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Shipman H, Monsour M, Foley MM, Marbacher S, Croci DM, Bisson EF. Interleukin-6 in Spinal Cord Injury: Could Immunomodulation Replace Immunosuppression in the Management of Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries? J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2024; 85:602-609. [PMID: 37328147 DOI: 10.1055/a-2111-5698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) result in devastating impairment to an individual's functional ability. The pathophysiology of SCI is related to primary injury but further propagated by secondary reactions to injury, such as inflammation and oxidation. The inflammatory and oxidative cascades ultimately cause demyelination and Wallerian degeneration. Currently, no treatments are available to treat primary or secondary injury in SCI, but some studies have shown promising results by lessening secondary mechanisms of injury. Interleukins (ILs) have been described as key players in the inflammation cascade after neuronal injury; however, their role and possible inhibition in the context of acute traumatic SCIs have not been widely studied. Here, we review the relationship between SCI and IL-6 concentrations in the CSF and serum of individuals after traumatic SCIs. Furthermore, we explore the dual IL-6 signaling pathways and their relevance for future IL-6 targeted therapies in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank Shipman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Molly Monsour
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Madeline M Foley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Serge Marbacher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Davide M Croci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Erica F Bisson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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2
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Huang H, Liao X, Zhang A, Qiu B, Mei F, Liu F, Zeng K, Yang C, Ma H, Ding W, Qi S, Bao Y. Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients After Craniotomy with the Appearance of Interleukin-6 Storm Can Activate Microglia to Damage the Hypothalamic Neurons in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2707-2718. [PMID: 37924484 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
We monitored CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) for Th1/Th2 inflammatory cytokines in a patient with unexplained postoperative disturbance of consciousness after craniotomy and found that the level of IL-6 (interleukin-6) concentrations was extremely high, meeting the traditional criteria for an inflammatory cytokine storm. Subsequently, the cerebrospinal fluid specimens of several patients were tested, and it was found that IL-6 levels were increased in different degrees after craniotomy. Previous studies have focused more on mild and long-term IL-6 elevation, but less on the effects of this short-term IL-6 inflammatory cytokine storm. Cerebrospinal fluid rich in IL-6 may play a significant role in patients after craniotomy. The objective is to explore the degree of IL-6 elevation and the incidence of IL-6 inflammatory cytokine storm in patients after craniotomy, as well as the effect of IL-6 elevation on the brain. In this study, the levels and clinical manifestations of inflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid after craniotomy were statistically classified, and the underlying mechanisms were discussed preliminarily. CSF specimens of patients after craniotomy were collected, IL-6 level was measured at 1, 5, and 10 days after operation, and cognitive function was analyzed at 1, 10, and 180 days after surgery. Craniotomy mouse model, cerebrospinal fluid of patients with the appearance of IL-6 storm after craniotomy, and IL-6 at the same concentration stimulation model were established. Behavioral tests, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), pathological means, western blot, and ELISA (enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay) were performed for verification. CSF from patients after craniotomy caused disturbance of consciousness in mice, affected neuronal damage in the hypothalamus, activation of microglia in the hypothalamus, and decreased expression of barrier proteins in the hypothalamus and brain. The large amount of interleukin-6 in CSF after craniotomy was found to be mainly derived from astrocytes. The IL-6 level in CSF after craniotomy correlated inversely with patients' performance in MoCA test. High levels of IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid derived from astrocytes after craniotomy may lead to disruption of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, most notably around the hypothalamus, which might result in inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamic neurons and impaired cognitive function/more gradual cognitive repairment in patients after craniotomy with the appearance of IL-6 storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xixian Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - An Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Binghui Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fen Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunen Yang
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haidie Ma
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjie Ding
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yun Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
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Fang S, Tang H, Li HL, Han TC, Li ZJ, Yin ZS, Chu JJ. CCL2 Knockdown Attenuates Inflammatory Response After Spinal Cord Injury Through the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway: Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Validation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1433-1447. [PMID: 37721689 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common clinical problem in orthopedics with a lack of effective treatments and drug targets. In the present study, we performed bioinformatic analysis of SCI datasets GSE464 and GSE45006 in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public database and experimentally validated CCL2 expression in an animal model of SCI. This was followed by stimulation of PC-12 cells using hydrogen peroxide to construct a cellular model of SCI. CCL2 expression was knocked down using small interfering RNA (si-CCL2), and PI3K signaling pathway inhibitors and activators were used to validate and observe the changes in downstream inflammation. Through data mining, we found that the inflammatory chemokine CCL2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways after SCI expression were significantly increased, and after peroxide stimulation of PC-12 cells with CCL2 knockdown, their downstream cellular inflammatory factor levels were decreased. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was blocked by PI3K inhibitors, and the downstream inflammatory response was suppressed. In contrast, when PI3K activators were used, the inflammatory response was enhanced, indicating that the CCL2-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays a key role in the regulation of the inflammatory response. This study revealed that the inflammatory chemokine CCL2 can regulate the inflammatory response of PC-12 cells through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and blocking the expression of the inflammatory chemokine CCL2 may be a promising strategy for the treatment of secondary injury after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Hai-Long Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Ti-Chao Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The Linquan County People's Hospital, 109 Tong Yang Road, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236400, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Linquan County People's Hospital, 109 Tong Yang Road, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236400, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Sheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China.
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Rodríguez J, De Santis Arévalo J, Dennis VA, Rodríguez AM, Giambartolomei GH. Bystander activation of microglia by Brucella abortus-infected astrocytes induces neuronal death via IL-6 trans-signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1343503. [PMID: 38322014 PMCID: PMC10844513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1343503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neurobrucellosis where glial cell interactions are at the root of this pathological condition. In this study, we present evidence indicating that soluble factors secreted by Brucella abortus-infected astrocytes activate microglia to induce neuronal death. Culture supernatants (SN) from B. abortus-infected astrocytes induce the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and the increase of the microglial phagocytic capacity, which are two key features in the execution of live neurons by primary phagocytosis, a recently described mechanism whereby B. abortus-activated microglia kills neurons by phagocytosing them. IL-6 neutralization completely abrogates neuronal loss. IL-6 is solely involved in increasing the phagocytic capacity of activated microglia as induced by SN from B. abortus-infected astrocytes and does not participate in their inflammatory activation. Both autocrine microglia-derived and paracrine astrocyte-secreted IL-6 endow microglial cells with up-regulated phagocytic capacity that allows them to phagocytose neurons. Blocking of IL-6 signaling by soluble gp130 abrogates microglial phagocytosis and concomitant neuronal death, indicating that IL-6 activates microglia via trans-signaling. Altogether, these results demonstrate that soluble factors secreted by B. abortus-infected astrocytes activate microglia to induce, via IL-6 trans-signaling, the death of neurons. IL-6 signaling inhibition may thus be considered a strategy to control inflammation and CNS damage in neurobrucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rodríguez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia De Santis Arévalo
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Ana M Rodríguez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Monsour M, Croci DM, Grüter BE, Taussky P, Marbacher S, Agazzi S. Cerebral Aneurysm and Interleukin-6: a Key Player in Aneurysm Generation and Rupture or Just One of the Multiple Factors? Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:631-639. [PMID: 36042111 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture is a common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with high mortality and morbidity. Inflammatory interleukins (IL), such as IL-6, play an important role in the occurrence and rupture of IA causing SAH. With this review we aim to elucidate the specific role of IL-6 in aneurysm formation and rupture in preclinical and clinical studies. IL-6 is a novel cytokine in that it has pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. In preclinical and clinical studies of IA formation, elevated and reduced levels of IL-6 are reported. Poor post-rupture prognosis and increased rupture risk, however, are associated with higher levels of IL-6. By better understanding the relationships between IL-6 and IA formation and rupture, IL-6 may serve as a biomarker in high-risk populations. Furthermore, by better understanding the IL-6 signaling mechanisms in IA formation and rupture, IL-6 may optimize surveillance and treatment strategies. This review examines the association between IL-6 and IA, while also suggesting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Davide Marco Croci
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Basil E Grüter
- Program for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, c/o NeuroResearch Office, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Taussky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Serge Marbacher
- Program for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, c/o NeuroResearch Office, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Siviero Agazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho M, Caseiro AR, Pedrosa SS, Rêma A, Oliveira C, Porto B, Atayde L, Amorim I, Alvites R, Santos JM, Maurício AC. Allogenic Synovia-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Equine Tendinopathies and Desmopathies-Proof of Concept. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081312. [PMID: 37106875 PMCID: PMC10135243 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are frequent in sport horses and humans, and such injuries represent a significant therapeutic challenge. Tissue regeneration and function recovery are the paramount goals of tendon and ligament lesion management. Nowadays, several regenerative treatments are being developed, based on the use of stem cell and stem cell-based therapies. In the present study, the preparation of equine synovial membrane mesenchymal stem cells (eSM-MSCs) is described for clinical use, collection, transport, isolation, differentiation, characterization, and application. These cells are fibroblast-like and grow in clusters. They retain osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation potential. We present 16 clinical cases of tendonitis and desmitis, treated with allogenic eSM-MSCs and autologous serum, and we also include their evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. The concerns associated with the use of autologous serum as a vehicle are related to a reduced immunogenic response after the administration of this therapeutic combination, as well as the pro-regenerative effects from the growth factors and immunoglobulins that are part of its constitution. Most of the cases (14/16) healed in 30 days and presented good outcomes. Treatment of tendon and ligament lesions with a mixture of eSM-MSCs and autologous serum appears to be a promising clinical option for this category of lesions in equine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Leal Reis
