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Yasarbas SS, Inal E, Yildirim MA, Dubrac S, Lamartine J, Mese G. Connexins in epidermal health and diseases: insights into their mutations, implications, and therapeutic solutions. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346971. [PMID: 38827992 PMCID: PMC11140265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, serves as a protective barrier against external factors. Epidermal differentiation, a tightly regulated process essential for epidermal homeostasis, epidermal barrier formation and skin integrity maintenance, is orchestrated by several players, including signaling molecules, calcium gradient and junctional complexes such as gap junctions (GJs). GJ proteins, known as connexins facilitate cell-to-cell communication between adjacent keratinocytes. Connexins can function as either hemichannels or GJs, depending on their interaction with other connexons from neighboring keratinocytes. These channels enable the transport of metabolites, cAMP, microRNAs, and ions, including Ca2+, across cell membranes. At least ten distinct connexins are expressed within the epidermis and mutations in at least five of them has been linked to various skin disorders. Connexin mutations may cause aberrant channel activity by altering their synthesis, their gating properties, their intracellular trafficking, and the assembly of hemichannels and GJ channels. In addition to mutations, connexin expression is dysregulated in other skin conditions including psoriasis, chronic wound and skin cancers, indicating the crucial role of connexins in skin homeostasis. Current treatment options for conditions with mutant or altered connexins are limited and primarily focus on symptom management. Several therapeutics, including non-peptide chemicals, antibodies, mimetic peptides and allele-specific small interfering RNAs are promising in treating connexin-related skin disorders. Since connexins play crucial roles in maintaining epidermal homeostasis as shown with linkage to a range of skin disorders and cancer, further investigations are warranted to decipher the molecular and cellular alterations within cells due to mutations or altered expression, leading to abnormal proliferation and differentiation. This would also help characterize the roles of each isoform in skin homeostasis, in addition to the development of innovative therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the critical functions of connexins in the epidermis and the association between connexins and skin disorders, and discusses potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Suheda Yasarbas
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Ece Inal
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - M. Azra Yildirim
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jérôme Lamartine
- Skin Functional Integrity Group, Laboratory for Tissue Biology and Therapeutics Engineering (LBTI) CNRS UMR5305, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gulistan Mese
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
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2
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Belgrad J, Fakih HH, Khvorova A. Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: Successes, Milestones, and Upcoming Innovation. Nucleic Acid Ther 2024; 34:52-72. [PMID: 38507678 PMCID: PMC11302270 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2023.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapies have become the third major drug class after small molecules and antibodies. The role of nucleic acid-based therapies has been strengthened by recent regulatory approvals and tremendous clinical success. In this review, we look at the major obstacles that have hindered the field, the historical milestones that have been achieved, and what is yet to be resolved and anticipated soon. This review provides a view of the key innovations that are expanding nucleic acid capabilities, setting the stage for the future of nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Belgrad
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hassan H. Fakih
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Pun R, Cavanaugh AM, Aldrich E, Tran O, Rudd JC, Hansen LA, North BJ. PKCμ promotes keratinocyte cell migration through Cx43 phosphorylation-mediated suppression of intercellular communication. iScience 2024; 27:109033. [PMID: 38375220 PMCID: PMC10875573 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of intercellular communication through suppression of gap junctional conductance is necessary during wound healing. Connexin 43 (Cx43), a prominent gap junction protein in skin, is downregulated following wounding to restrict communication between keratinocytes. Previous studies found that PKCμ, a novel PKC isozyme, regulates efficient cutaneous wound healing. However, the molecular mechanism by which PKCμ regulates wound healing remains unknown. We have identified that PKCμ suppresses intercellular communication and enhances cell migration in an in vitro wound healing model by regulating Cx43 containing gap junctions. PKCμ can directly interact with and phosphorylate Cx43 at S368, which leads to Cx43 internalization and downregulation. Finally, utilizing phosphomimetic and non-phosphorylatable S368 substitutions and gap junction inhibitors, we confirmed that PKCμ regulates intercellular communication and in vitro wound healing by controlling Cx43-S368 phosphorylation. These results define PKCμ as a critical regulator of Cx43 phosphorylation to control cell migration and wound healing in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renju Pun
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Ann M. Cavanaugh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Emily Aldrich
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Olivia Tran
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Justin C. Rudd
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Brian J. North
- Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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4
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Li Y, Acosta FM, Jiang JX. Gap Junctions or Hemichannel-Dependent and Independent Roles of Connexins in Fibrosis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions, and Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1796. [PMID: 38136665 PMCID: PMC10742173 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis initially appears as a normal response to damage, where activated fibroblasts produce large amounts of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during the wound healing process to assist in the repair of injured tissue. However, the excessive accumulation of the ECM, unresolved by remodeling mechanisms, leads to organ dysfunction. Connexins, a family of transmembrane channel proteins, are widely recognized for their major roles in fibrosis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and wound healing. Efforts have been made in recent years to identify novel mediators and targets for this regulation. Connexins form gap junctions and hemichannels, mediating communications between neighboring cells and inside and outside of cells, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that connexins, beyond forming channels, possess channel-independent functions in fibrosis, the EMT, and wound healing. One crucial channel-independent function is their role as the primary functional component for cell adhesion. Other channel-independent functions of connexins involve their roles in mitochondria and exosomes. This review summarizes the latest advances in the channel-dependent and independent roles of connexins in fibrosis, the EMT, and wound healing, with a particular focus on eye diseases, emphasizing their potential as novel, promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Francisca M. Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
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Fernandez-Flores A, Varela-Vazquez A, Mayan MD, Fonseca E. Connexin 43 in Dermatofibroma and Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: Diagnostic, Pathogenic, and Therapeutic Implications. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:812-815. [PMID: 37982464 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Connexins play a crucial role in the formation of gap junctions that connect cells to each other, as well as cells to the surrounding environment. In recent years, connexin 43 has been extensively studied in various human tumors. In this study, we conducted an immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the expression of connexin in 16 dermatofibromas (DFs) and 13 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP). Connexin was diffusely expressed in the cytoplasm of all DFs with moderate or strong intensity, whereas all DFSPs showed negative staining. In addition to its diagnostic implications, the loss of Cx43 may elucidate the invasive capacity of DFSP and offer a potential avenue for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, Spain
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital de la Reina, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Adrian Varela-Vazquez
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Maria D Mayan
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain; and
- Department of Dermatology, Universitary Hospital of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Zheng X, Wan J, Tan G. The mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome/pyroptosis activation and their role in diabetic retinopathy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151185. [PMID: 37180116 PMCID: PMC10167027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the working-age population worldwide, diabetic retinopathy (DR), a prevalent complication of diabetes, is the main cause of vision impairment. Chronic low-grade inflammation plays an essential role in DR development. Recently, concerning the pathogenesis of DR, the Nod-Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in retinal cells has been determined as a causal factor. In the diabetic eye, the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by several pathways (such as ROS and ATP). The activation of NPRP3 leads to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), and leads to pyroptosis, a rapid inflammatory form of lytic programmed cell death (PCD). Cells that undergo pyroptosis swell and rapture, releasing more inflammatory factors and accelerating DR progression. This review focuses on the mechanisms that activate NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis leading to DR. The present research highlighted some inhibitors of NLRP3/pyroptosis pathways and novel therapeutic measures concerning DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Chin JS, Milbreta U, Becker DL, Chew SY. Targeting connexin 43 expression via scaffold mediated delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide preserves neurons, enhances axonal extension, reduces astrocyte and microglial activation after spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314221145789. [PMID: 36798907 PMCID: PMC9926388 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221145789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) provokes an inflammatory reaction and secondary damage that result in further tissue damage and destruction of neurons away from the injury site. Upon injury, expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein, upregulates and is responsible for the spread and amplification of cell death signals through these gap junctions. In this study, we hypothesise that the downregulation of Cx43 by scaffold-mediated controlled delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN), would minimise secondary injuries and cell death, and thereby support tissue regeneration after nerve injuries. Specifically, using spinal cord injury (SCI) as a proof-of-principle, we utilised a fibre-hydrogel scaffold for sustained delivery of Cx43asODN, while providing synergistic topographical cues to guide axonal ingrowth. Correspondingly, scaffolds loaded with Cx43asODN, in the presence of NT-3, suppressed Cx43 up-regulation after complete transection SCI in rats. These scaffolds facilitated the sustained release of Cx43asODN for up to 25 days. Importantly, asODN treatment preserved neurons around the injury site, promoted axonal extension, decreased glial scarring, and reduced microglial activation after SCI. Our results suggest that implantation of such scaffold-mediated asODN delivery platform could serve as an effective alternative SCI therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Shin Chin
- Nanyang Institute of Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Skin Research Institute Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Sing Yian Chew, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 639798, Singapore.
