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Aghajani Mir M. Illuminating the pathogenic role of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory networks. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105613. [PMID: 38844190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 triggered a significant economic and health crisis worldwide, with heterogeneous molecular mechanisms that contribute to its development are not yet fully understood. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapy, it continues to rank among the top three global causes of mortality due to infectious illnesses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), being integral components across nearly all biological processes, demonstrate effective importance in viral pathogenesis. Regarding viral infections, ncRNAs have demonstrated their ability to modulate host reactions, viral replication, and host-pathogen interactions. However, the complex interactions of different types of ncRNAs in the progression of COVID-19 remains understudied. In recent years, a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation known as "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" has been proposed. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and viral ncRNAs function as ceRNAs, influencing the expression of associated genes by sequestering shared microRNAs. Recent research on SARS-CoV-2 has revealed that disruptions in specific ceRNA regulatory networks (ceRNETs) contribute to the abnormal expression of key infection-related genes and the establishment of distinctive infection characteristics. These findings present new opportunities to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This progress paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of ceRNETs, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms involved. Further exploration of these mechanisms holds promise for enhancing our ability to prevent viral infections and develop effective antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Aghajani Mir
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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2
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Tang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Long T, Yee Mok BW, Huang Y, Peng Z, Jia Q, Liu C, So PK, Pui-Kam Tse S, Hei Ng C, Liu S, Sun F, Tang S, Yao ZP, Chen H, Guo Y. Identifications of novel host cell factors that interact with the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107390. [PMID: 38777146 PMCID: PMC11237930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is facilitated by the interaction between the receptor-binding domain of its spike protein (CoV2-RBD) and host cell receptor, ACE2, promoting viral membrane fusion. The virus also uses endocytic pathways for entry, but the mediating host factors remain largely unknown. It is also unknown whether mutations in the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 variants promote interactions with additional host factors to promote viral entry. Here, we used the GST pull-down approach to identify novel surface-located host factors that bind to CoV2-RBD. One of these factors, SH3BP4, regulates internalization of CoV2-RBD in an ACE2-independent but integrin- and clathrin-dependent manner and mediates SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry, suggesting that SH3BP4 promotes viral entry via the endocytic route. Many of the identified factors, including SH3BP4, ADAM9, and TMEM2, show stronger affinity to CoV2-RBD than to RBD of the less infective SARS-CoV, suggesting SARS-CoV-2-specific utilization. We also found factors preferentially binding to the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, potentially enhancing its entry. These data identify the repertoire of host cell surface factors that function in the events leading to the entry of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Metabolic Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China; Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Teng Long
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bobo Wing Yee Mok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziqing Peng
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qinyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pui-Kin So
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sirius Pui-Kam Tse
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Hei Ng
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Thrust of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shaojun Tang
- Thrust of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yusong Guo
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Behboudi E, Nooreddin Faraji S, Daryabor G, Mohammad Ali Hashemi S, Asadi M, Edalat F, Javad Raee M, Hatam G. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of cell tropism in various organs considering host factors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26577. [PMID: 38420467 PMCID: PMC10901034 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A critical step in the drug design for SARS-CoV-2 is to discover its molecular targets. This study comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, exploring host cell tropism and interaction targets crucial for cell entry. The findings revealed that beyond ACE2 as the primary entry receptor, alternative receptors, co-receptors, and several proteases such as TMPRSS2, Furin, Cathepsin L, and ADAM play critical roles in virus entry and subsequent pathogenesis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 displays tropism in various human organs due to its diverse receptors. This review delves into the intricate details of receptors, host proteases, and the involvement of each organ. Polymorphisms in the ACE2 receptor and mutations in the spike or its RBD region contribute to the emergence of variants like Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, impacting the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The challenge posed by mutations raises questions about the effectiveness of existing vaccines and drugs, necessitating consideration for updates in their formulations. In the urgency of these critical situations, repurposed drugs such as Camostat Mesylate and Nafamostat Mesylate emerge as viable pharmaceutical options. Numerous drugs are involved in inhibiting receptors and host factors crucial for SARS-CoV-2 entry, with most discussed in this review. In conclusion, this study may provide valuable insights to inform decisions in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Behboudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Seyed Nooreddin Faraji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Daryabor
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Asadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fahime Edalat
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Raee
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Dong M, Galvan Achi JM, Du R, Rong L, Cui Q. Development of SARS-CoV-2 entry antivirals. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100144. [PMID: 38323318 PMCID: PMC10844678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The global outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatened human health and public safety. The development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies have been essential to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Particularly, antivirals targeting viral entry have become an attractive target for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies. In this review, we elucidate the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and summarize the development of antiviral inhibitors targeting viral entry. Moreover, we speculate upon future directions toward more potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. This study is expected to provide novel insights for the efficient discovery of promising candidate drugs against the entry of SARS-CoV-2, and contribute to the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyue Dong
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Jazmin M. Galvan Achi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, USA
| | - Ruikun Du
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, 266122, China
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, USA
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, 266122, China
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5
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Cai Z, Bai H, Ren D, Xue B, Liu Y, Gong T, Zhang X, Zhang P, Zhu J, Shi B, Zhang C. Integrin αvβ1 facilitates ACE2-mediated entry of SARS-CoV-2. Virus Res 2024; 339:199251. [PMID: 37884208 PMCID: PMC10651773 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Integrins have been suggested to be involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate how integrins facilitate the ACE2-mediated cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. We first tested the susceptibility of a panel of human cell lines to SARS-CoV-2 infection using the spike protein pseudotyped virus assay and examined the expression levels of integrins in these cell lines by qPCR, western blot and flow cytometry. We found that integrin αvβ1 was highly enriched in the SARS-CoV-2 susceptible cell lines. Additional studies demonstrated that RGD (403-405)→AAA mutant was defective in binding to integrin αvβ1 compared to its wild type counterpart, and anti-αvβ1 integrin antibodies significantly inhibited the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cells. Further studies using mouse NIH3T3 cells expressing human ACE2, integrin αv, integrin β1, and/or integrin αvβ1 suggest that integrin αvβ1 was unable to function as an independent receptor but could significantly facilitate the cellular entry of SASR-CoV-2. Finally, we observed that the Omicron exhibited a significant increase in the ACE2-mediated viral entry. Our findings may enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and offer potential therapeutic target for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqiong Cai
- The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Building 21, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Han Bai
- The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Building 21, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Doudou Ren
- The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Building 21, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Biyun Xue
- The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Building 21, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tian Gong
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junsheng Zhu
- The MED-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Building 21, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Binyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of Medical Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang 330006, China.