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruna Lopes
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Branquinho
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Caseiro
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- University School Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Avenida José R. Sousa Fernandes, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Vasco da Gama Research Center (CIVG), University School Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Avenida José R. Sousa Fernandes, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rêma
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Oliveira
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Porto
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Atayde
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Alvites
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Miguel Santos
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Barron A, Manna S, McElwain CJ, Musumeci A, McCarthy FP, O’Keeffe GW, McCarthy CM. Maternal pre-eclampsia serum increases neurite growth and mitochondrial function through a potential IL-6-dependent mechanism in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1043481. [PMID: 36714304 PMCID: PMC9877349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1043481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a common and serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, which affects 3%-5% of first-time pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Prenatal exposure to PE is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in affected offspring, although the cellular and molecular basis of this increased risk is largely unknown. Methods: Here, we examined the effects of exposure to maternal serum from women with PE or a healthy uncomplicated pregnancy on the survival, neurite growth and mitochondrial function of neuronally differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which are commonly used to study neurite growth. Neurite growth and mitochondrial function are two strongly linked neurodevelopmental parameters in which alterations have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Following this, we investigated the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels as a potential mechanism. Results: Cells exposed to 3% (v/v) PE serum for 72 h exhibited increased neurite growth (p < 0.05), which was validated in the human neural progenitor cell line, ReNcell® VM (p < 0.01), and mitochondrial respiration (elevated oxygen consumption rate (p < 0.05), basal mitochondrial respiration, proton leak, ATP synthesis, and non-mitochondrial respiration) compared to control serum-treated cells. ELISA analysis showed elevations in maternal IL-6 in PE sera (p < 0.05) and placental explants (p < 0.05). In support of this, SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 3% (v/v) PE serum for 24 h had increased phospho-STAT3 levels, which is a key intracellular mediator of IL-6 signalling (p < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody blocked the effects of PE serum on neurite growth (p < 0.05), and exposure to IL-6 promoted neurite growth in SH-SY5Y cells (p < 0.01). Discussion: Collectively these data show elevated serum levels of maternal IL-6 in PE, which increases neurite growth and mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y cells. This rationalizes the further study of IL-6 as a potential mediator between PE exposure and neurodevelopmental outcome in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Barron
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College, Cork, Ireland,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Samprikta Manna
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colm J. McElwain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrea Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus P. McCarthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W. O’Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College, Cork, Ireland,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Gerard W. O’Keeffe, ; Cathal M. McCarthy,
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Gerard W. O’Keeffe, ; Cathal M. McCarthy,
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8
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Monsour M, Croci DM, Agazzi S, Borlongan CV. Contemplating IL-6, a double-edged sword cytokine: Which side to use for stroke pathology? CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:493-497. [PMID: 36478506 PMCID: PMC9873516 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a unique cytokine due to its dual signaling, with one pathway being pro-inflammatory (trans) and the other homeostatic (classical). Both of these pathways have been implicated in neuroinflammation following stroke, with initial inflammatory mechanisms being protective and later anti-inflammatory signaling promoting ischemic tissue recovery. IL-6 plays a major role in stroke pathology. However, given these distinctive IL-6 signaling consequences, IL-6 is a difficult cytokine to target for stroke therapies. Recent research suggests that the ratio between the pro-inflammatory binary IL6:sIL6R complex and the inactive ternary IL6:sIL6R:sgp130 complex may be a novel way to measure IL-6 signaling at different time points following ischemic injury. This ratio may approximate functional consequences on individualized stroke therapies, allowing clinicians to determine whether IL-6 agonists or antagonists should be used at specific time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- University of South Florida Morsani College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Davide M. Croci
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Siviero Agazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida Morsani College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
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9
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Costa G, Ribeiro FF, Sebastião AM, Muir EM, Vaz SH. Bridging the gap of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system: A state of the art review on central axonal regeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1003145. [PMID: 36440273 PMCID: PMC9682039 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1003145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is an important field of research with relevance to all types of neuronal injuries, including neurodegenerative diseases. The glial scar is a result of the astrocyte response to CNS injury. It is made up of many components creating a complex environment in which astrocytes play various key roles. The glial scar is heterogeneous, diverse and its composition depends upon the injury type and location. The heterogeneity of the glial scar observed in different situations of CNS damage and the consequent implications for axon regeneration have not been reviewed in depth. The gap in this knowledge will be addressed in this review which will also focus on our current understanding of central axonal regeneration and the molecular mechanisms involved. The multifactorial context of CNS regeneration is discussed, and we review newly identified roles for components previously thought to solely play an inhibitory role in central regeneration: astrocytes and p75NTR and discuss their potential and relevance for deciding therapeutic interventions. The article ends with a comprehensive review of promising new therapeutic targets identified for axonal regeneration in CNS and a discussion of novel ways of looking at therapeutic interventions for several brain diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth M. Muir
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra H. Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Broekaart DWM, Zimmer TS, Cohen ST, Tessers R, Anink JJ, de Vries HE, Gorter JA, Prades R, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. The Gelatinase Inhibitor ACT-03 Reduces Gliosis in the Rapid Kindling Rat Model of Epilepsy, and Attenuates Inflammation and Loss of Barrier Integrity In Vitro. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092117. [PMID: 36140216 PMCID: PMC9495904 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases responsible for the cleavage of intra- and extracellular proteins. Several brain MMPs have been implicated in neurological disorders including epilepsy. We recently showed that the novel gelatinase inhibitor ACT-03 has disease-modifying effects in models of epilepsy. Here, we studied its effects on neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Using the rapid kindling rat model of epilepsy, we examined whether ACT-03 affected astro- and microgliosis in the brain using immunohistochemistry. Cellular and molecular alterations were further studied in vitro using human fetal astrocyte and brain endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) cultures, with a focus on neuroinflammatory markers as well as on barrier permeability using an endothelial and astrocyte co-culture model. We observed less astro- and microgliosis in the brains of kindled animals treated with ACT-03 compared to control vehicle-treated animals. In vitro, ACT-03 treatment attenuated stimulation-induced mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory factors in human fetal astrocytes and brain endothelial cells, as well as a loss of barrier integrity in endothelial and astrocyte co-cultures. Since ACT-03 has disease-modifying effects in epilepsy models, possibly via limiting gliosis, inflammation, and barrier integrity loss, it is of interest to further evaluate its effects in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede W. M. Broekaart
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Till S. Zimmer
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie T. Cohen
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Tessers
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. Anink
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Prades
- Accure Therapeutics S.L., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.A.v.V.)
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.A.v.V.)
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11
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The role of IL-6 in TBI and PTSD, a potential therapeutic target? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 218:107280. [PMID: 35567833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This literature review focuses on the role of IL-6 in TBI or PTSD-induced neuroinflammation. While TBI and PTSD are widely prevalent, these diagnoses are particularly common amongst veterans. Given the role of IL-6 in neuroprotection acutely, compared to detrimental chronically, targeting this cytokine at specific time points may be beneficial in modulating neuroinflammation. Current treatments for TBI or PTSD are variably affective. By reviewing the role of IL-6 in these two diagnoses, future studies can focus on therapeutics to treat neuroinflammation and ultimately reduce the devastating impacts of neuroinflammation on cognition in PTSD and TBI.
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12
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Progression in translational research on spinal cord injury based on microenvironment imbalance. Bone Res 2022; 10:35. [PMID: 35396505 PMCID: PMC8993811 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level and imposes a considerable burden on patients, families, and society. Repair of the injured spinal cord has been recognized as a global medical challenge for many years. Significant progress has been made in research on the pathological mechanism of spinal cord injury. In particular, with the development of gene regulation, cell sequencing, and cell tracing technologies, in-depth explorations of the SCI microenvironment have become more feasible. However, translational studies related to repair of the injured spinal cord have not yielded significant results. This review summarizes the latest research progress on two aspects of SCI pathology: intraneuronal microenvironment imbalance and regenerative microenvironment imbalance. We also review repair strategies for the injured spinal cord based on microenvironment imbalance, including medications, cell transplantation, exosomes, tissue engineering, cell reprogramming, and rehabilitation. The current state of translational research on SCI and future directions are also discussed. The development of a combined, precise, and multitemporal strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord is a potential future direction.
