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Kumar M, Sharma S, Kumar J, Barik S, Mazumder S. Mitochondrial electron transport chain in macrophage reprogramming: Potential role in antibacterial immune response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:100077. [PMID: 38572399 PMCID: PMC10987323 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2024.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages restrain microbial infection and reinstate tissue homeostasis. The mitochondria govern macrophage metabolism and serve as pivot in innate immunity, thus acting as immunometabolic regulon. Metabolic pathways produce electron flows that end up in mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC), made of super-complexes regulating multitude of molecular and biochemical processes. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence mtETC structure and function, impacting several aspects of macrophage immunity. These factors provide the macrophages with alternate fuel sources and metabolites, critical to gain functional competence and overcoming pathogenic stress. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) generated through the mtETC are important innate immune attributes, which help macrophages in mounting antibacterial responses. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of mtETC in governing mitochondrial dynamics and macrophage polarization (M1/M2). M1 macrophages are important for containing bacterial pathogens and M2 macrophages promote tissue repair and wound healing. Thus, mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism are intimately coupled with innate immunity. In this review, we have addressed mtETC function as innate rheostats that regulate macrophage reprogramming and innate immune responses. Advancement in this field encourages further exploration and provides potential novel macrophage-based therapeutic targets to control unsolicited inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shagun Sharma
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jai Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Delhi, India
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Rahane D, Dhingra T, Chalavady G, Datta A, Ghosh B, Rana N, Borah A, Saraf S, Bhattacharya P. Hypoxia and its effect on the cellular system. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3940. [PMID: 38379257 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells utilize oxygen for different functions of cell organelles owing to cellular survival. A balanced oxygen homeostasis is an essential requirement to maintain the regulation of normal cellular systems. Any changes in the oxygen level are stressful and can alter the expression of different homeostasis regulatory genes and proteins. Lack of oxygen or hypoxia results in oxidative stress and formation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Substantial cellular damages due to hypoxia have been reported to play a major role in various pathological conditions. There are different studies which demonstrated that the functions of cellular system are disrupted by hypoxia. Currently, study on cellular effects following hypoxia is an important field of research as it not only helps to decipher different signaling pathway modulation, but also helps to explore novel therapeutic strategies. On the basis of the beneficial effect of hypoxia preconditioning of cellular organelles, many therapeutic investigations are ongoing as a promising disease management strategy in near future. Hence, the present review discusses about the effects of hypoxia on different cellular organelles, mechanisms and their involvement in the progression of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Rahane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tannu Dhingra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Guruswami Chalavady
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bijoyani Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikita Rana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Shailendra Saraf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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3
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Parmar G, Fong-McMaster C, Pileggi CA, Patten DA, Cuillerier A, Myers S, Wang Y, Hekimi S, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Harper ME. Accessory subunit NDUFB4 participates in mitochondrial complex I supercomplex formation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105626. [PMID: 38211818 PMCID: PMC10862015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes organize into supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SCs). The role of respiratory SCs remains largely unconfirmed despite evidence supporting their necessity for mitochondrial respiratory function. The mechanisms underlying the formation of the I1III2IV1 "respirasome" SC are also not fully understood, further limiting insights into these processes in physiology and diseases, including neurodegeneration and metabolic syndromes. NDUFB4 is a complex I accessory subunit that contains residues that interact with the subunit UQCRC1 from complex III, suggesting that NDUFB4 is integral for I1III2IV1 respirasome integrity. Here, we introduced specific point mutations to Asn24 (N24) and Arg30 (R30) residues on NDUFB4 to decipher the role of I1III2-containing respiratory SCs in cellular metabolism while minimizing the functional consequences to complex I assembly. Our results demonstrate that NDUFB4 point mutations N24A and R30A impair I1III2IV1 respirasome assembly and reduce mitochondrial respiratory flux. Steady-state metabolomics also revealed a global decrease in citric acid cycle metabolites, affecting NADH-generating substrates. Taken together, our findings highlight an integral role of NDUFB4 in respirasome assembly and demonstrate the functional significance of SCs in regulating mammalian cell bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaganvir Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Fong-McMaster
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Patten
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexanne Cuillerier
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siegfried Hekimi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Kohler A, Barrientos A, Fontanesi F, Ott M. The functional significance of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57092. [PMID: 37828827 PMCID: PMC10626428 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) is a key energy transducer in eukaryotic cells. Four respiratory chain complexes cooperate in the transfer of electrons derived from various metabolic pathways to molecular oxygen, thereby establishing an electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers ATP synthesis. This electron transport relies on mobile electron carries that functionally connect the complexes. While the individual complexes can operate independently, they are in situ organized into large assemblies termed respiratory supercomplexes. Recent structural and functional studies have provided some answers to the question of whether the supercomplex organization confers an advantage for cellular energy conversion. However, the jury is still out, regarding the universality of these claims. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the functional significance of MRC supercomplexes, highlight experimental limitations, and suggest potential new strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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5
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Lombardi P, Karadayian AG, Guerra JI, Bustamante J, Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz G, Lores-Arnaiz S. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and cytometric characterization of a synaptosomal preparation from mouse brain cortex. Mitochondrion 2023; 73:95-107. [PMID: 37944836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function at synapses can be assessed in isolated nerve terminals. Synaptosomes are structures obtained in vitro by detaching the nerve endings from neuronal bodies under controlled homogenization conditions. Several protocols have been described for the preparation of intact synaptosomal fractions. Herein a fast and economical method to obtain synaptosomes with optimal intrasynaptic mitochondria functionality was described. Synaptosomal fractions were obtained from mouse brain cortex by differential centrifugation followed by centrifugation in a Ficoll gradient. The characteristics of the subcellular particles obtained were analyzed by flow cytometry employing specific tools. Integrity and specificity of the obtained organelles were evaluated by calcein and SNAP-25 probes. The proportion of positive events of the synaptosomal preparation was 75 ± 2 % and 48 ± 7% for calcein and Synaptosomal-Associated Protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), respectively. Mitochondrial integrity was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis of cardiolipin content, which indicated that 73 ± 1% of the total events were 10 N-nonylacridine orange (NAO)-positive. Oxygen consumption, ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential determinations showed that mitochondria inside synaptosomes remained functional after the isolation procedure. Mitochondrial and synaptosomal enrichment were determined by measuring synaptosomes/ homogenate ratio of specific markers. Functionality of synaptosomes was verified by nitric oxide detection after glutamate addition. As compared with other methods, the present protocol can be performed briefly, does not imply high economic costs, and provides an useful tool for the isolation of a synaptosomal preparation with high mitochondrial respiratory capacity and an adequate integrity and function of intraterminal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Lombardi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular "Profesor Alberto Boveris" (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía G Karadayian
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular "Profesor Alberto Boveris" (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I Guerra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular "Profesor Alberto Boveris" (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Georgina Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Lores-Arnaiz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular "Profesor Alberto Boveris" (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Brischigliaro M, Cabrera-Orefice A, Arnold S, Viscomi C, Zeviani M, Fernández-Vizarra E. Structural rather than catalytic role for mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. eLife 2023; 12:RP88084. [PMID: 37823874 PMCID: PMC10569793 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes are able to associate into quaternary structures named supercomplexes (SCs), which normally coexist with non-bound individual complexes. The functional significance of SCs has not been fully clarified and the debate has been centered on whether or not they confer catalytic advantages compared with the non-bound individual complexes. Mitochondrial respiratory chain organization does not seem to be conserved in all organisms. In fact, and differently from mammalian species, mitochondria from Drosophila melanogaster tissues are characterized by low amounts of SCs, despite the high metabolic demands and MRC activity shown by these mitochondria. Here, we show that attenuating the biogenesis of individual respiratory chain complexes was accompanied by increased formation of stable SCs, which are missing in Drosophila melanogaster in physiological conditions. This phenomenon was not accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial respiratory activity. Therefore, we conclude that SC formation is necessary to stabilize the complexes in suboptimal biogenesis conditions, but not for the enhancement of respiratory chain catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Brischigliaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Veneto Institute of Molecular MedicinePaduaItaly
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Veneto Institute of Molecular MedicinePaduaItaly
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Veneto Institute of Molecular MedicinePaduaItaly
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7
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Milenkovic D, Misic J, Hevler JF, Molinié T, Chung I, Atanassov I, Li X, Filograna R, Mesaros A, Mourier A, Heck AJR, Hirst J, Larsson NG. Preserved respiratory chain capacity and physiology in mice with profoundly reduced levels of mitochondrial respirasomes. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1799-1813.e7. [PMID: 37633273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian respiratory chain complexes I, III2, and IV (CI, CIII2, and CIV) are critical for cellular bioenergetics and form a stable assembly, the respirasome (CI-CIII2-CIV), that is biochemically and structurally well documented. The role of the respirasome in bioenergetics and the regulation of metabolism is subject to intense debate and is difficult to study because the individual respiratory chain complexes coexist together with high levels of respirasomes. To critically investigate the in vivo role of the respirasome, we generated homozygous knockin mice that have normal levels of respiratory chain complexes but profoundly decreased levels of respirasomes. Surprisingly, the mutant mice are healthy, with preserved respiratory chain capacity and normal exercise performance. Our findings show that high levels of respirasomes are dispensable for maintaining bioenergetics and physiology in mice but raise questions about their alternate functions, such as those relating to the regulation of protein stability and prevention of age-associated protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusanka Milenkovic
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jelena Misic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes F Hevler
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Molinié
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Injae Chung
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ilian Atanassov
- Proteomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xinping Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberta Filograna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Mesaros
- Phenotyping Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Judy Hirst
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Serrano-Lorenzo P, Gobelli D, Garrido-Moraga R, Esteban-Amo MJ, López-López JR, Orduña A, de la Fuente MA, Martín MA, Simarro M. Development of a novel in vitro model to study the modulatory role of the respiratory complex I in macrophage effector functions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291442. [PMID: 37725617 PMCID: PMC10508620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrate that the electron transfer chain plays a critical role in controlling the effector functions of macrophages. In this work, we have generated a Ndufs4-/- murine macrophage cell lines. The Ndufs4 gene, which encodes a supernumerary subunit of complex I, is a mutational hotspot in Leigh syndrome patients. Ndufs4-/- macrophages showed decreased complex I activity, altered complex I assembly, and lower levels of maximal respiration and ATP production. These mitochondrial respiration alterations were associated with a shift towards a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile after lipopolysaccharide challenge and improved ability to phagocytose Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Serrano-Lorenzo
