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Jaishwal P, Jha K, Singh SP. Revisiting the dimensions of universal vaccine with special focus on COVID-19: Efficacy versus methods of designing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134012. [PMID: 39048013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Even though the use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic showed unprecedented success in a short time, it also exposed a flaw in the current vaccine design strategy to offer broad protection against emerging variants of concern. However, developing broad-spectrum vaccines is still a challenge for immunologists. The development of universal vaccines against emerging pathogens and their variants appears to be a practical solution to mitigate the economic and physical effects of the pandemic on society. Very few reports are available to explain the basic concept of universal vaccine design and development. This review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune responses generated against vaccination and essential insight into immune mechanisms helpful in designing universal vaccines targeting influenza viruses and coronaviruses. In addition, the characteristics, safety, and factors affecting the efficacy of universal vaccines have been discussed. Furthermore, several advancements in methods worthy of designing universal vaccines are described, including chimeric immunogens, heterologous prime-boost vaccines, reverse vaccinology, structure-based antigen design, pan-reactive antibody vaccines, conserved neutralizing epitope-based vaccines, mosaic nanoparticle-based vaccines, etc. In addition to the several advantages, significant potential constraints, such as defocusing the immune response and subdominance, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Jaishwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
| | - Kisalay Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
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Yuan L, Zhang S, Bi R, Liu X, Han Z, Li M, Liao X, Xie T, Bai S, Xie Q, Luo C, Jiang Y, Yuan J, Luo H, Yan H, Sun C, Shu Y. A broad-spectrum multiepitope vaccine against seasonal influenza A and B viruses in mice. EBioMedicine 2024; 106:105269. [PMID: 39111250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza viruses pose a persistent threat to global public health, necessitating the development of innovative and broadly effective vaccines. METHODS This study focuses on a multiepitope vaccine (MEV) designed to provide broad-spectrum protection against different influenza viruses. The MEV, containing 19 B-cell linear epitopes, 7 CD4+ T cells, and 11 CD8+ T cells epitopes identified through enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) in influenza viruses infected mice, was administered through a regimen of two doses of DNA vaccine followed by one dose of a protein vaccine in C57BL/6 female mice. FINDINGS Upon lethal challenge with both seasonal circulating strains (H1N1, H3N2, BV, and BY) and historical strains (H1N1-PR8 and H3N2-X31), MEV demonstrated substantial protection against different influenza seasonal strains, with partial efficacy against historical strains. Notably, the increased germinal centre B cells and antibody-secreting cells, along with robust T cell immune responses, highlighted the comprehensive immune defence elicited by MEV. Elevated hemagglutinin inhibition antibody was also observed against seasonal circulating and historical strains. Additionally, mice vaccinated with MEV exhibited significantly lower counts of inflammatory cells in the lungs compared to negative control groups. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrated the efficacy of a broad-spectrum MEV against influenza viruses in mice. Conducting long-term studies to evaluate the durability of MEV-induced immune responses and explore its potential application in diverse populations will offer valuable insights for the continued advancement of this promising vaccine. FUNDING Funding bodies are described in the Acknowledgments section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Shengze Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Rongjun Bi
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Xuejie Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Zirong Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Xinzhong Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Shaohui Bai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Qian Xie
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Chuming Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Shenzhen Nanshan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, PR China.
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Shenzhen Nanshan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, PR China.
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China.
| | - Huacheng Yan
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Military Theatre, 510610, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafetuy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 102629, PR China.