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13
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Olaseinde OF, Owoyele BV. Chondroitin and glucosamine sulphate reduced proinflammatory molecules in the DRG and improved axonal function of injured sciatic nerve of rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3196. [PMID: 35210446 PMCID: PMC8873476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is an abnormality resulting from lesion or damage to parts of the somatosensory nervous system. It is linked to defective quality of life and often poorly managed. Due to the limited number of approved drugs, limited efficacy and side effects associated with the approved drugs, drugs or drug combinations with great efficacy and very minimal or no side effects will be of great advantage in managing NP. This study aimed at investigating the synergistic antinociceptive effects of the combination of glucosamine sulphate (GS) (240 mg/kg) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) (900 mg/kg) in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathy in rats. Forty-two Wistar rats were randomly distributed into seven groups (n = 6). Sciatic nerve was ligated with four loose ligatures to induce NP. Effects of drugs were examined on stimulus and non-stimulus evoked potentials, expression of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) pain modulators and structural architecture of DRG. Oral administration of GS and CS for 21 days reduced hyperalgesia, allodynia, sciatic nerve functional aberration and DRG pain modulators. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed restoration of structural integrity of DRG. Our result showed that the combination of GS and CS produced antinociceptive effects by attenuating hyperalgesia, allodynia and downregulation of NP mediators. GS and CS additionally produced synergistic analgesic effect over its individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutayo Folajimi Olaseinde
- Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria.
| | - Bamidele Victor Owoyele
- Neuroscience and Inflammation Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria.
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14
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Ying Z, Wu J, Jiang W, Zhang G, Zhu W, Li X, Pang X, Liu W. Expression of Slit and Robo during remodeling of corticospinal tract in cervical spinal cord in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7831-7839. [PMID: 34652618 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slits and Robos were associated with the generation of axons of corticospinal tract during the corticospinal tract (CST) remodeling after the cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS). However, little is known about the mechanism of CST remodeling. In this study, we detected the expression of Slits and Robos in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats to investigate the roles of Slits and Robos in the CIS. METHODS MCAO model was established using modified Zea Longa method. Beam walking test (BWT) was conducted to evaluate the motor function. The images of the track of cortical spinal cord beam on day 7, 14 and 21 were observed by anterograde CST tracing. Biopinylated dextan amine (BDA) was used to mark CST anterogradely. Expression of GAP-43 mRNA and GAP-43 protein in cervical spinal cord was detected by Real-Time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The expression of Slit1, Slit2 and Robo1 in cervical spinal cord was detected by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The scores in the model group were significantly reduced compared to sham-operation group on day 7 (P < 0.001), 14 (P < 0.001) and 21 (P < 0.001), respectively. There was no significant difference in the score on day 7, 14 and 21 of the sham-operation groups (P > 0.05). In contrast, significant increase was noticed in the scores in model group, presenting a time-dependent manner. More CST staining fibers could be observed at the degenerative side in the model group compared with that of the sham-operation group on day 21. GAP-43 mRNA expression in the model group showed significant increase compared to that of sham-operation group on day 14 (P = 0.015) and 21 days (P = 0.002). The expression of GAP-43 protein in model group showed significant increase compared to that of sham-operation group on day 14 (P = 0.022) and day 21 (P = 0.008), respectively. The expression of Slit1 and Slit2 showed increase on day 14 and day 21, while the expression of Robo1 showed significant decrease in MCAO rats. CONCLUSION Up-regulation of Slit1 and Slit2 and the downregulation of Robo1 may be related to the axons of CST midline crossing in spinal cord of MCAO rat during the spontaneous recovery of impaired motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Ying
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Junxuan Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Tumor Hospital & Institute, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Xin Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Xueyun Pang
- Juxian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, 276599, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China.
- Department of Cerebral Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China.
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15
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Stem Cell Secretome for Spinal Cord Repair: Is It More than Just a Random Baseline Set of Factors? Cells 2021; 10:cells10113214. [PMID: 34831436 PMCID: PMC8625005 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of thousands of people suffer spinal cord injuries each year. The experimental application of stem cells following spinal cord injury has opened a new era to promote neuroprotection and neuroregeneration of damaged tissue. Currently, there is great interest in the intravenous administration of the secretome produced by mesenchymal stem cells in acute or subacute spinal cord injuries. However, it is important to highlight that undifferentiated neural stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are able to adapt to the damaged environment and produce the so-called lesion-induced secretome. This review article focuses on current research related to the secretome and the lesion-induced secretome and their roles in modulating spinal cord injury symptoms and functional recovery, emphasizing different compositions of the lesion-induced secretome in various models of spinal cord injury.
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16
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Li L, Luo L, Chen T, Cao W, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yue P, Fan Y, Chen J, Liu M, Ma M, Tao L, Peng Y, Dong Y, Li B, Luo S, Kong J, Zhou G, Wen S, Liu A, Bao F. Proteomic Analysis of Rhesus Macaque Brain Explants Treated With Borrelia burgdorferi Identifies Host GAP-43 as a Potential Factor Associated With Lyme Neuroborreliosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:647662. [PMID: 34178719 PMCID: PMC8224226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.647662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is one of the most dangerous manifestations of Lyme disease, but the pathogenesis and inflammatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Methods Cultured explants from the frontal cortex of rhesus monkey brain (n=3) were treated with live Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 6, 12, and 24 h. Total protein was collected for sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In addition, changes in protein expression in the explants over time following Bb treatment were screened. Results We identified 1237 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; fold change ≥1.5 or ≤0.67, P-value ≤0.05). One of these, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), was highly expressed at all time points in the explants. The results of the protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEPs suggested that GAP-43 plays a role in the neuroinflammation associated with LNB. In HMC3 cells incubated with live Bb or PBS for 6, 12, and 24 h, real-time PCR and western blot analyses confirmed the increase of GAP-43 mRNA and protein, respectively. Conclusions Elevated GAP-43 expression is a potential marker for LNB that may be useful for diagnosis or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lisha Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Taigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenjing Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Meixiao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mingbiao Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lvyan Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bingxue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Suyi Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guozhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyuan Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children's Major Diseases Research, The Children's Hospital of Kunming/Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Fukai Bao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children's Major Diseases Research, The Children's Hospital of Kunming/Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
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17
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Morimoto K, Eguchi R, Kitano T, Otsuguro KI. Alpha and beta adrenoceptors activate interleukin-6 transcription through different pathways in cultured astrocytes from rat spinal cord. Cytokine 2021; 142:155497. [PMID: 33770644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In brain astrocytes, noradrenaline (NA) has been shown to up-regulate IL-6 production via β-adrenoceptors (ARs). However, the underlying intracellular mechanisms for this regulation are not clear, and it remains unknown whether α-ARs are involved. In this study, we investigated the AR-mediated regulation of IL-6 mRNA levels in the cultured astrocytes from rat spinal cord. NA, the α1-agonist phenylephrine, and the β-agonist isoproterenol increased IL-6 mRNA levels. The phenylephrine-induced IL-6 increase was accompanied by an increase in ERK phosphorylation, and these effects were blocked by inhibitors of PKC and ERK. The isoproterenol-induced IL-6 increase was accompanied by an increase in CREB phosphorylation, and these effects were blocked by a PKA inhibitor. Our results indicate that IL-6 increases by α1- and β-ARs are mediated via the PKC/ERK and cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways, respectively. Moreover, conditioned medium collected from astrocytes treated with the α2-AR agonist dexmedetomidine, increased IL-6 mRNA in other astrocytes. In this study, we elucidate that α1- and α2-ARs, in addition to β-ARs, promote IL-6 transcription through different pathways in spinal cord astrocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryota Eguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitano
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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18
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do Carmo Neto JR, Braga YLL, da Costa AWF, Lucio FH, do Nascimento TC, dos Reis MA, Celes MRN, de Oliveira FA, Machado JR, da Silva MV. Biomarkers and Their Possible Functions in the Intestinal Microenvironment of Chagasic Megacolon: An Overview of the (Neuro)inflammatory Process. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6668739. [PMID: 33928170 PMCID: PMC8049798 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6668739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammatory processes and intestinal neuronal destruction during the progression of Chagasic megacolon is well established. However, many other components play essential roles, both in the long-term progression and control of the clinical status of patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Components such as neuronal subpopulations, enteric glial cells, mast cells and their proteases, and homeostasis-related proteins from several organic systems (serotonin and galectins) are differentially involved in the progression of Chagasic megacolon. This review is aimed at revealing the characteristics of the intestinal microenvironment found in Chagasic megacolon by using different types of already used biomarkers. Information regarding these components may provide new therapeutic alternatives and improve the understanding of the association between T. cruzi infection and immune, endocrine, and neurological system changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Arthur Wilson Florêncio da Costa
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hélia Lucio
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thais Cardoso do Nascimento
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marlene Antônia dos Reis
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mara Rubia Nunes Celes
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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19