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6
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Nguyen HTT, Watson AJ, Lao Q, Li A, Zhu J. Integrin α 5β 1 contributes to cell fusion and inflammation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike via RGD-independent interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311913120. [PMID: 38060559 PMCID: PMC10723138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311913120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus infects host cells by engaging its spike (S) protein with human ACE2 receptor. Recent studies suggest the involvement of integrins in SARS-CoV-2 infection through interaction with the S protein, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. This study investigated the role of integrin α5β1, which recognizes the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif in its physiological ligands, in S-mediated virus entry and cell-cell fusion. Our results showed that α5β1 does not directly contribute to S-mediated cell entry, but it enhances S-mediated cell-cell fusion in collaboration with ACE2. This effect cannot be inhibited by the putative α5β1 inhibitor ATN-161 or the high-affinity RGD-mimetic inhibitor MK-0429 but requires the participation of α5 cytoplasmic tail (CT). We detected a direct interaction between α5β1 and the S protein, but this interaction does not rely on the RGD-containing receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the S protein. Instead, it involves the S2 subunit of the S protein and α5β1 homo-oligomerization. Furthermore, we found that the S protein induces inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells, characterized by NF-κB activation, gasdermin D cleavage, and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. These effects can be attenuated by the loss of α5 expression or inhibition of the α5 CT binding protein phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D), suggesting the involvement of α5 CT and PDE4D pathway. These findings provide molecular insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 mediated by a nonclassical RGD-independent ligand-binding and signaling function of integrin α5β1 and suggest potential targets for antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Zhengli Wang
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Huong T. T. Nguyen
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Abigail J. Watson
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Qifang Lao
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - An Li
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Jieqing Zhu
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI53226
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
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7
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Silva RS, Souza LMP, Costa RKM, Souza FR, Pimentel AS. Absolute binding free energies of the antiviral peptide ATN-161 with protein targets of SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10546-10557. [PMID: 36476274 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2154848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the antiviral pentapeptide ATN-161 with the closed and open conformations of the α5β1 integrin, the SARS-CoV-2 major protease, and the omicron variant spike protein complexed with hACE2 were studied using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Molecular docking was performed to obtain ATN-161 binding poses with these studied protein targets. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to verify the ligand stability at the binding site of each protein target. Pulling simulations, umbrella sampling, and weighted histogram analysis method were used to obtain the potential of mean force of each system and calculate the Gibbs free energy of binding for the ATN-161 peptide in each binding site of these protein targets. The results showed that ATN-161 binds to α5β1 integrin in its active and inactive form, binds weakly to the omicron variant spike protein complexed with hACE2, and strongly binds to the main protease target.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudielson Santos Silva
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe Rodrigues Souza
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Silva Pimentel
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bodakuntla S, Kuhn CC, Biertümpfel C, Mizuno N. Cryo-electron microscopy in the fight against COVID-19-mechanism of virus entry. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1252529. [PMID: 37867557 PMCID: PMC10587472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1252529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and electron tomography (cryo-ET) have become a critical tool for studying viral particles. Cryo-EM has enhanced our understanding of viral assembly and replication processes at a molecular resolution. Meanwhile, in situ cryo-ET has been used to investigate how viruses attach to and invade host cells. These advances have significantly contributed to our knowledge of viral biology. Particularly, prompt elucidations of structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its variants have directly impacted the development of vaccines and therapeutic measures. This review discusses the progress made by cryo-EM based technologies in comprehending the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2), the virus responsible for the devastating global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 with focus on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the mechanisms of the virus entry and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Cyrus Kuhn
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christian Biertümpfel
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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9
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Li S, Sampson C, Liu C, Piao HL, Liu HX. Integrin signaling in cancer: bidirectional mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:266. [PMID: 37770930 PMCID: PMC10537162 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that possess distinct ligand-binding specificities in the extracellular domain and signaling properties in the cytoplasmic domain. While most integrins have a short cytoplasmic tail, integrin β4 has a long cytoplasmic tail that can indirectly interact with the actin cytoskeleton. Additionally, 'inside-out' signals can induce integrins to adopt a high-affinity extended conformation for their appropriate ligands. These properties enable integrins to transmit bidirectional cellular signals, making it a critical regulator of various biological processes.Integrin expression and function are tightly linked to various aspects of tumor progression, including initiation, angiogenesis, cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. Certain integrins have been shown to drive tumorigenesis or amplify oncogenic signals by interacting with corresponding receptors, while others have marginal or even suppressive effects. Additionally, different α/β subtypes of integrins can exhibit opposite effects. Integrin-mediated signaling pathways including Ras- and Rho-GTPase, TGFβ, Hippo, Wnt, Notch, and sonic hedgehog (Shh) are involved in various stages of tumorigenesis. Therefore, understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms and molecular specificities of integrins are crucial to delaying cancer progression and suppressing tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the development of integrin-based therapeutics for cancer are of great importance.This review provides an overview of integrin-dependent bidirectional signaling mechanisms in cancer that can either support or oppose tumorigenesis by interacting with various signaling pathways. Finally, we focus on the future opportunities for emergent therapeutics based on integrin agonists. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chibuzo Sampson
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Hong-Xu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
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Serra M, Rubes D, Schinelli S, Paolillo M. Small Molecules against Metastatic Tumors: Concrete Perspectives and Shattered Dreams. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4173. [PMID: 37627201 PMCID: PMC10453213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of anti-cancer therapy failure, leading to unfavorable prognosis for patients. The true challenge to increase cancer patient life expectancy by making cancer a chronic disease with periodic but manageable relapses relies on the development of efficient therapeutic strategies specifically directed against key targets in the metastatic process. Traditional chemotherapy with classical alkylating agents, microtubule inhibitors, and antimetabolites has demonstrated its limited efficacy against metastatic cells due to their capacity to select chemo-resistant cell populations that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus promoting the colonization of distant sites that, in turn, sustain the initial metastatic process. This scenario has prompted efforts aimed at discovering a wide variety of small molecules and biologics as potential anti-metastatic drugs directed against more specific targets known to be involved in the various stages of metastasis. In this short review, we give an overview of the most recent advances related to important families of antimetastatic small molecules: intracellular tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, KRAS inhibitors, and integrin antagonists. Although the majority of these small molecules are not yet approved and not available in the drug market, any information related to their stage of development could represent a precious and valuable tool to identify new targets in the endless fight against metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.R.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
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11
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Xia X. Identification of host receptors for viral entry and beyond: a perspective from the spike of SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188249. [PMID: 37560522 PMCID: PMC10407229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the interaction between the host membrane receptor and viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) represents a crucial step for understanding viral pathophysiology and for developing drugs against pathogenic viruses. While all membrane receptors and carbohydrate chains could potentially be used as receptors for viruses, prioritized searches focus typically on membrane receptors that are known to have been used by the relatives of the pathogenic virus, e.g., ACE2 used as a receptor for SARS-CoV is a prioritized candidate receptor for SARS-CoV-2. An ideal receptor protein from a viral perspective is one that is highly expressed in epithelial cell surface of mammalian respiratory or digestive tracts, strongly conserved in evolution so many mammalian species can serve as potential hosts, and functionally important so that its expression cannot be readily downregulated by the host in response to the infection. Experimental confirmation of host receptors includes (1) infection studies with cell cultures/tissues/organs with or without candidate receptor expression, (2) experimental determination of protein structure of the complex between the putative viral RDB and the candidate host receptor, and (3) experiments with mutant candidate receptor or homologues of the candidate receptor in other species. Successful identification of the host receptor opens the door for mechanism-based development of candidate drugs and vaccines and facilitates the inference of what other animal species are vulnerable to the viral pathogen. I illustrate these approaches with research on identification of the receptor and co-factors for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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12
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Chen C, Wang J, Liu YM, Hu J. Single-cell analysis of adult human heart across healthy and cardiovascular disease patients reveals the cellular landscape underlying SARS-CoV-2 invasion of myocardial tissue through ACE2. J Transl Med 2023; 21:358. [PMID: 37259108 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of ACE2 and accessory proteases (ANAD17 and CTSL) in cardiovascular tissue and the host cell receptor binding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are crucial to understanding the virus's cell invasion, which may play a significant role in determining the viral tropism and its clinical manifestations. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the cell type-specific expression of ACE2, ADAM17, and CTSL in myocardial tissue from 10 patients using RNA sequencing. Our study included a meta-analysis of 2 heart single-cell RNA-sequencing studies with a total of 90,024 cells from 250 heart samples of 10 individuals. We used co-expression analysis to locate specific cell types that SARS-CoV-2 may invade. RESULTS Our results revealed cell-type specific associations between male gender and the expression levels of ACE2, ADAM17, and CTSL, including pericytes and fibroblasts. AGT, CALM3, PCSK5, NRP1, and LMAN were identified as potential accessory proteases that might facilitate viral invasion. Enrichment analysis highlighted the extracellular matrix interaction pathway, adherent plaque pathway, vascular smooth muscle contraction inflammatory response, and oxidative stress as potential immune pathways involved in viral infection, providing potential molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. We also found specific high expression of IFITM3 and AGT in pericytes and differences in the IFN-II signaling pathway and PAR signaling pathway in fibroblasts from different cardiovascular comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated possible high-risk groups for COVID-19 and provided emerging avenues for future investigations of its pathogenesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION (Not applicable).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
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13