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3
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Frank I, Li SS, Grunenberg N, Overton ET, Robinson ST, Zheng H, Seaton KE, Heptinstall JR, Allen MA, Mayer KH, Culver DA, Keefer MC, Edupuganti S, Pensiero MN, Mehra VL, De Rosa SC, Morris DE, Wang S, Seaman MS, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Kublin JG, Corey L, Lu S. Safety and immunogenicity of a polyvalent DNA-protein HIV vaccine with matched Env immunogens delivered as a prime-boost regimen or coadministered in HIV-uninfected adults in the USA (HVTN 124): a phase 1, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV 2024; 11:e285-e299. [PMID: 38692824 PMCID: PMC11228966 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(24)00036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective HIV vaccine will most likely need to have potent immunogenicity and broad cross-subtype coverage. The aim of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 124 was to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a unique polyvalent DNA-protein HIV vaccine with matching envelope (Env) immunogens. METHODS HVTN 124 was a randomised, phase 1, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, including participants who were HIV seronegative and aged 18-50 years at low risk for infection. The DNA vaccine comprised five plasmids: four copies expressing Env gp120 (clades A, B, C, and AE) and one gag p55 (clade C). The protein vaccine included four DNA vaccine-matched GLA-SE-adjuvanted recombinant gp120 proteins. Participants were enrolled across six clinical sites in the USA and were randomly assigned to placebo or one of two vaccine groups (ie, prime-boost or coadministration) in a 5:1 ratio in part A and a 7:1 ratio in part B. Vaccines were delivered via intramuscular needle injection. The primary outcomes were safety and tolerability, assessed via frequency, severity, and attributability of local and systemic reactogenicity and adverse events, laboratory safety measures, and early discontinuations. Part A evaluated safety. Part B evaluated safety and immunogenicity of two regimens: DNA prime (administered at months 0, 1, and 3) with protein boost (months 6 and 8), and DNA-protein coadministration (months 0, 1, 3, 6, and 8). All randomly assigned participants who received at least one dose were included in the safety analysis. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03409276) and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS Between April 19, 2018 and Feb 13, 2019, 60 participants (12 in part A [five men and seven women] and 48 in part B [21 men and 27 women]) were enrolled. All 60 participants received at least one dose, and 14 did not complete follow-up (six of 21 in the prime-boost group and eight of 21 in the coadminstration group). 11 clinical adverse events deemed by investigators as study-related occurred in seven of 48 participants in part B (eight of 21 in the prime-boost group and three of 21 in the coadministration group). Local reactogenicity in the vaccine groups was common, but the frequency and severity of reactogenicity signs or symptoms did not differ between the prime-boost and coadministration groups (eg, 20 [95%] of 21 in the prime-boost group vs 21 [100%] of 21 in the coadministration group had either local pain or tenderness of any severity [p=1·00], and seven [33%] vs nine [43%] had either erythema or induration [p=0·97]), nor did laboratory safety measures. There were no delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions or vasculitis or any severe clinical adverse events related to vaccination. The most frequently reported systemic reactogenicity symptoms in the active vaccine groups were malaise or fatigue (five [50%] of ten in part A and 17 [81%] of 21 in the prime-boost group vs 15 [71%] of 21 in the coadministration group in part B), headache (five [50%] and 18 [86%] vs 12 [57%]), and myalgia (four [40%] and 13 [62%] vs ten [48%]), mostly of mild or moderate severity. INTERPRETATION Both vaccine regimens were safe, warranting evaluation in larger trials. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health and US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuying S Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edgar T Overton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samuel T Robinson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hua Zheng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Icon, Burlington, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jack R Heptinstall
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary A Allen
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Culver
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sri Edupuganti
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Michael N Pensiero
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay L Mehra