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Li Q, Li B, Tao B, Zhao C, Fan B, Wang Q, Sun C, Duan H, Pang Y, Fu X, Feng S. Identification of four genes and biological characteristics associated with acute spinal cord injury in rats integrated bioinformatics analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:570. [PMID: 33987268 PMCID: PMC8105796 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious condition that can cause physical disability and sensory dysfunction. Cytokines play an extremely important role in the acute phase of SCI. Clarifying the cytokine expression profile is of great importance. METHODS Cytokine array analysis was used to explore the changes in 67 different proteins at 0 hours, 2 hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after acute SCI in rats. The differentially expressed cytokines in the various periods were analyzed and compared. The biological processes related to the differentially expressed proteins were examined using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. RESULTS Immediately after SCI (0 hours), only ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was slightly up-regulated, while 23 other proteins were down-regulated. At 2 hours after SCI, there were 3 upregulated and 21 downregulated proteins. At 1 day after SCI, there were 5 upregulated and 6 downregulated proteins. At 3 days after SCI, there were 6 upregulated and 4 downregulated proteins. At 7 days after SCI, there were 4 upregulated and 9 downregulated proteins. Erythropoietin (EPO) and Fms related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L) were downregulated at all time points. CD48 was decreased at 2 hours to 7 days after SCI. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was the only protein that was upregulated at 2 hours to 7 days. The GO and pathway analyses revealed that the cytokine-related pathways, cell death, and proliferation might play a key role during secondary SCI. CONCLUSIONS This study identified 3 downregulated proteins during SCI, that being EPO, Flt-3L, and CD48. MCP-1 was the only upregulated protein, and its expression was upregulated till day 7 following SCI. These 4 identified genes may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoyou Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiquan Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilin Pang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuanhao Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
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20
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Lindborg JA, Tran NM, Chenette DM, DeLuca K, Foli Y, Kannan R, Sekine Y, Wang X, Wollan M, Kim IJ, Sanes JR, Strittmatter SM. Optic nerve regeneration screen identifies multiple genes restricting adult neural repair. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108777. [PMID: 33657370 PMCID: PMC8009559 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) trauma interrupts neural networks and, because axonal regeneration is minimal, neurological deficits persist. Repair via axonal growth is limited by extracellular inhibitors and cell-autonomous factors. Based on results from a screen in vitro, we evaluate nearly 400 genes through a large-scale in vivo regeneration screen. Suppression of 40 genes using viral-driven short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon regeneration after optic nerve crush (ONC), and most are validated by separate CRISPR-Cas9 editing experiments. Expression of these axon-regeneration-suppressing genes is not significantly altered by axotomy. Among regeneration-limiting genes, loss of the interleukin 22 (IL-22) cytokine allows an early, yet transient, inflammatory response in the retina after injury. Reduced IL-22 drives concurrent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) pathways and upregulation of multiple neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated genes (RAGs). Including IL-22, our screen identifies dozens of genes that limit CNS regeneration. Suppression of these genes in the context of axonal damage could support improved neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Lindborg
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devon M Chenette
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Kristin DeLuca
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Yram Foli
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ramakrishnan Kannan
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Yuichi Sekine
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Marius Wollan
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - In-Jung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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21
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The Mechanisms of Peripheral Nerve Preconditioning Injury on Promoting Axonal Regeneration. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6648004. [PMID: 33505458 PMCID: PMC7806370 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6648004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major factors contribute to the failure of axonal regrowth in the central nervous system (CNS), namely, the neuronal intrinsic regenerative capacity and the extrinsic local inhibitory microenvironments. However, a preconditioning peripheral nerve lesion could substantially enhance the regeneration of central axons following a subsequent spinal cord injury. In the present review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of the preconditioning injury effect on promoting axonal regeneration. The injury signal transduction resulting from preconditioning peripheral nerve injury regulates the RAG expression to enhance axonal regeneration. Importantly, preconditioning peripheral nerve injury triggers interactions between neurons and nonneuronal cells to amplify and maintain their effects. Additionally, the preconditioning injury impacts mitochondria, protein, and lipid synthesis. All these coordinated changes endow axonal regeneration.
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22
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Mesquida-Veny F, Del Río JA, Hervera A. Macrophagic and microglial complexity after neuronal injury. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101970. [PMID: 33358752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries do not heal properly in contrast to normal tissue repair, in which functional recovery typically occurs. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is explained in part by macrophage and microglial malfunction, affecting both the extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to appropriate axonal regeneration. In normal healing tissue, macrophages promote the repair of injured tissue by regulating transitions through different phases of the healing response. In contrast, inflammation dominates the outcome of CNS injury, often leading to secondary damage. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this dichotomy is critical to advance in neuronal repair therapies. Recent studies highlight the plasticity and complexity of macrophages and microglia beyond the classical view of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm. This plasticity represents an in vivo continuous spectrum of phenotypes with overlapping functions and markers. Moreover, macrophage and microglial plasticity affect many events essential for neuronal regeneration after injury, such as myelin and cell debris clearance, inflammation, release of cytokines, and trophic factors, affecting both intrinsic neuronal properties and extracellular matrix deposition. Until recently, this complexity was overlooked in the translation of therapies modulating these responses for the treatment of neuronal injuries. However, recent studies have shed important light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of this complexity and its transitions and effects on regenerative events. Here we review the complexity of macrophages and microglia after neuronal injury and their roles in regeneration, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, and we discuss current challenges and future opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Policastro G, Brunelli M, Tinazzi M, Chiamulera C, Emerich DF, Paolone G. Cytokine-, Neurotrophin-, and Motor Rehabilitation-Induced Plasticity in Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8814028. [PMID: 33293946 PMCID: PMC7714573 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and cytokine-dependent neurotoxicity appear to be major contributors to the neuropathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). While pharmacological advancements have been a mainstay in the treatment of PD for decades, it is becoming increasingly clear that nonpharmacological approaches including traditional and nontraditional forms of exercise and physical rehabilitation can be critical adjunctive or even primary treatment avenues. Here, we provide an overview of preclinical and clinical research detailing the biological role of proinflammatory molecules in PD and how motor rehabilitation can be used to therapeutically modulate neuroinflammation, restore neural plasticity, and improve motor function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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24
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Kaur N, Chugh H, Sakharkar MK, Dhawan U, Chidambaram SB, Chandra R. Neuroinflammation Mechanisms and Phytotherapeutic Intervention: A Systematic Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3707-3731. [PMID: 33146995 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is indicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic neurological disorders. Acute lesions in the brain parenchyma induce intense and highly complex neuroinflammatory reactions with similar mechanisms among various disease prototypes. Microglial cells in the CNS sense tissue damage and initiate inflammatory responses. The cellular and humoral constituents of the neuroinflammatory reaction to brain injury contribute significantly to secondary brain damage and neurodegeneration. Inflammatory cascades such as proinflammatory cytokines from invading leukocytes and direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity between lymphocytes and neurons are known to cause "collateral damage" in models of acute brain injury. In addition to degeneration and neuronal cell loss, there are secondary inflammatory mechanisms that modulate neuronal activity and affect neuroinflammation which can even be detected at the behavioral level. Hence, several of health conditions result from these pathogenetic conditions which are underlined by progressive neuronal function loss due to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In the first part of this Review, we discuss critical neuroinflammatory mediators and their pathways in detail. In the second part, we review the phytochemicals which are considered as potential therapeutic molecules for treating neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navrinder Kaur
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Heerak Chugh
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Meena K. Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Sasketchwan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Uma Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), S.S. Nagar, Mysuru-570015, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research JSS AHER, Mysuru-570015, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
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25
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Yu X, Nagai J, Marti-Solano M, Soto JS, Coppola G, Babu MM, Khakh BS. Context-Specific Striatal Astrocyte Molecular Responses Are Phenotypically Exploitable. Neuron 2020; 108:1146-1162.e10. [PMID: 33086039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes tile the central nervous system and are widely implicated in brain diseases, but the molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes contribute to brain disorders remain incompletely explored. By performing astrocyte gene expression analyses following 14 experimental perturbations of relevance to the striatum, we discovered that striatal astrocytes mount context-specific molecular responses at the level of genes, pathways, and upstream regulators. Through data mining, we also identified astrocyte pathways in Huntington's disease (HD) that were reciprocally altered with respect to the activation of striatal astrocyte G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Furthermore, selective striatal astrocyte stimulation of the Gi-GPCR pathway in vivo corrected several HD-associated astrocytic, synaptic, and behavioral phenotypes, with accompanying improvement of HD-associated astrocyte signaling pathways, including those related to synaptogenesis and neuroimmune functions. Overall, our data show that astrocytes are malleable, using context-specific responses that can be dissected molecularly and used for phenotypic benefit in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Jun Nagai
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Maria Marti-Solano
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Joselyn S Soto
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Structural Biology and Center for Data Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA.
