in gene expression at disease onset in a well-established mouse model of SCA6 that recapitulates key disease features. We observed both up- and down-regulated genes with the major down-regulated gene ontology terms suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. We explored mitochondrial function and structure and observed that changes in mitochondrial structure preceded changes in function, and that mitochondrial function was not significantly altered at disease onset but was impaired later during disease progression. We also detected elevated oxidative stress in cells at the same disease stage. In addition, we observed impairment in mitophagy that exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction at late disease stages. In post-mortem SCA6 patient cerebellar tissue, we observed metabolic changes that are consistent with mitochondrial impairments, supporting our results from animal models being translatable to human disease. Our study reveals that mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial degradation likely contribute to disease progression in SCA6 and suggests that these could be promising targets for therapeutic interventions in particular for patients diagnosed after disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eviatar Fields
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Namrata Rana
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Anna A Cook
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Cook AA, Leung TCS, Rice M, Nachman M, Zadigue-Dube É, Watt AJ. Endosomal dysfunction contributes to cerebellar deficits in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. eLife 2023; 12:RP90510. [PMID: 38084749 PMCID: PMC10715727 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a rare disease that is characterized by cerebellar dysfunction. Patients have progressive motor coordination impairment, and postmortem brain tissue reveals degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a reduced level of cerebellar brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the pathophysiological changes underlying SCA6 are not fully understood. We carried out RNA-sequencing of cerebellar vermis tissue in a mouse model of SCA6, which revealed widespread dysregulation of genes associated with the endo-lysosomal system. Since disruption to endosomes or lysosomes could contribute to cellular deficits, we examined the endo-lysosomal system in SCA6. We identified alterations in multiple endosomal compartments in the Purkinje cells of SCA6 mice. Early endosomes were enlarged, while the size of the late endosome compartment was reduced. We also found evidence for impaired trafficking of cargo to the lysosomes. As the proper functioning of the endo-lysosomal system is crucial for the sorting and trafficking of signaling molecules, we wondered whether these changes could contribute to previously identified deficits in signaling by BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB) in SCA6. Indeed, we found that the enlarged early endosomes in SCA6 mice accumulated both BDNF and TrkB. Furthermore, TrkB recycling to the cell membrane in recycling endosomes was reduced, and the late endosome transport of BDNF for degradation was impaired. Therefore, mis-trafficking due to aberrant endo-lysosomal transport and function could contribute to SCA6 pathophysiology through alterations to BDNF-TrkB signaling, as well as mishandling of other signaling molecules. Deficits in early endosomes and BDNF localization were rescued by chronic administration of a TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, that we have previously shown restores motor coordination and cerebellar TrkB expression. The endo-lysosomal system is thus both a novel locus of pathophysiology in SCA6 and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Cook
- Biology Department, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | | | - Max Rice
- Biology Department, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Maya Nachman
- Biology Department, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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13
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Felício D, du Mérac TR, Amorim A, Martins S. Functional implications of paralog genes in polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1651-1676. [PMID: 37845370 PMCID: PMC10676324 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) comprise a group of autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders caused by (CAG/CAA)n expansions. The elongated stretches of adjacent glutamines alter the conformation of the native proteins inducing neurotoxicity, and subsequent motor and neurological symptoms. Although the etiology and neuropathology of most polyQ SCAs have been extensively studied, only a limited selection of therapies is available. Previous studies on SCA1 demonstrated that ATXN1L, a human duplicated gene of the disease-associated ATXN1, alleviated neuropathology in mice models. Other SCA-associated genes have paralogs (i.e., copies at different chromosomal locations derived from duplication of the parental gene), but their functional relevance and potential role in disease pathogenesis remain unexplored. Here, we review the protein homology, expression pattern, and molecular functions of paralogs in seven polyQ dominant ataxias-SCA1, SCA2, MJD/SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA17, and DRPLA. Besides ATXN1L, we highlight ATXN2L, ATXN3L, CACNA1B, ATXN7L1, ATXN7L2, TBPL2, and RERE as promising functional candidates to play a role in the neuropathology of the respective SCA, along with the parental gene. Although most of these duplicates lack the (CAG/CAA)n region, if functionally redundant, they may compensate for a partial loss-of-function or dysfunction of the wild-type genes in SCAs. We aim to draw attention to the hypothesis that paralogs of disease-associated genes may underlie the complex neuropathology of dominant ataxias and potentiate new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Felício
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tanguy Rubat du Mérac
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - António Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Wei C, Benzow K, Koob MD, Gomez CM, Du X. The Transcription Factor, α1ACT, Acts Through a MicroRNA Network to Regulate Neurogenesis and Cell Death During Neonatal Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:651-662. [PMID: 35729466 PMCID: PMC10307715 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, a class of small RNA regulators, function throughout neurodevelopment, from neural stem cell neurogenesis to neuronal maturation, synaptic formation, and plasticity. α1ACT, a transcription factor (TF), plays a critical role in neonatal cerebellar development by regulating an ensemble of genes. Of these, ChIP-seq analysis matched near 50% genes directly regulated by α1ACT. Yet, more than half the regulated transcripts lacked direct interaction with α1ACT. To investigate whether α1ACT acts through a microRNA network, we studied α1ACT-associated simultaneous miRNA:mRNA transcriptome profiles, using miRNA-seq paired with RNA-seq. Thirty-one differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) associated with α1ACT-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were profiled in α1ACT-overexpressing PC12 cells and were further validated in neonatal transgenic mouse cerebellum overexpressing α1ACT in a context-dependent manner. Here, we also demonstrated that α1ACT facilitates neurogenesis and development of dendritic synapses and is partially a result of the downregulation of the miR-99 cluster, miR-143, miR-23, miR-146, miR-363, and miR-484. On the other hand, the miR-181, miR-125, and miR-708 clusters were upregulated by α1ACT, which inhibit MAPK signaling and cell death pathways by targeting Ask1, Odc1, Atf4, and Nuf2 for decreased expression. MiR-181a-5p was verified as the most abundant DEM in neonatal cerebellum, which was further induced by α1ACT. Overall, under α1ACT modulation, up-/downregulated miRNA clusters with their paired target genes may form a regulatory network controlling the balance between the neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and cell death in the cerebellum to promote neonatal development. Our findings concerning the α1ACT-related miRNA/mRNA expression profiles in neonatal cerebellum may inform future investigations for cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenfu Wei
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kellie Benzow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael D Koob
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Xiaofei Du
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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15
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Burgunder JM. Mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation in neurogenetic disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2023:10.1038/s41582-023-00811-4. [PMID: 37202496 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases associated with pathogenic variants in a specific gene, or even with a specific pathogenic variant, can show profound phenotypic variation with regard to symptom presentation, age at onset and disease course. Highlighting examples from a range of neurogenetic disorders, this Review explores emerging mechanisms that are involved in this variability, including environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the expressivity and penetrance of pathogenic variants. Environmental factors, some of which can potentially be modified to prevent disease, include trauma, stress and metabolic changes. Dynamic patterns of pathogenic variants might explain some of the phenotypic variations, for example, in the case of disorders caused by DNA repeat expansions such as Huntington disease (HD). An important role for modifier genes has also been identified in some neurogenetic disorders, including HD, spinocerebellar ataxia and X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. In other disorders, such as spastic paraplegia, the basis for most of the phenotypic variability remains unclear. Epigenetic factors have been implicated in disorders such as SGCE-related myoclonus-dystonia and HD. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation is already starting to influence management strategies and clinical trials for neurogenetic disorders.