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dino Gobelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unit of Excellence Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rocío Garrido-Moraga
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Esteban-Amo
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unit of Excellence Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - José R. López-López
- Unit of Excellence Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Orduña
- Division of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. de la Fuente
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unit of Excellence Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Simarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unit of Excellence Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
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9
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Arroum T, Borowski MT, Marx N, Schmelter F, Scholz M, Psathaki OE, Hippler M, Enriquez JA, Busch KB. Loss of respiratory complex I subunit NDUFB10 affects complex I assembly and supercomplex formation. Biol Chem 2023; 404:399-415. [PMID: 36952351 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The orchestrated activity of the mitochondrial respiratory or electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase convert reduction power (NADH, FADH2) into ATP, the cell's energy currency in a process named oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Three out of the four ETC complexes are found in supramolecular assemblies: complex I, III, and IV form the respiratory supercomplexes (SC). The plasticity model suggests that SC formation is a form of adaptation to changing conditions such as energy supply, redox state, and stress. Complex I, the NADH-dehydrogenase, is part of the largest supercomplex (CI + CIII2 + CIVn). Here, we demonstrate the role of NDUFB10, a subunit of the membrane arm of complex I, in complex I and supercomplex assembly on the one hand and bioenergetics function on the other. NDUFB10 knockout was correlated with a decrease of SCAF1, a supercomplex assembly factor, and a reduction of respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential. This likely is due to loss of proton pumping since the CI P P -module is downregulated and the P D -module is completely abolished in NDUFB10 knock outs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Arroum
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Dynamics Section, University of Münster, Schloßplatz 5, D-49078 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Borowski
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Dynamics Section, University of Münster, Schloßplatz 5, D-49078 Münster, Germany
| | - Nico Marx
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Dynamics Section, University of Münster, Schloßplatz 5, D-49078 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Schmelter
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Dynamics Section, University of Münster, Schloßplatz 5, D-49078 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schloßplatz 5, D-49078 Münster, Germany
| | - Olympia Ekaterini Psathaki
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Integrated Bioimaging Facility, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schloßplatz 5, D-49078 Münster, Germany
| | - José Antonio Enriquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Fraglidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karin B Busch
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Dynamics Section, University of Münster, Schloßplatz 5, D-49078 Münster, Germany
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10
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Kidere D, Zayakin P, Livcane D, Makrecka-Kuka M, Stavusis J, Lace B, Lin TK, Liou CW, Inashkina I. Impact of the m.13513G>A Variant on the Functions of the OXPHOS System and Cell Retrograde Signaling. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1794-1809. [PMID: 36975485 PMCID: PMC10047405 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in many vital functions in living cells, including the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and regulation of nuclear gene expression through retrograde signaling. Leigh syndrome is a heterogeneous neurological disorder resulting from an isolated complex I deficiency that causes damage to mitochondrial energy production. The pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variant m.13513G>A has been associated with Leigh syndrome. The present study investigated the effects of this mtDNA variant on the OXPHOS system and cell retrograde signaling. Transmitochondrial cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines harboring 50% and 70% of the m.13513G>A variant were generated and tested along with wild-type (WT) cells. The functionality of the OXPHOS system was evaluated by spectrophotometric assessment of enzyme activity and high-resolution respirometry. Nuclear gene expression was investigated by RNA sequencing and droplet digital PCR. Increasing levels of heteroplasmy were associated with reduced OXPHOS system complex I, IV, and I + III activities, and high-resolution respirometry also showed a complex I defect. Profound changes in transcription levels of nuclear genes were observed in the cell lines harboring the pathogenic mtDNA variant, indicating the physiological processes associated with defective mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Kidere
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Pawel Zayakin
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Diana Livcane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Janis Stavusis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Lace
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
- Children’s Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83305, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83305, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Inna Inashkina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Dong LF, Rohlena J, Zobalova R, Nahacka Z, Rodriguez AM, Berridge MV, Neuzil J. Mitochondria on the move: Horizontal mitochondrial transfer in disease and health. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213873. [PMID: 36795453 PMCID: PMC9960264 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genes were long thought to be constrained within somatic cells in most cell types. This concept was challenged recently when cellular organelles including mitochondria were shown to move between mammalian cells in culture via cytoplasmic bridges. Recent research in animals indicates transfer of mitochondria in cancer and during lung injury in vivo, with considerable functional consequences. Since these pioneering discoveries, many studies have confirmed horizontal mitochondrial transfer (HMT) in vivo, and its functional characteristics and consequences have been described. Additional support for this phenomenon has come from phylogenetic studies. Apparently, mitochondrial trafficking between cells occurs more frequently than previously thought and contributes to diverse processes including bioenergetic crosstalk and homeostasis, disease treatment and recovery, and development of resistance to cancer therapy. Here we highlight current knowledge of HMT between cells, focusing primarily on in vivo systems, and contend that this process is not only (patho)physiologically relevant, but also can be exploited for the design of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Feng Dong
- https://ror.org/02sc3r913School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, Australia,Lan-Feng Dong:
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- https://ror.org/00wzqmx94Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Zobalova
- https://ror.org/00wzqmx94Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Nahacka
- https://ror.org/00wzqmx94Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jiri Neuzil
- https://ror.org/02sc3r913School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, Australia,https://ror.org/00wzqmx94Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague-West, Czech Republic,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,Correspondence to Jiri Neuzil: ,
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12
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Aye CC, Hammond DE, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Phelan MM, Yang C, Perez-Perez R, Li X, Diaz-Ramos A, Peddinti G, Oresic M, Vidal-Puig A, Zorzano A, Ugalde C, Mora S. CBL/CAP Is Essential for Mitochondria Respiration Complex I Assembly and Bioenergetics Efficiency in Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3399. [PMID: 36834818 PMCID: PMC9964740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CBL is rapidly phosphorylated upon insulin receptor activation. Mice whole body CBL depletion improved insulin sensitivity and glucose clearance; however, the precise mechanisms remain unknown. We depleted either CBL or its associated protein SORBS1/CAP independently in myocytes and assessed mitochondrial function and metabolism compared to control cells. CBL- and CAP-depleted cells showed increased mitochondrial mass with greater proton leak. Mitochondrial respiratory complex I activity and assembly into respirasomes were reduced. Proteome profiling revealed alterations in proteins involved in glycolysis and fatty acid degradation. Our findings demonstrate CBL/CAP pathway couples insulin signaling to efficient mitochondrial respiratory function and metabolism in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Cho Aye
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Dean E. Hammond
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mary K. Doherty
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Phillip D. Whitfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Campus, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Marie M. Phelan
- Centre for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Chenjing Yang
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Rafael Perez-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Angels Diaz-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gopal Peddinti
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Matej Oresic
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02044 Espoo, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department de Bioquimica i Biomedicina, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Mora
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Department de Bioquimica i Biomedicina, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Hernansanz-Agustín P, Enríquez JA. Alternative respiratory oxidases to study the animal electron transport chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148936. [PMID: 36395975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation is a common process to most organisms in which the main function is to generate an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and to make energy available to the cell. However, plants, many fungi and some animals maintain non-energy conserving oxidases which serve as a bypass to coupled respiration. Namely, the alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase NDI1, present in the complex I (CI)-lacking Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the alternative oxidase, ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase AOX, present in many organisms across different kingdoms. In the last few years, these alternative oxidases have been used to dissect previously indivisible processes in bioenergetics and have helped to discover, understand, and corroborate important processes in mitochondria. Here, we review how the use of alternative oxidases have contributed to the knowledge in CI stability, bioenergetics, redox biology, and the implications of their use in current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento saludable (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento saludable (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Fernández-Vizarra E, Ugalde C. Cooperative assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:999-1008. [PMID: 35961810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deep understanding of the pathophysiological role of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) relies on a well-grounded model explaining how its biogenesis is regulated. The lack of a consistent framework to clarify the modes and mechanisms governing the assembly of the MRC complexes and supercomplexes (SCs) works against progress in the field. The plasticity model was postulated as an attempt to explain the coexistence of mammalian MRC complexes as individual entities and associated in SC species. However, mounting data accumulated throughout the years question the universal validity of the plasticity model as originally proposed. Instead, as we argue here, a cooperative assembly model provides a much better explanation to the phenomena observed when studying MRC biogenesis in physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Cristina Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Venediktova N, Solomadin I, Starinets V, Mironova G. Structural and Dynamic Features of Liver Mitochondria and Mitophagy in Rats with Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214327. [PMID: 36430802 PMCID: PMC9695125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of thyroxine on the biogenesis and quality control system of rat liver mitochondria. Chronic administration of thyroxine to experimental animals induced hyperthyroidism, which was confirmed by a severalfold increase in serum-free triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations. The uptake of oxygen was found to increase with a decrease in ADP phosphorylation efficiency and respiratory state ratio. Electron microscopy showed 36% of liver mitochondria to be swollen and approximately 18% to have a lysed matrix with a reduced number of cristae. Frequently encountered multilamellar bodies associated with defective mitochondria were located either at the edge of or inside the organelle. The number, area and perimeter of hyperthyroid rat mitochondria increased. Administration of thyroxine increased mitochondrial biogenesis and the quantity of mitochondrial DNA in liver tissue. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy changed significantly. The data obtained indicate that excess thyroid hormones cause a disturbance of the mitochondrial quality control system and ultimately to the incorporation of potentially toxic material in the mitochondrial pool.