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26
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Chung D, Shum A, Caraveo G. GAP-43 and BASP1 in Axon Regeneration: Implications for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:567537. [PMID: 33015061 PMCID: PMC7494789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.567537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and brain acid-soluble protein 1 (BASP1) regulate actin dynamics and presynaptic vesicle cycling at axon terminals, thereby facilitating axonal growth, regeneration, and plasticity. These functions highly depend on changes in GAP-43 and BASP1 expression levels and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Interestingly, examinations of GAP-43 and BASP1 in neurodegenerative diseases reveal alterations in their expression and phosphorylation profiles. This review provides an overview of the structural properties, regulations, and functions of GAP-43 and BASP1, highlighting their involvement in neural injury response and regeneration. By discussing GAP-43 and BASP1 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, we also explore the therapeutic potential of modulating their activities to compensate for neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daayun Chung
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Shum
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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27
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Willis EF, MacDonald KPA, Nguyen QH, Garrido AL, Gillespie ER, Harley SBR, Bartlett PF, Schroder WA, Yates AG, Anthony DC, Rose-John S, Ruitenberg MJ, Vukovic J. Repopulating Microglia Promote Brain Repair in an IL-6-Dependent Manner. Cell 2020; 180:833-846.e16. [PMID: 32142677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and reactive microglia are hallmarks of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet whether these cells contribute to cognitive deficits and secondary inflammatory pathology remains poorly understood. Here, we show that removal of microglia from the mouse brain has little effect on the outcome of TBI, but inducing the turnover of these cells through either pharmacologic or genetic approaches can yield a neuroprotective microglial phenotype that profoundly aids recovery. The beneficial effects of these repopulating microglia are critically dependent on interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and robustly support adult neurogenesis, specifically by augmenting the survival of newborn neurons that directly support cognitive function. We conclude that microglia in the mammalian brain can be manipulated to adopt a neuroprotective and pro-regenerative phenotype that can aid repair and alleviate the cognitive deficits arising from brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Willis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Quan H Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adahir Labrador Garrido
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen R Gillespie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samuel B R Harley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne A Schroder
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Abi G Yates
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jana Vukovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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28
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Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Nägele F, Graber M, Pölzl L, Lobenwein D, Hirsch J, An A, Irschick R, Röhrs B, Kremser C, Hackl H, Huber R, Venezia S, Hercher D, Fritsch H, Bonaros N, Stefanova N, Tancevski I, Meyer D, Grimm M, Holfeld J. Shock waves promote spinal cord repair via TLR3. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134552. [PMID: 32759498 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a devastating condition with poor prognosis and very limited treatment options. Affected patients are severely restricted in their daily activities. Shock wave therapy (SWT) has shown potent regenerative properties in bone fractures, wounds, and ischemic myocardium via activation of the innate immune receptor TLR3. Here, we report on the efficacy of SWT for regeneration of SCI. SWT improved motor function and decreased lesion size in WT but not Tlr3-/- mice via inhibition of neuronal degeneration and IL6-dependent recruitment and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Both SWT and TLR3 stimulation enhanced neuronal sprouting and improved neuronal survival, even in human spinal cord cultures. We identified tlr3 as crucial enhancer of spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. Our findings indicate that TLR3 signaling is involved in neuroprotection and spinal cord repair and suggest that TLR3 stimulation via SWT could become a potent regenerative treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Graber
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and.,Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leo Pölzl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and.,Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Lobenwein
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and.,Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Regina Irschick
- Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Röhrs
- Institute of Molecular Biology/Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Serena Venezia
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Fritsch
- Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dirk Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Biology/Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Holfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Wilton DK, Stevens B. The contribution of glial cells to Huntington's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104963. [PMID: 32593752 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells play critical roles in the normal development and function of neural circuits, but in many neurodegenerative diseases, they become dysregulated and may contribute to the development of brain pathology. In Huntington's disease (HD), glial cells both lose normal functions and gain neuropathic phenotypes. In addition, cell-autonomous dysfunction elicited by mutant huntingtin (mHTT) expression in specific glial cell types is sufficient to induce both pathology and Huntington's disease-related impairments in motor and cognitive performance, suggesting that these cells may drive the development of certain aspects of Huntington's disease pathogenesis. In support of this imaging studies in pre-symptomatic HD patients and work on mouse models have suggested that glial cell dysfunction occurs at a very early stage of the disease, prior to the onset of motor and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, selectively ablating mHTT from specific glial cells or correcting for HD-induced changes in their transcriptional profile rescues some HD-related phenotypes, demonstrating the potential of targeting these cells for therapeutic intervention. Here we review emerging research focused on understanding the involvement of different glial cell types in specific aspects of HD pathogenesis. This work is providing new insight into how HD impacts biological functions of glial cells in the healthy brain as well as how HD induced dysfunction in these cells might change the way they integrate into biological circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Wilton
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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The Neuropathic Itch Caused by Pseudorabies Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040254. [PMID: 32244386 PMCID: PMC7238046 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). PRV is the causative agent of Aujeskzy’s disease in swine. PRV infects mucosal epithelium and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. While the natural host of PRV is the swine, a broad spectrum of mammals, including rodents, cats, dogs, and cattle can be infected. Since the nineteenth century, PRV infection is known to cause a severe acute neuropathy, the so called “mad itch” in non-natural hosts, but surprisingly not in swine. In the past, most scientific efforts have been directed to eradicating PRV from pig farms by the use of effective marker vaccines, but little attention has been given to the processes leading to the mad itch. The main objective of this review is to provide state-of-the-art information on the mechanisms governing PRV-induced neuropathic itch in non-natural hosts. We highlight similarities and key differences in the pathogenesis of PRV infections between non-natural hosts and pigs that might explain their distinctive clinical outcomes. Current knowledge on the neurobiology and possible explanations for the unstoppable itch experienced by PRV-infected animals is also reviewed. We summarize recent findings concerning PRV-induced neuroinflammatory responses in mice and address the relevance of this animal model to study other alphaherpesvirus-induced neuropathies, such as those observed for VZV infection.
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Wang P, Feng YB, Wang L, Li Y, Fan C, Song Q, Yu SY. Interleukin-6: Its role and mechanisms in rescuing depression-like behaviors in rat models of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:106-121. [PMID: 31394209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal injury within specific brain regions is considered a critical risk factor in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the underlying mechanisms of this process, and thus the potential for development of novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of depression, remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Il-6 protects against neuronal anomalies related with depression, in part, by suppressing oxidative stress and consequent autophagic and apoptotic hyperactivity. Specifically, we show that IL-6 is downregulated within the CA1 hippocampus in two animal models of depression and upregulated by antidepressants. Increasing levels of IL-6 in the CA1 region result in pleiotropic protective actions including reductions in oxidative stress and modulation of autophagy, anti-immuno-inflammatory activation and anti-apoptotic effects in CA1 neurons, all of which are associated with the rescue of depression-like behaviors. In contrast, IL-6 downregulation exacerbates neuronal anomalies within the CA1 region and facilitates the genesis of depression phenotypes in rats. Interestingly, in addition to attenuating oxidative damage, the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is also associated with significantly decreased neuronal deficits and the display of depressive behaviors in rats. These results suggest that IL-6 may exert neuroprotection within CA1 neurons via pleiotropic mechanisms and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Ya-Bo Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwuweiqi Road 423#, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Morphological Experimental Center, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Fan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Qiqi Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Shu Yan Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China.