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16
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Martin HGS, Kullmann DM. Basket to Purkinje Cell Inhibitory Ephaptic Coupling Is Abolished in Episodic Ataxia Type 1. Cells 2023; 12:1382. [PMID: 37408217 PMCID: PMC10216961 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominantly inherited missense mutations of the KCNA1 gene, which encodes the KV1.1 potassium channel subunit, cause Episodic Ataxia type 1 (EA1). Although the cerebellar incoordination is thought to arise from abnormal Purkinje cell output, the underlying functional deficit remains unclear. Here we examine synaptic and non-synaptic inhibition of Purkinje cells by cerebellar basket cells in an adult mouse model of EA1. The synaptic function of basket cell terminals was unaffected, despite their intense enrichment for KV1.1-containing channels. In turn, the phase response curve quantifying the influence of basket cell input on Purkine cell output was maintained. However, ultra-fast non-synaptic ephaptic coupling, which occurs in the cerebellar 'pinceau' formation surrounding the axon initial segment of Purkinje cells, was profoundly reduced in EA1 mice in comparison with their wild type littermates. The altered temporal profile of basket cell inhibition of Purkinje cells underlines the importance of Kv1.1 channels for this form of signalling, and may contribute to the clinical phenotype of EA1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri M. Kullmann
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
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17
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Figueiredo AS, Loureiro JR, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Silveira I. Advances in Nucleotide Repeat Expansion Diseases: Transcription Gets in Phase. Cells 2023; 12:826. [PMID: 36980167 PMCID: PMC10047669 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unstable DNA repeat expansions and insertions have been found to cause more than 50 neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular disorders. One of the main hallmarks of repeat expansion diseases is the formation of abnormal RNA or protein aggregates in the neuronal cells of affected individuals. Recent evidence indicates that alterations of the dynamic or material properties of biomolecular condensates assembled by liquid/liquid phase separation are critical for the formation of these aggregates. This is a thermodynamically-driven and reversible local phenomenon that condenses macromolecules into liquid-like compartments responsible for compartmentalizing molecules required for vital cellular processes. Disease-associated repeat expansions modulate the phase separation properties of RNAs and proteins, interfering with the composition and/or the material properties of biomolecular condensates and resulting in the formation of abnormal aggregates. Since several repeat expansions have arisen in genes encoding crucial players in transcription, this raises the hypothesis that wide gene expression dysregulation is common to multiple repeat expansion diseases. This review will cover the impact of these mutations in the formation of aberrant aggregates and how they modify gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Figueiredo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Loureiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Silveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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18
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KCNH2 encodes a nuclear-targeted polypeptide that mediates hERG1 channel gating and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214700120. [PMID: 36626562 PMCID: PMC9934303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
KCNH2 encodes hERG1, the voltage-gated potassium channel that conducts the rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) in human cardiac tissue. hERG1 is one of the first channels expressed during early cardiac development, and its dysfunction is associated with intrauterine fetal death, sudden infant death syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death. Here, we identified a hERG1 polypeptide (hERG1NP) that is targeted to the nuclei of immature cardiac cells, including human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The nuclear hERG1NP immunofluorescent signal is diminished in matured hiPSC-CMs and absent from adult rat cardiomyocytes. Antibodies targeting distinct hERG1 channel epitopes demonstrated that the hERG1NP signal maps to the hERG1 distal C-terminal domain. KCNH2 deletion using CRISPR simultaneously abolished IKr and the hERG1NP signal in hiPSC-CMs. We then identified a putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS) within the distal hERG1 C-terminus, 883-RQRKRKLSFR-892. Interestingly, the distal C-terminal domain was targeted almost exclusively to the nuclei when overexpressed HEK293 cells. Conversely, deleting the NLS from the distal peptide abolished nuclear targeting. Similarly, blocking α or β1 karyopherin activity diminished nuclear targeting. Finally, overexpressing the putative hERG1NP peptide in the nuclei of HEK cells significantly reduced hERG1a current density, compared to cells expressing the NLS-deficient hERG1NP or GFP. These data identify a developmentally regulated polypeptide encoded by KCNH2, hERG1NP, whose presence in the nucleus indirectly modulates hERG1 current magnitude and kinetics.