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Coelho F, Saidjalolov S, Moreau D, Thorn-Seshold O, Matile S. Inhibition of Cell Motility by Cell-Penetrating Dynamic Covalent Cascade Exchangers: Integrins Participate in Thiol-Mediated Uptake. JACS AU 2023; 3:1010-1016. [PMID: 37124287 PMCID: PMC10131202 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface proteins responsible for cell motility. Inspired by the rich disulfide exchange chemistry of integrins, we show here the inhibition of cell migration by cascade exchangers (CAXs), which also enable and inhibit cell penetration by thiol-mediated uptake. Fast-moving CAXs such as reversible Michael acceptor dimers, dithiabismepanes, and bioinspired epidithiodiketopiperazines are best, much better than Ellman's reagent. The implication that integrins participate in thiol-mediated uptake is confirmed by reduced uptake in integrin-knockdown cells. Although thiol-mediated uptake is increasingly emerging as a unifying pathway to bring matter into cells, its molecular basis is essentially unknown. These results identify the integrin superfamily as experimentally validated general cellular partners in the dynamic covalent exchange cascades that are likely to account for thiol-mediated uptake. The patterns identified testify to the complexity of the dynamic covalent networks involved. This work also provides chemistry tools to explore cell motility and expands the drug discovery potential of CAXs from antiviral toward antithrombotic and antitumor perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Coelho
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Dimitri Moreau
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University
of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Ma X, Liang J, Zhu G, Bhoria P, Shoara AA, MacKeigan DT, Khoury CJ, Slavkovic S, Lin L, Karakas D, Chen Z, Prifti V, Liu Z, Shen C, Li Y, Zhang C, Dou J, Rousseau Z, Zhang J, Ni T, Lei X, Chen P, Wu X, Shaykhalishahi H, Mubareka S, Connelly KA, Zhang H, Rotstein O, Ni H. SARS-CoV-2 RBD and Its Variants Can Induce Platelet Activation and Clearance: Implications for Antibody Therapy and Vaccinations against COVID-19. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0124. [PMID: 37223472 PMCID: PMC10202384 DOI: 10.34133/research.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus is an ongoing global health burden. Severe cases of COVID-19 and the rare cases of COVID-19 vaccine-induced-thrombotic-thrombocytopenia (VITT) are both associated with thrombosis and thrombocytopenia; however, the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Both infection and vaccination utilize the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. We found that intravenous injection of recombinant RBD caused significant platelet clearance in mice. Further investigation revealed the RBD could bind platelets, cause platelet activation, and potentiate platelet aggregation, which was exacerbated in the Delta and Kappa variants. The RBD-platelet interaction was partially dependent on the β3 integrin as binding was significantly reduced in β3-/- mice. Furthermore, RBD binding to human and mouse platelets was significantly reduced with related αIIbβ3 antagonists and mutation of the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) integrin binding motif to RGE (arginine-glycine-glutamate). We developed anti-RBD polyclonal and several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and identified 4F2 and 4H12 for their potent dual inhibition of RBD-induced platelet activation, aggregation, and clearance in vivo, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in Vero E6 cells. Our data show that the RBD can bind platelets partially though αIIbβ3 and induce platelet activation and clearance, which may contribute to thrombosis and thrombocytopenia observed in COVID-19 and VITT. Our newly developed mAbs 4F2 and 4H12 have potential not only for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen but also importantly for therapy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jady Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Preeti Bhoria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aron A. Shoara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel T. MacKeigan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Khoury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sladjana Slavkovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisha Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Karakas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ziyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Viktor Prifti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenze Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuchong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Dou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zack Rousseau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pingguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hamed Shaykhalishahi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease,
Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kim A. Connelly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cardiology,
St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease,
Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Division of Critical Care Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ori Rotstein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Amruta N, Maness NJ, Gressett TE, Tsuchiya Y, Kishi M, Bix G. Effect of acetic acid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0276578. [PMID: 36753524 PMCID: PMC9907812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective measures are needed to prevent the spread and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19. Chemical inactivation may help to prevent the spread and transmission of this and other viruses. Hence, we tested the SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of acetic acid, the main component of vinegar, in vitro. Inactivation and binding assays suggest that acetic acid is virucidal. We found that 6% acetic acid, a concentration typically found in white distilled vinegar, effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2 after 15-min incubation with a complete loss of replication of competent virus as measured by TCID50. Transmission electron microscopy further demonstrated that 6% acetic acid disrupts SARS-CoV-2 virion structure. In addition, 6% acetic acid significantly inhibits and disrupts the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2, the primary SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor, after contact with spike protein for 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes incubation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that acetic acid possesses inactivating activity against SARS-CoV-2 and may represent a safe alternative to commonly used chemical disinfectants to effectively control the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanappa Amruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Timothy E. Gressett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | | | - Mikiya Kishi
- Central Research Institute, Mizkan Holdings Co., Ltd. Aichi, Japan
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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16
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Kuhn CC, Basnet N, Bodakuntla S, Alvarez-Brecht P, Nichols S, Martinez-Sanchez A, Agostini L, Soh YM, Takagi J, Biertümpfel C, Mizuno N. Direct Cryo-ET observation of platelet deformation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:620. [PMID: 36739444 PMCID: PMC9898865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Its high pathogenicity is due to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) contacting host-cell receptors. A critical hallmark of COVID-19 is the occurrence of coagulopathies. Here, we report the direct observation of the interactions between S protein and platelets. Live imaging shows that the S protein triggers platelets to deform dynamically, in some cases, leading to their irreversible activation. Cellular cryo-electron tomography reveals dense decorations of S protein on the platelet surface, inducing filopodia formation. Hypothesizing that S protein binds to filopodia-inducing integrin receptors, we tested the binding to RGD motif-recognizing platelet integrins and find that S protein recognizes integrin αvβ3. Our results infer that the stochastic activation of platelets is due to weak interactions of S protein with integrin, which can attribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the occurrence of rare but severe coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cyrus Kuhn
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nirakar Basnet
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pelayo Alvarez-Brecht
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33007, Spain
| | - Scott Nichols
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Martinez-Sanchez
- Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33007, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Agostini
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Young-Min Soh
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Osaka University Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Christian Biertümpfel
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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17
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Altman NL, Berning AA, Saxon CE, Adamek KE, Wagner JA, Slavov D, Quaife RA, Gill EA, Minobe WA, Jonas ER, Carroll IA, Huebler SP, Raines J, Messenger JC, Ambardekar AV, Mestroni L, Rosenberg RM, Rove J, Campbell TB, Bristow MR. Myocardial Injury and Altered Gene Expression Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection or mRNA Vaccination. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:124-137. [PMID: 36281440 PMCID: PMC9581498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SARS CoV-2 enters host cells via its Spike protein moiety binding to the essential cardiac enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, followed by internalization. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are RNA sequences that are translated into Spike protein, which follows the same ACE2-binding route as the intact virion. In model systems, isolated Spike protein can produce cell damage and altered gene expression, and myocardial injury or myocarditis can occur during COVID-19 or after mRNA vaccination. We investigated 7 COVID-19 and 6 post-mRNA vaccination patients with myocardial injury and found nearly identical alterations in gene expression that would predispose to inflammation, coagulopathy, and myocardial dysfunction.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin I–converting enzyme gene
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene
- AGT, angiotensinogen gene
- AGTR1, angiotensin II receptor type 1 gene
- ANG II, angiotensin II
- BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide
- CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance
- COVID-19
- EM, electron microscopy
- F3, coagulation factor III (tissue factor) gene
- ITGA5, integrin subunit alpha 5 gene
- IVS, interventricular septum
- LGE, late gadolinium enhancement
- LM, light microscopy
- LV, left ventricular
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- NDC, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy
- NPPB, natriuretic peptide B gene
- RV, right ventricular
- S, SARS-CoV-2 Spike
- TnI, troponin I
- gene expression
- mRNA vaccines
- myocardial injury
- myocarditis
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L. Altman
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amber A. Berning
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara E. Saxon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kylie E. Adamek
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica A. Wagner
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dobromir Slavov
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert A. Quaife
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward A. Gill
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Wayne A. Minobe
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric R. Jonas
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Raines
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John C. Messenger
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amrut V. Ambardekar
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel M. Rosenberg
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica Rove
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael R. Bristow
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- ARCA Biopharma, Westminster, Colorado, USA
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18
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Tang M, Zhang X, Huang Y, Cheng W, Qu J, Gui S, Li L, Li S. Peptide-based inhibitors hold great promise as the broad-spectrum agents against coronavirus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1093646. [PMID: 36741878 PMCID: PMC9893414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1093646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and the recent SARS-CoV-2 are lethal coronaviruses (CoVs) that have caused dreadful epidemic or pandemic in a large region or globally. Infections of human respiratory systems and other important organs by these pathogenic viruses often results in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Efficient anti-viral drugs are needed. Herein, we firstly take SARS-CoV-2 as an example to present the molecular mechanism of CoV infection cycle, including the receptor binding, viral entry, intracellular replication, virion assembly, and release. Then according to their mode of action, we provide a summary of anti-viral peptides that have been reported in peer-reviewed publications. Even though CoVs can rapidly evolve to gain resistance to the conventional small molecule drugs, peptide-based inhibitors targeting various steps of CoV lifecycle remain a promising approach. Peptides can be continuously modified to improve their antiviral efficacy and spectrum along with the emergence of new viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Tang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China,Department of Otolaryngology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxiang Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuiqing Gui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Shuiqing Gui, ✉
| | - Liang Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China,Liang Li, ✉
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China,Shuo Li, ✉
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19