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16
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Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Supercomplexes: From Structure to Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213880. [PMID: 36430359 PMCID: PMC9696846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phospho rylation, the center of cellular metabolism, is pivotal for the energy production in eukaryotes. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation relies on the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which consists of four main enzyme complexes and two mobile electron carriers. Mitochondrial enzyme complexes also assemble into respiratory chain supercomplexes (SCs) through specific interactions. The SCs not only have respiratory functions but also improve the efficiency of electron transfer and reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Impaired assembly of SCs is closely related to various diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, SCs play important roles in improving the efficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, as well as maintaining the homeostasis of cellular metabolism. Here, we review the structure, assembly, and functions of SCs, as well as the relationship between mitochondrial SCs and diseases.
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17
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Fernández-Vizarra E, López-Calcerrada S, Sierra-Magro A, Pérez-Pérez R, Formosa LE, Hock DH, Illescas M, Peñas A, Brischigliaro M, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Tzoulis C, Pitceathly RDS, Arenas J, Martín MA, Stroud DA, Zeviani M, Ryan MT, Ugalde C. Two independent respiratory chains adapt OXPHOS performance to glycolytic switch. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1792-1808.e6. [PMID: 36198313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) remains intensely debated. Here, we show the co-existence of two separate MRC organizations in human cells and postmitotic tissues, C-MRC and S-MRC, defined by the preferential expression of three COX7A subunit isoforms, COX7A1/2 and SCAFI (COX7A2L). COX7A isoforms promote the functional reorganization of distinct co-existing MRC structures to prevent metabolic exhaustion and MRC deficiency. Notably, prevalence of each MRC organization is reversibly regulated by the activation state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Under oxidative conditions, the C-MRC is bioenergetically more efficient, whereas the S-MRC preferentially maintains oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) upon metabolic rewiring toward glycolysis. We show a link between the metabolic signatures converging at the PDC and the structural and functional organization of the MRC, challenging the widespread notion of the MRC as a single functional unit and concluding that its structural heterogeneity warrants optimal adaptation to metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Ana Sierra-Magro
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | - Luke E Formosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniella H Hock
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 3052 Melbourne, Australia
| | - María Illescas
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Ana Peñas
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | - Shujing Ding
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ian M Fearnley
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Neuro-SysMed Center of Excellence for Clinical Research in Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Pb 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723 Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 3052 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Michael T Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cristina Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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cAMP/PKA Signaling Modulates Mitochondrial Supercomplex Organization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179655. [PMID: 36077053 PMCID: PMC9455794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system couples the transfer of electrons to oxygen with pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, ensuring the ATP production. Evidence suggests that respiratory chain complexes may also assemble into supramolecular structures, called supercomplexes (SCs). The SCs appear to increase the efficiency/capacity of OXPHOS and reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, especially that which is produced by complex I. Studies suggest a mutual regulation between complex I and SCs, while SCs organization is important for complex I assembly/stability, complex I is involved in the supercomplex formation. Complex I is a pacemaker of the OXPHOS system, and it has been shown that the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of some of its subunits increases the activity of the complex, reducing the ROS production. In this work, using in ex vivo and in vitro models, we show that the activation of cAMP/PKA cascade resulted in an increase in SCs formation associated with an enhanced capacity of electron flux and ATP production rate. This is also associated with the phosphorylation of the NDUFS4 subunit of complex I. This aspect highlights the key role of complex I in cellular energy production.
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19
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Xie Y, Zhang Y, Sun A, Peng Y, Hou W, Xiang C, Zhang G, Lai B, Hou X, Zheng F, Wang F, Liu G. The coupling of mitoproteolysis and oxidative phosphorylation enables tracking of an active mitochondrial state through MitoTimer fluorescence. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102447. [PMID: 36027677 PMCID: PMC9425061 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mitochondria function and health is a central node in tissue maintenance, ageing as well as the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, the maintenance of an active mitochondrial functional state and its quality control mechanisms remain incompletely understood. By studying mice with a mitochondria-targeted reporter that shifts its fluorescence from "green" to "red" with time (MitoTimer), we found MitoTimer fluorescence spectrum was heavily dependent on the oxidative metabolic state in the skeletal muscle fibers. The mitoproteolytic activity was enhanced in an energy dependent manner, and accelerated the turnover of MitoTimer protein and respiratory chain substrate, responsible for a green predominant MitoTimer fluorescence spectrum under the oxidative conditions. PGC1α, as well as anti-ageing regents promoted enhanced mitoproteolysis. In addition, cells with the green predominant mitochondria exhibited lower levels of MitoSox and protein carbonylation, indicating a favorable redox state. Thus, we identified MitoTimer as a probe for mitoproteolytic activity in vivo and found a heightened control of mitoproteolysis in the oxidative metabolic state, providing a framework for understanding the maintenance of active oxidative metabolism while limiting oxidative damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Aina Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Yamei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Weikang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Cong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Beibei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Fangfang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China
| | - Geng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tec District, Nanjing, JiangSu Province, 210061, China.
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20
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Coordination of metal center biogenesis in human cytochrome c oxidase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3615. [PMID: 35750769 PMCID: PMC9232578 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) or respiratory chain complex IV is a heme aa3-copper oxygen reductase containing metal centers essential for holo-complex biogenesis and enzymatic function that are assembled by subunit-specific metallochaperones. The enzyme has two copper sites located in the catalytic core subunits. The COX1 subunit harbors the CuB site that tightly associates with heme a3 while the COX2 subunit contains the binuclear CuA site. Here, we report that in human cells the CcO copper chaperones form macromolecular assemblies and cooperate with several twin CX9C proteins to control heme a biosynthesis and coordinate copper transfer sequentially to the CuA and CuB sites. These data on CcO illustrate a mechanism that regulates the biogenesis of macromolecular enzymatic assemblies with several catalytic metal redox centers and prevents the accumulation of cytotoxic reactive assembly intermediates.