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8
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Alsareii SA, Ahmad J, Umar A, Ahmad MZ, Shaikh IA. Enhanced In Vivo Wound Healing Efficacy of a Novel Piperine-Containing Bioactive Hydrogel in Excision Wound Rat Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020545. [PMID: 36677613 PMCID: PMC9861729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
These days an extensive amount of the attention of researchers is focused towards exploring bioactive compounds of natural or herbal origin for therapeutic intervention in different ailments of significant importance. One such novel bioactive compound that has a variety of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, is piperine. However, until today, piperine has not been explored for its potential to improve inflammation and enhance healing in acute and chronic wounds. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the wound healing potential of piperine hydrogel formulation after topical application. Hydrogels fit the need for a depot system at the wound bed, where they ensure a consistent supply of therapeutic agents enclosed in their cross-linked network matrices. In the present study, piperine-containing carbopol 934 hydrogels mixed with Aloe vera gels of different gel strengths were prepared and characterized for rheological behavior, spreadability, extrudability, and percent (%) content uniformity. Furthermore, the wound healing potential of the developed formulation system was explored utilizing the excision wound healing model. The results of an in vivo study and histopathological examination revealed early and intrinsic healing of wounds with the piperine-containing bioactive hydrogel system compared to the bioactive hydrogel system without piperine. Therefore, the study's findings establish that the piperine-containing bioactive hydrogel system is a promising therapeutic approach for wound healing application that should be diligently considered for clinical transferability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ali Alsareii
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Chua JW, Thangaveloo M, Lim DXE, Madden LE, Phillips ARJ, Becker DL. Connexin43 in Post-Surgical Peritoneal Adhesion Formation. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1734. [PMID: 36362888 PMCID: PMC9697983 DOI: 10.3390/life12111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-surgical peritoneal adhesions are a serious problem for the quality of life and fertility. Yet there are no effective ways of preventing their occurrence. The gap junction protein Cx43 is known to be involved in fibrosis in several different organs and disease conditions often associated with inflammation. Here we examined the Cx43 dynamic expression in an ischemic button model of surgical adhesions. METHODS Using the mouse ischemic button model, Cx43 antisense was delivered in Pluronic gel to attenuate Cx43 expression. The severity of button formation and immunofluorescence analysis of Cx43 and TGF-β1 were performed. The concentration of tissue plasminogen activator via ELISA was also performed. RESULTS As early as 6 h after button formation, the Cx43 levels were elevated in and around the button and some weak adhesions were formed. By 24 h Cx43 levels had increased further and adhesions were more defined. At 7 days the adhesions were much more robust, opaque, and vascularized, requiring blunt or sharp dissection to break them. Cx43 antisense attenuated its upregulation and, reduced the number and severity of adhesions that formed. CONCLUSION Targeting Cx43 after surgical procedures may be a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing adhesion formation or at least reducing their severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Moogaambikai Thangaveloo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Debbie Xiu En Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Leigh E. Madden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | | | - David L. Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
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10
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Roger E, Boutin L, Chadjichristos CE. The Role of Connexin 43 in Renal Disease: Insights from In Vivo Models of Experimental Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113090. [PMID: 36361888 PMCID: PMC9656944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal disease is a major public health challenge since its prevalence has continuously increased over the last decades. At the end stage, extrarenal replacement therapy and transplantation remain the only treatments currently available. To understand how the disease progresses, further knowledge of its pathophysiology is needed. For this purpose, experimental models, using mainly rodents, have been developed to unravel the mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of renal disease, as well as to identify potential targets for therapy. The gap junction protein connexin 43 has recently been identified as a novel player in the development of kidney disease. Its expression has been found to be altered in many types of human renal pathologies, as well as in different animal models, contributing to the activation of inflammatory and fibrotic processes that lead to renal damage. Furthermore, Cx43 genetic, pharmacogenetic, or pharmacological inhibition preserved renal function and structure. This review summarizes the existing advances on the role of this protein in renal diseases, based mainly on different in vivo animal models of acute and chronic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Roger
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 75020 Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Louis Boutin
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 75020 Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Christos E. Chadjichristos
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 75020 Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Varela-Eirín M, Carpintero-Fernández P, Guitián-Caamaño A, Varela-Vázquez A, García-Yuste A, Sánchez-Temprano A, Bravo-López SB, Yañez-Cabanas J, Fonseca E, Largo R, Mobasheri A, Caeiro JR, Mayán MD. Extracellular vesicles enriched in connexin 43 promote a senescent phenotype in bone and synovial cells contributing to osteoarthritis progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:681. [PMID: 35931686 PMCID: PMC9355945 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of senescent cells is a key characteristic of aging, leading to the progression of age-related diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Previous data from our laboratory has demonstrated that high levels of the transmembrane protein connexin 43 (Cx43) are associated with a senescent phenotype in chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage. OA has been reclassified as a musculoskeletal disease characterized by the breakdown of the articular cartilage affecting the whole joint, subchondral bone, synovium, ligaments, tendons and muscles. However, the mechanisms that contribute to the spread of pathogenic factors throughout the joint tissues are still unknown. Here, we show for the first time that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) released by human OA-derived chondrocytes contain high levels of Cx43 and induce a senescent phenotype in targeted chondrocytes, synovial and bone cells contributing to the formation of an inflammatory and degenerative joint environment by the secretion of senescence-associated secretory associated phenotype (SASP) molecules, including IL-1ß and IL-6 and MMPs. The enrichment of Cx43 changes the protein profile and activity of the secreted sEVs. Our results indicate a dual role for sEVs containing Cx43 inducing senescence and activating cellular plasticity in target cells mediated by NF-kß and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signalling programme and contributing to the loss of the fully differentiated phenotype. Our results demonstrated that Cx43-sEVs released by OA-derived chondrocytes spread senescence, inflammation and reprogramming factors involved in wound healing failure to neighbouring tissues, contributing to the progression of the disease among cartilage, synovium, and bone and probably from one joint to another. These results highlight the importance for future studies to consider sEVs positive for Cx43 as a new biomarker of disease progression and new target to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Eirín
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain ,grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen (RUG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Carpintero-Fernández
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Amanda Guitián-Caamaño
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Adrián Varela-Vázquez
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro García-Yuste
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Agustín Sánchez-Temprano
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Susana B. Bravo-López
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Proteomics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Yañez-Cabanas
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Raquel Largo
- grid.419651.e0000 0000 9538 1950Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.493509.2Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Departments of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.412615.50000 0004 1803 6239Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.4861.b0000 0001 0805 7253World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - José Ramón Caeiro
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María D. Mayán
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
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12
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Skin Wound Healing Potential and Antioxidant Effect of Hyaluronic Acid Extracted from Mytilus galloprovincialis and Crassostrea gigas. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Gros-Désormeaux F, Caffin F, Igert A, Guatto N, Piérard C. Is CEES a good analog of sulfur mustard? Macroscopic aspect, histology, and molecular biology comparisons between sulfur mustard and CEES-induced skin lesions. Toxicol Lett 2022; 361:21-28. [PMID: 35341927 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical blistering warfare agent affecting multiple organs. SM is an ongoing chemical threat in addition to the accidental risk associated with World War I buried shells. As no specific treatments are available, only symptomatic therapies can be used. To test new medical countermeasures in standard laboratories, analogs such as 2-chloroethyl ethylsulfide (CEES) are currently used, although only a few studies compare its clinical effects with SM. In the present paper, skin lesions induced by SM and CEES are compared in terms of their macroscopic aspects, histology, and molecular biology to evaluate the pertinence of CEES as a SM analog. For this purpose, an in vivo model of CEES vapor exposure, similar to that of SM, is described in this paper. RESULTS: showed similar skin lesions with CEES and SM but with slight differences in the apparition delay and intensity of the lesions. Indeed, SM induced earlier, deeper, and stronger lesions. However, the same healing status was observed at the end of the study period (14 days). In conclusion, CEES appears a relevant analog of SM, leading to similar skin lesions. The CEES vapor exposure model therefore seems suitable for testing new medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gros-Désormeaux
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques - Unité Vésicants, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny sur Orge, France.
| | - Fanny Caffin
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques - Unité Vésicants, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Alexandre Igert
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques - Unité Vésicants, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Nathalie Guatto
- Département des Plateformes et Recherches Technologiques - Unité Imagerie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Christophe Piérard
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques - Unité Vésicants, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny sur Orge, France
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14
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Tittarelli A. Connexin channels modulation in pathophysiology and treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166258. [PMID: 34450245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Connexin-mediated intercellular communication mechanisms include bidirectional cell-to-cell coupling by gap junctions and release/influx of molecules by hemichannels. These intercellular communications have relevant roles in numerous immune system activities. Here, we review the current knowledge about the function of connexin channels, mainly those formed by connexin-43, on immunity and inflammation. Focusing on those evidence that support the design and development of therapeutic tools to modulate connexin expression and/or channel activities with treatment potential for infections, wounds, cancer, and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile.