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32
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Laval K, Van Cleemput J, Vernejoul JB, Enquist LW. Alphaherpesvirus infection of mice primes PNS neurons to an inflammatory state regulated by TLR2 and type I IFN signaling. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008087. [PMID: 31675371 PMCID: PMC6824567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus closely related to Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) and Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV1) infects mucosa epithelia and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host. We previously demonstrated that PRV infection induces a specific and lethal inflammatory response, contributing to severe neuropathy in mice. So far, the mechanisms that initiate this neuroinflammation remain unknown. Using a mouse footpad inoculation model, we found that PRV infection rapidly and simultaneously induces high G-CSF and IL-6 levels in several mouse tissues, including the footpad, PNS and central nervous system (CNS) tissues. Interestingly, this global increase occurred before PRV had replicated in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) neurons and also was independent of systemic inflammation. These high G-CSF and IL-6 levels were not caused by neutrophil infiltration in PRV infected tissues, as we did not detect any neutrophils. Efficient PRV replication and spread in the footpad was sufficient to activate DRGs to produce cytokines. Finally, by using knockout mice, we demonstrated that TLR2 and IFN type I play crucial roles in modulating the early neuroinflammatory response and clinical outcome of PRV infection in mice. Overall, these results give new insights into the initiation of virus-induced neuroinflammation during herpesvirus infections. Herpesviruses are major pathogens worldwide. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). The natural host is the pig, but PRV can infect most mammals. In these non-natural hosts, the virus causes a severe pruritus called the ‘mad itch’. Interestingly, PRV infects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and induces a specific and lethal inflammatory response in mice, yet little is know about how this neuroinflammatory response is initiated. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time how PNS neurons tightly regulate the inflammatory response during PRV infection and contribute to severe clinical outcome in mice. Our work provides new insights into the process of alphaherpesvirus-induced neuropathies, leading to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Vernejoul
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Wei X, Luo L, Chen J. Roles of mTOR Signaling in Tissue Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091075. [PMID: 31547370 PMCID: PMC6769890 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is a serine/threonine protein kinase and belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR interacts with other subunits to form two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 coordinates cell growth and metabolism in response to environmental input, including growth factors, amino acid, energy and stress. mTORC2 mainly controls cell survival and migration through phosphorylating glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), protein kinase B (Akt), and protein kinase C (PKC) kinase families. The dysregulation of mTOR is involved in human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy. Tissue damage caused by trauma, diseases or aging disrupt the tissue functions. Tissue regeneration after injuries is of significance for recovering the tissue homeostasis and functions. Mammals have very limited regenerative capacity in multiple tissues and organs, such as the heart and central nervous system (CNS). Thereby, understanding the mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration is crucial for tissue repair and regenerative medicine. mTOR is activated in multiple tissue injuries. In this review, we summarize the roles of mTOR signaling in tissue regeneration such as neurons, muscles, the liver and the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jinzi Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Ceci M, Mariano V, Romano N. Zebrafish as a translational regeneration model to study the activation of neural stem cells and role of their environment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:45-66. [PMID: 30067512 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The review is an overview of the current knowledge of neuronal regeneration properties in mammals and fish. The ability to regenerate the damaged parts of the nervous tissue has been demonstrated in all vertebrates. Notably, fish and amphibians have the highest capacity for neurogenesis, whereas reptiles and birds are able to only regenerate specific regions of the brain, while mammals have reduced capacity for neurogenesis. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising model of study because lesions in the brain or complete cross-section of the spinal cord are followed by an effective neuro-regeneration that successfully restores the motor function. In the brain and the spinal cord of zebrafish, stem cell activity is always able to re-activate the molecular programs required for central nervous system regeneration. In mammals, traumatic brain injuries are followed by reduced neurogenesis and poor axonal regeneration, often insufficient to functionally restore the nervous tissue, while spinal injuries are not repaired at all. The environment that surrounds the stem cell niche constituted by connective tissue and stimulating factors, including pro-inflammation molecules, seems to be a determinant in triggering stem cell proliferation and/or the trans-differentiation of connective elements (mainly fibroblasts). Investigating and comparing the neuronal regeneration in zebrafish and mammals may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind neurogenesis, and the failure of the regenerative response in mammals, first of all, the role of inflammation, considered the main inhibitor of the neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ceci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, largo dell'Università, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicla Romano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, largo dell'Università, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Pajer K, Bellák T, Redl H, Nógrádi A. Neuroectodermal Stem Cells Grafted into the Injured Spinal Cord Induce Both Axonal Regeneration and Morphological Restoration via Multiple Mechanisms. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2977-2990. [PMID: 31111776 PMCID: PMC6791485 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord contusion injury leads to severe loss of gray and white matter and subsequent deficit of motor and sensory functions below the lesion. In this study, we investigated whether application of murine clonal embryonic neuroectodermal stem cells can prevent the spinal cord secondary damage and induce functional recovery. Stem cells (NE-GFP-4C cell line) were grafted intraspinally or intravenously immediately or one week after thoracic spinal cord contusion injury. Control animals received cell culture medium or fibrin intraspinally one week after injury. Functional tests (Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan, CatWalk®) and detailed morphological analysis were performed to evaluate the effects of grafted cells. Stem cells applied either locally or intravenously induced significantly improved functional recovery compared with their controls. Morphologically, stem cell grafting prevented the formation of secondary injury and promoted sparing of the gray and white matters. The transplanted cells integrated into the host tissue and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In intraspinally grafted animals, the corticospinal tract axons regenerated along the ventral border of the cavity and have grown several millimeters, even beyond the caudal end of the lesion. The extent of regeneration and functional improvement was inversely related to the amounts of chondroitin sulphate and ephrin-B2 molecules around the cavity and to the microglial and astrocytic reactions in the injured segment early after injury. The grafts produced glial cell derived neurotrophic factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1a, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in a paracrine fashion for at least one week. Treating the grafted cords with neutralizing antibodies against these four factors through the use of osmotic pumps nearly completely abolished the effect of the graft. The non-significant functional improvement after function blocking is likely because the stem cell derivatives settled in the injured cord. These data suggest that grafted neuroectodermal stem cells are able to prevent the secondary spinal cord damage and induce significant regeneration via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Pajer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bellák
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
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Wang T, Li B, Wang Z, Wang X, Xia Z, Ning G, Wang X, Zhang Y, Cui L, Yu M, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Yuan W, Guo X, Yuan X, Feng S, Chen X. Sorafenib promotes sensory conduction function recovery via miR-142-3p/AC9/cAMP axis post dorsal column injury. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:347-357. [PMID: 30710569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in sensation dysfunction. This study explored miR-142-3p, which acts a critical role in sciatic nerve conditioning injury (SNCI) promoting the repair of the dorsal column injury and validated its function on primary sensory neuron(DRG). miR-142-3p expression increased greatly in the spinal cord dorsal column lesion (SDCL) group and increased slightly in the SNCI group. Subsequently, the expression of adenylate cyclase 9 (AC9), the target gene of miR-142-3p, declined sharply in the SDCL group and declined limitedly in the SNCI group. The expression trend of cAMP was opposite to that of miR-142-3p. MiR-142-3p inhibitor improved the axon length, upregulated the expression of AC9, cAMP, p-CREB, IL-6, and GAP43, and downregulated the expression of GTP-RhoA. miR-142-3p inhibitor combined with AC9 siRNA showed shorter axon length, the expression of AC9, cAMP, p-CREB, IL-6, and GAP43 was decreased, and the expression of GTP-RhoA was increased. H89 and AG490, inhibitors of cAMP/PKA pathway and IL6/STAT3/GAP43 axis, respectively, declined the enhanced axonal growth by miR-142-3p inhibitor and altered the expression level of the corresponding proteins. Thus, a substitution therapy using Sorafenib that downregulates the miR-142-3p expression for SNCI was investigated. The results showed the effect of Sorafenib was similar to that of miR-142-3p inhibitor and SNCI on both axon growth in vitro and sensory conduction function recovery in vivo. In conclusion, miR-142-3p acts a pivotal role in SNCI promoting the repair of dorsal column injury. Sorafenib mimics the treatment effect of SNCI via downregulation of miR-142-3p, subsequently, promoting sensory conduction function recovery post dorsal column injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 981st Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, 067000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Ziwei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, PR China
| | - Libin Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, PR China
| | - Mei Yu
- Leukemia Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Institute of Hematology & Hospital of Blood Diseases, Tianjin, 30020, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 981st Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, 067000, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Wenqi Yuan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, Ningxia, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Neurology, The 981st Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, 067000, Hebei Province, PR China.
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Xueming Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, PR China.