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19
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Indelicato E, Boesch S. CACNA1A-Related Channelopathies: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Options. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 279:227-248. [PMID: 36592223 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, variants in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNA1A emerged as a frequent aetiology of rare neurological phenotypes sharing a common denominator of variable paroxysmal manifestations and chronic cerebellar dysfunction. The spectrum of paroxysmal manifestations encompasses migraine with hemiplegic aura, episodic ataxia, epilepsy and paroxysmal non-epileptic movement disorders. Additional chronic neurological symptoms range from severe developmental phenotypes in early-onset cases to neurobehavioural disorders and chronic cerebellar ataxia in older children and adults.In the present review we systematically approach the clinical manifestations of CACNA1A variants, delineate genotype-phenotype correlations and elaborate on the emerging concept of an age-dependent phenotypic spectrum in CACNA1A disease. We furthermore reflect on different therapy options available for paroxysmal symptoms in CACNA1A and address open issues to prioritize in the future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Indelicato
- Center for Rare Movement Disorders Innsbruck, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Center for Rare Movement Disorders Innsbruck, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Cvetanovic M, Gray M. Contribution of Glial Cells to Polyglutamine Diseases: Observations from Patients and Mouse Models. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:48-66. [PMID: 37020152 PMCID: PMC10119372 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are broadly characterized neuropathologically by the degeneration of vulnerable neuronal cell types in a specific brain region. The degeneration of specific cell types has informed on the various phenotypes/clinical presentations in someone suffering from these diseases. Prominent neurodegeneration of specific neurons is seen in polyglutamine expansion diseases including Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). The clinical manifestations observed in these diseases could be as varied as the abnormalities in motor function observed in those who have Huntington's disease (HD) as demonstrated by a chorea with substantial degeneration of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) or those with various forms of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) with an ataxic motor presentation primarily due to degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Due to the very significant nature of the degeneration of MSNs in HD and Purkinje cells in SCAs, much of the research has centered around understanding the cell autonomous mechanisms dysregulated in these neuronal cell types. However, an increasing number of studies have revealed that dysfunction in non-neuronal glial cell types contributes to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Here we explore these non-neuronal glial cell types with a focus on how each may contribute to the pathogenesis of HD and SCA and the tools used to evaluate glial cells in the context of these diseases. Understanding the regulation of supportive and harmful phenotypes of glia in disease could lead to development of novel glia-focused neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Michelle Gray
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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21
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Parthasarathy S, Ruggiero SM, Gelot A, Soardi FC, Ribeiro BFR, Pires DEV, Ascher DB, Schmitt A, Rambaud C, Represa A, Xie HM, Lusk L, Wilmarth O, McDonnell PP, Juarez OA, Grace AN, Buratti J, Mignot C, Gras D, Nava C, Pierce SR, Keren B, Kennedy BC, Pena SDJ, Helbig I, Cuddapah VA. A recurrent de novo splice site variant involving DNM1 exon 10a causes developmental and epileptic encephalopathy through a dominant-negative mechanism. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2253-2269. [PMID: 36413998 PMCID: PMC9748255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous pathogenic variants in DNM1 cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) as a result of a dominant-negative mechanism impeding vesicular fission. Thus far, pathogenic variants in DNM1 have been studied with a canonical transcript that includes the alternatively spliced exon 10b. However, after performing RNA sequencing in 39 pediatric brain samples, we find the primary transcript expressed in the brain includes the downstream exon 10a instead. Using this information, we evaluated genotype-phenotype correlations of variants affecting exon 10a and identified a cohort of eleven previously unreported individuals. Eight individuals harbor a recurrent de novo splice site variant, c.1197-8G>A (GenBank: NM_001288739.1), which affects exon 10a and leads to DEE consistent with the classical DNM1 phenotype. We find this splice site variant leads to disease through an unexpected dominant-negative mechanism. Functional testing reveals an in-frame upstream splice acceptor causing insertion of two amino acids predicted to impair oligomerization-dependent activity. This is supported by neuropathological samples showing accumulation of enlarged synaptic vesicles adherent to the plasma membrane consistent with impaired vesicular fission. Two additional individuals with missense variants affecting exon 10a, p.Arg399Trp and p.Gly401Asp, had a similar DEE phenotype. In contrast, one individual with a missense variant affecting exon 10b, p.Pro405Leu, which is less expressed in the brain, had a correspondingly less severe presentation. Thus, we implicate variants affecting exon 10a as causing the severe DEE typically associated with DNM1-related disorders. We highlight the importance of considering relevant isoforms for disease-causing variants as well as the possibility of splice site variants acting through a dominant-negative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Parthasarathy
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
| | - Sarah McKeown Ruggiero
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
| | - Antoinette Gelot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, 75012 Paris, France; INMED INSERM U 901 Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique ConCer-LD, Paris, France
| | - Fernanda C Soardi
- GENE - Núcleo de Genética Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas E V Pires
- Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Systems and Computational Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - David B Ascher
- Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Systems and Computational Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alain Schmitt
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Rambaud
- AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Laboratoire Anatomie Pathologique, Garches, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Hongbo M Xie
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
| | - Laina Lusk
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
| | - Olivia Wilmarth
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pamela Pojomovsky McDonnell
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olivia A Juarez
- Baylor College of Medicine Genetics Clinic, Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra N Grace
- Baylor College of Medicine Genetics Clinic, Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Julien Buratti
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pediatrique et de Maladies Métaboliques, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Domitille Gras
- AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pediatrique et de Maladies Métaboliques, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pediatrique et de Maladies Métaboliques, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Samuel R Pierce
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pediatrique et de Maladies Métaboliques, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin C Kennedy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sergio D J Pena
- GENE - Núcleo de Genética Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vishnu Anand Cuddapah
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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22
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Johnson SL, Tsou WL, Prifti MV, Harris AL, Todi SV. A survey of protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that influence the polyglutamine diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974167. [PMID: 36187346 PMCID: PMC9515312 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence and aggregation of misfolded proteins has deleterious effects in the nervous system. Among the various diseases caused by misfolded proteins is the family of the polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders. This family comprises nine members, all stemming from the same mutation—the abnormal elongation of a polyQ repeat in nine different proteins—which causes protein misfolding and aggregation, cellular dysfunction and disease. While it is the same type of mutation that causes them, each disease is distinct: it is influenced by regions and domains that surround the polyQ repeat; by proteins with which they interact; and by posttranslational modifications they receive. Here, we overview the role of non-polyQ regions that control the pathogenicity of the expanded polyQ repeat. We begin by introducing each polyQ disease, the genes affected, and the symptoms experienced by patients. Subsequently, we provide a survey of protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that regulate polyQ toxicity. We conclude by discussing shared processes and pathways that bring some of the polyQ diseases together and may serve as common therapeutic entry points for this family of incurable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Matthew V. Prifti
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Autumn L. Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sokol V. Todi,
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23
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Chang HHV, Cook AA, Watt AJ, Cullen KE. Loss of Flocculus Purkinje Cell Firing Precision Leads to Impaired Gaze Stabilization in a Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 (SCA6). Cells 2022; 11:cells11172739. [PMID: 36078147 PMCID: PMC9454745 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 (SCA6) is a mid-life onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive ataxia, dysarthria, and eye movement impairment. This autosomal dominant disease is caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat tract in the CACNA1A gene that encodes the α1A subunit of the P/Q type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. Mouse models of SCA6 demonstrate impaired locomotive function and reduced firing precision of cerebellar Purkinje in the anterior vermis. Here, to further assess deficits in other cerebellar-dependent behaviors, we characterized the oculomotor phenotype of a knock-in mouse model with hyper-expanded polyQ repeats (SCA684Q). We found a reduction in the efficacy of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) in SCA6 mutant mice, without a change in phase, compared to their litter-matched controls. Additionally, VOR motor learning was significantly impaired in SCA684Q mice. Given that the floccular lobe of the cerebellum plays a vital role in the generation of OKR and VOR calibration and motor learning, we investigated the firing behavior and morphology of floccular cerebellar Purkinje cells. Overall, we found a reduction in the firing precision of floccular lobe Purkinje cells but no morphological difference between SCA684Q and wild-type mice. Taken together, our findings establish that gaze stabilization and motor learning are impaired in SCA684Q mice and suggest that altered cerebellar output contributes to these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna A. Cook
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Alanna J. Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Kathleen E. Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
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24
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Godfrey JD, Hejazi D, Du X, Wei C, Rao E, Gomez CM. HER2 c-Terminal Fragments Are Expressed via Internal Translation of the HER2 mRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179549. [PMID: 36076950 PMCID: PMC9455161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HER2/neu signaling pathway is one of the most frequently mutated in human cancer. Although therapeutics targeting this pathway have good efficacy, cancer cells frequently develop resistance. The HER2 gene encodes the full-length HER2 protein, as well as smaller c-terminal fragments (CTFs), which have been shown to be a cause of resistance. Here, we show that HER2 CTFs, exclusive from the full-length HER2 protein, are generated via internal translation of the full-length HER2 mRNA and identify regions which are required for this mechanism to occur. These regions of the HER2 mRNA may present novel sites for therapeutic intervention via small molecules or antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs).