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Schiffer TA, Löf L, Gallini R, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Carlström M, Palm F. Mitochondrial Respiration-Dependent ANT2-UCP2 Interaction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:866590. [PMID: 35694398 PMCID: PMC9177158 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.866590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocases (ANTs) and uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are known to facilitate proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, it remains to be unravelled whether UCP2/3 contribute to significant amount of proton leak in vivo. Reports are indicative of UCP2 dependent proton-coupled efflux of C4 metabolites from the mitochondrial matrix. Previous studies have suggested that UCP2/3 knockdown (KD) contributes to increased ANT-dependent proton leak. Here we investigated the hypothesis that interaction exists between the UCP2 and ANT2 proteins, and that such interaction is regulated by the cellular metabolic demand. Protein-protein interaction was evaluated using reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assay. KD of ANT2 and UCP2 was performed by siRNA in human embryonic kidney cells 293A (HEK293A) cells. Mitochondrial and cellular respiration was measured by high-resolution respirometry. ANT2-UCP2 interaction was demonstrated, and this was dependent on cellular metabolism. Inhibition of ATP synthase promoted ANT2-UCP2 interaction whereas high cellular respiration, induced by adding the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP, prevented interaction. UCP2 KD contributed to increased carboxyatractyloside (CATR) sensitive proton leak, whereas ANT2 and UCP2 double KD reduced CATR sensitive proton leak, compared to UCP2 KD. Furthermore, proton leak was reduced in double KD compared to UCP2 KD. In conclusion, our results show that there is an interaction between ANT2-UCP2, which appears to be dynamically regulated by mitochondrial respiratory activity. This may have implications in the regulation of mitochondrial efficiency or cellular substrate utilization as increased activity of UCP2 may promote a switch from glucose to fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas A. Schiffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Tomas A. Schiffer,
| | - Liza Löf
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Radiosa Gallini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Salicylic Acid Enhances Heat Stress Resistance of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm through Metabolic Rearrangement. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050968. [PMID: 35624832 PMCID: PMC9137821 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm is cultivated worldwide, and its growth is seriously threatened by heat stress. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis to investigate the influence of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) in P. ostreatus under HS. The results showed that the hyphal growth recovery rate and the antioxidant capacity of P. ostreatus increased with exogenous SA application (0.01 mmol/L and 0.05 mmol/L) after HS treatment. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses showed that SA application (0.05 mmol/L) weakened central carbon metabolism to allow cells to survive HS efficiently. In addition, SA shifted glycolysis to one-carbon metabolism to produce ROS scavengers (GSH and NADPH) and reduced ROS production by altering mitochondrial metabolism. SA also maintained nucleotide homeostasis, led to membrane lipid remodeling, activated the MAPK pathway, and promoted the synthesis of cell-wall components. This study provides a reference for further study of SA in microorganisms.
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23
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Hutchinson AJ, Duffy BM, Staples JF. Hibernation is super complex: distribution, dynamics, and stability of electron transport system supercomplexes in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R28-R42. [PMID: 35470710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00008.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of the electron transport system can associate with each other to form supercomplexes (SCs) within mitochondrial membranes, perhaps increasing respiratory capacity or reducing reactive oxygen species production. In this study, we determined the abundance, composition, and stability of SCs in a mammalian hibernator, in which both whole-animal and mitochondria metabolism change greatly throughout winter. We isolated mitochondria from thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) in different hibernation states, as well as from rats (Rattus norvegicus). We extracted mitochondrial proteins using two non-ionic detergents of different strengths, and quantified SC abundance using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Rat heart and liver had fewer SCs than ground squirrels. Within ground squirrels, SCs are dynamic, changing among hibernation states within a matter of hours. In brown adipose tissue, Complex III composition in different SCs differed between the torpid and interbout euthermic phase of a hibernation bout. In heart and liver, complex III composition changed between winter and summer. We also evaluated the stability of liver SCs using a stronger detergent and found that the stability of SCs differed: torpor SCs were more stable than the SCs of ground squirrels in other states and rats. This study is the first report of SC changes during hibernation, and the first to demonstrate their dynamics on a short timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brynne Morgan Duffy
- Department of biology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James F Staples
- Department of biology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Transcriptome Analysis on Key Metabolic Pathways in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Under Pb(II) Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0221521. [PMID: 35311507 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02215-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa shows adaption to a broad range of Pb2+ stress. In this study, three key pathways, i.e., glycolysis (EMP), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), were investigated under 0-2,500 mg · L-1 Pb stress, primarily based on biochemical analysis and RNA sequencing. R. mucilaginosa cells showed similar metabolic response to low/medium (500/1000 mg · L-1) Pb2+ stress. High (2,500 mg · L-1) Pb2+ stress exerted severe cytotoxicity to R. mucilaginosa. The downregulation of HK under low-medium Pb2+ suggested a correlation with the low hexokinase enzymatic activity in vivo. However, IDH3, regulating a key step of circulation in TCA, was upregulated to promote ATP feedstock for downstream OXPHOS. Then, through activation of complex I & IV in the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase, ATP production was finally enhanced. This mechanism enabled fungal cells to compensate for ATP consumption under low-medium Pb2+ toxicity. Hence, R. mucilaginosa tolerance to such a broad range of Pb2+ concentrations can be attributed to energy adaption. In contrast, high Pb2+ stress caused ATP deficiency. Then, the subsequent degradation of intracellular defense systems further intensified Pb toxicity. This study correlated responses of EMP, TCA, and OXPHOS pathways in R. mucilaginosa under Pb stress, hence providing new insights into the fungal resistance to heavy metal stress. IMPORTANCE Glycolysis (EMP), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are critical metabolism pathways for microorganisms to obtain energy during the resistance to heavy metal (HM) stress. However, these pathways at the genetic level have not been elucidated to evaluate their cytoprotective functions for Rhodotorula mucilaginosa under Pb stress. In this study, we investigated these three pathways based on biochemical analysis and RNA sequencing. Under low-medium (500-1,000 mg · L-1) Pb2+ stress, ATP production was stimulated mainly due to the upregulation of genes associated with the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC). Such an energy compensatory mechanism could allow R. mucilaginosa acclimation to a broad range of Pb2+ concentrations (up to 1000 mg · L-1). In contrast, high (2500 mg · L-1) Pb2+ stress exerted its excessive toxicity by provoking ATP deficiency and damage to intracellular resistance systems. This study provided new insights into R. mucilaginosa resistance to HM stress from the perspective of metabolism.