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Scheld M, Fragoulis A, Nyamoya S, Zendedel A, Denecke B, Krauspe B, Teske N, Kipp M, Beyer C, Clarner T. Mitochondrial Impairment in Oligodendroglial Cells Induces Cytokine Expression and Signaling. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:265-275. [PMID: 30547416 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Widespread inflammatory lesions within the central nervous system grey and white matter are major hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. The development of full-blown demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions might be preceded by preactive lesions which are characterized by focal microglia activation in close spatial relation to apoptotic oligodendrocytes. In this study, we investigated the expression of signaling molecules of oligodendrocytes that might be involved in initial microglia activation during preactive lesion formation. Sodium azide was used to trigger mitochondrial impairment and cellular stress in oligodendroglial cells in vitro. Among various chemokines and cytokines, IL6 was identified as a possible oligodendroglial cell-derived signaling molecule in response to cellular stress. Relevance of this finding for lesion development was further explored in the cuprizone model by applying short-term cuprizone feeding (2-4 days) on male C57BL/6 mice and subsequent analysis of gene expression, in situ hybridization and histology. Additionally, we analyzed the possible signaling of stressed oligodendroglial cells in vitro as well as in the cuprizone mouse model. In vitro, conditioned medium of stressed oligodendroglial cells triggered the activation of microglia cells. In cuprizone-fed animals, IL6 expression in oligodendrocytes was found in close vicinity of activated microglia cells. Taken together, our data support the view that stressed oligodendrocytes have the potential to activate microglia cells through a specific cocktail of chemokines and cytokines among IL6. Further studies will have to identify the temporal activation pattern of these signaling molecules, their cellular sources, and impact on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Scheld
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Athanassios Fragoulis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stella Nyamoya
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- IZKF Genomics Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara Krauspe
- Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nico Teske
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Virulent Pseudorabies Virus Infection Induces a Specific and Lethal Systemic Inflammatory Response in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01614-18. [PMID: 30258005 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01614-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The natural host of PRV is the swine, but it can infect most mammals, including cattle, rodents, and dogs. In these nonnatural hosts, PRV always causes a severe acute and lethal neuropathy called the "mad itch," which is uncommon in swine. Thus far, the pathophysiological and immunological processes leading to the development of the neuropathic itch and the death of the animal are unclear. Using a footpad inoculation model, we established that mice inoculated with PRV-Becker (virulent strain) develop a severe pruritus in the foot and become moribund at 82 h postinoculation (hpi). We found necrosis and inflammation with a massive neutrophil infiltration only in the footpad and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) by hematoxylin and eosin staining. PRV load was detected in the foot, PNS, and central nervous system tissues by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Infected mice had elevated plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) and chemokines (Gro-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1). Significant IL-6 and G-CSF levels were detected in several tissues at 82 hpi. High plasma levels of C-reactive protein confirmed the acute inflammatory response to PRV-Becker infection. Moreover, mice inoculated with PRV-Bartha (attenuated, live vaccine strain) did not develop pruritus at 82 hpi. PRV-Bartha also replicated in the PNS, and the infection spread further in the brain than PRV-Becker. PRV-Bartha infection did not induce the specific and lethal systemic inflammatory response seen with PRV-Becker. Overall, we demonstrated the importance of inflammation in the clinical outcome of PRV infection in mice and provide new insights into the process of PRV-induced neuroinflammation.IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to human pathogens such as herpes simplex virus 1 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The natural host of PRV is the swine, but it can infect most mammals. In susceptible animals other than pigs, PRV infection always causes a characteristic lethal pruritus known as the "mad itch." The role of the immune response in the clinical outcome of PRV infection is still poorly understood. Here, we show that a systemic host inflammatory response is responsible for the severe pruritus and acute death of mice infected with virulent PRV-Becker but not mice infected with attenuated strain PRV-Bartha. In addition, we identified IL-6 and G-CSF as two main cytokines that play crucial roles in the regulation of this process. Our findings give new insights into neuroinflammatory diseases and strengthen further the similarities between VZV and PRV infections at the level of innate immunity.
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Schepanski S, Buss C, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Arck PC. Prenatal Immune and Endocrine Modulators of Offspring's Brain Development and Cognitive Functions Later in Life. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2186. [PMID: 30319639 PMCID: PMC6168638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milestones of brain development in mammals are completed before birth, which provide the prerequisite for cognitive and intellectual performances of the offspring. Prenatal challenges, such as maternal stress experience or infections, have been linked to impaired cognitive development, poor intellectual performances as well as neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in the offspring later in life. Fetal microglial cells may be the target of such challenges and could be functionally modified by maternal markers. Maternal markers can cross the placenta and reach the fetus, a phenomenon commonly referred to as “vertical transfer.” These maternal markers include hormones, such as glucocorticoids, and also maternal immune cells and cytokines, all of which can be altered in response to prenatal challenges. Whilst it is difficult to discriminate between the maternal or fetal origin of glucocorticoids and cytokines in the offspring, immune cells of maternal origin—although low in frequency—can be clearly set apart from offspring's cells in the fetal and adult brain. To date, insights into the functional role of these cells are limited, but it is emergingly recognized that these maternal microchimeric cells may affect fetal brain development, as well as post-natal cognitive performances and behavior. Moreover, the inheritance of vertically transferred cells across generations has been proposed, yielding to the presence of a microchiome in individuals. Hence, it will be one of the scientific challenges in the field of neuroimmunology to identify the functional role of maternal microchimeric cells as well as the brain microchiome. Maternal microchimeric cells, along with hormones and cytokines, may induce epigenetic changes in the fetal brain. Recent data underpin that brain development in response to prenatal stress challenges can be altered across several generations, independent of a genetic predisposition, supporting an epigenetic inheritance. We here discuss how fetal brain development and offspring's cognitive functions later in life is modulated in the turnstile of prenatal challenges by introducing novel and recently emerging pathway, involving maternal hormones and immune markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schepanski
- Laboratory of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Buss
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra C Arck
- Laboratory of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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40
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Zhou H, Shi Z, Kang Y, Wang Y, Lu L, Pan B, Liu J, Li X, Liu L, Wei Z, Kong X, Feng S. Investigation of candidate long noncoding RNAs and messenger RNAs in the immediate phase of spinal cord injury based on gene expression profiles. Gene 2018; 661:119-125. [PMID: 29580899 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious devastating condition and it has a high mortality rate and morbidity rate. The early pathological changes in the immediate phase of SCI may play a major part in the development of secondary injury. Alterations in the expression of many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play fundamental roles in the diseases of the central nervous system. However, the roles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the immediate phase of SCI are not clear. We examined the expression of mRNAs and lncRNAs in a rat model at 2 h after SCI and identified the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) using microarray analysis. 772 DE lncRNAs and 992 DE mRNAs were identified in spinal cord samples in the immediate phase following SCI compared with control samples. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) term annotation results showed that CXCR chemokine receptor binding, neutrophil apoptotic process, neutrophil migration, neutrophil extravasation, macrophage differentiation, monocyte chemotaxis and cellular response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) were the main significantly enriched GO terms. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in toll-like receptor signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. IL6, MBOAT4, FOS, TNF, JUN, STAT3, CSF2, MYC, CCL2 and FGF2 were the top 10 high-degree hub nodes and may be important targets in the immediate phase of SCI. The current study on provides novel insights into how lncRNAs and mRNAs regulate the pathogenesis of the immediate phase after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhongju Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xueying Li
- Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- 221 Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
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41
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Brick RM, Sun AX, Tuan RS. Neurotrophically Induced Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Enhance Neuritogenesis via Neurotrophin and Cytokine Production. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 7:45-58. [PMID: 29215199 PMCID: PMC5746147 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to produce a number of bioactive factors, including neurotrophic growth factors, capable of supporting and improving nerve regeneration. However, with a finite culture expansion capacity, MSCs are inherently limited in their lifespan and use. We examined here the potential utility of an alternative, mesenchymal‐like cell source, derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, termed induced mesenchymal progenitor cells (MiMPCs). We found that several genes were upregulated and proteins were produced in MiMPCs that matched those previously reported for MSCs. Like MSCs, the MiMPCs secreted various neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors, including brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), osteopontin, and osteonectin, and promoted neurite outgrowth in chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures compared with control cultures. Cotreatment with a pharmacological Trk‐receptor inhibitor did not result in significant decrease in MiMPC‐induced neurite outgrowth, which was however inhibited upon Jak/STAT3 blockade. These findings suggest that the MiMPC induction of DRG neurite outgrowth is unlikely to be solely dependent on BDNF, but instead Jak/STAT3 activation by IL‐6 and/or LIF is likely to be critical neurotrophic signaling pathways of the MiMPC secretome. Taken together, these findings suggest MiMPCs as a renewable, candidate source of therapeutic cells and a potential alternative to MSCs for peripheral nerve repair, in view of their ability to promote nerve growth by producing many of the same growth factors and cytokines as Schwann cells and signaling through critical neurotrophic pathways. stemcellstranslational Medicine2018;7:45–58
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Brick
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron X Sun