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25
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Wu QW, Kapfhammer JP. The Emerging Key Role of the mGluR1-PKCγ Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Spinocerebellar Ataxias: A Neurodevelopmental Viewpoint. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169169. [PMID: 36012439 PMCID: PMC9409119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive disorders with degeneration and dysfunction of the cerebellum. Although different subtypes of SCAs are classified according to the disease-associated causative genes, the clinical syndrome of the ataxia is shared, pointing towards a possible convergent pathogenic pathway among SCAs. In this review, we summarize the role of SCA-associated gene function during cerebellar Purkinje cell development and discuss the relationship between SCA pathogenesis and neurodevelopment. We will summarize recent studies on molecules involved in SCA pathogenesis and will focus on the mGluR1-PKCγ signaling pathway evaluating the possibility that this might be a common pathway which contributes to these diseases.
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26
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Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES)-Mediated Translation and Its Potential for Novel mRNA-Based Therapy Development. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081865. [PMID: 36009412 PMCID: PMC9405587 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many conditions can benefit from RNA-based therapies, namely, those targeting internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and their regulatory proteins, the IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs). IRES-mediated translation is an alternative mechanism of translation initiation, known for maintaining protein synthesis when canonical translation is impaired. During a stress response, it contributes to cell reprogramming and adaptation to the new environment. The relationship between IRESs and ITAFs with tumorigenesis and resistance to therapy has been studied in recent years, proposing new therapeutic targets and treatments. In addition, IRES-dependent translation initiation dysregulation is also related to neurological and cardiovascular diseases, muscular atrophies, or other syndromes. The participation of these structures in the development of such pathologies has been studied, yet to a far lesser extent than in cancer. Strategies involving the disruption of IRES–ITAF interactions or the modification of ITAF expression levels may be used with great impact in the development of new therapeutics. In this review, we aim to comprehend the current data on groups of human pathologies associated with IRES and/or ITAF dysregulation and their application in the designing of new therapeutic approaches using them as targets or tools. Thus, we wish to summarise the evidence in the field hoping to open new promising lines of investigation toward personalised treatments.
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27
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Nakanishi K. Anatomy of four human Argonaute proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6618-6638. [PMID: 35736234 PMCID: PMC9262622 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) bind to complementary target RNAs and regulate their gene expression post-transcriptionally. These non-coding regulatory RNAs become functional after loading into Argonaute (AGO) proteins to form the effector complexes. Humans have four AGO proteins, AGO1, AGO2, AGO3 and AGO4, which share a high sequence identity. Since most miRNAs are found across the four AGOs, it has been thought that they work redundantly, and AGO2 has been heavily studied as the exemplified human paralog. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies have found that the other paralogs play unique roles in various biological processes and diseases. In the last decade, the structural study of the four AGOs has provided the field with solid structural bases. This review exploits the completed structural catalog to describe common features and differences in target specificity across the four AGOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Nakanishi
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 688 2188;
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28
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Bushart DD, Shakkottai VG. Vulnerability of Human Cerebellar Neurons to Degeneration in Ataxia-Causing Channelopathies. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:908569. [PMID: 35757096 PMCID: PMC9219590 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.908569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ion channel genes underlie a number of human neurological diseases. Historically, human mutations in ion channel genes, the so-called channelopathies, have been identified to cause episodic disorders. In the last decade, however, mutations in ion channel genes have been demonstrated to result in progressive neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, particularly with ion channels that are enriched in the cerebellum. This was unexpected given prior rodent ion channel knock-out models that almost never display neurodegeneration. Human ataxia-causing channelopathies that result in even haploinsufficiency can result in cerebellar atrophy and cerebellar Purkinje neuron loss. Rodent neurons with ion channel loss-of-function appear to, therefore, be significantly more resistant to neurodegeneration compared to human neurons. Fundamental differences in susceptibility of human and rodent cerebellar neurons in ataxia-causing channelopathies must therefore be present. In this review, we explore the properties of human neurons that may contribute to their vulnerability to cerebellar degeneration secondary to ion channel loss-of-function mutations. We present a model taking into account the known allometric scaling of neuronal ion channel density in humans and other mammals that may explain the preferential vulnerability of human cerebellar neurons to degeneration in ataxia-causing channelopathies. We also speculate on the vulnerability of cerebellar neurons to degeneration in mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) where ion channel transcript dysregulation has recently been implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Bushart
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vikram G. Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Vikram G. Shakkottai,
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29
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Cendelin J, Cvetanovic M, Gandelman M, Hirai H, Orr HT, Pulst SM, Strupp M, Tichanek F, Tuma J, Manto M. Consensus Paper: Strengths and Weaknesses of Animal Models of Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Their Clinical Implications. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:452-481. [PMID: 34378174 PMCID: PMC9098367 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) represent a large group of hereditary degenerative diseases of the nervous system, in particular the cerebellum, and other systems that manifest with a variety of progressive motor, cognitive, and behavioral deficits with the leading symptom of cerebellar ataxia. SCAs often lead to severe impairments of the patient's functioning, quality of life, and life expectancy. For SCAs, there are no proven effective pharmacotherapies that improve the symptoms or substantially delay disease progress, i.e., disease-modifying therapies. To study SCA pathogenesis and potential therapies, animal models have been widely used and are an essential part of pre-clinical research. They mainly include mice, but also other vertebrates and invertebrates. Each animal model has its strengths and weaknesses arising from model animal species, type of genetic manipulation, and similarity to human diseases. The types of murine and non-murine models of SCAs, their contribution to the investigation of SCA pathogenesis, pathological phenotype, and therapeutic approaches including their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed in this paper. There is a consensus among the panel of experts that (1) animal models represent valuable tools to improve our understanding of SCAs and discover and assess novel therapies for this group of neurological disorders characterized by diverse mechanisms and differential degenerative progressions, (2) thorough phenotypic assessment of individual animal models is required for studies addressing therapeutic approaches, (3) comparative studies are needed to bring pre-clinical research closer to clinical trials, and (4) mouse models complement cellular and invertebrate models which remain limited in terms of clinical translation for complex neurological disorders such as SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mandi Gandelman
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Harry T Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Tichanek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tuma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 75, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7843, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, UMons, Mons, Belgium
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30