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15
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Kharroubi M, Bellali F, Karrat A, Bouchdoug M, Jaouad A. Preparation of Teucrium polium extract-loaded chitosan-sodium lauryl sulfate beads and chitosan-alginate films for wound dressing application. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:754-775. [PMID: 34786433 PMCID: PMC8568589 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to formulate sodium lauryl sulfate cross-linked chitosan beads and sodium alginate-chitosan films for designing a dressing that would shorten the healing time of skin wounds. Teucrium polium extract-loaded chitosan-sodium lauryl sulfate beads (CH-SLS) and chitosan-alginate (CH-ALG) films were prepared and characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling properties of the CH-SLS beads were also analyzed in a water solution. The obtained Teucrium polium extract-loaded CH-SLS beads and CH-ALG films (TBF) were further incorporated into the commercial adhesive dressing. This TBF wound dressing was then investigated for evaluation of its wound healing potential in the mice using the excision wound model. Healing was assessed by the macroscopic appearance and the rate of wound contraction during 8 days. On day 4, the TBF-treated wounds exhibited 98% reduction in the wound area when they were compared with healing ointment, elastic adhesive dressing, and untreated wounds which were exhibited 63%, 43%, and 32%, respectively. Furthermore, the application of TBF dressing reduced skin wound rank scores and increased the percentage of wounds contraction. These results demonstrate that TBF dressing improves considerably the healing rate and the macroscopic wound appearance at a short delay and this application may have therapeutic benefits in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Kharroubi
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Specialized Center of Valorization and Technology of Sea Products, National Institute of Fisheries Research (INRH), Agadir, Morocco
| | - Fatima Bellali
- Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Beni Mellal University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Morocco
| | - Abdelhafid Karrat
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Specialized Center of Valorization and Technology of Sea Products, National Institute of Fisheries Research (INRH), Agadir, Morocco.,Research Team of Innovation and Sustainable Development & Expertise in Green Chemistry, "ERIDDECV", Department of Chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bouchdoug
- Research Team of Innovation and Sustainable Development & Expertise in Green Chemistry, "ERIDDECV", Department of Chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Jaouad
- Research Team of Innovation and Sustainable Development & Expertise in Green Chemistry, "ERIDDECV", Department of Chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
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16
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Cell transdifferentiation in ocular disease: Potential role for connexin channels. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112823. [PMID: 34506760 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell transdifferentiation is the conversion of a cell type to another without requiring passage through a pluripotent cell state, and encompasses epithelial- and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT and EndMT). EMT and EndMT are well defined processes characterized by a loss of epithelial/endothelial phenotype and gain in mesenchymal spindle shaped morphology, which results in increased cell migration and decreased apoptosis and cellular senescence. Such cells often develop invasive properties. Physiologically, these processes may occur during embryonic development and can resurface, for example, to promote wound healing in later life. However, they can also be a pathological process. In the eye, EMT, EndMT and cell transdifferentiation have all been implicated in development, homeostasis, and multiple diseases affecting different parts of the eye. Connexins, constituents of connexin hemichannels and intercellular gap junctions, have been implicated in many of these processes. In this review, we firstly provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms induced by transdifferentiation (including EMT and EndMT) and its involvement in eye diseases. We then review the literature for the role of connexins in transdifferentiation in the eye and eye diseases. The evidence presented in this review supports the need for more studies into the therapeutic potential for connexin modulators in prevention and treatment of transdifferentiation related eye diseases, but does indicate that connexin channel modulation may be an upstream and unifying approach for regulating these otherwise complex processes.
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17
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Szarka G, Balogh M, Tengölics ÁJ, Ganczer A, Völgyi B, Kovács-Öller T. The role of gap junctions in cell death and neuromodulation in the retina. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1911-1920. [PMID: 33642359 PMCID: PMC8343308 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision altering diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, myopia, retinal vascular disease, traumatic brain injuries and others cripple many lives and are projected to continue to cause anguish in the foreseeable future. Gap junctions serve as an emerging target for neuromodulation and possible regeneration as they directly connect healthy and/or diseased cells, thereby playing a crucial role in pathophysiology. Since they are permeable for macromolecules, able to cross the cellular barriers, they show duality in illness as a cause and as a therapeutic target. In this review, we take recent advancements in gap junction neuromodulation (pharmacological blockade, gene therapy, electrical and light stimulation) into account, to show the gap junction's role in neuronal cell death and the possible routes of rescuing neuronal and glial cells in the retina succeeding illness or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szarka
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márton Balogh
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám J. Tengölics
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alma Ganczer
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Völgyi
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kovács-Öller
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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18
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Berger AG, Chou JJ, Hammond PT. Approaches to Modulate the Chronic Wound Environment Using Localized Nucleic Acid Delivery. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:503-528. [PMID: 32496978 PMCID: PMC8260896 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Nonhealing wounds have been the subject of decades of basic and clinical research. Despite new knowledge about the biology of impaired wound healing, little progress has been made in treating chronic wounds, leaving patients with few therapeutic options. Diabetic ulcers are a particularly common form of nonhealing wound. Recent Advances: Recently, investigation of therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs), including plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA, microRNA mimics, anti-microRNA oligonucleotides, messenger RNA, and antisense oligonucleotides, has created a new treatment strategy for chronic wounds. TNAs can modulate the wound toward a prohealing environment by targeting gene pathways associated with inflammation, proteases, cell motility, angiogenesis, epithelialization, and oxidative stress. A variety of delivery systems have been investigated for TNAs, including dendrimers, lipid nanoparticles (NPs), polymeric micelles, polyplexes, metal NPs, and hydrogels. This review summarizes recent developments in TNA delivery for therapeutic targets associated with chronic wounds, with an emphasis on diabetic ulcers. Critical Issues: Translational potential of TNAs remains a key challenge; we highlight some drug delivery approaches for TNAs that may hold promise. We also describe current commercial efforts to locally deliver nucleic acids to modulate the wound environment. Future Directions: Localized nucleic acid delivery holds promise for the treatment of nonhealing chronic wounds. Future efforts to improve targeting of these nucleic acid therapies in the wound with both spatial and temporal control through drug delivery systems will be crucial to successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Berger
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Chou
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Retamal MA, Fernandez-Olivares A, Stehberg J. Over-activated hemichannels: A possible therapeutic target for human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166232. [PMID: 34363932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In our body, all the cells are constantly sharing chemical and electrical information with other cells. This intercellular communication allows them to respond in a concerted way to changes in the extracellular milieu. Connexins are transmembrane proteins that have the particularity of forming two types of channels; hemichannels and gap junction channels. Under normal conditions, hemichannels allow the controlled release of signaling molecules to the extracellular milieu. However, under certain pathological conditions, over-activated hemichannels can induce and/or exacerbate symptoms. In the last decade, great efforts have been put into developing new tools that can modulate these over-activated hemichannels. Small molecules, antibodies and mimetic peptides have shown a potential for the treatment of human diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of hemichannel modulation via specific tools, and how these tools could improve patient outcome in certain pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Retamal
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Santiago, Chile; Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Montgomery J, Richardson WJ, Marsh S, Rhett JM, Bustos F, Degen K, Ghatnekar GS, Grek CL, Jourdan LJ, Holmes JW, Gourdie RG. The connexin 43 carboxyl terminal mimetic peptide αCT1 prompts differentiation of a collagen scar matrix in humans resembling unwounded skin. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21762. [PMID: 34246197 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001881r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phase II clinical trials have reported that acute treatment of surgical skin wounds with the therapeutic peptide alpha Connexin Carboxy-Terminus 1 (αCT1) improves cutaneous scar appearance by 47% 9-month postsurgery. While Cx43 and ZO-1 have been identified as molecular targets of αCT1, the mode-of-action of the peptide in scar mitigation at cellular and tissue levels remains to be further characterized. Scar histoarchitecture in αCT1 and vehicle-control treated skin wounds within the same patient were compared using biopsies from a Phase I clinical trial at 29-day postwounding. The sole effect on scar structure of a range of epidermal and dermal variables examined was that αCT1-treated scars had less alignment of collagen fibers relative to control wounds-a characteristic that resembles unwounded skin. The with-in subject effect of αCT1 on scar collagen order observed in Phase I testing in humans was recapitulated in Sprague-Dawley rats and the IAF hairless guinea pig. Transient increase in histologic collagen density in response to αCT1 was also observed in both animal models. Mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and primary human dermal fibroblasts treated with αCT1 in vitro showed more rapid closure in scratch wound assays, with individual cells showing decreased directionality in movement. An agent-based computational model parameterized with fibroblast motility data predicted collagen alignments in simulated scars consistent with that observed experimentally in human and the animal models. In conclusion, αCT1 prompts decreased directionality of fibroblast movement and the generation of a 3D collagen matrix postwounding that is similar to unwounded skin-changes that correlate with long-term improvement in scar appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Montgomery
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Spencer Marsh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Francis Bustos
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Katherine Degen
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | - L Jane Jourdan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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21
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Myofibroblasts: Function, Formation, and Scope of Molecular Therapies for Skin Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081095. [PMID: 34439762 PMCID: PMC8391320 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are contractile, α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells with multiple roles in pathophysiological processes. Myofibroblasts mediate wound contractions, but their persistent presence in tissues is central to driving fibrosis, making them attractive cell targets for the development of therapeutic treatments. However, due to shared cellular markers with several other phenotypes, the specific targeting of myofibroblasts has long presented a scientific and clinical challenge. In recent years, myofibroblasts have drawn much attention among scientific research communities from multiple disciplines and specialisations. As further research uncovers the characterisations of myofibroblast formation, function, and regulation, the realisation of novel interventional routes for myofibroblasts within pathologies has emerged. The research community is approaching the means to finally target these cells, to prevent fibrosis, accelerate scarless wound healing, and attenuate associated disease-processes in clinical settings. This comprehensive review article describes the myofibroblast cell phenotype, their origins, and their diverse physiological and pathological functionality. Special attention has been given to mechanisms and molecular pathways governing myofibroblast differentiation, and updates in molecular interventions.