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Cioffi F, Giacco A, Goglia F, Silvestri E. Bioenergetic Aspects of Mitochondrial Actions of Thyroid Hormones. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060997. [PMID: 35326451 PMCID: PMC8947633 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known, but there is also much more to discover, about the actions that thyroid hormones (TH) exert on metabolism. Indeed, despite the fact that thyroid hormones are recognized as one of the most important regulators of metabolic rate, much remains to be clarified on which mechanisms control/regulate these actions. Given their actions on energy metabolism and that mitochondria are the main cellular site where metabolic transformations take place, these organelles have been the subject of extensive investigations. In relatively recent times, new knowledge concerning both thyroid hormones (such as the mechanisms of action, the existence of metabolically active TH derivatives) and the mechanisms of energy transduction such as (among others) dynamics, respiratory chain organization in supercomplexes and cristes organization, have opened new pathways of investigation in the field of the control of energy metabolism and of the mechanisms of action of TH at cellular level. In this review, we highlight the knowledge and approaches about the complex relationship between TH, including some of their derivatives, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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26
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Vercellino I, Sazanov LA. The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:141-161. [PMID: 34621061 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is central to cellular metabolism. It comprises five enzymatic complexes and two mobile electron carriers that work in a mitochondrial respiratory chain. By coupling the oxidation of reducing equivalents coming into mitochondria to the generation and subsequent dissipation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, this electron transport chain drives the production of ATP, which is then used as a primary energy carrier in virtually all cellular processes. Minimal perturbations of the respiratory chain activity are linked to diseases; therefore, it is necessary to understand how these complexes are assembled and regulated and how they function. In this Review, we outline the latest assembly models for each individual complex, and we also highlight the recent discoveries indicating that the formation of larger assemblies, known as respiratory supercomplexes, originates from the association of the intermediates of individual complexes. We then discuss how recent cryo-electron microscopy structures have been key to answering open questions on the function of the electron transport chain in mitochondrial respiration and how supercomplexes and other factors, including metabolites, can regulate the activity of the single complexes. When relevant, we discuss how these mechanisms contribute to physiology and outline their deregulation in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vercellino
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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27
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Chojnacka KJ, Elancheliyan P, Mussulini BHM, Mohanraj K, Callegari S, Gosk A, Banach T, Góral T, Szczepanowska K, Rehling P, Serwa RA, Chacińska A. Ovarian carcinoma immunoreactive antigen-like protein 2 (OCIAD2) is a novel complex III specific assembly factor in mitochondria. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar29. [PMID: 35080992 PMCID: PMC9250361 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the dimeric complex III (CIII2) in the mitochondrial inner membrane is an intricate process in which several accessory proteins are involved as assembly factors. Despite numerous studies, this process has yet to be fully understood. Here we report the identification of human OCIAD2 (ovarian carcinoma immunoreactive antigen–like protein 2) as an assembly factor for CIII2. OCIAD2 was found to be deregulated in several carcinomas and also in some neurogenerative disorders; however, its nonpathological role had not been elucidated. We have shown that OCIAD2 localizes to mitochondria and interacts with electron transport chain (ETC) proteins. Complete loss of OCIAD2 using gene editing in HEK293 cells resulted in abnormal mitochondrial morphology, a substantial decrease of both CIII2 and supercomplex III2+IV, and a reduction in CIII enzymatic activity. Identification of OCIAD2 as a protein required for assembly of functional CIII2 provides a new insight into the biogenesis and architecture of the ETC. Elucidating the mechanism of OCIAD2 action is important both for the understanding of cellular metabolism and for an understanding of its role in malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karthik Mohanraj
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylvie Callegari
- Ubiquitin Signalling Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Gosk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Banach
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Góral
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Szczepanowska
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Remigiusz Adam Serwa
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chacińska
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Chatfield KC, Sparagna GC, Specht KS, Whitcomb LA, Omar AK, Miyamoto SD, Wolfe LM, Chicco AJ. Long-chain fatty acid oxidation and respiratory complex I deficiencies distinguish Barth Syndrome from idiopathic pediatric cardiomyopathy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:111-124. [PMID: 34821394 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked disorder that results from mutations in the TAFAZZIN gene, which encodes a phospholipid transacylase responsible for generating the mature form of cardiolipin in inner mitochondrial membranes. BTHS patients develop early onset cardiomyopathy and a derangement of intermediary metabolism consistent with mitochondrial disease, but the precise alterations in cardiac metabolism that distinguish BTHS from idiopathic forms of cardiomyopathy are unknown. We performed the first metabolic analysis of myocardial tissue from BTHS cardiomyopathy patients compared to age- and sex-matched patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and nonfailing controls. Results corroborate previous evidence for deficiencies in cardiolipin content and its linoleoyl enrichment as defining features of BTHS cardiomyopathy, and reveal a dramatic accumulation of hydrolyzed (monolyso-) cardiolipin molecular species. Respiratory chain protein deficiencies were observed in both BTHS and DCM, but a selective depletion of complex I was seen only in BTHS after controlling for an apparent loss of mitochondrial density in cardiomyopathic hearts. Distinct shifts in the expression of long-chain fatty acid oxidation enzymes and the tissue acyl-CoA profile of BTHS hearts suggest a specific block in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation upstream of the conventional matrix beta-oxidation cycle, which may be compensated for by a greater reliance upon peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and the catabolism of ketones, amino acids, and pyruvate to meet cardiac energy demands. These results provide a comprehensive foundation for exploring novel therapeutic strategies that target the adaptive and maladaptive metabolic features of BTHS cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Chatfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kalyn S Specht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Luke A Whitcomb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Asma K Omar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Shelley D Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa M Wolfe
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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29
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Regulation and functional role of the electron transport chain supercomplexes. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2655-2668. [PMID: 34747989 PMCID: PMC8786287 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are one of the most exhaustively investigated organelles in the cell and most attention has been paid to the components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) in the last 100 years. The ETC collects electrons from NADH or FADH2 and transfers them through a series of electron carriers within multiprotein respiratory complexes (complex I to IV) to oxygen, therefore generating an electrochemical gradient that can be used by the F1-F0-ATP synthase (also named complex V) in the mitochondrial inner membrane to synthesize ATP. The organization and function of the ETC is a continuous source of surprises. One of the latest is the discovery that the respiratory complexes can assemble to form a variety of larger structures called super-complexes (SCs). This opened an unexpected level of complexity in this well-known and fundamental biological process. This review will focus on the current evidence for the formation of different SCs and will explore how they modulate the ETC organization according to the metabolic state. Since the field is rapidly growing, we also comment on the experimental techniques used to describe these SC and hope that this overview may inspire new technologies that will help to advance the field.
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30
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Del Rey MJ, Meroño C, Municio C, Usategui A, Mittelbrunn M, García-Consuegra I, Criado G, Pablos JL. TFAM-deficient mouse skin fibroblasts - an ex vivo model of mitochondrial dysfunction. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:271052. [PMID: 34312668 PMCID: PMC8405849 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction associates with several pathological processes and contributes to chronic inflammatory and ageing-related diseases. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) plays a critical role in maintaining mtDNA integrity and function. Taking advantage of Tfamfl/fl UBC-Cre/ERT2+/+ mice to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in the stromal cell component, we describe an inducible in vitro model of mitochondrial dysfunction by stable depletion of TFAM in primary mouse skin fibroblasts (SK-FBs) after 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) administration. Tfam gene deletion caused a sustained reduction in Tfam and mtDNA-encoded mRNA in Cre(+) SK-FBs cultured for low (LP) and high (HP) passages that translated into a loss of TFAM protein. TFAM depletion led to a substantial reduction in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes that was exacerbated in HP SK-FB cultures. The assembly pattern showed that the respiratory complexes fail to reach the respirasome in 4-OHT-treated Cre(+) SK-FBs. Functionally, mito-stress and glycolysis-stress tests showed that mitochondrial dysfunction developed after long-term 4-OHT treatment in HP Cre(+) SK-FBs and was compensated by an increase in the glycolytic capacity. Finally, expression analysis revealed that 4-OHT-treated HP Cre(+) SK-FBs showed a senescent and pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Del Rey
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Meroño
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Municio
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Usategui
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Mittelbrunn
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés García-Consuegra
- Unidad de Proteómica, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Criado
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Pablos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Adaptive optimization of the OXPHOS assembly line partially compensates lrpprc-dependent mitochondrial translation defects in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:989. [PMID: 34413467 PMCID: PMC8376967 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of genetic mitochondrial disorders are generally used to understand specific molecular defects and their biochemical consequences, but rarely to map compensatory changes allowing survival. Here we took advantage of the extraordinary mitochondrial resilience of hepatic Lrpprc knockout mice to explore this question using native proteomics profiling and lipidomics. In these mice, low levels of the mtRNA binding protein LRPPRC induce a global mitochondrial translation defect and a severe reduction (>80%) in the assembly and activity of the electron transport chain (ETC) complex IV (CIV). Yet, animals show no signs of overt liver failure and capacity of the ETC is preserved. Beyond stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, results show that the abundance of mitoribosomes per unit of mitochondria is increased and proteostatic mechanisms are induced in presence of low LRPPRC levels to preserve a balance in the availability of mitochondrial- vs nuclear-encoded ETC subunits. At the level of individual organelles, a stabilization of residual CIV in supercomplexes (SCs) is observed, pointing to a role of these supramolecular arrangements in preserving ETC function. While the SC assembly factor COX7A2L could not contribute to the stabilization of CIV, important changes in membrane glycerophospholipid (GPL), most notably an increase in SC-stabilizing cardiolipins species (CLs), were observed along with an increased abundance of other supramolecular assemblies known to be stabilized by, and/or participate in CL metabolism. Together these data reveal a complex in vivo network of molecular adjustments involved in preserving mitochondrial integrity in energy consuming organs facing OXPHOS defects, which could be therapeutically exploited. Cuillerier et al. investigate compensatory mechanisms underlying survival of mice with a liver-specific knockout of the mitochondrial mRNA-binding protein Lrpprc. They propose various mechanisms operating along the OXPHOS assembly line, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial ribosome upregulation and preferential supercomplex assembly, that could compensate lack of LRPPRC and allow survival of these mice.