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Yang Y, Yu Z, Geng J, Liu M, Liu N, Li P, Hong W, Yue S, Jiang H, Ge H, Qian F, Xiong W, Wang P, Song S, Li X, Fan Y, Liu X. Cytosolic peptides encoding Ca V1 C-termini downregulate the calcium channel activity-neuritogenesis coupling. Commun Biol 2022; 5:484. [PMID: 35589958 PMCID: PMC9120191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type Ca2+ (CaV1) channels transduce channel activities into nuclear signals critical to neuritogenesis. Also, standalone peptides encoded by CaV1 DCT (distal carboxyl-terminus) act as nuclear transcription factors reportedly promoting neuritogenesis. Here, by focusing on exemplary CaV1.3 and cortical neurons under basal conditions, we discover that cytosolic DCT peptides downregulate neurite outgrowth by the interactions with CaV1's apo-calmodulin binding motif. Distinct from nuclear DCT, various cytosolic peptides exert a gradient of inhibitory effects on Ca2+ influx via CaV1 channels and neurite extension and arborization, and also the intermediate events including CREB activation and c-Fos expression. The inhibition efficacies of DCT are quantitatively correlated with its binding affinities. Meanwhile, cytosolic inhibition tends to facilitate neuritogenesis indirectly by favoring Ca2+-sensitive nuclear retention of DCT. In summary, DCT peptides as a class of CaV1 inhibitors specifically regulate the channel activity-neuritogenesis coupling in a variant-, affinity-, and localization-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,X-Laboratory for Ion-Channel Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,X-Laboratory for Ion-Channel Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinli Geng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,X-Laboratory for Ion-Channel Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weili Hong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Jiang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haiyan Ge
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Sen Song
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,X-Laboratory for Ion-Channel Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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31
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Lunev E, Karan A, Egorova T, Bardina M. Adeno-Associated Viruses for Modeling Neurological Diseases in Animals: Achievements and Prospects. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051140. [PMID: 35625877 PMCID: PMC9139062 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have become an attractive tool for efficient gene transfer into animal tissues. Extensively studied as the vehicles for therapeutic constructs in gene therapy, AAVs are also applied for creating animal models of human genetic disorders. Neurological disorders are challenging to model in laboratory animals by transgenesis or genome editing, at least partially due to the embryonic lethality and the timing of the disease onset. Therefore, gene transfer with AAV vectors provides a more flexible option for simulating genetic neurological disorders. Indeed, the design of the AAV expression construct allows the reproduction of various disease-causing mutations, and also drives neuron-specific expression. The natural and newly created AAV serotypes combined with various delivery routes enable differentially targeting neuronal cell types and brain areas in vivo. Moreover, the same viral vector can be used to reproduce the main features of the disorder in mice, rats, and large laboratory animals such as non-human primates. The current review demonstrates the general principles for the development and use of AAVs in modeling neurological diseases. The latest achievements in AAV-mediated modeling of the common (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, ataxias, etc.) and ultra-rare disorders affecting the central nervous system are described. The use of AAVs to create multiple animal models of neurological disorders opens opportunities for studying their mechanisms, understanding the main pathological features, and testing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Lunev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Marlin Biotech LLC, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.K.); (T.E.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Karan
- Marlin Biotech LLC, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.K.); (T.E.)
| | - Tatiana Egorova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Marlin Biotech LLC, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.K.); (T.E.)
| | - Maryana Bardina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Marlin Biotech LLC, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.K.); (T.E.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (M.B.)
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32
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Martinez-Rojas VA, Juarez-Hernandez LJ, Musio C. Ion channels and neuronal excitability in polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:183-199. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a family composed of nine neurodegenerative inherited disorders (NDDs) caused by pathological expansions of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeats which encode a polyQ tract in the corresponding proteins. CAG polyQ repeat expansions produce neurodegeneration via multiple downstream mechanisms; among those the neuronal activity underlying the ion channels is affected directly by specific channelopathies or indirectly by secondary dysregulation. In both cases, the altered excitability underlies to gain- or loss-of-function pathological effects. Here we summarize the repertoire of ion channels in polyQ NDDs emphasizing the biophysical features of neuronal excitability and their pathogenic role. The aim of this review is to point out the value of a deeper understanding of those functional mechanisms and processes as crucial elements for the designing and targeting of novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Martinez-Rojas
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), Trento Unit, National Research Council (CNR) , Via Sommarive 18 , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - Leon J. Juarez-Hernandez
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), Trento Unit, National Research Council (CNR) , Via Sommarive 18 , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - Carlo Musio
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), Trento Unit, National Research Council (CNR) , Via Sommarive 18 , 38123 Trento , Italy
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Nikonishyna YV, Ortner NJ, Kaserer T, Hoffmann J, Biskup S, Dafotakis M, Reetz K, Schulz JB, Striessnig J, Dohrn MF. Novel CACNA1A Variant p.Cys256Phe Disrupts Disulfide Bonds and Causes Spinocerebellar Ataxia. Mov Disord 2022; 37:401-404. [PMID: 34647648 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a progressive, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder typically associated with CAG repeat expansions. OBJECTIVE We assessed the pathogenicity of the novel, heterozygous missense variant p.Cys256Phe (C256F) in the pore-forming α1-subunit of the Cav2.1 Ca2+ channel found in a 63-year-old woman with SCA with no CAG repeat expansion. METHODS We examined the effect of the C256F variant on channel function using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in transfected tsA-201 cells. RESULTS The maximum Ca2+ current density was significantly reduced in the mutant compared to wild-type, which could not be explained by lower expression levels of mutant Cav2.1 α1- protein. Together with a significant increase in current inactivation, this is consistent with a loss of channel function. Molecular modeling predicted disruption of a conserved disulfide bond through the C256F variant. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the pathogenicity of the C256F variant for the SCA phenotype and provide further insight into Cav2.1 structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliia V Nikonishyna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadine J Ortner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jessica Hoffmann
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Dafotakis
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maike F Dohrn