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22
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Connexins in the Heart: Regulation, Function and Involvement in Cardiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094413. [PMID: 33922534 PMCID: PMC8122935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a key role in cardiac physiology. Gap junctional channels put into contact the cytoplasms of connected cardiomyocytes, allowing the existence of electrical coupling. However, in addition to this fundamental role, connexins are also involved in cardiomyocyte death and survival. Thus, chemical coupling through gap junctions plays a key role in the spreading of injury between connected cells. Moreover, in addition to their involvement in cell-to-cell communication, mounting evidence indicates that connexins have additional gap junction-independent functions. Opening of unopposed hemichannels, located at the lateral surface of cardiomyocytes, may compromise cell homeostasis and may be involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, connexins located at non-canonical cell structures, including mitochondria and the nucleus, have been demonstrated to be involved in cardioprotection and in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. In this review, we will provide, first, an overview on connexin biology, including their synthesis and degradation, their regulation and their interactions. Then, we will conduct an in-depth examination of the role of connexins in cardiac pathophysiology, including new findings regarding their involvement in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac fibrosis, gene transcription or signaling regulation.
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23
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Abstract
Neurotrophic Keratitis (NK) is a degenerative disorder of the cornea characterized by decreased or absent sensory corneal innervation, corneal epitheliopathy and impaired healing.The clinical presentation of NK can range from persistent epithelial defects to corneal perforation and management is often both challenging and protracted. Historically, the management of NK has consisted of non-specific strategies to facilitate corneal epithelial healing such as lubrication, bandage contact lenses and tarsorrhaphy. Recent advances in the development of therapeutics for NK have provided new and efficacious targeted strategies for its management.In this article, we review recombinant human nerve growth factor (Cenegermin), currently approved for clinical use in the United States and Europe, as well as other promising therapeutic options that are in pre-clinical development such as thymosine β4, connexin43 inhibitors, and artificial extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Dohlman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Tan MLL, Kwong HL, Ang CC, Tey HL, Lee JSS, Becker DL. Changes in connexin 43 in inflammatory skin disorders: Eczema, psoriasis, and Steven-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e247. [PMID: 33659713 PMCID: PMC7895532 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connexin 43 (Cx43) plays a central role in the inflammatory response and wound healing. Targeting Cx43 expression reduces inflammation in a variety of injuries. The expression pattern of Cx43 has not been described for many inflammatory skin diseases. OBJECTIVES To describe the expression patterns of Cx43 in eczema, psoriasis, Steven-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. METHODS Archival skin biopsies from patients with eczema, psoriasis, and Steven-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrosis were identified and examined, with sister sections stained for Cx43 and imaged by confocal microscopy. All samples were compared to age and site-matched normal skin controls. RESULTS Epidermal Cx43 is reduced in acute eczema, absent in regions of spongiosis, and is highly elevated in subacute and chronic eczema. In plaque psoriasis, Cx43 is overexpressed in areas with psoriasiform hyperplasia with a fish-scale-like appearance but is lost in regions surrounding neutrophil microabscesses. Cx43 staining is strong in the neutrophils within these microabscesses. In SJS/TEN, Cx43 expression is elevated in areas bordering normal tissue but is rapidly lost in areas of keratinocyte necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic changes in Cx43 levels are seen in inflammatory skin diseases and may represent future potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L. L. Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Hui L. Kwong
- National Skin CentreSingaporeSingapore
- Department of DermatologyChangi General HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Chia C. Ang
- Department of DermatologyChangi General HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hong L. Tey
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- National Skin CentreSingaporeSingapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | | | - David L. Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Skin Research Institute SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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25
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Dufeys C, Daskalopoulos EP, Castanares-Zapatero D, Conway SJ, Ginion A, Bouzin C, Ambroise J, Bearzatto B, Gala JL, Heymans S, Papageorgiou AP, Vinckier S, Cumps J, Balligand JL, Vanhaverbeke M, Sinnaeve P, Janssens S, Bertrand L, Beauloye C, Horman S. AMPKα1 deletion in myofibroblasts exacerbates post-myocardial infarction fibrosis by a connexin 43 mechanism. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:10. [PMID: 33564961 PMCID: PMC7873123 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that systemic AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1) invalidation enhanced adverse LV remodelling by increasing fibroblast proliferation, while myodifferentiation and scar maturation were impaired. We thus hypothesised that fibroblastic AMPKα1 was a key signalling element in regulating fibrosis in the infarcted myocardium and an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The present study investigates the effects of myofibroblast (MF)-specific deletion of AMPKα1 on left ventricular (LV) adaptation following myocardial infarction (MI), and the underlying molecular mechanisms. MF-restricted AMPKα1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice were subjected to permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. cKO hearts exhibit exacerbated post-MI adverse LV remodelling and are characterised by exaggerated fibrotic response, compared to wild-type (WT) hearts. Cardiac fibroblast proliferation and MF content significantly increase in cKO infarcted hearts, coincident with a significant reduction of connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in MFs. Mechanistically, AMPKα1 influences Cx43 expression by both a transcriptional and a post-transcriptional mechanism involving miR-125b-5p. Collectively, our data demonstrate that MF-AMPKα1 functions as a master regulator of cardiac fibrosis and remodelling and might constitute a novel potential target for pharmacological anti-fibrotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Dufeys
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangelos-Panagiotis Daskalopoulos
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diego Castanares-Zapatero
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon J Conway
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Audrey Ginion
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- IREC Imaging Platform, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Gala
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Pia Papageorgiou
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Center for Cancer Biology, University of Leuven and VIB, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Julien Cumps
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Pôle de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vanhaverbeke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Leuven University Hospitals, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Peter Sinnaeve
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Leuven University Hospitals, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Stefan Janssens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Leuven University Hospitals, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 55, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Tirosh A, Tuncman G, Calay ES, Rathaus M, Ron I, Tirosh A, Yalcin A, Lee YG, Livne R, Ron S, Minsky N, Arruda AP, Hotamisligil GS. Intercellular Transmission of Hepatic ER Stress in Obesity Disrupts Systemic Metabolism. Cell Metab 2021; 33:319-333.e6. [PMID: 33340456 PMCID: PMC7858244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has a pathophysiological role in obesity-associated insulin resistance. Yet, the coordinated tissue response to ERS remains unclear. Increased connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated intercellular communication has been implicated in tissue-adaptive and -maladaptive response to various chronic stresses. Here, we demonstrate that in hepatocytes, ERS results in increased Cx43 expression and cell-cell coupling. Co-culture of ER-stressed "donor" cells resulted in intercellular transmission of ERS and dysfunction to ERS-naive "recipient" cells ("bystander response"), which could be prevented by genetic or pharmacologic suppression of Cx43. Hepatocytes from obese mice were able to transmit ERS to hepatocytes from lean mice, and mice lacking liver Cx43 were protected from diet-induced ERS, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis. Taken together, our results indicate that in obesity, the increased Cx43-mediated cell-cell coupling allows intercellular propagation of ERS. This novel maladaptive response to over-nutrition exacerbates the tissue ERS burden, promoting hepatosteatosis and impairing whole-body glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tirosh
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-HaShomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gurol Tuncman
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ediz S Calay
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Moran Rathaus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-HaShomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Idit Ron
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-HaShomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Tirosh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-HaShomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abdullah Yalcin
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Medical School, Department of Medical Biology, 09100 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Yankun G Lee
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rinat Livne
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-HaShomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sophie Ron
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-HaShomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neri Minsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel-HaShomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ana Paula Arruda
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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27