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32
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Nhu NT, Cheng YJ, Lee SD. Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Neural Mitochondrial Functions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1011. [PMID: 34440215 PMCID: PMC8394716 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review sought to determine the effects of treadmill exercise on the neural mitochondrial respiratory deficiency and neural mitochondrial quality-control dysregulation in Parkinson's disease. PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched through March 2020. The English-published animal studies that mentioned the effects of treadmill exercise on neural mitochondria in Parkinson's disease were included. The CAMARADES checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Ten controlled trials were included (median CAMARADES score = 5.7/10) with various treadmill exercise durations (1-18 weeks). Seven studies analyzed the neural mitochondrial respiration, showing that treadmill training attenuated complex I deficits, cytochrome c release, ATP depletion, and complexes II-V abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. Nine studies analyzed the neural mitochondrial quality-control, reporting that treadmill exercise improved mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy in Parkinson's disease. The review findings supported the hypothesis that treadmill training could attenuate both neural mitochondrial respiratory deficiency and neural mitochondrial quality-control dysregulation in Parkinson's disease, suggesting that treadmill training might slow down the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Nhu
- Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho 94117, Vietnam;
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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33
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Fernández-Vizarra E, López-Calcerrada S, Formosa LE, Pérez-Pérez R, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Arenas J, Martín MA, Zeviani M, Ryan MT, Ugalde C. SILAC-based complexome profiling dissects the structural organization of the human respiratory supercomplexes in SCAFI KO cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148414. [PMID: 33727070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) function in relation with its structural organization is of great interest due to the central role of this system in eukaryotic cell metabolism. The complexome profiling technique has provided invaluable information for our understanding of the composition and assembly of the individual MRC complexes, and also of their association into larger supercomplexes (SCs) and respirasomes. The formation of the SCs has been highly debated, and their assembly and regulation mechanisms are still unclear. Previous studies demonstrated a prominent role for COX7A2L (SCAFI) as a structural protein bridging the association of individual MRC complexes III and IV in the minor SC III2 + IV, although its relevance for respirasome formation and function remains controversial. In this work, we have used SILAC-based complexome profiling to dissect the structural organization of the human MRC in HEK293T cells depleted of SCAFI (SCAFIKO) by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. SCAFI ablation led to a preferential loss of SC III2 + IV and of a minor subset of respirasomes without affecting OXPHOS function. Our data suggest that the loss of SCAFI-dependent respirasomes in SCAFIKO cells is mainly due to alterations on early stages of CI assembly, without impacting the biogenesis of complexes III and IV. Contrary to the idea of SCAFI being the main player in respirasome formation, SILAC-complexome profiling showed that, in wild-type cells, the majority of respirasomes (ca. 70%) contained COX7A2 and that these species were present at roughly the same levels when SCAFI was knocked-out. We thus demonstrate the co-existence of structurally distinct respirasomes defined by the preferential binding of complex IV via COX7A2, rather than SCAFI, in human cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Medical Research Council - Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Luke E Formosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rafael Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Shujing Ding
- Medical Research Council - Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ian M Fearnley
- Medical Research Council - Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723 Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Medical Research Council - Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Michael T Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cristina Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U723 Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Distinct Roles of Mitochondrial HIGD1A and HIGD2A in Respiratory Complex and Supercomplex Biogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107607. [PMID: 32375044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes are organized as individual complexes and supercomplexes, whose biogenesis remains to be fully understood. To disclose the role of the human Hypoxia Inducible Gene Domain family proteins HIGD1A and HIGD2A in these processes, we generate and characterize HIGD-knockout (KO) cell lines. We show that HIGD2A controls and coordinates the modular assembly of isolated and supercomplexed complex IV (CIV) by acting on the COX3 assembly module. In contrast, HIGD1A regulates CIII and CIII-containing supercomplex biogenesis by supporting the incorporation of UQCRFS1. HIGD1A also clusters with COX4-1 and COX5A CIV subunits and, when overexpressed, suppresses the CIV biogenesis defect of HIGD2A-KO cells. We conclude that HIGD1A and HIGD2A have both independent and overlapping functions in the biogenesis of respiratory complexes and supercomplexes. Our data illuminate the existence of multiple pathways to assemble these structures by dynamic HIGD-mediated CIV biogenesis, potentially to adapt to changing environmental and nutritional conditions.
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35
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Bertan F, Wischhof L, Scifo E, Guranda M, Jackson J, Marsal-Cots A, Piazzesi A, Stork M, Peitz M, Prehn JHM, Ehninger D, Nicotera P, Bano D. Comparative analysis of CI- and CIV-containing respiratory supercomplexes at single-cell resolution. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100002. [PMID: 35474694 PMCID: PMC9017192 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria sustain the energy demand of the cell. The composition and functional state of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system are informative indicators of organelle bioenergetic capacity. Here, we describe a highly sensitive and reproducible method for a single-cell quantification of mitochondrial CI- and CIV-containing respiratory supercomplexes (CI∗CIV-SCs) as an alternative means of assessing mitochondrial respiratory chain integrity. We apply a proximity ligation assay (PLA) and stain CI∗CIV-SCs in fixed human and mouse brains, tumorigenic cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs), and neurons. Spatial visualization of CI∗CIV-SCs enables the detection of mitochondrial lesions in various experimental models, including complex tissues undergoing degenerative processes. We report that comparative assessments of CI∗CIV-SCs facilitate the quantitative profiling of even subtle mitochondrial variations by overcoming the confounding effects that mixed cell populations have on other measurements. Together, our PLA-based analysis of CI∗CIV-SCs is a sensitive and complementary technique for detecting cell-type-specific mitochondrial perturbations in fixed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bertan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Lena Wischhof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Enzo Scifo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Mihaela Guranda
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Joshua Jackson
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Anaïs Marsal-Cots
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Antonia Piazzesi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Miriam Stork
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
- Cell Programming Core Facility, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Jochen Herbert Martin Prehn
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Department, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dan Ehninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Nicotera
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
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36
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Multiplexed complexome profiling using tandem mass tags. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148448. [PMID: 34015258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Complexome profiling is a rapidly spreading, powerful technique to gain insight into the nature of protein complexes. It identifies and quantifies protein complexes separated into multiple fractions of increasing molecular mass using mass spectrometry-based, label-free bottom-up proteomics. Complexome profiling enables a sophisticated and thorough characterization of the composition, molecular mass, assembly, and interactions of protein complexes. However, in practice, its application is limited by the large number of samples it generates and the related time of mass spectrometry analyses. Here, we report an improved process workflow that implements tandem mass tags for multiplexing complexome profiling. This workflow substantially reduces the number of samples and measuring time without compromising protein identification or quantification reliability. In profiles from mitochondrial fractions of cells recovering from chloramphenicol treatment, tandem mass tags-multiplexed complexome profiling exhibited migration patterns of mature ATP synthase (complex V) and assembly intermediates that were consistent in composition and abundance with profiles obtained by the label-free approach. Reporter ion quantifications of proteins and complexes unaffected by the chloramphenicol treatment presented less variation in comparison to the label-free method. Incorporation of tandem mass tags enabled an efficient and robust complexome profiling analysis and may foster broader application for protein complex profiling in biomedical research and diagnostics.