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Sujkowski A, Hong L, Wessells RJ, Todi SV. The protective role of exercise against age-related neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101543. [PMID: 34923167 PMCID: PMC8761166 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is a widely accessible, low-cost intervention with a variety of benefits to multiple organ systems. Exercise improves multiple indices of physical performance and stimulates pronounced health benefits reducing a range of pathologies including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Endurance exercise delays brain aging, preserves memory and cognition, and improves symptoms of neurodegenerative pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and various ataxias. Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise include neuronal survival and plasticity, neurogenesis, epigenetic modifications, angiogenesis, autophagy, and the synthesis and release of neurotrophins and cytokines. In this review, we discuss shared benefits and molecular pathways driving the protective effects of endurance exercise on various neurodegenerative diseases in animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Luke Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - R J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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Shi B, Song Q, Luo X, Song J, Xia D, Xia Z, Liu M, Wang W, Wang R, Du H, Wei Q, Han J. Identification of an IRES within the coding region of the structural protein of human rhinovirus 16. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2653-2661. [PMID: 34873729 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative mechanism for cap-dependent (m7GpppN) translation, internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation has been observed in the 5' untranslated regions (5' UTR) and coding regions of a number of viral and eukaryotic mRNAs. In this study, a series of 5' terminal truncated structural protein genes that were fused with GFP was used to screen for potential IRESs, and IRESs were identified using a bicistronic luciferase vector or GFP expression vector possessing a hairpin structure. Our results revealed that a putative IRES was located between nt 1982 and 2281 in the VP3 coding region of the human rhinovirus 16 (HRV16) genomes. We also demonstrated that effective IRES-initiated protein expression in vitro did not occur through splicing sites or cryptic promoters. We confirmed that thapsigargin (TG), an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), facilitated increased IRES activity in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the secondary structure of the IRES was predicted online using the RNAfold web server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingtian Shi
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinqin Song
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaonuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Song
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Xia
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Liu
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruifang Wang
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haijun Du
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- National Pathogen Resource Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- Center for Viral Resource, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Heck J, Palmeira Do Amaral AC, Weißbach S, El Khallouqi A, Bikbaev A, Heine M. More than a pore: How voltage-gated calcium channels act on different levels of neuronal communication regulation. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:322-338. [PMID: 34107849 PMCID: PMC8205089 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) represent key regulators of the calcium influx through the plasma membrane of excitable cells, like neurons. Activated by the depolarization of the membrane, the opening of VGCCs induces very transient and local changes in the intracellular calcium concentration, known as calcium nanodomains, that in turn trigger calcium-dependent signaling cascades and the release of chemical neurotransmitters. Based on their central importance as concierges of excitation-secretion coupling and therefore neuronal communication, VGCCs have been studied in multiple aspects of neuronal function and malfunction. However, studies on molecular interaction partners and recent progress in omics technologies have extended the actual concept of these molecules. With this review, we want to illustrate some new perspectives of VGCCs reaching beyond their function as calcium-permeable pores in the plasma membrane. Therefore, we will discuss the relevance of VGCCs as voltage sensors in functional complexes with ryanodine receptors, channel-independent actions of auxiliary VGCC subunits, and provide an insight into how VGCCs even directly participate in gene regulation. Furthermore, we will illustrate how structural changes in the intracellular C-terminus of VGCCs generated by alternative splicing events might not only affect the biophysical channel characteristics but rather determine their molecular environment and downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Heck
- Functional Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana Carolina Palmeira Do Amaral
- Functional Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Weißbach
- Functional Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Institute for Human Genetics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Abderazzaq El Khallouqi
- Functional Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur Bikbaev
- Functional Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Heine
- Functional Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany
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Johnson SL, Libohova K, Blount JR, Sujkowski AL, Prifti MV, Tsou WL, Todi SV. Targeting the VCP-binding motif of ataxin-3 improves phenotypes in Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 160:105516. [PMID: 34563642 PMCID: PMC8693084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the family of polyglutamine (polyQ) neurodegenerative diseases, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3) is the most common. Like other polyQ diseases, SCA3 stems from abnormal expansions in the CAG triplet repeat of its disease gene resulting in elongated polyQ repeats within its protein, ataxin-3. Various ataxin-3 protein domains contribute to its toxicity, including the valosin-containing protein (VCP)-binding motif (VBM). We previously reported that VCP, a homo-hexameric protein, enhances pathogenic ataxin-3 aggregation and exacerbates its toxicity. These findings led us to explore the impact of targeting the SCA3 protein by utilizing a decoy protein comprising the N-terminus of VCP (N-VCP) that binds ataxin-3's VBM. The notion was that N-VCP would reduce binding of ataxin-3 to VCP, decreasing its aggregation and toxicity. We found that expression of N-VCP in Drosophila melanogaster models of SCA3 ameliorated various phenotypes, coincident with reduced ataxin-3 aggregation. This protective effect was specific to pathogenic ataxin-3 and depended on its VBM. Increasing the amount of N-VCP resulted in further phenotype improvement. Our work highlights the protective potential of targeting the VCP-ataxin-3 interaction in SCA3, a key finding in the search for therapeutic opportunities for this incurable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jessica R Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Alyson L Sujkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Matthew V Prifti
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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38
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Novel Mutation in CACNA1A Associated with Activity-Induced Dystonia, Cervical Dystonia, and Mild Ataxia. Case Rep Neurol Med 2021; 2021:7797770. [PMID: 34395002 PMCID: PMC8356012 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7797770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CACNA1A encodes the pore-forming α1 subunit of the neuronal voltage-gated Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) channels, which are predominantly localized at the presynaptic terminals of the brain and cerebellar neurons and play an important role in controlling neurotransmitter release. Mutations in CACNA1A have been associated with several autosomal dominant neurologic disorders, including familial hemiplegic migraine type 1, episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. A 37-year-old woman presented with a history of slowly progressive, activity-induced stiffness, and pain in her right leg since age 15 and cervical dystonia since age 20. She denied any right leg stiffness or pain at rest, but when she began to walk, her right foot turned in and her right leg stiffened up. She also had neck pain, stiffness, and spams. There was no family history of similar symptoms. On physical exam, her strength, tone, and reflexes were normal in all extremities at rest. There was mild head titubation and very mild past pointing on finger-to-nose testing. MRI of the brain and spinal cord was unremarkable. This patient's clinical picture was felt to be most consistent with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, as she has attacks of dystonia that are triggered by voluntary movement, last from a few seconds to a minute, and are relieved with rest. She was trialed on carbidopa/levodopa without improvement. A dystonia panel showed two potentially pathologic mutations, one in CACNA1A and the other in PNKP, along with a variant of unknown significance in ATP7B. The mutation in CACNA1A is C2324 G < A. It is heterozygous, autosomal dominant, and computer modeling suggests pathogenicity. This mutation has not been reported previously and is likely the cause of her paroxysmal dystonia; dystonia is sometimes seen during episodes of ataxia in EA2, and CACNA1A knockout mice exhibit dystonia and cerebellar atrophy. After receiving her genetic diagnosis, the patient was trialed on acetazolamide without improvement in her dystonia symptoms. This is the second case report of a patient with cervical dystonia and cerebellar ataxia associated with a mutation in CACNA1A.