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Xu W, Dielubanza E, Maisel A, Leung K, Mustoe T, Hong S, Galiano R. Staphylococcus aureus impairs cutaneous wound healing by activating the expression of a gap junction protein, connexin-43 in keratinocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:935-947. [PMID: 32409862 PMCID: PMC11072219 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds have been considered as major medical problems that may result in expensive healthcare. One of the common causes of chronic wounds is bacterial contamination that leads to persistent inflammation and unbalanced host cell immune responses. Among the bacterial strains that have been identified from chronic wounds, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strain. We previously observed that S. aureus impaired mouse cutaneous wound healing by delaying re-epithelialization. Here, we investigated the mechanism of delayed re-epithelialization caused by S. aureus infection. With the presence of S. aureus exudate, the migration of in vitro cultured human keratinocytes was significantly inhibited and connexin-43 (Cx43) was upregulated. Inhibition of keratinocyte migration by S. aureus exudate disappeared in keratinocytes where the expression of Cx43 knocked down. Protein kinase phosphorylation array showed that phosphorylation of Akt-S473 was upregulated by S. aureus exudate. In vivo study of Cx43 in S. aureus-infected murine splinted cutaneous wound model showed upregulation of Cx43 in the migrating epithelial edge by S. aureus infection. Treatment with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor reduced Cx43 expression and overcame the wound closure impairment by S. aureus infection in the mouse model. This may contribute to the development of treatment to bacterium-infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA.
| | - Elodi Dielubanza
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Amanda Maisel
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kai Leung
- Division of Combat Wound Repair, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JB Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Thomas Mustoe
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Seok Hong
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Robert Galiano
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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28
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Wan L, Jiang D, Correa-Gallegos D, Ramesh P, Zhao J, Ye H, Zhu S, Wannemacher J, Volz T, Rinkevich Y. Connexin43 gap junction drives fascia mobilization and repair of deep skin wounds. Matrix Biol 2021; 97:58-71. [PMID: 33508427 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deep and voluminous skin wounds are repaired with scars, by mobilization of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix from fascia, deep below the skin. The molecular trigger of this novel repair mechanism is incompletely understood. Here we reveal that the gap junction alpha-1 protein (Connexin43, Cx43) is the key to patch repair of deep wounds. By combining full-thickness wound models with fibroblast lineage specific transgenic lines, we show Cx43 expression is substantially upregulated in specialized fibroblasts of the fascia deep beneath the skin that are responsible for scar formation. Using live imaging of fascia fibroblasts and fate tracing of the fascia extracellular matrix we show that Cx43 inhibition disrupts calcium oscillations in cultured fibroblasts and that this inhibits collective migration of fascia EPFs necessary to mobilize fascia matrix into open wounds. Cell-cell communication through Cx43 thus mediates matrix movement and scar formation, and is necessary for patch repair of voluminous wounds. These mechanistic findings have broad clinical implications toward treating fibrosis, aggravated scarring and impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Dongsheng Jiang
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Donovan Correa-Gallegos
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Pushkar Ramesh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiakuan Zhao
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Haifeng Ye
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Wannemacher
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Schmidt A, Liebelt G, Striesow J, Freund E, von Woedtke T, Wende K, Bekeschus S. The molecular and physiological consequences of cold plasma treatment in murine skin and its barrier function. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:32-49. [PMID: 33011275 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cold plasma technology is an emerging tool facilitating the spatially controlled delivery of a multitude of reactive species (ROS) to the skin. While the therapeutic efficacy of plasma treatment has been observed in several types of diseases, the fundamental consequences of plasma-derived ROS on skin physiology remain unknown. We aimed to bridge this gap since the epidermal skin barrier and perfusion plays a vital role in health and disease by maintaining homeostasis and protecting from environmental damage. The intact skin of SKH1 mice was plasma-treated in vivo. Gene and protein expression was analyzed utilizing transcriptomics, qPCR, and Western blot. Immunofluorescence aided the analysis of percutaneous skin penetration of curcumin. Tissue oxygenation, perfusion, hemoglobin, and water index was investigated using hyperspectral imaging. Reversed-phase liquid-chromatography/mass spectrometry was performed for the identification of changes in the lipid composition and oxidation. Transcriptomic analysis of plasma-treated skin revealed modulation of genes involved in regulating the junctional network (tight, adherence, and gap junctions), which was confirmed using qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence imaging. Plasma treatment increased the disaggregation of cells in the stratum corneum (SC) concomitant with increased tissue oxygenation, gap junctional intercellular communication, and penetration of the model drug curcumin into the SC preceded by altered oxidation of skin lipids and their composition in vivo. In summary, plasma-derived ROS modify the junctional network, which promoted tissue oxygenation, oxidation of SC-lipids, and restricted penetration of the model drug curcumin, implicating that plasma may provide a novel and sensitive tool of skin barrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schmidt
- Plasma Life Science and ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Grit Liebelt
- Plasma Life Science and ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna Striesow
- Plasma Life Science and ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eric Freund
- Plasma Life Science and ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Department of General Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Greifswald University Medical Center, Sauerbruchstr. DZ7, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Plasma Life Science and ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald University Medical Center, Sauerbruchstr., 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- Plasma Life Science and ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- Plasma Life Science and ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Poplimont H, Georgantzoglou A, Boulch M, Walker HA, Coombs C, Papaleonidopoulou F, Sarris M. Neutrophil Swarming in Damaged Tissue Is Orchestrated by Connexins and Cooperative Calcium Alarm Signals. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2761-2776.e7. [PMID: 32502410 PMCID: PMC7372224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are major inflammatory cells that rapidly infiltrate wounds to provide antimicrobial functions. Within the damaged tissue, neutrophil migration behavior often switches from exploratory patrolling to coordinated swarming, giving rise to dense clusters that further disrupt tissue architecture. This aggregation response is self-organized by neutrophil paracrine chemoattractant signaling (most notably of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 [LTB4]). The coordination mechanism and possible evolutionary benefits of neutrophil swarms are elusive. Here, we show that neutrophil swarms require mutual reinforcement of damage signaling at the wound core. New biosensors and live imaging in zebrafish revealed that neutrophil chemoattractant synthesis is triggered by a sustained calcium flux upon contact with necrotic tissue that requires sensing of the damage signal ATP. This "calcium alarm" signal rapidly propagates in the nascent neutrophil cluster in a contact-dependent manner via connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels, which are mediators of active ATP release. This enhances chemoattractant biosynthesis in the growing cluster, which is instrumental for coordinated motion and swarming. Inhibition of neutrophil Cx43 compromises clearance of wound-colonizing P. aeruginosa bacteria and exacerbates infection-induced morbidity. Thus, cooperative production of alarm signals among pioneer clustering neutrophils fuels the growth of dense antimicrobial cell masses that effectively seal off breached tissue barriers from opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Poplimont
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Antonios Georgantzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Morgane Boulch
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hazel A Walker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Caroline Coombs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Foteini Papaleonidopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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31
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Squecco R, Chellini F, Idrizaj E, Tani A, Garella R, Pancani S, Pavan P, Bambi F, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Sassoli C. Platelet-Rich Plasma Modulates Gap Junction Functionality and Connexin 43 and 26 Expression During TGF-β1-Induced Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition: Clues for Counteracting Fibrosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051199. [PMID: 32408529 PMCID: PMC7290305 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle repair/regeneration may benefit by Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) treatment owing to PRP pro-myogenic and anti-fibrotic effects. However, PRP anti-fibrotic action remains controversial. Here, we extended our previous researches on the inhibitory effects of PRP on in vitro transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the effector cells of fibrosis, focusing on gap junction (GJ) intercellular communication. The myofibroblastic phenotype was evaluated by cell shape analysis, confocal fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting analyses of α-smooth muscle actin and type-1 collagen expression, and electrophysiological recordings of resting membrane potential, resistance, and capacitance. PRP negatively regulated myofibroblast differentiation by modifying all the assessed parameters. Notably, myofibroblast pairs showed an increase of voltage-dependent GJ functionality paralleled by connexin (Cx) 43 expression increase. TGF-β1-treated cells, when exposed to a GJ blocker, or silenced for Cx43 expression, failed to differentiate towards myofibroblasts. Although a minority, myofibroblast pairs also showed not-voltage-dependent GJ currents and coherently Cx26 expression. PRP abolished the TGF-β1-induced voltage-dependent GJ current appearance while preventing Cx43 increase and promoting Cx26 expression. This study adds insights into molecular and functional mechanisms regulating fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and supports the anti-fibrotic potential of PRP, demonstrating the ability of this product to hamper myofibroblast generation targeting GJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Squecco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (E.I.); (R.G.)