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Pang X, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang H, Xie R, Liu Z, Gu Y, Zhao N, Xiang Q, Cui Y. Targeting integrin pathways: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36588107 PMCID: PMC9805914 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are considered the main cell-adhesion transmembrane receptors that play multifaceted roles as extracellular matrix (ECM)-cytoskeletal linkers and transducers in biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment in a wide range of states in health and diseases. Integrin functions are dependable on a delicate balance between active and inactive status via multiple mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions, conformational changes, and trafficking. Due to their exposure on the cell surface and sensitivity to the molecular blockade, integrins have been investigated as pharmacological targets for nearly 40 years, but given the complexity of integrins and sometimes opposite characteristics, targeting integrin therapeutics has been a challenge. To date, only seven drugs targeting integrins have been successfully marketed, including abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, natalizumab, vedolizumab, lifitegrast, and carotegrast. Currently, there are approximately 90 kinds of integrin-based therapeutic drugs or imaging agents in clinical studies, including small molecules, antibodies, synthetic mimic peptides, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, imaging agents, etc. A serious lesson from past integrin drug discovery and research efforts is that successes rely on both a deep understanding of integrin-regulatory mechanisms and unmet clinical needs. Herein, we provide a systematic and complete review of all integrin family members and integrin-mediated downstream signal transduction to highlight ongoing efforts to develop new therapies/diagnoses from bench to clinic. In addition, we further discuss the trend of drug development, how to improve the success rate of clinical trials targeting integrin therapies, and the key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xie
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yanlun Gu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
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20
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Biering SB, Gomes de Sousa FT, Tjang LV, Pahmeier F, Zhu C, Ruan R, Blanc SF, Patel TS, Worthington CM, Glasner DR, Castillo-Rojas B, Servellita V, Lo NTN, Wong MP, Warnes CM, Sandoval DR, Clausen TM, Santos YA, Fox DM, Ortega V, Näär AM, Baric RS, Stanley SA, Aguilar HC, Esko JD, Chiu CY, Pak JE, Beatty PR, Harris E. SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7630. [PMID: 36494335 PMCID: PMC9734751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is associated with epithelial and endothelial barrier dysfunction within the lung as well as in distal organs. While it is appreciated that an exaggerated inflammatory response is associated with barrier dysfunction, the triggers of vascular leak are unclear. Here, we report that cell-intrinsic interactions between the Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and epithelial/endothelial cells are sufficient to induce barrier dysfunction in vitro and vascular leak in vivo, independently of viral replication and the ACE2 receptor. We identify an S-triggered transcriptional response associated with extracellular matrix reorganization and TGF-β signaling. Using genetic knockouts and specific inhibitors, we demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans, integrins, and the TGF-β signaling axis are required for S-mediated barrier dysfunction. Notably, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused leak in vivo, which was reduced by inhibiting integrins. Our findings offer mechanistic insight into SARS-CoV-2-triggered vascular leak, providing a starting point for development of therapies targeting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | | | - Laurentia V Tjang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Felix Pahmeier
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chi Zhu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard Ruan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sophie F Blanc
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trishna S Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Dustin R Glasner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Castillo-Rojas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas T N Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marcus P Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin M Warnes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yale A Santos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas M Fox
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anders M Näär
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John E Pak
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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21
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Cesare E, Urciuolo A, Stuart HT, Torchio E, Gesualdo A, Laterza C, Gagliano O, Martewicz S, Cui M, Manfredi A, Di Filippo L, Sabatelli P, Squarzoni S, Zorzan I, Betto RM, Martello G, Cacchiarelli D, Luni C, Elvassore N. 3D ECM-rich environment sustains the identity of naive human iPSCs. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1703-1717.e7. [PMID: 36459970 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of in vitro naive human pluripotent stem cell cultures opened new perspectives for the study of early events in human development. The role of several transcription factors and signaling pathways have been characterized during maintenance of human naive pluripotency. However, little is known about the role exerted by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its three-dimensional (3D) organization. Here, using an unbiased and integrated approach combining microfluidic cultures with transcriptional, proteomic, and secretome analyses, we found that naive, but not primed, hiPSC colonies are characterized by a self-organized ECM-rich microenvironment. Based on this, we developed a 3D culture system that supports robust long-term feeder-free self-renewal of naive hiPSCs and also allows direct and timely developmental morphogenesis simply by modulating the signaling environment. Our study opens new perspectives for future applications of naive hiPSCs to study critical stages of human development in 3D starting from a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cesare
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Anna Urciuolo
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Institute of Pediatric Research IRP, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova 35127, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Hannah T Stuart
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Torchio
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Alessia Gesualdo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Onelia Gagliano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Sebastian Martewicz
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meihua Cui
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lucio Di Filippo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- CNR - Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Squarzoni
- CNR - Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Zorzan
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Riccardo M Betto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Graziano Martello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Luni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, Bologna 40131, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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22
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Kuhn CC, Basnet N, Bodakuntla S, Alvarez-Brecht P, Nichols S, Martinez-Sanchez A, Agostini L, Soh YM, Takagi J, Biertümpfel C, Mizuno N. Direct Cryo-ET observation of platelet deformation induced by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.11.22.517574. [PMID: 36451880 PMCID: PMC9709796 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.22.517574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Its high pathogenicity is due to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) contacting host-cell receptors. A critical hallmark of COVID-19 is the occurrence of coagulopathies. Here, we report the direct observation of the interactions between S protein and platelets. Live imaging showed that the S protein triggers platelets to deform dynamically, in some cases, leading to their irreversible activation. Strikingly, cellular cryo-electron tomography revealed dense decorations of S protein on the platelet surface, inducing filopodia formation. Hypothesizing that S protein binds to filopodia-inducing integrin receptors, we tested the binding to RGD motif-recognizing platelet integrins and found that S protein recognizes integrin α v β 3 . Our results infer that the stochastic activation of platelets is due to weak interactions of S protein with integrin, which can attribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the occurrence of rare but severe coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cyrus Kuhn
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nirakar Basnet
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pelayo Alvarez-Brecht
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33007, Spain
| | - Scott Nichols
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Martinez-Sanchez
- Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33007, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Agostini
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Young-Min Soh
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Osaka University Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Christian Biertümpfel
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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23
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Sharma S, Tyagi T, Antoniak S. Platelet in thrombo-inflammation: Unraveling new therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039843. [PMID: 36451834 PMCID: PMC9702553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the broad range of human diseases, thrombo-inflammation appears as a clinical manifestation. Clinically, it is well characterized in context of superficial thrombophlebitis that is recognized as thrombosis and inflammation of superficial veins. However, it is more hazardous when developed in the microvasculature of injured/inflamed/infected tissues and organs. Several diseases like sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion can cause formation of microvascular thrombosis subsequently leading to thrombo-inflammation. Thrombo-inflammation can also occur in cases of antiphospholipid syndrome, preeclampsia, sickle cell disease, bacterial and viral infection. One of the major contributors to thrombo-inflammation is the loss of normal anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory potential of the endothelial cells of vasculature. This manifest itself in the form of dysregulation of the coagulation pathway and complement system, pathologic platelet activation, and increased recruitment of leukocyte within the microvasculature. The role of platelets in hemostasis and formation of thrombi under pathologic and non-pathologic conditions is well established. Platelets are anucleate cells known for their essential role in primary hemostasis and the coagulation pathway. In recent years, studies provide strong evidence for the critical involvement of platelets in inflammatory processes like acute ischemic stroke, and viral infections like Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This has encouraged the researchers to investigate the contribution of platelets in the pathology of various thrombo-inflammatory diseases. The inhibition of platelet surface receptors or their intracellular signaling which mediate initial platelet activation and adhesion might prove to be suitable targets in thrombo-inflammatory disorders. Thus, the present review summarizes the concept and mechanism of platelet signaling and briefly discuss their role in sterile and non-sterile thrombo-inflammation, with the emphasis on role of platelets in COVID-19 induced thrombo-inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent developments in deciphering the role of the platelets in thrombo-inflammation and discuss their potential as pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- UNC Blood Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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24
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Egorova EA, Nikitin MP. Delivery of Theranostic Nanoparticles to Various Cancers by Means of Integrin-Binding Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213735. [PMID: 36430214 PMCID: PMC9696485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Active targeting of tumors is believed to be the key to efficient cancer therapy and accurate, early-stage diagnostics. Active targeting implies minimized off-targeting and associated cytotoxicity towards healthy tissue. One way to acquire active targeting is to employ conjugates of therapeutic agents with ligands known to bind receptors overexpressed onto cancer cells. The integrin receptor family has been studied as a target for cancer treatment for almost fifty years. However, systematic knowledge on their effects on cancer cells, is yet lacking, especially when utilized as an active targeting ligand for particulate formulations. Decoration with various integrin-targeting peptides has been reported to increase nanoparticle accumulation in tumors ≥ 3-fold when compared to passively targeted delivery. In recent years, many newly discovered or rationally designed integrin-binding peptides with excellent specificity towards a single integrin receptor have emerged. Here, we show a comprehensive analysis of previously unreviewed integrin-binding peptides, provide diverse modification routes for nanoparticle conjugation, and showcase the most notable examples of their use for tumor and metastases visualization and eradication to date, as well as possibilities for combined cancer therapies for a synergetic effect. This review aims to highlight the latest advancements in integrin-binding peptide development and is directed to aid transition to the development of novel nanoparticle-based theranostic agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Egorova
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sirius, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 1 Meditsinskaya Str., 603081 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Maxim P. Nikitin