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Sidtis JJ, Gomez CM. Genotypic Differences in Networks Supporting Regional Predictors of Speech Rate in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: Preliminary Observations. Brain Connect 2021; 11:408-417. [PMID: 34030481 PMCID: PMC8388246 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disordered speech production, dysarthria, is a common characteristic of the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Although dysarthric features differ across SCAs, a previous analysis revealed that a combination of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the left inferior frontal region and the right caudate predicted syllable rate, a pattern reported in normal speakers. This study examined the relationships between primary predictor brain regions and other areas of the brain in three SCA groups. The regions associated with the primary predictors are considered as elements of secondary networks since they are associated with regional speech predictors rather than directly with speech performance. Methods: Speech and rCBF data from 9 SCA1, 8 SCA5, and 5 SCA6 individuals were analyzed. Partial correlations were used to identify brain regions associated with the primary predictors. Results: Secondary networks differed across SCA genotypes. SCA1 and SCA6 demonstrated both positive and negative associations between primary and secondary areas, whereas the associations in the SCA5 genotype were only positive. The SCA5 associations were also largely bilaterally symmetrical. Both SCA1 and SCA5 demonstrated secondary associations with the right caudate, whereas the SCA6 group had no such associations. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that although primary aspects of a brain network may remain functional, pathophysiological processes associated with different SCA genotypes may express themselves in alterations of broader, secondary brain networks. These secondary networks may reflect generic functional associations with the primary predictor regions, compensatory activity in the presence of an SCA, SCA pathology, or some combination of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Sidtis
- Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Geriatrics Division, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Hommersom MP, Buijsen RAM, van Roon-Mom WMC, van de Warrenburg BPC, van Bokhoven H. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Modelling of Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:441-456. [PMID: 34031815 PMCID: PMC8930896 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) constitute a large group of phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that mainly present with dysfunction of the cerebellum as their main hallmark. Although animal and cell models have been highly instrumental for our current insight into the underlying disease mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders, they do not offer the full human genetic and physiological context. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and protocols to differentiate these into essentially every cell type allows us to closely model SCAs in a human context. In this review, we systematically summarize recent findings from studies using hiPSC-based modelling of SCAs, and discuss what knowledge has been gained from these studies. We conclude that hiPSC-based models are a powerful tool for modelling SCAs as they contributed to new mechanistic insights and have the potential to serve the development of genetic therapies. However, the use of standardized methods and multiple clones of isogenic lines are essential to increase validity and reproducibility of the insights gained. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina P Hommersom
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald A M Buijsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke M C van Roon-Mom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P C van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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41
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Yang TH, Wang CY, Tsai HC, Liu CT. Human IRES Atlas: an integrative platform for studying IRES-driven translational regulation in humans. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2021; 2021:6263636. [PMID: 33942874 PMCID: PMC8094437 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now known that cap-independent translation initiation facilitated by internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) is vital in selective cellular protein synthesis under stress and different physiological conditions. However, three problems make it hard to understand transcriptome-wide cellular IRES-mediated translation initiation mechanisms: (i) complex interplay between IRESs and other translation initiation–related information, (ii) reliability issue of in silico cellular IRES investigation and (iii) labor-intensive in vivo IRES identification. In this research, we constructed the Human IRES Atlas database for a comprehensive understanding of cellular IRESs in humans. First, currently available and suitable IRES prediction tools (IRESfinder, PatSearch and IRESpy) were used to obtain transcriptome-wide human IRESs. Then, we collected eight genres of translation initiation–related features to help study the potential molecular mechanisms of each of the putative IRESs. Three functional tests (conservation, structural RNA–protein scores and conditional translation efficiency) were devised to evaluate the functionality of the identified putative IRESs. Moreover, an easy-to-use interface and an IRES–translation initiation interaction map for each gene transcript were implemented to help understand the interactions between IRESs and translation initiation–related features. Researchers can easily search/browse an IRES of interest using the web interface and deduce testable mechanism hypotheses of human IRES-driven translation initiation based on the integrated results. In summary, Human IRES Atlas integrates putative IRES elements and translation initiation–related experiments for better usage of these data and deduction of mechanism hypotheses. Database URL: http://cobishss0.im.nuk.edu.tw/Human_IRES_Atlas/
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsien Yang
- Department of Information Management, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 811, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Yu Wang
- Department of Information Management, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 811, Republic of China
| | - Hsiu-Chun Tsai
- Department of Information Management, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 811, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Tse Liu
- Department of Information Management, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 811, Republic of China
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Kessi M, Chen B, Peng J, Yan F, Yang L, Yin F. Calcium channelopathies and intellectual disability: a systematic review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:219. [PMID: 33985586 PMCID: PMC8120735 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium ions are involved in several human cellular processes including corticogenesis, transcription, and synaptogenesis. Nevertheless, the relationship between calcium channelopathies (CCs) and intellectual disability (ID)/global developmental delay (GDD) has been poorly investigated. We hypothesised that CCs play a major role in the development of ID/GDD and that both gain- and loss-of-function variants of calcium channel genes can induce ID/GDD. As a result, we performed a systematic review to investigate the contribution of CCs, potential mechanisms underlying their involvement in ID/GDD, advancements in cell and animal models, treatments, brain anomalies in patients with CCs, and the existing gaps in the knowledge. We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, ClinVar, OMIM, ClinGen, Gene Reviews, DECIPHER and LOVD databases to search for articles/records published before March 2021. The following search strategies were employed: ID and calcium channel, mental retardation and calcium channel, GDD and calcium channel, developmental delay and calcium channel. MAIN BODY A total of 59 reports describing 159 cases were found in PubMed, Embase, ClinVar, and LOVD databases. Variations in ten calcium channel genes including CACNA1A, CACNA1C, CACNA1I, CACNA1H, CACNA1D, CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2, CACNA1E, CACNA1F, and CACNA1G were found to be associated with ID/GDD. Most variants exhibited gain-of-function effect. Severe to profound ID/GDD was observed more for the cases with gain-of-function variants as compared to those with loss-of-function. CACNA1E, CACNA1G, CACNA1F, CACNA2D2 and CACNA1A associated with more severe phenotype. Furthermore, 157 copy number variations (CNVs) spanning calcium genes were identified in DECIPHER database. The leading genes included CACNA1C, CACNA1A, and CACNA1E. Overall, the underlying mechanisms included gain- and/ or loss-of-function, alteration in kinetics (activation, inactivation) and dominant-negative effects of truncated forms of alpha1 subunits. Forty of the identified cases featured cerebellar atrophy. We identified only a few cell and animal studies that focused on the mechanisms of ID/GDD in relation to CCs. There is a scarcity of studies on treatment options for ID/GDD both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CCs play a major role in ID/GDD. While both gain- and loss-of-function variants are associated with ID/GDD, the mechanisms underlying their involvement need further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kessi
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Baiyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangling Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Mitoma H, Honnorat J, Yamaguchi K, Manto M. LTDpathies: a Novel Clinical Concept. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:948-951. [PMID: 33754326 PMCID: PMC8674158 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jerome Honnorat
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677, Bron, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Kazuhiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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Reprogramming translation for gene therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:439-476. [PMID: 34175050 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Translational control plays a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Modulating translational efficiency allows the cell to fine-tune the expression of genes, spatially control protein localization, and trigger fast responses to environmental stresses. Translational regulation involves mechanisms acting on multiple steps of the protein synthesis pathway: initiation, elongation, and termination. Many cis-acting elements present in the 5' UTR of transcripts can influence translation at the initiation step. Among them, the Kozak sequence impacts translational efficiency by regulating the recognition of the start codon; upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are associated with inhibition of translation of the downstream protein; internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) can promote cap-independent translation. CRISPR-Cas technology is a revolutionary gene-editing tool that has also been applied to the regulation of gene expression. In this chapter, we focus on the genome editing approaches developed to modulate the translational efficiency with the aim to find novel therapeutic approaches, in particular acting on the cis-elements, that regulate the initiation of protein synthesis.