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37
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Needs HI, Protasoni M, Henley JM, Prudent J, Collinson I, Pereira GC. Interplay between Mitochondrial Protein Import and Respiratory Complexes Assembly in Neuronal Health and Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:432. [PMID: 34064758 PMCID: PMC8151517 DOI: 10.3390/life11050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that >99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesised in the cytosol renders the process of mitochondrial protein import fundamental for normal organelle physiology. In addition to this, the nuclear genome comprises most of the proteins required for respiratory complex assembly and function. This means that without fully functional protein import, mitochondrial respiration will be defective, and the major cellular ATP source depleted. When mitochondrial protein import is impaired, a number of stress response pathways are activated in order to overcome the dysfunction and restore mitochondrial and cellular proteostasis. However, prolonged impaired mitochondrial protein import and subsequent defective respiratory chain function contributes to a number of diseases including primary mitochondrial diseases and neurodegeneration. This review focuses on how the processes of mitochondrial protein translocation and respiratory complex assembly and function are interlinked, how they are regulated, and their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope I. Needs
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Margherita Protasoni
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Jeremy M. Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Ian Collinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Gonçalo C. Pereira
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
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38
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Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Stocks B, Chubanava S, Hattel HB, Moreno-Justicia R, Peijs L, Treebak JT, Zierath JR, Deshmukh AS. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics reveals mitochondrial supercomplexome plasticity. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109180. [PMID: 34038727 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory complex subunits assemble in supercomplexes. Studies of supercomplexes have typically relied upon antibody-based quantification, often limited to a single subunit per respiratory complex. To provide a deeper insight into mitochondrial and supercomplex plasticity, we combine native electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to determine the supercomplexome of skeletal muscle from sedentary and exercise-trained mice. We quantify 422 mitochondrial proteins within 10 supercomplex bands in which we show the debated presence of complexes II and V. Exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis results in non-stoichiometric changes in subunits and incorporation into supercomplexes. We uncover the dynamics of supercomplex-related assembly proteins and mtDNA-encoded subunits after exercise. Furthermore, exercise affects the complexing of Lactb, an obesity-associated mitochondrial protein, and ubiquinone biosynthesis proteins. Knockdown of ubiquinone biosynthesis proteins leads to alterations in mitochondrial respiration. Our approach can be applied to broad biological systems. In this instance, comprehensively analyzing respiratory supercomplexes illuminates previously undetectable complexity in mitochondrial plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sabina Chubanava
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Helle B Hattel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Roger Moreno-Justicia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Lone Peijs
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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39
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Hernansanz-Agustín P, Enríquez JA. Functional segmentation of CoQ and cyt c pools by respiratory complex superassembly. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:232-242. [PMID: 33722627 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer between respiratory complexes is an essential step for the efficiency of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Until recently, it was stablished that ubiquinone and cytochrome c formed homogenous single pools in the inner mitochondrial membrane which were not influenced by the presence of respiratory supercomplexes. However, this idea was challenged by the fact that bottlenecks in electron transfer appeared after disruption of supercomplexes into their individual complexes. The postulation of the plasticity model embraced all these observations and concluded that complexes and supercomplexes co-exist and are dedicated to a spectrum of metabolic requirements. Here, we review the involvement of superassembly in complex I stability, the role of supercomplexes in ROS production and the segmentation of the CoQ and cyt c pools, together with their involvement in signaling and disease. Taking apparently conflicting literature we have built up a comprehensive model for the segmentation of CoQ and cyt c mediated by supercomplexes, discuss the current limitations and provide a prospect of the current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-CIBERFES. Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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40
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D'Angelo L, Astro E, De Luise M, Kurelac I, Umesh-Ganesh N, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Gasparre G, Zeviani M, Porcelli AM, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Iommarini L. NDUFS3 depletion permits complex I maturation and reveals TMEM126A/OPA7 as an assembly factor binding the ND4-module intermediate. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109002. [PMID: 33882309 PMCID: PMC8076766 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex I (CI) is the largest enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and its defects are the main cause of mitochondrial disease. To understand the mechanisms regulating the extremely intricate biogenesis of this fundamental bioenergetic machine, we analyze the structural and functional consequences of the ablation of NDUFS3, a non-catalytic core subunit. We show that, in diverse mammalian cell types, a small amount of functional CI can still be detected in the complete absence of NDUFS3. In addition, we determine the dynamics of CI disassembly when the amount of NDUFS3 is gradually decreased. The process of degradation of the complex occurs in a hierarchical and modular fashion in which the ND4 module remains stable and bound to TMEM126A. We, thus, uncover the function of TMEM126A, the product of a disease gene causing recessive optic atrophy as a factor necessary for the correct assembly and function of CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi D'Angelo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Astro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica De Luise
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivana Kurelac
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nikkitha Umesh-Ganesh
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shujing Ding
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian M Fearnley
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35128 Padua, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Porcelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center of Industrial Research (CIRI) Life Science and Health Technologies, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Erika Fernandez-Vizarra
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK; Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK.
| | - Luisa Iommarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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41
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Organization of the Respiratory Supercomplexes in Cells with Defective Complex III: Structural Features and Metabolic Consequences. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040351. [PMID: 33920624 PMCID: PMC8074069 DOI: 10.3390/life11040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain encompasses four oligomeric enzymatic complexes (complex I, II, III and IV) which, together with the redox carrier ubiquinone and cytochrome c, catalyze electron transport coupled to proton extrusion from the inner membrane. The protonmotive force is utilized by complex V for ATP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory complexes are known to coexist in the membrane as single functional entities and as supramolecular aggregates or supercomplexes (SCs). Understanding the assembly features of SCs has relevant biomedical implications because defects in a single protein can derange the overall SC organization and compromise the energetic function, causing severe mitochondrial disorders. Here we describe in detail the main types of SCs, all characterized by the presence of complex III. We show that the genetic alterations that hinder the assembly of Complex III, not just the activity, cause a rearrangement of the architecture of the SC that can help to preserve a minimal energetic function. Finally, the major metabolic disturbances associated with severe SCs perturbation due to defective complex III are discussed along with interventions that may circumvent these deficiencies.
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42
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Fang H, Ye X, Xie J, Li Y, Li H, Bao X, Yang Y, Lin Z, Jia M, Han Q, Zhu J, Li X, Zhao Q, Yang Y, Lyu J. A membrane arm of mitochondrial complex I sufficient to promote respirasome formation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108963. [PMID: 33852835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly pathways of mitochondrial respirasome (supercomplex I+III2+IV) are not fully understood. Here, we show that an early sub-complex I assembly, rather than holo-complex I, is sufficient to initiate mitochondrial respirasome assembly. We find that a distal part of the membrane arm of complex I (PD-a module) is a scaffold for the incorporation of complexes III and IV to form a respirasome subcomplex. Depletion of PD-a, rather than other complex I modules, decreases the steady-state levels of complexes III and IV. Both HEK293T cells lacking TIMMDC1 and patient-derived cells with disease-causing mutations in TIMMDC1 showed accumulation of this respirasome subcomplex. This suggests that TIMMDC1, previously known as a complex-I assembly factor, may function as a respirasome assembly factor. Collectively, we provide a detailed, cooperative assembly model in which most complex-I subunits are added to the respirasome subcomplex in the lateral stages of respirasome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Xianglai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xinzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zifan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Manli Jia
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qing Han
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xueyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qiongya Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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43
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Sengupta A, Padhan DK, Ganguly A, Sen M. Ccn6 Is Required for Mitochondrial Integrity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:627409. [PMID: 33644064 PMCID: PMC7905066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.627409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CCN6 (WISP3) gene are linked with a debilitating musculoskeletal disorder, termed progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD). Yet, the functional significance of CCN6 in the musculoskeletal system remains unclear. Using zebrafish as a model organism, we demonstrated that zebrafish Ccn6 is present partly as a component of mitochondrial respiratory complexes in the skeletal muscle of zebrafish. Morpholino-mediated depletion of Ccn6 in the skeletal muscle leads to a significant reduction in mitochondrial respiratory complex assembly and activity, which correlates with loss of muscle mitochondrial abundance. These mitochondrial deficiencies are associated with notable architectural and functional anomalies in the zebrafish muscle. Taken together, our results indicate that Ccn6-mediated regulation of mitochondrial respiratory complex assembly/activity and mitochondrial integrity is important for the maintenance of skeletal muscle structure and function in zebrafish. Furthermore, this study suggests that defects related to mitochondrial respiratory complex assembly/activity and integrity could be an underlying cause of muscle weakness and a failed musculoskeletal system in PPRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archya Sengupta
- Division of Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Deepesh Kumar Padhan
- Division of Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ananya Ganguly
- Division of Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Malini Sen
- Division of Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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44
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Čunátová K, Reguera DP, Vrbacký M, Fernández-Vizarra E, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Zeviani M, Houštěk J, Mráček T, Pecina P. Loss of COX4I1 Leads to Combined Respiratory Chain Deficiency and Impaired Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis. Cells 2021; 10:369. [PMID: 33578848 PMCID: PMC7916595 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane secures production of the majority of ATP in mammalian organisms. Individual OXPHOS complexes form supramolecular assemblies termed supercomplexes. The complexes are linked not only by their function but also by interdependency of individual complex biogenesis or maintenance. For instance, cytochrome c oxidase (cIV) or cytochrome bc1 complex (cIII) deficiencies affect the level of fully assembled NADH dehydrogenase (cI) in monomeric as well as supercomplex forms. It was hypothesized that cI is affected at the level of enzyme assembly as well as at the level of cI stability and maintenance. However, the true nature of interdependency between cI and cIV is not fully understood yet. We used a HEK293 cellular model where the COX4 subunit was completely knocked out, serving as an ideal system to study interdependency of cI and cIV, as early phases of cIV assembly process were disrupted. Total absence of cIV was accompanied by profound deficiency of cI, documented by decrease in the levels of cI subunits and significantly reduced amount of assembled cI. Supercomplexes assembled from cI, cIII, and cIV were missing in COX4I1 knock-out (KO) due to loss of cIV and decrease in cI amount. Pulse-chase metabolic labeling of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded proteins uncovered a decrease in the translation of cIV and cI subunits. Moreover, partial impairment of mitochondrial protein synthesis correlated with decreased content of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. In addition, complexome profiling revealed accumulation of cI assembly intermediates, indicating that cI biogenesis, rather than stability, was affected. We propose that attenuation of mitochondrial protein synthesis caused by cIV deficiency represents one of the mechanisms, which may impair biogenesis of cI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Čunátová
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Č.); (D.P.R.); (M.V.); (J.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Pajuelo Reguera
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Č.); (D.P.R.); (M.V.); (J.H.)
| | - Marek Vrbacký
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Č.); (D.P.R.); (M.V.); (J.H.)
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK; (E.F.-V.); (S.D.); (I.M.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Shujing Ding
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK; (E.F.-V.); (S.D.); (I.M.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ian M. Fearnley
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK; (E.F.-V.); (S.D.); (I.M.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK; (E.F.-V.); (S.D.); (I.M.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Josef Houštěk
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Č.); (D.P.R.); (M.V.); (J.H.)
| | - Tomáš Mráček
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Č.); (D.P.R.); (M.V.); (J.H.)
| | - Petr Pecina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Č.); (D.P.R.); (M.V.); (J.H.)