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daryl E Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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An Y, Zhao G, Duan H, Zhang N, Duan M, Xu S, Liu X, Han Y, Zheng T, Li X, Hou J, Zhang Z, Bi Y, Zhao X, Xu K, Dai L, Wang B, Gao GF. Robust and protective immune responses induced by heterologous prime-boost vaccination with DNA-protein dimeric RBD vaccines for COVID-19. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28948. [PMID: 37436839 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed great impacts on public health. To fight against the pandemic, robust immune responses induced by vaccination are indispensable. Previously, we developed a subunit vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide, ZF2001, based on the dimeric tandem-repeat RBD immunogen, which has been approved for clinical use. This dimeric RBD design was also explored as an mRNA vaccine. Both showed potent immunogenicity. In this study, a DNA vaccine candidate encoding RBD-dimer was designed. The humoral and cellular immune responses induced by homologous and heterologous prime-boost approaches with DNA-RBD-dimer and ZF2001 were assessed in mice. Protection efficacy was studied by the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. We found that the DNA-RBD-dimer vaccine was robustly immunogenic. Priming with DNA-RBD-dimer followed by ZF2001 boosting induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than homologous vaccination with either DNA-RBD-dimer or ZF2001, elicited polyfunctional cellular immunity with a TH 1-biased polarization, and efficiently protected mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung. This study demonstrated the robust and protective immune responses induced by the DNA-RBD-dimer candidate and provided a heterologous prime-boost approach with DNA-RBD-dimer and ZF2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Huixin Duan
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Minrun Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Senyu Xu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jiawang Hou
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - George F Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhong L, Krummenacher C, Zhang W, Hong J, Feng Q, Chen Y, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhang X. Urgency and necessity of Epstein-Barr virus prophylactic vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:159. [PMID: 36494369 PMCID: PMC9734748 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ-herpesvirus, is the first identified oncogenic virus, which establishes permanent infection in humans. EBV causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases. Various vaccine formulations underwent testing in different animals or in humans. However, none of them was able to prevent EBV infection and no vaccine has been approved to date. Current efforts focus on antigen selection, combination, and design to improve the efficacy of vaccines. EBV glycoproteins such as gH/gL, gp42, and gB show excellent immunogenicity in preclinical studies compared to the previously favored gp350 antigen. Combinations of multiple EBV proteins in various vaccine designs become more attractive approaches considering the complex life cycle and complicated infection mechanisms of EBV. Besides, rationally designed vaccines such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and protein scaffold-based vaccines elicited more potent immune responses than soluble antigens. In addition, humanized mice, rabbits, as well as nonhuman primates that can be infected by EBV significantly aid vaccine development. Innovative vaccine design approaches, including polymer-based nanoparticles, the development of effective adjuvants, and antibody-guided vaccine design, will further enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. In this review, we will summarize (i) the disease burden caused by EBV and the necessity of developing an EBV vaccine; (ii) previous EBV vaccine studies and available animal models; (iii) future trends of EBV vaccines, including activation of cellular immune responses, novel immunogen design, heterologous prime-boost approach, induction of mucosal immunity, application of nanoparticle delivery system, and modern adjuvant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Junping Hong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian PR China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian PR China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Miao Xu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Ulmer JB, Liu MA. Path to Success and Future Impact of Nucleic Acid Vaccines: DNA and mRNA. MOLECULAR FRONTIERS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2529732521400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 has both astonished the world and raised concerns about their safety, perhaps because many people do not realize the decades’ long efforts for nucleic acid vaccines, both mRNA and DNA vaccines, including the licensure of several veterinary DNA vaccines. This manuscript traces the milestones for nucleic acid vaccine research and development (R&D), with a focus on the immune and safety issues they both raised and answered. The characteristics of the two entities are compared, demonstrating the similarities and differences between them, the advantages and disadvantages, which might lead toward using one or the other technology for different indications. In addition, as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has once again highlighted the importance of One Health, that is, the interactions between animal and human pathogens, focus will also be given to how DNA vaccine utilization and studies both in large domestic animals and in wildlife pave the way for more integrated approaches for vaccines to respond quickly to, and prevent, the global impacts of emerging diseases.