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sirius, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Correspondence:
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25
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Nepali K, Sharma R, Sharma S, Thakur A, Liou JP. Beyond the vaccines: a glance at the small molecule and peptide-based anti-COVID19 arsenal. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:65. [PMID: 36064696 PMCID: PMC9444709 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented efforts of the researchers have been witnessed in the recent past towards the development of vaccine platforms for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Albeit, vaccination stands as a practical strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, supplementing the anti-COVID19 arsenal with therapeutic options such as small molecules/peptides and antibodies is being conceived as a prudent strategy to tackle the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Noteworthy to mention that collective efforts from numerous teams have led to the generation of a voluminous library composed of chemically and mechanistically diverse small molecules as anti-COVID19 scaffolds. This review article presents an overview of medicinal chemistry campaigns and drug repurposing programs that culminated in the identification of a plethora of small molecule-based anti-COVID19 drugs mediating their antiviral effects through inhibition of proteases, S protein, RdRp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, cathepsin and other targets. In light of the evidence ascertaining the potential of small molecule drugs to approach conserved proteins required for the viral replication of all coronaviruses, accelerated FDA approvals are anticipated for small molecules for the treatment of COVID19 shortly. Though the recent attempts invested in this direction in pursuit of enrichment of the anti-COVID-19 armoury (chemical tools) are praiseworthy, some strategies need to be implemented to extract conclusive benefits of the recently reported small molecule viz. (i) detailed preclinical investigation of the generated anti-COVID19 scaffolds (ii) in-vitro profiling of the inhibitors against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (iii) development of assays enabling rapid screening of the libraries of anti-COVID19 scaffold (iv) leveraging the applications of machine learning based predictive models to expedite the anti-COVID19 drug discovery campaign (v) design of antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Feng F, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Yu Y, Sun X, Song Y, Shao Z, Huang X, Liao Y, Ma J, He Y, Wang M, Tang L, Huang Y, Zhao J, Ding Q, Xie Y, Cai Q, Xiao H, Li C, Yuan Z, Zhang R. A CRISPR activation screen identifies genes that enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection. Protein Cell 2022; 14:64-68. [PMID: 36726758 PMCID: PMC9871949 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhugui Shao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuping He
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | | | | | - Yaowei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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27
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Adibzadeh S, Amiri S, Nia GE, Taleghani MR, Bijarpas ZK, Maserat N, Maali A, Azad M, Behzad-Behbahani A. Therapeutic approaches and vaccination in fighting COVID-19 infections: A review. GENE REPORTS 2022; 27:101619. [PMID: 35530725 PMCID: PMC9066810 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a remarkably contagious and pathogenic viral infection arising from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in Wuhan, China. For the time being, COVID-19 is not treated with a specific therapy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Remdesivir as the first drug to treat COVID-19. However, many other therapeutic approaches are being investigated as possible treatments for COVID-19. As part of this review, we discussed the development of various drugs, their mechanism of action, and how they might be applied to different cases of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, this review highlights an update in the emergence of new prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19. In addition to FDA or The World Health Organization (WHO) approved vaccines, we intended to incorporate the latest published data from phase III trials about different COVID-19 vaccines and provide clinical data released on the networks or peer-review journals.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Antiviral agents
- Arb, Arbidol
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERGIC, Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus
- MERS-CoV, The Middle East respiratory syndrome 20 coronavirus
- ORFs, Open reading frames
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia
- RBD, Receptor binding domain
- RTC, Replicase transcriptase complex
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2
- VLPs, Virus-like particles
- Vaccines
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WMT, Washed microbiota transplantation
- gRNA, Genomic RNA
- mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies
- sgRNA, Subgenomic RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Setare Adibzadeh
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Amiri
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giti Esmail Nia
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Maryam Rezakhani Taleghani
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Industry and Environment, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Neda Maserat
- Department of Biology, Sistan and Balouchestan University, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Maali
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Huntington KE, Carlsen L, So EY, Piesche M, Liang O, El-Deiry WS. Integrin/TGF-β1 Inhibitor GLPG-0187 Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Pseudovirus Infection of Airway Epithelial Cells In Vitro, Which Could Attenuate Disease Severity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:618. [PMID: 35631444 PMCID: PMC9143518 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues to pose major risk for vulnerable populations, including the elderly, immunocompromised, patients with cancer, and those with contraindications to vaccination, novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. SARS-CoV-2 infects target cells via RGD-binding integrins, either independently or as a co-receptor with surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We used pan-integrin inhibitor GLPG-0187 to demonstrate the blockade of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection of target cells. Omicron pseudovirus infected normal human small airway epithelial (HSAE) cells significantly less than D614G or Delta variant pseudovirus, and GLPG-0187 effectively blocked SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection in a dose-dependent manner across multiple viral variants. GLPG-0187 inhibited Omicron and Delta pseudovirus infection of HSAE cells more significantly than other variants. Pre-treatment of HSAE cells with MEK inhibitor (MEKi) VS-6766 enhanced the inhibition of pseudovirus infection by GLPG-0187. Because integrins activate transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, we compared the plasma levels of active and total TGF-β in COVID-19+ patients. The plasma TGF-β1 levels correlated with age, race, and number of medications upon presentation with COVID-19, but not with sex. Total plasma TGF-β1 levels correlated with activated TGF-β1 levels. Moreover, the inhibition of integrin signaling prevents SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron pseudovirus infectivity, and it may mitigate COVID-19 severity through decreased TGF-β1 activation. This therapeutic strategy may be further explored through clinical testing in vulnerable and unvaccinated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Huntington
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (K.E.H.); (L.C.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (E.-Y.S.); (O.L.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (K.E.H.); (L.C.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (E.-Y.S.); (O.L.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Eui-Young So
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (E.-Y.S.); (O.L.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Matthias Piesche
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Oncology Center, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Olin Liang
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (E.-Y.S.); (O.L.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (K.E.H.); (L.C.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (E.-Y.S.); (O.L.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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29
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Gressett TE, Nader D, Robles JP, Buranda T, Kerrigan SW, Bix G. Integrins as Therapeutic Targets for SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892323. [PMID: 35619646 PMCID: PMC9128570 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Gressett
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Danielle Nader
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juan Pablo Robles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Tione Buranda
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (HSC), Department of Pathology, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Steven W. Kerrigan
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory Bix
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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30
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Nader D, Kerrigan SW. Molecular Cross-Talk between Integrins and Cadherins Leads to a Loss of Vascular Barrier Integrity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:891. [PMID: 35632633 PMCID: PMC9143673 DOI: 10.3390/v14050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular barrier is heavily injured following SARS-CoV-2 infection and contributes enormously to life-threatening complications in COVID-19. This endothelial dysfunction is associated with the phlogistic phenomenon of cytokine storms, thrombotic complications, abnormal coagulation, hypoxemia, and multiple organ failure. The mechanisms surrounding COVID-19 associated endotheliitis have been widely attributed to ACE2-mediated pathways. However, integrins are emerging as possible receptor candidates for SARS-CoV-2, and their complex intracellular signaling events are essential for maintaining endothelial homeostasis. Here, we showed that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 depends on its RGD motif to drive barrier dysregulation by hijacking integrin αVβ3, expressed on human endothelial cells. This triggers the redistribution and internalization of major junction protein VE-Cadherin which leads to the barrier disruption phenotype. Both extracellular and intracellular inhibitors of integrin αVβ3 prevented these effects, similarly to the RGD-cyclic peptide compound Cilengitide, which suggests that the spike protein-through its RGD motif-binds to αVβ3 and elicits vascular leakage events. These findings support integrins as an additional receptor for SARS-CoV-2, particularly as integrin engagement can elucidate many of the adverse endothelial dysfunction events that stem from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve W. Kerrigan
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
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31
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Zhou H, Ni WJ, Huang W, Wang Z, Cai M, Sun YC. Advances in Pathogenesis, Progression, Potential Targets and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in SARS-CoV-2-Induced COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834942. [PMID: 35450063 PMCID: PMC9016159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the new year of 2020 approaches, an acute respiratory disease quietly caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, COVID-19 broke out on a global scale and formed a global public health emergency. To date, the destruction that has lasted for more than two years has not stopped and has caused the virus to continuously evolve new mutant strains. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to cause multiple complications and lead to severe disability and death, which has dealt a heavy blow to global development, not only in the medical field but also in social security, economic development, global cooperation and communication. To date, studies on the epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism and pathological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19, as well as target confirmation, drug screening, and clinical intervention have achieved remarkable effects. With the continuous efforts of the WHO, governments of various countries, and scientific research and medical personnel, the public's awareness of COVID-19 is gradually deepening, a variety of prevention methods and detection methods have been implemented, and multiple vaccines and drugs have been developed and urgently marketed. However, these do not appear to have completely stopped the pandemic and ravages of this virus. Meanwhile, research on SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 has also seen some twists and controversies, such as potential drugs and the role of vaccines. In view of the fact that research on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has been extensive and in depth, this review will systematically update the current understanding of the epidemiology, transmission mechanism, pathological features, potential targets, promising drugs and ongoing clinical trials, which will provide important references and new directions for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Third People’s Hospital of Hefei, The Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University-Anhui Campus, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Cai Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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32