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45
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Mitochondrial Structure and Bioenergetics in Normal and Disease Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020586. [PMID: 33435522 PMCID: PMC7827222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous intracellular organelles found in almost all eukaryotes and involved in various aspects of cellular life, with a primary role in energy production. The interest in this organelle has grown stronger with the discovery of their link to various pathologies, including cancer, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, dysfunctional mitochondria cannot provide the required energy to tissues with a high-energy demand, such as heart, brain and muscles, leading to a large spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Mitochondrial defects are at the origin of a group of clinically heterogeneous pathologies, called mitochondrial diseases, with an incidence of 1 in 5000 live births. Primary mitochondrial diseases are associated with genetic mutations both in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), affecting genes involved in every aspect of the organelle function. As a consequence, it is difficult to find a common cause for mitochondrial diseases and, subsequently, to offer a precise clinical definition of the pathology. Moreover, the complexity of this condition makes it challenging to identify possible therapies or drug targets.
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46
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Fernandez-Vizarra E, Zeviani M. Mitochondrial disorders of the OXPHOS system. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:1062-1106. [PMID: 33159691 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are among the most frequent inborn errors of metabolism, their primary cause being the dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). OXPHOS is composed of the electron transport chain (ETC), formed by four multimeric enzymes and two mobile electron carriers, plus an ATP synthase [also called complex V (cV)]. The ETC performs the redox reactions involved in cellular respiration while generating the proton motive force used by cV to synthesize ATP. OXPHOS biogenesis involves multiple steps, starting from the expression of genes encoded in physically separated genomes, namely the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, to the coordinated assembly of components and cofactors building each individual complex and eventually the supercomplexes. The genetic cause underlying around half of the diagnosed mitochondrial disease cases is currently known. Many of these cases result from pathogenic variants in genes encoding structural subunits or additional factors directly involved in the assembly of the ETC complexes. Here, we review the historical and most recent findings concerning the clinical phenotypes and the molecular pathological mechanisms underlying this particular group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernandez-Vizarra
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy
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47
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Berndtsson J, Kohler A, Rathore S, Marin‐Buera L, Dawitz H, Diessl J, Kohler V, Barrientos A, Büttner S, Fontanesi F, Ott M. Respiratory supercomplexes enhance electron transport by decreasing cytochrome c diffusion distance. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e51015. [PMID: 33016568 PMCID: PMC7726804 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory chains are crucial for cellular energy conversion and consist of multi-subunit complexes that can assemble into supercomplexes. These structures have been intensively characterized in various organisms, but their physiological roles remain unclear. Here, we elucidate their function by leveraging a high-resolution structural model of yeast respiratory supercomplexes that allowed us to inhibit supercomplex formation by mutation of key residues in the interaction interface. Analyses of a mutant defective in supercomplex formation, which still contains fully functional individual complexes, show that the lack of supercomplex assembly delays the diffusion of cytochrome c between the separated complexes, thus reducing electron transfer efficiency. Consequently, competitive cellular fitness is severely reduced in the absence of supercomplex formation and can be restored by overexpression of cytochrome c. In sum, our results establish how respiratory supercomplexes increase the efficiency of cellular energy conversion, thereby providing an evolutionary advantage for aerobic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Berndtsson
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Andreas Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Sorbhi Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Lorena Marin‐Buera
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Hannah Dawitz
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Jutta Diessl
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Verena Kohler
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of NeurologyMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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48
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Saldana-Caboverde A, Nissanka N, Garcia S, Lombès A, Diaz F. Hypoxia Promotes Mitochondrial Complex I Abundance via HIF-1α in Complex III and Complex IV Eficient Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102197. [PMID: 33003371 PMCID: PMC7599499 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine fibroblasts deficient in mitochondria respiratory complexes III (CIII) and IV (CIV) produced by either the ablation of Uqcrfs1 (encoding for Rieske iron sulfur protein, RISP) or Cox10 (encoding for protoheme IX farnesyltransferase, COX10) genes, respectively, showed a pleiotropic effect in complex I (CI). Exposure to 1-5% oxygen increased the levels of CI in both RISP and COX10 KO fibroblasts. De novo assembly of the respiratory complexes occurred at a faster rate and to higher levels in 1% oxygen compared to normoxia in both RISP and COX10 KO fibroblasts. Hypoxia did not affect the levels of assembly of CIII in the COX10 KO fibroblasts nor abrogated the genetic defect impairing CIV assembly. Mitochondrial signaling involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated as necessary for HIF-1α stabilization in hypoxia. We did not observe increased ROS production in hypoxia. Exposure to low oxygen levels stabilized HIF-1α and increased CI levels in RISP and COX10 KO fibroblasts. Knockdown of HIF-1α during hypoxic conditions abrogated the beneficial effect of hypoxia on the stability/assembly of CI. These findings demonstrate that oxygen and HIF-1α regulate the assembly of respiratory complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Saldana-Caboverde
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.S.-C.); (N.N.); (S.G.)
| | - Nadee Nissanka
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.S.-C.); (N.N.); (S.G.)
| | - Sofia Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.S.-C.); (N.N.); (S.G.)
| | - Anne Lombès
- Institut Cochin, Unité U1016, INSERM, UMR 8104, CNRS, Université Paris 5, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.S.-C.); (N.N.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-7489
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49
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Rawat S, Ghosh S, Mondal D, Anusha V, Raychaudhuri S. Increased supraorganization of respiratory complexes is a dynamic multistep remodelling in response to proteostasis stress. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.248492. [PMID: 32878939 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome-mediated degradation of misfolded proteins prevents aggregation inside and outside mitochondria. But how do cells safeguard the mitochondrial proteome and mitochondrial functions despite increased aggregation during proteasome inactivation? Here, using a novel two-dimensional complexome profiling strategy, we report increased supraorganization of respiratory complexes (RCs) in proteasome-inhibited cells that occurs simultaneously with increased pelletable aggregation of RC subunits inside mitochondria. Complex II (CII) and complex V (CV) subunits are increasingly incorporated into oligomers. Complex I (CI), complex III (CIII) and complex IV (CIV) subunits are engaged in supercomplex formation. We unravel unique quinary states of supercomplexes during early proteostatic stress that exhibit plasticity and inequivalence of constituent RCs. The core stoichiometry of CI and CIII is preserved, whereas the composition of CIV varies. These partially disintegrated supercomplexes remain functionally competent via conformational optimization. Subsequently, increased stepwise integration of RC subunits into holocomplexes and supercomplexes re-establishes steady-state stoichiometry. Overall, the mechanism of increased supraorganization of RCs mimics the cooperative unfolding and folding pathways for protein folding, but is restricted to RCs and is not observed for any other mitochondrial protein complexes.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Rawat
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Suparna Ghosh
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Debodyuti Mondal
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Valpadashi Anusha
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Swasti Raychaudhuri
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
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50
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Sharanek A, Burban A, Laaper M, Heckel E, Joyal JS, Soleimani VD, Jahani-Asl A. OSMR controls glioma stem cell respiration and confers resistance of glioblastoma to ionizing radiation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4116. [PMID: 32807793 PMCID: PMC7431428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma contains a rare population of self-renewing brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) which are endowed with properties to proliferate, spur the growth of new tumors, and at the same time, evade ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy. However, the drivers of BTSC resistance to therapy remain unknown. The cytokine receptor for oncostatin M (OSMR) regulates BTSC proliferation and glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Here, we report our discovery of a mitochondrial OSMR that confers resistance to IR via regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, independent of its role in cell proliferation. Mechanistically, OSMR is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix via the presequence translocase-associated motor complex components, mtHSP70 and TIM44. OSMR interacts with NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1/2 (NDUFS1/2) of complex I and promotes mitochondrial respiration. Deletion of OSMR impairs spare respiratory capacity, increases reactive oxygen species, and sensitizes BTSCs to IR-induced cell death. Importantly, suppression of OSMR improves glioblastoma response to IR and prolongs lifespan. The suppression of the receptor for oncostatin M (OSMR) can prevent glioblastoma cell growth. Here, the authors demonstrate a role for OSMR in modulating glioma stem cell respiration and its impact on resistance to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sharanek
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Audrey Burban
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Matthew Laaper
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Integrated program in Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Emilie Heckel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean-Sebastien Joyal
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Vahab D Soleimani
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A OC7, Canada
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. .,Integrated program in Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada. .,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 5100 Maisonneuve Blvd West, Suite 720, H4A3T2, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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