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Namazi F, Davoodi S, Bolhassani A. Comparison of the efficacy of HIV-1 Nef-Tat-Gp160-p24 polyepitope vaccine candidate with Nef protein in different immunization strategies. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:142-156. [PMID: 33655833 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210224101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the promising strategies for effective HIV-1 vaccine design involves finding the polyepitope immunogens using T cell epitopes. METHODS Herein, an HIV-1 polyepitope construct (i.e., Nef-Tat-Gp160-P24) comprising of several epitopes from Nef, Tat, Gp160, and P24 proteins was designed. To improve its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice, cell-penetrating peptides (HR9 & MPG for DNA delivery, and LDP-NLS & CyLoP-1 for protein transfer), Montanide adjuvant, and heterologous DNA prime/polypeptide boost strategy were used. To compare the immunogenicity, Nef was utilized as a vaccine candidate. The levels of total IgG and its subclasses, cytokines, and Granzyme B were assessed using ELISA. RESULTS Immunological studies showed that heterologous prime-boost regimens for both antigens could considerably augment the levels of IgG2a, IgG2b, IFN-γ, and Granzyme B directed toward Th1 and CTL immune responses in comparison with homologous prime-boost strategies. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b were drastically higher in groups immunized with Nef-Tat-Gp160-P24 in heterologous prime-boost regimens than those in groups immunized with Nef. CONCLUSIONS The use of the Nef-Tat-Gp160-P24 polyepitope immunogen in heterologous prime-boost strategy could generate the mixture of Th1 and Th2 responses directed further toward Th1 response as a hopeful method for improvement of HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Saba Davoodi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran. Iran
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Rouphael NG, Morgan C, Li SS, Jensen R, Sanchez B, Karuna S, Swann E, Sobieszczyk ME, Frank I, Wilson GJ, Tieu HV, Maenza J, Norwood A, Kobie J, Sinangil F, Pantaleo G, Ding S, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Keefer MC. DNA priming and gp120 boosting induces HIV-specific antibodies in a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4769-4785. [PMID: 31566579 PMCID: PMC6819112 DOI: 10.1172/jci128699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RV144 is the only preventive HIV vaccine regimen demonstrating efficacy in humans. Attempting to build upon RV144 immune responses, we conducted a phase 1, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial to assess the safety and immunogenicity of regimens substituting the DNA-HIV-PT123 (DNA) vaccine for ALVAC-HIV in different sequences or combinations with AIDSVAX B/E (protein). METHODS One hundred and four HIV-uninfected participants were randomized to 4 treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, and T4) and received intramuscular injections at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months (M): T1 received protein at M0 and M1 and DNA at M3 and M6; T2 received DNA at M0 and M1 and protein at M3 and M6; T3 received DNA at M0, M1, M3, and M6 with protein coadministered at M3 and M6; and T4 received protein and DNA coadministered at each vaccination visit. RESULTS All regimens were well tolerated. Antibodies binding to gp120 and V1V2 scaffold were observed in 95%–100% of participants in T3 and T4, two weeks after final vaccination at high magnitude. While IgG3 responses were highest in T3, a lower IgA/IgG ratio was observed in T4. Binding antibodies persisted at 12 months in 35%–100% of participants. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and tier 1 neutralizing-antibody responses had higher response rates for T3 and T4, respectively. CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in all treatment groups (32%–64%) without appreciable CD8+ T cell responses. CONCLUSION The DNA/protein combination regimens induced high-magnitude and long-lasting HIV V1V2–binding antibody responses, and early coadministration of the 2 vaccines led to a more rapid induction of these potentially protective responses. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02207920. FUNDING National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) grants UM1 AI068614, UM1 AI068635, UM1 AI068618, UM1 AI069511, UM1 AI069470, UM1 AI069534, P30 AI450008, UM1 AI069439, UM1 AI069481, and UM1 AI069496; the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH (grant UL1TR001873); and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant OPP52845).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine G Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shuying S Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan Jensen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany Sanchez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - James Kobie
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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9
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Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery to skeletal muscle was one of the first applications of gene therapy that went into the clinic, mainly because skeletal muscle is an easily accessible tissue for local gene transfer and non-viral vectors have a relatively safe and low immunogenic track record. However, plasmid DNA, naked or complexed to the various chemistries, turn out to be moderately efficient in humans when injected locally and very inefficient (and very toxic in some cases) when injected systemically. A number of clinical applications have been initiated however, based on transgenes that were adapted to good local impact and/or to a wide physiological outcome (i.e., strong humoral and cellular immune responses following the introduction of DNA vaccines). Neuromuscular diseases seem more challenging for non-viral vectors. Nevertheless, the local production of therapeutic proteins that may act distantly from the injected site and/or the hydrodynamic perfusion of safe plasmids remains a viable basis for the non-viral gene therapy of muscle disorders, cachexia, as well as peripheral neuropathies.