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Xiang R, Yu Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Huo S, Li Y, Liang R, Hao Q, Ying T, Gao Y, Yu F, Jiang S. Recent advances in developing small-molecule inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1591-1623. [PMID: 34249607 PMCID: PMC8260826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused havoc across the entire world. Even though several COVID-19 vaccines are currently in distribution worldwide, with others in the pipeline, treatment modalities lag behind. Accordingly, researchers have been working hard to understand the nature of the virus, its mutant strains, and the pathogenesis of the disease in order to uncover possible drug targets and effective therapeutic agents. As the research continues, we now know the genome structure, epidemiological and clinical features, and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarized the potential therapeutic targets involved in the life cycle of the virus. On the basis of these targets, small-molecule prophylactic and therapeutic agents have been or are being developed for prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhengsen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yanbai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qinghong Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaning Gao
- Beijing Pharma and Biotech Center, Beijing 100176, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
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33
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Okoh OS, Nii-Trebi NI, Jakkari A, Olaniran TT, Senbadejo TY, Kafintu-kwashie AA, Dairo EO, Ganiyu TO, Akaninyene IE, Ezediuno LO, Adeosun IJ, Ockiya MA, Jimah EM, Spiro DJ, Oladipo EK, Trovão NS. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Africa. iScience 2022; 25:103880. [PMID: 35156006 PMCID: PMC8817759 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of information on COVID-19 disease dynamics in Africa. To fill this gap, we investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in the continent. We retrieved 5229 complete genomes collected in 33 African countries from the GISAID database. We investigated the circulating diversity, reconstructed the viral evolutionary divergence and history, and studied the case and death trends in the continent. Almost a fifth (144/782, 18.4%) of Pango lineages found worldwide circulated in Africa, with five different lineages dominating over time. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that African viruses cluster more closely with those from Europe. We also identified two motifs that could function as integrin-binding sites and N-glycosylation domains. These results shed light on the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of the circulating viral diversity in Africa. They also emphasize the need to expand surveillance efforts in Africa to help inform and implement better public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Israel Nii-Trebi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdulrokeeb Jakkari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tosin Titus Olaniran
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology (Microbiology Unit), Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Tosin Yetunde Senbadejo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Anna Aba Kafintu-kwashie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Virology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Oluwatobi Dairo
- Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tajudeen Oladunni Ganiyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Ifiokakaninyene Ekpo Akaninyene
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology (Microbiology Unit), Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Louis Odinakaose Ezediuno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin,1515 P.M.B, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Idowu Jesulayomi Adeosun
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Bioinformatics, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael Asebake Ockiya
- Department of Animal Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa, Nigeria
| | - Esther Moradeyo Jimah
- Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin 1515, P.M.B, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - David J. Spiro
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elijah Kolawole Oladipo
- Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Bioinformatics, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Nídia S. Trovão
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Liu J, Lu F, Chen Y, Plow E, Qin J. Integrin mediates cell entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus independent of cellular receptor ACE2. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101710. [PMID: 35150743 PMCID: PMC8828381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is broadly accepted that SARS-CoV-2 utilizes its spike protein to recognize the extracellular domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter cells for viral infection. However, other mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry may occur. We show quantitatively that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein also binds to the extracellular domain of broadly expressed integrin α5β1 with an affinity comparable to that of SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE2. More importantly, we provide direct evidence that such binding promotes the internalization of SARS-CoV-2 into non-ACE2 cells in a manner critically dependent upon the activation of the integrin. Our data demonstrate an alternative pathway for the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that upon initial ACE2-mediated invasion of the virus in the respiratory system, which is known to trigger an immune response and secretion of cytokines to activate integrin, the integrin-mediated cell invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into the respiratory system and other organs becomes effective, thereby promoting further infection and progression of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamnin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward Plow
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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35
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Othman H, Messaoud HB, Khamessi O, Ben-Mabrouk H, Ghedira K, Bharuthram A, Treurnicht F, Achilonu I, Sayed Y, Srairi-Abid N. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Unlikely to Bind to Integrins via the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) Motif of the Receptor Binding Domain: Evidence From Structural Analysis and Microscale Accelerated Molecular Dynamics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:834857. [PMID: 35237662 PMCID: PMC8883519 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.834857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 virus harbors a sequence of Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide named RGD motif, which has also been identified in extracellular matrix proteins that bind integrins as well as other disintegrins and viruses. Accordingly, integrins have been proposed as host receptors for SARS-CoV-2. However, given that the microenvironment of the RGD motif imposes a structural hindrance to the protein-protein association, the validity of this hypothesis is still uncertain. Here, we used normal mode analysis, accelerated molecular dynamics microscale simulation, and protein-protein docking to investigate the putative role of RGD motif of SARS-CoV-2 RBD for interacting with integrins. We found, that neither RGD motif nor its microenvironment showed any significant conformational shift in the RBD structure. Highly populated clusters of RBD showed no capability to interact with the RGD binding site in integrins. The free energy landscape revealed that the RGD conformation within RBD could not acquire an optimal geometry to allow the interaction with integrins. In light of these results, and in the event where integrins are confirmed to be host receptors for SARS-CoV-2, we suggest a possible involvement of other residues to stabilize the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcemeddine Othman
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Ben Messaoud
- National Gene Bank of Tunisia, Boulevard du Leader Yesser Arafet, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Oussema Khamessi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT08 Venins et Biomolecules Therapeutiques, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Hazem Ben-Mabrouk
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (BIMS), Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Avani Bharuthram
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Services and the School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Florette Treurnicht
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Services and the School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yasien Sayed
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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36
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Robles JP, Zamora M, Adan-Castro E, Siqueiros-Marquez L, Martinez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces endothelial inflammation through integrin α5β1 and NF-κB signaling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101695. [PMID: 35143839 PMCID: PMC8820157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a critical interface between blood and tissues that maintains whole-body homeostasis. In COVID-19, disruption of the EC barrier results in edema, vascular inflammation, and coagulation, hallmarks of this severe disease. However, the mechanisms by which ECs are dysregulated in COVID-19 are unclear. Here, we show that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 alone activates the EC inflammatory phenotype in a manner dependent on integrin ⍺5β1 signaling. Incubation of human umbilical vein ECs with whole spike protein, its receptor-binding domain, or the integrin-binding tripeptide RGD induced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and subsequent expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules (VCAM1 and ICAM1), coagulation factors (TF and FVIII), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF⍺, IL-1β, and IL-6), and ACE2, as well as the adhesion of peripheral blood leukocytes and hyperpermeability of the EC monolayer. In addition, inhibitors of integrin ⍺5β1 activation prevented these effects. Furthermore, these vascular effects occur in vivo, as revealed by the intravenous administration of spike, which increased expression of ICAM1, VCAM1, CD45, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the lung, liver, kidney, and eye, and the intravitreal injection of spike, which disrupted the barrier function of retinal capillaries. We suggest that the spike protein, through its RGD motif in the receptor-binding domain, binds to integrin ⍺5β1 in ECs to activate the NF-κB target gene expression programs responsible for vascular leakage and leukocyte adhesion. These findings uncover a new direct action of SARS-CoV-2 on EC dysfunction and introduce integrin ⍺5β1 as a promising target for treating vascular inflammation in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Robles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, México.
| | - Magdalena Zamora
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, México
| | - Elva Adan-Castro
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, México
| | | | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, México
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37
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Migita S, Wakabayashi K, Yamazaki T. Binding stability of peptides to Co‐Cr‐Mo alloy affects proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1157-1163. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Migita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamagata University, 4‐3‐16 Jonan, Yonezawa Yamagata Japan
- Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1‐2‐1 Sengen, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Keita Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamagata University, 4‐3‐16 Jonan, Yonezawa Yamagata Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1‐2‐1 Sengen, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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38
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Biering SB, de Sousa FTG, Tjang LV, Pahmeier F, Ruan R, Blanc SF, Patel TS, Worthington CM, Glasner DR, Castillo-Rojas B, Servellita V, Lo NT, Wong MP, Warnes CM, Sandoval DR, Clausen TM, Santos YA, Ortega V, Aguilar HC, Esko JD, Chui CY, Pak JE, Beatty PR, Harris E. SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.10.472112. [PMID: 34931188 PMCID: PMC8687463 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.10.472112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is associated with epithelial and endothelial barrier dysfunction within the lung as well as in distal organs. While it is appreciated that an exaggerated inflammatory response is associated with barrier dysfunction, the triggers of this pathology are unclear. Here, we report that cell-intrinsic interactions between the Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and epithelial/endothelial cells are sufficient to trigger barrier dysfunction in vitro and vascular leak in vivo , independently of viral replication and the ACE2 receptor. We identify an S-triggered transcriptional response associated with extracellular matrix reorganization and TGF-β signaling. Using genetic knockouts and specific inhibitors, we demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans, integrins, and the TGF-β signaling axis are required for S-mediated barrier dysfunction. Our findings suggest that S interactions with barrier cells are a contributing factor to COVID-19 disease severity and offer mechanistic insight into SARS-CoV-2 triggered vascular leak, providing a starting point for development of therapies targeting COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Laurentia V. Tjang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Felix Pahmeier
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard Ruan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sophie F. Blanc
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trishna S. Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Dustin R. Glasner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Castillo-Rojas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas T.N. Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marcus P. Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin M. Warnes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yale A. Santos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y. Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John E. Pak