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Indelicato E, Boesch S. From Genotype to Phenotype: Expanding the Clinical Spectrum of CACNA1A Variants in the Era of Next Generation Sequencing. Front Neurol 2021; 12:639994. [PMID: 33737904 PMCID: PMC7960780 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.639994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channel dysfunction is a key pathological substrate of episodic neurological disorders. A classical gene associated to paroxysmal movement disorders is CACNA1A, which codes for the pore-forming subunit of the neuronal calcium channel P/Q. Non-polyglutamine CACNA1A variants underlie familial hemiplegic ataxia type 1 (FHM1) and episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2). Classical paroxysmal manifestations of FHM1 are migraine attacks preceded by motor aura consisting of hemiparesis, aphasia, and disturbances of consciousness until coma. Patients with EA2 suffer of recurrent episodes of vertigo, unbalance, diplopia, and vomiting. Beyond these typical presentations, several reports highlighted manifold clinical features associated with P/Q channelopathies, from chronic progressive cerebellar ataxia to epilepsy and psychiatric disturbances. These manifestations may often outlast the burden of classical episodic symptoms leading to pitfalls in the diagnostic work-up. Lately, the spreading of next generation sequencing techniques linked de novo CACNA1A variants to an even broader phenotypic spectrum including early developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, epileptic encephalopathy, and early onset paroxysmal dystonia. The age-dependency represents a striking new aspect of these phenotypes und highlights a pivotal role for P/Q channels in the development of the central nervous system in a defined time window. While several reviews addressed the clinical presentation and treatment of FHM1 and EA2, an overview of the newly described age-dependent manifestations is lacking. In this Mini-Review we present a clinical update, delineate genotype-phenotype correlations as well as summarize evidence on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the expanded phenotype associated with CACNA1A variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Center for Rare Movement Disorders Innsbruck, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Rentiya Z, Hutnik R, Bae J. Response to: "The Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6" Commentary by Rowland et al. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:486-488. [PMID: 33411313 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zubir Rentiya
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology, Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Robert Hutnik
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Junun Bae
- Providence St. Peter Hospital, Olympia, WA, USA
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47
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Yeow SQZ, Loh KWZ, Soong TW. Calcium Channel Splice Variants and Their Effects in Brain and Cardiovascular Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:67-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Endo S, Motomura K, Tsuhako M, Kakazu Y, Nakamura M, M. Otaki J. Search for Human-Specific Proteins Based on Availability Scores of Short Constituent Sequences: Identification of a WRWSH Protein in Human Testis. Comput Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about protein sequences unique in humans. Here, we performed alignment-free sequence comparisons based on the availability (frequency bias) of short constituent amino acid (aa) sequences (SCSs) in proteins to search for human-specific proteins. Focusing on 5-aa SCSs (pentats), exhaustive comparisons of availability scores among the human proteome and other nine mammalian proteomes in the nonredundant (nr) database identified a candidate protein containing WRWSH, here called FAM75, as human-specific. Examination of various human genome sequences revealed that FAM75 had genomic DNA sequences for either WRWSH or WRWSR due to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). FAM75 and its related protein FAM205A were found to be produced through alternative splicing. The FAM75 transcript was found only in humans, but the FAM205A transcript was also present in other mammals. In humans, both FAM75 and FAM205A were expressed specifically in testis at the mRNA level, and they were immunohistochemically located in cells in seminiferous ducts and in acrosomes in spermatids at the protein level, suggesting their possible function in sperm development and fertilization. This study highlights a practical application of SCS-based methods for protein searches and suggests possible contributions of SNP variants and alternative splicing of FAM75 to human evolution.
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Commentary to: "The Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6" by Rentiya et al., Cerebellum 2020;19(3):459-464). THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:484-485. [PMID: 33219436 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Smeets CJLM, Ma KY, Fisher SE, Verbeek DS. Cerebellar developmental deficits underlie neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. Brain Pathol 2020; 31:239-252. [PMID: 33043513 PMCID: PMC7983976 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23) is a late‐onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by slowly progressive gait and limb ataxia, for which there is no therapy available. It is caused by pathogenic variants in PDYN, which encodes prodynorphin (PDYN). PDYN is processed into the opioid peptides α‐neoendorphin and dynorphins (Dyn) A and B; inhibitory neurotransmitters that function in pain signaling, stress‐induced responses and addiction. Variants causing SCA23 mostly affect Dyn A, leading to loss of secondary structure and increased peptide stability. PDYNR212W mice express human PDYN containing the SCA23 variant p.R212W. These mice show progressive motor deficits from 3 months of age, climbing fiber (CF) deficits from 3 months of age, and Purkinje cell (PC) loss from 12 months of age. A mouse model for SCA1 showed similar CF deficits, and a recent study found additional developmental abnormalities, namely increased GABAergic interneuron connectivity and non‐cell autonomous disruption of PC function. As SCA23 mice show a similar pathology to SCA1 mice in adulthood, we hypothesized that SCA23 may also follow SCA1 pathology during development. Examining PDYNR212W cerebella during development, we uncovered developmental deficits from 2 weeks of age, namely a reduced number of GABAergic synapses on PC soma, possibly leading to the observed delay in early phase CF elimination between 2 and 3 weeks of age. Furthermore, CFs did not reach terminal height, leaving proximal PC dendrites open to be occupied by parallel fibers (PFs). The observed increase in vGlut1 protein—a marker for PF‐PC synapses—indicates that PFs indeed take over CF territory and have increased connectivity with PCs. Additionally, we detected altered expression of several critical Ca2+ channel subunits, potentially contributing to altered Ca2+ transients in PDYNR212W cerebella. These findings indicate that developmental abnormalities contribute to the SCA23 pathology and uncover a developmental role for PDYN in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo J L M Smeets
- Department of Language and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kai Yu Ma
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Department of Language and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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