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (E.I.); (R.G.)
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Rachele Garella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (E.I.); (R.G.)
| | - Sofia Pancani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Paola Pavan
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children’s Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (P.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Franco Bambi
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children’s Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (P.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0552-7580-63
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32
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Connexin 43 Deficiency Is Associated with Reduced Myocardial Scar Size and Attenuated TGFβ1 Signaling after Transient Coronary Occlusion in Conditional Knock-Out Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040651. [PMID: 32340244 PMCID: PMC7226061 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated a reduction in myocardial scar size in heterozygous Cx43+/- mice subjected to permanent coronary occlusion. However, patients presenting with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction often undergo rapid coronary revascularization leading to prompt restoration of coronary flow. Therefore, we aimed to assess changes in scar size and left ventricular remodeling following transient myocardial ischemia (45 min) followed by 14 days of reperfusion using Cx43fl/fl (controls) and Cx43Cre-ER(T)/fl inducible knock-out (Cx43 content: 50%) mice treated with vehicle or 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) to induce a Cre-ER(T)-mediated global deletion of the Cx43 floxed allele. The scar area (picrosirius red), measured 14 days after transient coronary occlusion, was similarly reduced in both vehicle and 4-OHT-treated Cx43Cre-ER(T)/fl mice, compared to Cx43fl/fl animals, having normal Cx43 levels (15.78% ± 3.42% and 16.54% ± 2.31% vs. 25.40% ± 3.14% and 22.43% ± 3.88% in vehicle and 4-OHT-treated mice, respectively, p = 0.027). Left ventricular dilatation was significantly attenuated in both Cx43-deficient groups (p = 0.037 for left ventricular end-diastolic diameter). These protective effects were correlated with an attenuated enhancement in pro-transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) expression after reperfusion. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Cx43 deficiency induces a protective effect on scar formation after transient coronary occlusion in mice, an effect associated with reduced left ventricular remodeling and attenuated enhancement in pro-TGFβ1 expression.
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Jiang D, Rinkevich Y. Scars or Regeneration?-Dermal Fibroblasts as Drivers of Diverse Skin Wound Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E617. [PMID: 31963533 PMCID: PMC7014275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarring and regeneration are two physiologically opposite endpoints to skin injuries, with mammals, including humans, typically healing wounds with fibrotic scars. We aim to provide an updated review on fibroblast heterogeneity as determinants of the scarring-regeneration continuum. We discuss fibroblast-centric mechanisms that dictate scarring-regeneration continua with a focus on intercellular and cell-matrix adhesion. Improved understanding of fibroblast lineage-specific mechanisms and how they determine scar severity will ultimately allow for the development of antiscarring therapies and the promotion of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany;
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Kuo C, Green CR, Rupenthal ID, Mugisho OO. Connexin43 hemichannel block protects against retinal pigment epithelial cell barrier breakdown. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:13-22. [PMID: 31030263 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important component of the outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB) that separates the choroid from the rest of the retina. Loss of RPE-mediated BRB integrity is a key feature of diabetic macular oedema (DME), a chronic pathology resulting from diabetic retinopathy (DR). Recent studies have shown that connexin43 hemichannel opening mediates key inflammatory pathways in DR, though its effect on the barrier properties of RPE cells remains unknown. Therefore, RPE breakdown was induced by exposing a monolayer of ARPE-19 cells to high glucose (HG) and 10 ng/mL each of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. The role of connexin43 hemichannels was assessed using a connexin43 hemichannel blocker, Peptide5. METHODS Transepithelial resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran dye leak across the ARPE-19 monolayer were used to measure RPE layer permeability. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess changes in connexin43, collagen IV and ZO-1 expression. ATP and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured using commercially available kits. RESULTS Connexin43 hemichannel block with Peptide5 prevented TEER reduction and FITC-dextran dye leak induced by a combination of HG and inflammatory cytokines. Peptide5 also blocked LDH and ATP release induced by the addition of HG and inflammatory cytokines. ZO-1 and connexin43 disruption and internalisation as well as upregulated secretion of collagen IV following HG and inflammatory cytokine exposure were also prevented. The addition of exogenous ATP into the culture medium was able to reverse Peptide5 protection against LDH release and change in connexin43 localisation, indicating that the initiating pathway in RPE disruption is connexin43 hemichannel-mediated ATP release. CONCLUSION These findings support the idea that connexin43 hemichannels may mediate RPE disruption (and its role within the BRB) that occurs in DME through an ATP release/inflammasome pathway activation dependent manner. Connexin43 hemichannels are therefore a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charisse Kuo
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Odunayo O Mugisho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Li X, Guo L, Yang X, Wang J, Hou Y, Zhu S, Du J, Feng J, Xie Y, Zhuang L, He X, Liu Y. TGF-β1-induced connexin43 promotes scar formation via the Erk/MMP-1/collagen III pathway. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 47 Suppl 1:99-106. [PMID: 31175668 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing can be divided into different phases, and timely initiation and cessation of these stages is key to successful wound healing; otherwise, scar tissue forms in the wounded area. Connexins (Cxs) were confirmed to influence scar formation, and Cx43, an indispensable member of the Cx family, was shown to be involved in this process. Our study investigated the regulatory role of Cx43 in scar formation and the possible cell signalling pathways. We established oral mucosa and skin wound healing models in C57BL/6J mice. RT-PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression of ECM components and key proteins in cell signalling pathways (TGF-β1, Smad2/3, Cx43, Erk1/2 MMP-1 and collagen III). After injury, buccal mucosa wounds healed with no scar, whereas skin wounds healed with an evident scar. Nevertheless, TGF-β1 expression gradually increased by the 5th day after injury; Cx43 expression showed a similar response, with a progressive increase in the skin and a peak on day 14. In contrast, TGF-β1 and Cx43 expression in the oral mucosa remained low. The high level of TGF-β1 increased p-Smad2/3 levels and then induced Cx43, whereas increased expression of Cx43 antagonised the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, a protein downstream of Cx43, which affected MMP-1 synthesis. MMP-1 deficiency led to collagen III accumulation and facilitated scar formation. We demonstrated that TGF-β1-induced Cx43 promotes scar formation via the Erk/MMP-1/collagen III pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanan Hou
- Department of Orthodontics the Third Dental Center, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Siying Zhu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of General Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of General Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Opposite Effects of Moderate and Extreme Cx43 Deficiency in Conditional Cx43-Deficient Mice on Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101299. [PMID: 31652649 PMCID: PMC6830333 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is essential for cardiac electrical coupling, but its effects on myocardial fibrosis is controversial. Here, we analyzed the role of Cx43 in myocardial fibrosis caused by angiotensin II (AngII) using Cx43fl/fl and Cx43Cre-ER(T)/fl inducible knock-out (Cx43 content: 50%) mice treated with vehicle or 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) to induce a Cre-ER(T)-mediated global deletion of the Cx43 floxed allele. Myocardial collagen content was enhanced by AngII in all groups (n = 8–10/group, p < 0.05). However, animals with partial Cx43 deficiency (vehicle-treated Cx43Cre-ER(T)/fl) had a significantly higher AngII-induced collagen accumulation that reverted when treated with 4-OHT, which abolished Cx43 expression. The exaggerated fibrotic response to AngII in partially deficient Cx43Cre-ER(T)/fl mice was associated with enhanced p38 MAPK activation and was not evident in Cx43 heterozygous (Cx43+/-) mice. In contrast, normalization of interstitial collagen in 4-OHT-treated Cx43Cre-ER(T)/fl animals correlated with enhanced MMP-9 activity, IL-6 and NOX2 mRNA expression, and macrophage content, and with reduced α-SMA and SM22α in isolated fibroblasts. In conclusion, our data demonstrates an exaggerated, p38 MAPK-dependent, fibrotic response to AngII in partially deficient Cx43Cre-ER(T)/fl mice, and a paradoxical normalization of collagen deposition in animals with an almost complete Cx43 ablation, an effect associated with increased MMP-9 activity and inflammatory response and reduced fibroblasts differentiation.