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P. Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lead contact
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39
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Zech F, Schniertshauer D, Jung C, Herrmann A, Cordsmeier A, Xie Q, Nchioua R, Prelli Bozzo C, Volcic M, Koepke L, Müller JA, Krüger J, Heller S, Stenger S, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Kleger A, Jacob T, Conzelmann KK, Ensser A, Sparrer KMJ, Kirchhoff F. Spike residue 403 affects binding of coronavirus spikes to human ACE2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6855. [PMID: 34824253 PMCID: PMC8617078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bat sarbecovirus RaTG13 is a close relative of SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this bat virus was most likely unable to directly infect humans since its Spike (S) protein does not interact efficiently with the human ACE2 receptor. Here, we show that a single T403R mutation increases binding of RaTG13 S to human ACE2 and allows VSV pseudoparticle infection of human lung cells and intestinal organoids. Conversely, mutation of R403T in the SARS-CoV-2 S reduces pseudoparticle infection and viral replication. The T403R RaTG13 S is neutralized by sera from individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 indicating that vaccination might protect against future zoonoses. Our data suggest that a positively charged amino acid at position 403 in the S protein is critical for efficient utilization of human ACE2 by S proteins of bat coronaviruses. This finding could help to better predict the zoonotic potential of animal coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Jung
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Straße 16, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandra Herrmann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arne Cordsmeier
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Qinya Xie
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Krüger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Straße 16, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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40
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Beaudoin CA, Hamaia SW, Huang CLH, Blundell TL, Jackson AP. Can the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Bind Integrins Independent of the RGD Sequence? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:765300. [PMID: 34869067 PMCID: PMC8637727 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RGD motif in the Severe Acute Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein has been predicted to bind RGD-recognizing integrins. Recent studies have shown that the spike protein does, indeed, interact with αVβ3 and α5β1 integrins, both of which bind to RGD-containing ligands. However, computational studies have suggested that binding between the spike RGD motif and integrins is not favourable, even when unfolding occurs after conformational changes induced by binding to the canonical host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, non-RGD-binding integrins, such as αx, have been suggested to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Other viral pathogens, such as rotaviruses, have been recorded to bind integrins in an RGD-independent manner to initiate host cell entry. Thus, in order to consider the potential for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to bind integrins independent of the RGD sequence, we investigate several factors related to the involvement of integrins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. First, we review changes in integrin expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify which integrins might be of interest. Then, all known non-RGD integrin-binding motifs are collected and mapped to the spike protein receptor-binding domain and analyzed for their 3D availability. Several integrin-binding motifs are shown to exhibit high sequence similarity with solvent accessible regions of the spike receptor-binding domain. Comparisons of these motifs with other betacoronavirus spike proteins, such as SARS-CoV and RaTG13, reveal that some have recently evolved while others are more conserved throughout phylogenetically similar betacoronaviruses. Interestingly, all of the potential integrin-binding motifs, including the RGD sequence, are conserved in one of the known pangolin coronavirus strains. Of note, the most recently recorded mutations in the spike protein receptor-binding domain were found outside of the putative integrin-binding sequences, although several mutations formed inside and close to one motif, in particular, may potentially enhance binding. These data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may interact with integrins independent of the RGD sequence and may help further explain how SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses can evolve to bind to integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samir W Hamaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L-H Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony P Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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41
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Feng F, Chen J, Zhao J, Li Y, Li M, Sun C. Killing Two Birds with One Stone by Administration of Soluble ACE2: A Promising Strategy to Treat Both Cardiovascular Diseases and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2243. [PMID: 34835049 PMCID: PMC8622942 DOI: 10.3390/v13112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells mainly by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which can recognize the spike (S) protein by its extracellular domain. Previously, recombinant soluble ACE2 (sACE2) has been clinically used as a therapeutic treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Recent data demonstrated that sACE2 can also be exploited as a decoy to effectively inhibit the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, through blocking SARS-CoV-2 binding to membrane-anchored ACE2. In this study, we summarized the current findings on the optimized sACE2-based strategies as a therapeutic agent, including Fc fusion to prolong the half-life of sACE2, deep mutagenesis to create high-affinity decoys for SARS-CoV-2, or designing the truncated functional fragments to enhance its safety, among others. Considering that COVID-19 patients are often accompanied by manifestations of cardiovascular complications, we think that administration of sACE2 in COVID-19 patients may be a promising therapeutic strategy to simultaneously treat both cardiovascular diseases and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review would provide insights for the development of novel therapeutic agents against the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
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42
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Amruta N, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Murray-Brown IC, Gressett TE, Biose IJ, Chastain WH, Befeler JB, Bix G. In Vivo protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection by ATN-161 in k18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Life Sci 2021; 284:119881. [PMID: 34389403 PMCID: PMC8352850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an infectious disease that has spread worldwide. Current treatments are limited in both availability and efficacy, such that improving our understanding of the factors that facilitate infection is urgently needed to more effectively treat infected individuals and to curb the pandemic. We and others have previously demonstrated the significance of interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, integrin α5β1, and human ACE2 to facilitate viral entry into host cells in vitro. We previously found that inhibition of integrin α5β1 by the clinically validated small peptide ATN-161 inhibits these spike protein interactions and cell infection in vitro. In continuation with our previous findings, here we have further evaluated the therapeutic potential of ATN-161 on SARS-CoV-2 infection in k18-hACE2 transgenic (SARS-CoV-2 susceptible) mice in vivo. We discovered that treatment with single or repeated intravenous doses of ATN-161 (1 mg/kg) within 48 h after intranasal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2 lead to a reduction of lung viral load, viral immunofluorescence, and improved lung histology in a majority of mice 72 h post-infection. Furthermore, ATN-161 reduced SARS-CoV-2-induced increased expression of lung integrin α5 and αv (an α5-related integrin that has also been implicated in SARS-CoV-2 interactions) as well as the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10), further supporting the potential involvement of these integrins, and the anti-inflammatory potential of ATN-161, respectively, in SARS-CoV-2 infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the potential therapeutic efficacy of targeting integrin α5β1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and supports the development of ATN-161 as a novel SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanappa Amruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Isabel C Murray-Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Timothy E Gressett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ifechukwude J Biose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wesley H Chastain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jaime B Befeler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.
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Simons P, Rinaldi DA, Bondu V, Kell AM, Bradfute S, Lidke DS, Buranda T. Integrin activation is an essential component of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20398. [PMID: 34650161 PMCID: PMC8516859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on binding its spike (S) protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The S protein expresses an RGD motif, suggesting that integrins may be co-receptors. Here, we UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and fluorescently labeled the envelope membrane with octadecyl rhodamine B (R18) to explore the role of integrin activation in mediating cell entry and productive infection. We used flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to show that SARS-CoV-2R18 particles engage basal-state integrins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Mn2+, which induces integrin extension, enhances cell entry of SARS-CoV-2R18. We also show that one class of integrin antagonist, which binds to the αI MIDAS site and stabilizes the inactive, closed conformation, selectively inhibits the engagement of SARS-CoV-2R18 with basal state integrins, but is ineffective against Mn2+-activated integrins. RGD-integrin antagonists inhibited SARS-CoV-2R18 binding regardless of integrin activation status. Integrins transmit signals bidirectionally: 'inside-out' signaling primes the ligand-binding function of integrins via a talin-dependent mechanism, and 'outside-in' signaling occurs downstream of integrin binding to macromolecular ligands. Outside-in signaling is mediated by Gα13. Using cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of talin and Gα13 binding to the cytoplasmic tail of an integrin's β subunit, we demonstrate that talin-mediated signaling is essential for productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simons
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Derek A Rinaldi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Virginie Bondu
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alison M Kell
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Steven Bradfute
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Tione Buranda
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Abdurrahman L, Fang X, Zhang Y. Molecular Insights of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Molecular Treatments. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:621-639. [PMID: 34645374 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211013121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease emerged in December 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid global spread has brought an international health emergency and urgent responses for seeking efficient prevention and therapeutic treatment. This has led to imperative needs for illustration of the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, identification of molecular targets or receptors, and development of antiviral drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. In this study, we investigated the current research progress in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on the published research findings, we first elucidated, at the molecular level, SARS-CoV-2 viral structures, potential viral host-cell-invasion and pathogenic mechanisms, main virus-induced immune responses, and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We then focused on the main virus- and host-based potential targets, summarized and categorized effective inhibitory molecules based on drug development strategies for COVID-19, that can guide efforts for the identification of new drugs and treatment for this problematic disease. Current research and development of antibodies and vaccines were also introduced and discussed. We concluded that the main virus entry route- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction with ACE2 receptors has played a key role in guiding the development of therapeutic treatments against COVID-19, four main therapeutic strategies may be considered in developing molecular therapeutics, and drug repurposing is likely to be an easy, fast and low-cost approach in such a short period of time with urgent need of antiviral drugs. Additionally, the quick development of antibody and vaccine candidates has yielded promising results, but the wide-scale deployment of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines remains paramount in solving the pandemic crisis. As new variants of the virus begun to emerge, the efficacy of these vaccines and treatments must be closely evaluated. Finally, we discussed the possible challenges of developing molecular therapeutics for COVID-19 and suggested some potential future efforts. Despite the limited availability of literatures, our attempt in this work to provide a relatively comprehensive overview of current SARS-CoV-2 studies can be helpful for quickly acquiring the key information of COVID-19 and further promoting this important research to control and diminish the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Abdurrahman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