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Heo JH, Yoon JA, Ahn EK, Kim H, Urm SH, Oak CO, Yu BC, Lee SJ. Intraperitoneal administration of adipose tissue-derived stem cells for the rescue of retinal degeneration in a mouse model via indigenous CNTF up-regulation by IL-6. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1370-e1382. [PMID: 28715614 DOI: 10.1002/term.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the world's population begins to age, retinal degeneration is an increasing problem, and various treatment modalities are being developed. However, there have been no therapies for degenerative retinal conditions that are not characterized by neovascularization. We investigated whether transplantation of mouse adipose tissue-derived stem cells (mADSC) into the intraperitoneal space has a rescue effect on NaIO3 -induced retinal degeneration in mice. In this study, mADSC transplantation recovered visual function and preserved the retinal outer layer structure compared to the control group without any integration of mADSC into the retina. Moreover, endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was elevated in the retinas of mADSC-treated mice. We found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS-stimulated monocyte supernatant induced the secretion of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), CD54, CXCL10, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CCL5 from the mADSC by cytokine array. Network inference was conducted to investigate signaling networks related to CNTF regulation. Based on bioinformatics data, the expression of IL-6 was related to the expression of CNTF. Additionally, intravitreal injection of IL-6 in rats produced up-regulation of endogenous CNTF in the retina. mADSC had a rescue effect on retinal degeneration through the up-regulation of endogenous CNTF by IL-6. Thus, transplantation of mADSC could be a potential treatment option for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Heo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea.,Institute for Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Jung Ae Yoon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Dong Ju College, Pusan, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Ahn
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Sang Hwa Urm
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Pusan, Korea
| | - Chul Oh Oak
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Byeng Chul Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Institute for Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
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Heese K. Functional repertoire of interleukin-6 in the central nervous system – a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:693-701. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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44
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Grønhøj MH, Clausen BH, Fenger CD, Lambertsen KL, Finsen B. Beneficial potential of intravenously administered IL-6 in improving outcome after murine experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:296-311. [PMID: 28587928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with neuroprotective properties. Still, the therapeutic potential of IL-6 after experimental stroke has not yet been investigated in a clinically relevant way. Here, we investigated the therapeutic use of intravenously administered IL-6 and the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) alone or in combination, early after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) in mice. IL-6 did not affect the infarct volume in C57BL/6 mice, at neither 24 nor 72h after pMCAo but reduced the infarct volume in IL-6 knockout mice at 24h after pMCAo. Assessment of post-stroke behavior showed an improved grip strength after a single IL-6 injection and also improved rotarod endurance after two injections, in C57BL/6 mice at 24h. An improved grip strength and a better preservation of sensory functions was also observed in IL-6 treated IL-6 knockout mice 24h after pMCAo. Co-administration of IL-6 and sIL-6R increased the infarct volume, the number of infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and impaired the rotarod endurance of C57BL/6 mice 24h after pMCAo. IL-6 administration to naïve C57BL/6 mice lead after 45min to increased plasma-levels of CXCL1 and IL-10, whereas IL-6 administration to C57BL/6 mice lead to a reduction in the ischemia-induced increase in IL-6 and CXCL1 at both mRNA and protein level in brain, and of IL-6 and CXCL1 in serum. We also investigated the expression of IL-6 and IL-6R after pMCAo and found that cortical neurons upregulated IL-6 mRNA and protein, and upregulated IL-6R after pMCAo. In conclusion, the results show a complex but potentially beneficial effect of intravenously administered IL-6 in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Hjortdal Grønhøj
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Christina Dühring Fenger
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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45
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Holahan MR. A Shift from a Pivotal to Supporting Role for the Growth-Associated Protein (GAP-43) in the Coordination of Axonal Structural and Functional Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:266. [PMID: 28912688 PMCID: PMC5583208 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a number of animal species, the growth-associated protein (GAP), GAP-43 (aka: F1, neuromodulin, B-50, G50, pp46), has been implicated in the regulation of presynaptic vesicular function and axonal growth and plasticity via its own biochemical properties and interactions with a number of other presynaptic proteins. Changes in the expression of GAP-43 mRNA or distribution of the protein coincide with axonal outgrowth as a consequence of neuronal damage and presynaptic rearrangement that would occur following instances of elevated patterned neural activity including memory formation and development. While functional enhancement in GAP-43 mRNA and/or protein activity has historically been hypothesized as a central mediator of axonal neuroplastic and regenerative responses in the central nervous system, it does not appear to be the crucial substrate sufficient for driving these responses. This review explores the historical discovery of GAP-43 (and associated monikers), its transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation and current understanding of protein interactions and regulation with respect to its role in axonal function. While GAP-43 itself appears to have moved from a pivotal to a supporting factor, there is no doubt that investigations into its functions have provided a clearer understanding of the biochemical underpinnings of axonal plasticity.
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Niemi JP, Filous AR, DeFrancesco A, Lindborg JA, Malhotra NA, Wilson GN, Zhou B, Crish SD, Zigmond RE. Injury-induced gp130 cytokine signaling in peripheral ganglia is reduced in diabetes mellitus. Exp Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28645526 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathy is a major diabetic complication. While the mechanism of this neuropathy is not well understood, it is believed to result in part from deficient nerve regeneration. Work from our laboratory established that gp130 family of cytokines are induced in animals after axonal injury and are involved in the induction of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and in the conditioning lesion response. Here, we examine whether a reduction of cytokine signaling occurs in diabetes. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to destroy pancreatic β cells, leading to chronic hyperglycemia. Mice were injected with either low doses of STZ (5×60mg/kg) or a single high dose (1×200mg/kg) and examined after three or one month, respectively. Both low and high dose STZ treatment resulted in sustained hyperglycemia and functional deficits associated with the presence of both sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Diabetic mice displayed significantly reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density and sudomotor function. Furthermore, low and high dose diabetic mice showed significantly reduced tactile touch sensation measured with Von Frey monofilaments. To look at the regenerative and injury-induced responses in diabetic mice, neurons in both superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and the 4th and 5th lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were unilaterally axotomized. Both high and low dose diabetic mice displayed significantly less axonal regeneration in the sciatic nerve, when measured in vivo, 48h after crush injury. Significantly reduced induction of two gp130 cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6, occurred in diabetic animals in SCG 6h after injury compared to controls. Injury-induced expression of interleukin-6 was also found to be significantly reduced in the DRG at 6h after injury in low and high dose diabetic mice. These effects were accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a downstream effector of the gp130 signaling pathway. We also found decreased induction of several gp130-dependent RAGs, including galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Together, these data suggest a novel mechanism for the decreased response of diabetic sympathetic and sensory neurons to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon P Niemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Angela R Filous
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alicia DeFrancesco
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jane A Lindborg
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nisha A Malhotra
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gina N Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samuel D Crish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Richard E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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"mTOR Signaling Pathway": A Potential Target of Curcumin in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1634801. [PMID: 28691015 PMCID: PMC5485291 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1634801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss the possibility of the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) with curcumin via regulating the mTOR signaling pathway, which may provide another strong support for curcumin to be a promising medicine applied to the treatment of SCI. Curcumin is termed as a multifunctional targeting therapy drug that regulates the mTOR signaling pathway in the treatment of numerous diseases. Previous research has already revealed that mTOR signaling pathway plays a vital role in prognosis, which involves the axon regeneration and autophagy. This review discusses a potential mechanism that curcumin suppresses the activation of this pathway and ameliorates the microenvironment of axons regeneration which would provide a new way that induces autophagy appropriately.
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48
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Interleukin-6-Mediated Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Neural Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3513-3522. [PMID: 28509081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an aging society with an increasing threat to higher brain cognitive functions due to dementia, it becomes imperative to identify new molecular remedies for supporting adult neurogenesis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a promising cytokine that can support neurogenesis under conditions of neurodegeneration, and neuron replacement is eventually possible due to its agonistic acting soluble receptor sIL-6R. Here, we report that activation of the IL-6-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) axis is neurogenic and has potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD).
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49
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Transformation of Astrocytes to a Neuroprotective Phenotype by Microglia via P2Y 1 Receptor Downregulation. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1151-1164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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50
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O'Donovan KJ. Intrinsic Axonal Growth and the Drive for Regeneration. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:486. [PMID: 27833527 PMCID: PMC5081384 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following damage to the adult nervous system in conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury, many neurons die and most of the remaining spared neurons fail to regenerate. Injured neurons fail to regrow both because of the inhibitory milieu in which they reside as well as a loss of the intrinsic growth capacity of the neurons. If we are to develop effective therapeutic interventions that promote functional recovery for the devastating injuries described above, we must not only better understand the molecular mechanisms of developmental axonal growth in hopes of re-activating these pathways in the adult, but at the same time be aware that re-activation of adult axonal growth may proceed via distinct mechanisms. With this knowledge in hand, promoting adult regeneration of central nervous system neurons can become a more tractable and realistic therapeutic endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J O'Donovan
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy West Point, NY, USA
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