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Cotter ML, Boitano S, Lampe PD, Solan JL, Vagner J, Ek-Vitorin JF, Burt JM. The lipidated connexin mimetic peptide SRPTEKT- Hdc is a potent inhibitor of Cx43 channels with specificity for the pS368 phospho-isoform. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C825-C842. [PMID: 31365296 PMCID: PMC6850999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00160.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) mimetic peptides derived from extracellular loop II sequences (e.g., Gap27: SRPTEKTIFII; Peptide5: VDCFLSRPTEKT) have been used as reversible, Cx-specific blockers of hemichannel (HCh) and gap junction channel (GJCh) function. These blockers typically require high concentrations (~5 µM, <1 h for HCh; ~100 µM, >1 h for GJCh) to achieve inhibition. We have shown that addition of a hexadecyl (Hdc) lipid tail to the conserved SRPTEKT peptide sequence (SRPTEKT-Hdc) results in a novel, highly efficacious, and potent inhibitor of mechanically induced Ca2+-wave propagation (IC50 64.8 pM) and HCh-mediated dye uptake (IC50 45.0 pM) in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing rat Cx43 (MDCK43). The lack of similar effect on dye coupling (NBD-MTMA) suggested channel conformation-specific inhibition. Here we report that SRPTEKT-Hdc inhibition of Ca2+-wave propagation, dye coupling, and dye uptake depended on the functional configuration of Cx43 as determined by phosphorylation at serine 368 (S368). Ca2+-wave propagation was enhanced in MDCK cells expressing single-site mutants of Cx43 that mimicked (MDCK43-S368D) or favored (MDCK43-S365A) phosphorylation at S368. Furthermore, SRPTEKT-Hdc potently inhibited GJCh-mediated Ca2+-wave propagation (IC50 230.4 pM), dye coupling, and HCh-mediated dye uptake in MDCK43-S368D and -S365A cells. In contrast, Ca2+-wave propagation, dye coupling, and dye uptake were largely unaffected (IC50 12.3 μM) by SRPTEKT-Hdc in MDCK43-S368A and -S365D cells, mutations that mimic or favor dephosphorylation at S368. Together, these data indicate that SRPTEKT-Hdc is a potent inhibitor of physiological Ca2+-wave signaling mediated specifically by the pS368 phosphorylated form of Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura L Cotter
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Scott Boitano
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joell L Solan
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Janis M Burt
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Lastwika KJ, Dunn CA, Solan JL, Lampe PD. Phosphorylation of connexin 43 at MAPK, PKC or CK1 sites each distinctly alter the kinetics of epidermal wound repair. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.234633. [PMID: 31427427 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) is a key player in wound healing, and inhibitors of Cx43, which speed epidermal wound healing, are currently in clinical trials. Here, we provide direct in vivo evidence that specific phosphorylation events on Cx43 change the physiological response during wound healing. Blocking phosphorylation, through mutation of serine residues in Cx43 at the protein kinase C (PKC) or casein kinase 1 (CK1) sites, significantly slowed the rate of wound closure in vivo and in vitro and resulted in a thicker epidermal layer after reepithelialization. Conversely, preventing Cx43 phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) through mutation significantly increased the rate of wound closure in vivo Defects in migration, but not proliferation, in all mutants were partially rescued in vitro by changing serine residues to aspartic or glutamic acid. These data prove that specific Cx43 phosphorylation events play an important role at different stages of wound healing. Thus, a clear physiological understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of kinase activation and consequent effects on gap junctions could lead to a more targeted approach to modulating Cx43 expression during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Lastwika
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Clarence A Dunn
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joell L Solan
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Chin JS, Madden L, Chew SY, Becker DL. Drug therapies and delivery mechanisms to treat perturbed skin wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:2-18. [PMID: 30959068 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute wound healing is an orderly process of four overlapping events: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. A drug delivery system with a temporal control of release could promote each of these events sequentially. However, acute wound healing normally proceeds very well in healthy individuals and there is little need to promote it. In the elderly and diabetics however, healing is often slow and wounds can become chronic and we need to promote their healing. Targeting the events of acute wound healing would not be appropriate for a chronic wound, which have stalled in the proinflammatory phase. They also have many additional problems such as poor circulation, low oxygen, high levels of leukocytes, high reactive oxygen species, high levels of proteolytic enzymes, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, bacterial infection and high pH. The future challenge will be to tackle each of these negative factors to create a wound environment conducive to healing.
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Hou X, Khan MRA, Turmaine M, Thrasivoulou C, Becker DL, Ahmed A. Wnt signaling regulates cytosolic translocation of connexin 43. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R248-R261. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The availability of intracellular, stabilized β-catenin, a transcription factor coactivator, is tightly regulated; β-catenin is translocated into the nucleus in response to Wnt ligand binding to its cell membrane receptors. Here we show that Wnt signal activation in mammalian cells activates intracellular mobilization of connexin 43 (Cx43), which belongs to a gap junction protein family, a new target protein in response to extracellular Wnt signal activation. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the nuclear localization of Cx43 was increased by 8- to 10-fold in Wnt5A- and 9B-treated cells compared with controls; this Wnt-induced increase was negated in the cells where Cx43 and β-catenin were knocked down using shRNA. There was a significant ( P < 0.001) and concomitant depletion of the cell membrane and cytosolic signal of Cx43 in Wnt-treated cells with an increase in the nuclear signal for Cx43; this was more obvious in cells where β-catenin was knocked down using shRNA. Conversely, Cx43 knockdown resulted in increased β-catenin in the nucleus in the absence of Wnt activation. Coimmunoprecipitation of Cx43 and β-catenin proteins with a casein kinase (CKIδ) antibody showed that Cx43 interacts with β-catenin and may form part of the so-called destruction complex. Functionally, Wnt activation increased the rate of wound reepithelization in rat skin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hou
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad R. A. Khan
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre at the Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Thrasivoulou
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L Becker
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Aamir Ahmed
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre at the Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Mugisho OO, Green CR, Zhang J, Acosta ML, Rupenthal ID. Connexin43 hemichannels: A potential drug target for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1627-1636. [PMID: 30690195 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic vascular disease of the retina that causes vision loss in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and is associated with vascular dysfunction and occlusion, retinal oedema, haemorrhage and inadequate growth of new blood vessels. Current DR therapies primarily target downstream, later-stage vascular defects with a significant proportion of diabetic macular oedema patients being non-responders. Moreover, other evidence suggests that prolonged use of therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) might be associated with increased onset of geographic atrophy and retinal ganglion cell death. It is therefore highly desirable to prevent the onset of DR or arrest its progression at a stage preceding the appearance of more-advanced pathology by targeting upstream disease mechanisms. Connexin43 hemichannels play a part in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammasome pathway activation; and hemichannel block has been shown to alleviate vascular leak and inflammation. This review discusses the inflammatory changes occurring in DR as well as current therapies and their limitations. It then focuses on the role of connexin43 in DR, providing evidence for the utility of connexin43 hemichannel blockers as novel therapeutics for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odunayo O Mugisho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology and the New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and the New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and the New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science and the New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology and the New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Connexin43 hemichannel block protects against the development of diabetic retinopathy signs in a mouse model of the disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:215-229. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The connexin family of channel-forming proteins is present in every tissue type in the human anatomy. Connexins are best known for forming clustered intercellular channels, structurally known as gap junctions, where they serve to exchange members of the metabolome between adjacent cells. In their single-membrane hemichannel form, connexins can act as conduits for the passage of small molecules in autocrine and paracrine signalling. Here, we review the roles of connexins in health and disease, focusing on the potential of connexins as therapeutic targets in acquired and inherited diseases as well as wound repair, while highlighting the associated clinical challenges.