| | - Xiaoqian Fang
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
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Slack RJ, Macdonald SJF, Roper JA, Jenkins RG, Hatley RJD. Emerging therapeutic opportunities for integrin inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:60-78. [PMID: 34535788 PMCID: PMC8446727 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell adhesion and signalling proteins crucial to a wide range of biological functions. Effective marketed treatments have successfully targeted integrins αIIbβ3, α4β7/α4β1 and αLβ2 for cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel disease/multiple sclerosis and dry eye disease, respectively. Yet, clinical development of others, notably within the RGD-binding subfamily of αv integrins, including αvβ3, have faced significant challenges in the fields of cancer, ophthalmology and osteoporosis. New inhibitors of the related integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 have recently come to the fore and are being investigated clinically for the treatment of fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The design of integrin drugs may now be at a turning point, with opportunities to learn from previous clinical trials, to explore new modalities and to incorporate new findings in pharmacological and structural biology. This Review intertwines research from biological, clinical and medicinal chemistry disciplines to discuss historical and current RGD-binding integrin drug discovery, with an emphasis on small-molecule inhibitors of the αv integrins. Integrins are key signalling molecules that are present on the surface of subsets of cells and are therefore good potential therapeutic targets. In this Review, Hatley and colleagues discuss the development of integrin inhibitors, particularly the challenges in developing inhibitors for integrins that contain an αv-subunit, and suggest how these challenges could be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R G Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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46
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Padarti A, Abou-Fadel J, Zhang J. Resurgence of phosphotyrosine binding domains: Structural and functional properties essential for understanding disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129977. [PMID: 34391832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) Domains, usually found on scaffold proteins, are pervasive in many cellular signaling pathways. These domains are the second-largest family of phosphotyrosine recognition domains and since their initial discovery, dozens of PTB domains have been structurally determined. SCOPE OF REVIEW Due to its signature sequence flexibility, PTB domains can bind to a large variety of ligands including phospholipids. PTB peptide binding is divided into classical binding (canonical NPXY motifs) and non-classical binding (all other motifs). The first atypical PTB domain was discovered in cerebral cavernous malformation 2 (CCM2) protein, while only one third in size of the typical PTB domain, it remains functionally equivalent. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS PTB domains are involved in numerous signaling processes including embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, while dysfunction is linked to major disorders including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, and strokes. PTB domains may also be essential in infectious processes, currently responsible for the global pandemic in which viral cellular entry is suspected to be mediated through PTB and NPXY interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We summarize the structural and functional updates in the PTB domain over the last 20 years in hopes of resurging interest and further analyzing the importance of this versatile domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Johnathan Abou-Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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47
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Simons P, Rinaldi DA, Bondu V, Kell AM, Bradfute S, Lidke D, Buranda T. Integrin activation is an essential component of SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34312625 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.20.453118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) protein to a specific cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the viral spike protein expresses an RGD motif, suggesting that cell surface integrins may be attachment co-receptors. However, using infectious SARS-CoV-2 requires a biosafety level 3 laboratory (BSL-3), which limits the techniques that can be used to study the mechanism of cell entry. Here, we UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and fluorescently labeled the envelope membrane with octadecyl rhodamine B (R18) to explore the role of integrin activation in mediating both cell entry and productive infection. We used flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy to show that fluorescently labeled SARS-CoV-2 R18 particles engage basal-state integrins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Mn 2+ , which activates integrins and induces integrin extension, enhances cell binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 R18 in proportion to the fraction of integrins activated. We also show that one class of integrin antagonist, which binds to the αI MIDAS site and stabilizes the inactive, closed conformation, selectively inhibits the engagement of SARS-CoV-2 R18 with basal state integrins, but is ineffective against Mn 2+ -activated integrins. At the same time, RGD-integrin antagonists inhibited SARS-CoV-2 R18 binding regardless of integrin activity state. Integrins transmit signals bidirectionally: 'inside-out' signaling primes the ligand binding function of integrins via a talin dependent mechanism and 'outside-in' signaling occurs downstream of integrin binding to macromolecular ligands. Outside-in signaling is mediated by Gα 13 and induces cell spreading, retraction, migration, and proliferation. Using cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of talin, and Gα 13 binding to the cytoplasmic tail of an integrin's β subunit, we further demonstrate that talin-mediated signaling is essential for productive infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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48
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Vianello A, Del Turco S, Babboni S, Silvestrini B, Ragusa R, Caselli C, Melani L, Fanucci L, Basta G. The Fight against COVID-19 on the Multi-Protease Front and Surroundings: Could an Early Therapeutic Approach with Repositioning Drugs Prevent the Disease Severity? Biomedicines 2021; 9:710. [PMID: 34201505 PMCID: PMC8301470 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the membrane spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the human epithelial host cell is the first step of infection, which has a critical role for viral pathogenesis of the current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Following the binding between S1 subunit and ACE2 receptor, different serine proteases, including TMPRSS2 and furin, trigger and participate in the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. On the basis of the high virulence and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, other receptors have been found involved for viral binding and invasiveness of host cells. This review comprehensively discusses the mechanisms underlying the binding of SARS-CoV2 to ACE2 and putative alternative receptors, and the role of potential co-receptors and proteases in the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the short therapeutic time window within which to act to avoid the devastating evolution of the disease, we focused on potential therapeutic treatments-selected mainly among repurposing drugs-able to counteract the invasive front of proteases and mild inflammatory conditions, in order to prevent severe infection. Using existing approved drugs has the advantage of rapidly proceeding to clinical trials, low cost and, consequently, immediate and worldwide availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vianello
- Department of Information Engineering, Telemedicine Section, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.F.)
| | - Serena Del Turco
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Serena Babboni
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Beatrice Silvestrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Rosetta Ragusa
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Caselli
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Luca Melani
- Department of Territorial Medicine, ASL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 56121 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luca Fanucci
- Department of Information Engineering, Telemedicine Section, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Basta
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
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Pham TL, He J, Kakazu AH, Calandria J, Do KV, Nshimiyimana R, Lam TF, Petasis NA, Bazan HEP, Bazan NG. ELV-N32 and RvD6 isomer decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines, senescence programming, ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2-spike protein RBD binding in injured cornea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12787. [PMID: 34140611 PMCID: PMC8211643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a pandemic affecting the most vulnerable in society, triggering a public health crisis and economic collapse around the world. Effective treatments to mitigate this viral infection are needed. Since the eye is a route of virus entrance, we use an in vivo rat model of corneal inflammation as well as human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) in culture challenged with IFNγ as models of the eye surface to study this issue. We explore ways to block the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We found that the lipid mediators, elovanoid (ELV)-N32 or Resolvin D6-isomer (RvD6i) decreased the expression of the ACE2 receptor, furin, and integrins in damaged corneas or IFNγ-stimulated HCEC. There was also a concomitant decrease in the binding of Spike RBD with the lipid treatments. Using RNA-seq analysis, we uncovered that the lipid mediators also attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatoy cytokines participating in hyper-inflammation and senescence programming. Thus, the bioactivity of these lipid mediators will contribute to open therapeutic avenues to counteract virus attachment and entrance to the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang L Pham
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier St., Ste. D, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2223, USA
| | - Jiucheng He
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier St., Ste. D, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2223, USA
| | - Azucena H Kakazu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier St., Ste. D, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2223, USA
| | - Jorgelina Calandria
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier St., Ste. D, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2223, USA
| | - Khanh V Do
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier St., Ste. D, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2223, USA
| | - Robert Nshimiyimana
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ting F Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicos A Petasis
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haydee E P Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier St., Ste. D, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2223, USA.
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier St., Ste. D, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2223, USA.
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50
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Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Rasti B. Reinforcing our defense or weakening the enemy? A comparative overview of defensive and offensive strategies developed to confront COVID-19. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:508-541. [PMID: 33980089 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1928686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective strategies to confront coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the greatest concerns of the scientific community. In addition to the vast number of global mortalities due to COVID-19, since its outbreak, almost every aspect of human lives has changed one way or another. In the present review, various defensive and offensive strategies developed to confront COVID-19 are illustrated. The Administration of immune-boosting micronutrients/agents, as well as the inhibition of the activity of incompetent gatekeepers, including some host cell receptors (e.g. ACE2) and proteases (e.g. TMPRSS2), are some efficient defensive strategies. Antibody/phage therapies and specifically vaccines also play a prominent role in the enhancement of host defense against COVID-19. Nanotechnology, however, can considerably weaken the virulence of SARS-CoV-2, utilizing fake cellular locks (compounds mimicking cell receptors) to block the viral keys (spike proteins). Generally, two strategies are developed to interfere with the binding of spike proteins to the host cell receptors, either utilizing fake cellular locks to block the viral keys or utilizing fake viral keys to block the cellular locks. Due to their evolutionary conserved nature, viral enzymes, including 3CLpro, PLpro, RdRp, and helicase are highly potential targets for drug repurposing strategy. Thus, various steps of viral replication/transcription can effectively be blocked by their inhibition, leading to the elimination of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, RNA decoy and CRISPR technologies likely offer the best offensive strategies after viral entry into the host cells, inhibiting the viral replication/assembly in the infected cells and substantially reducing the quantity of viral progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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