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Regulation of connexin 43 expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:238-249. [PMID: 30118696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Abundance of connexin 43 (Cx43), a transmembrane protein that forms hemichannels (HCs) and gap junctions (GJs), is dynamically regulated in human gingival fibroblasts (GFBLs) during wound healing. This may be important for fast and scarless gingival wound healing as Cx43 is involved in key cell functions important during this process. Our aim was to uncover the factors that regulate Cx43 expression and abundance in GFBLs. We hypothesized that cytokines and growth factors released during wound healing coordinately regulate Cx43 abundance in GFBLs. RESULTS TGF-β1, -β2, -β3, PGE2 and IL-1β significantly upregulated, while TNF-α and IFN-γ downregulated Cx43 in cultured GFBLs. TGF-β1, -β2, -β3, IL-1β and IFN-γ modulated Cx43 abundance at both mRNA and protein levels, while TNF-α and PGE2 regulated only Cx43 protein abundance, suggesting involvement of distinct transcriptional/post-transcriptional and translational/post-translational mechanisms, respectively. TGF-β1-induced upregulation of Cx43 was mediated by TGFβRI (ALK5) and SMAD2/3 signaling, and this was potently suppressed by PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ that inhibited SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Regulation of Cx43 abundance in GFBLs involves transcriptional/post-transcriptional and translational/post-translational mechanisms that are distinctly modulated by an interplay between TGF-β isoforms and PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ.
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Intracellular oligonucleotide delivery using the cell penetrating peptide Xentry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11256. [PMID: 30050146 PMCID: PMC6062516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the use of two cationic peptides, Xentry-KALA (XK) and Xentry-Protamine (XP), for intracellular delivery of Connexin43 antisense oligonucleotides (Cx43AsODN). The charge and size of Cx43AsODN:XK and Cx43AsODN:XP complexes was determined by Zetasizer analysis. The earliest positive zeta potential reading was obtained at a 1:2 and 1:1.2 charge ratio of Cx43AsODN:XK and Cx43AsODN:XP respectively, with Cx43AsODN:XK resulting in overall larger complexes than Cx43AsODN:XP. Gel shift mobility assays revealed complete complex formation at a 1:2.5 and 1:2.2 charge ratio of Cx43AsODN:XK and Cx43AsODN:XP, respectively. Cellular uptake studies were carried out in ARPE-19 cells. While both complexes were able to enter the cells, Cx43AsODN:XK uptake appeared punctate and circular indicative of endosomal containment. Cx43AsODN:XP uptake, in contrast, resulted in diffuse appearance inside the cell suggesting endosomal escape of the cargo. Finally, western blot analysis confirmed that Cx43AsODN:XP was able to knockdown Cx43 expression in these cells under normal and hypoxic conditions.
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46
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Montgomery J, Ghatnekar GS, Grek CL, Moyer KE, Gourdie RG. Connexin 43-Based Therapeutics for Dermal Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061778. [PMID: 29914066 PMCID: PMC6032231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most ubiquitous gap junction protein within the body, connexin 43 (Cx43), is a target of interest for modulating the dermal wound healing response. Observational studies found associations between Cx43 at the wound edge and poor healing response, and subsequent studies utilizing local knockdown of Cx43 found improvements in wound closure rate and final scar appearance. Further preclinical work conducted using Cx43-based peptide therapeutics, including alpha connexin carboxyl terminus 1 (αCT1), a peptide mimetic of the Cx43 carboxyl terminus, reported similar improvements in wound healing and scar formation. Clinical trials and further study into the mode of action have since been conducted on αCT1, and Phase III testing for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is currently underway. Therapeutics targeting connexin activity show promise in beneficially modulating the human body’s natural healing response for improved patient outcomes across a variety of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Montgomery
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | | | - Kurtis E Moyer
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
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Chanson M, Watanabe M, O'Shaughnessy EM, Zoso A, Martin PE. Connexin Communication Compartments and Wound Repair in Epithelial Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051354. [PMID: 29751558 PMCID: PMC5983803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues line the lumen of tracts and ducts connecting to the external environment. They are critical in forming an interface between the internal and external environment and, following assault from environmental factors and pathogens, they must rapidly repair to maintain cellular homeostasis. These tissue networks, that range from a single cell layer, such as in airway epithelium, to highly stratified and differentiated epithelial surfaces, such as the epidermis, are held together by a junctional nexus of proteins including adherens, tight and gap junctions, often forming unique and localised communication compartments activated for localised tissue repair. This review focuses on the dynamic changes that occur in connexins, the constituent proteins of the intercellular gap junction channel, during wound-healing processes and in localised inflammation, with an emphasis on the lung and skin. Current developments in targeting connexins as corrective therapies to improve wound closure and resolve localised inflammation are also discussed. Finally, we consider the emergence of the zebrafish as a concerted whole-animal model to study, visualise and track the events of wound repair and regeneration in real-time living model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Chanson
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Physiology & Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Erin M O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - Alice Zoso
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Physiology & Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia E Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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Cotter ML, Boitano S, Vagner J, Burt JM. Lipidated connexin mimetic peptides potently inhibit gap junction-mediated Ca 2+-wave propagation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C141-C154. [PMID: 29631365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00156.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) mimetic peptides (e.g., Gap27: SRPTEKTIFII; Peptide5: VDCFLSRPTEKT) reversibly inhibit hemichannel (HCh) and gap junction channel (GJCh) function in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (HCh: ~5 µM, <1 h; GJCh: ~100 µM, > 1 h). We hypothesized that addition of a hexadecyl tail to SRPTEKT (SRPTEKT- Hdc) would improve its ability to concentrate in the plasma membrane and consequently increase its inhibitory efficacy. We show that SRPTEKT- Hdc inhibited intercellular Ca2+-wave propagation in Cx43-expressing MDCK and rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in a time (61-75 min)- and concentration (IC50: 66 pM)-dependent manner, a concentration efficacy five orders of magnitude lower than observed for the nonlipidated Gap27. HCh-mediated dye uptake was inhibited by SRPTEKT- Hdc with similar efficacy. Following peptide washout, HCh-mediated dye uptake was restored to control levels, whereas Ca2+-wave propagation was only partially restored. Scrambled and reverse sequence lipidated peptides had no detectable inhibitory effect on Ca2+-wave propagation or dye uptake. Cx43 expression was unchanged by SRPTEKT- Hdc incubation; however, Triton-insoluble Cx43 was reduced by SRPTEKT- Hdc exposure and reversed following washout. In summary, our results show that SRPTEKT- Hdc blocked HCh function and intercellular Ca2+ signaling at concentrations that minimally affected dye coupling. Selective inhibition of intercellular Ca2+ signaling, likely indicative of channel conformation-specific SRPTEKT- Hdc binding, could contribute significantly to the protective effects of these mimetic peptides in settings of injury. Our data also demonstrate that lipidation represents a paradigm for development of highly potent, efficacious, and selective mimetic peptide inhibitors of hemichannel and gap junction channel-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura L Cotter
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Scott Boitano
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janis M Burt
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Rhett JM, Yeh ES. The Potential for Connexin Hemichannels to Drive Breast Cancer Progression through Regulation of the Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041043. [PMID: 29601539 PMCID: PMC5979453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, connexin hemichannels have become recognized as major players in modulating the inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is documented to promote tumorigenesis and is a critical component of tumor progression. Furthermore, inflammation is strongly linked to angiogenesis, immunotolerance, invasiveness, metastasis, and resistance in breast cancers. In this review, the literature on the role of connexin hemichannels in inflammation is summarized, and the potential role for hemichannel-mediated inflammation in driving breast cancer progression is discussed. Lastly, the potential for connexin-based therapeutics to modulate the inflammatory component of the tumor microenvironment as an avenue for the treatment of breast cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Yeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Mugisho OO, Green CR, Kho DT, Zhang J, Graham ES, Acosta ML, Rupenthal ID. The inflammasome pathway is amplified and perpetuated in an autocrine manner through connexin43 hemichannel mediated ATP release. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:385-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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