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10
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Xu Q, Cui N, Ma X, Wang F, Li H, Shen Z, Zhao X. Evaluation of a chimeric multi-epitope-based DNA vaccine against subgroup J avian leukosis virus in chickens. Vaccine 2016; 34:3751-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Ramirez LA, Arango T, Boyer J. Therapeutic and prophylactic DNA vaccines for HIV-1. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 13:563-73. [PMID: 23477730 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.758709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA vaccines have moved into clinical trials in several fields and their success will be important for licensure of this vaccine modality. An effective vaccine for HIV-1 remains elusive and the development of one is troubled by safety and efficacy issues. Additionally, the ability for an HIV-1 vaccine to induce both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system is needed. DNA vaccines not only offer a safe approach for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine but they have also been shown to elicit both arms of the immune system. AREAS COVERED This review explores how DNA vaccine design including the regimen, genetic adjuvants used, targeting, and mode of delivery continues to undergo improvements, thereby providing a potential option for an immunogenic vaccine for HIV-1. EXPERT OPINION Continued improvements in delivery technology, in particular electroporation, and the use of prime-boost vaccine strategies will aid in boosting the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Basic immunology research will also help discover new potential adjuvant targets that can be combined with DNA vaccination, such as inhibitors of inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Antonio Ramirez
- University of Pennsylvania, Pathology, Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Nand KN, Gupta JC, Panda AK, Jain SK, Talwar GP. Priming with DNA Enhances Considerably the Immunogenicity of hCG β-LTB Vaccine. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:302-8. [PMID: 25917014 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Necessity to elicit antibody response above the protective threshold titres by sexually active women immunized to prevent pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY Recombinant hCGβ-LTB vaccine expressed as both DNA and protein. Balb C mice employed for testing immunogenicity. RESULTS Necessity to give three primary injections of the vaccine to elicit proper antibody response. Immunization twice with DNA form of the vaccine at fortnightly interval followed by the protein elicits a distinctly higher antibody response than proteinic vaccine alone. Antibodies generated are bio-effective against hCG. CONCLUSION Immunization with the DNA form of the recombinant hCGβ-LTB vaccine twice at fortnightly interval followed by the proteinic form of the vaccine induces distinctly higher antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa N Nand
- The Talwar Research Foundation, New Delhi, India.,Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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13
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Suschak JJ, Wang S, Fitzgerald KA, Lu S. Identification of Aim2 as a sensor for DNA vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:630-6. [PMID: 25488991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent human study data have re-established the value of DNA vaccines, especially in priming high-level Ag-specific Ab responses, but also raised questions about the mechanisms responsible for such effects. Whereas previous reports have shown involvement of downstream signaling molecules in the innate immune system, the current study investigated the role of absent in melanoma 2 (Aim2) as a sensor for DNA vaccines. The Aim2 inflammasome directs maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Both the humoral and cellular Ag-specific adaptive responses were significantly reduced in Aim2-deficient mice in an IL-1β/IL-18-independent manner after DNA vaccination. Surprisingly, Aim2-deficient mice also exhibited significantly lower levels of IFN-α/β at the site of injection. These results indicate a previously unreported link between DNA vaccine-induced pyroptotic cell death and vaccine immunogenicity that is instrumental in shaping the Ag-specific immune response to DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Shixia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
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14
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Ondondo BO. The influence of delivery vectors on HIV vaccine efficacy. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:439. [PMID: 25202303 PMCID: PMC4141443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine remains a big challenge, largely due to the enormous HIV diversity which propels immune escape. Thus novel vaccine strategies are targeting multiple variants of conserved antibody and T cell epitopic regions which would incur a huge fitness cost to the virus in the event of mutational escape. Besides immunogen design, the delivery modality is critical for vaccine potency and efficacy, and should be carefully selected in order to not only maximize transgene expression, but to also enhance the immuno-stimulatory potential to activate innate and adaptive immune systems. To date, five HIV vaccine candidates have been evaluated for efficacy and protection from acquisition was only achieved in a small proportion of vaccinees in the RV144 study which used a canarypox vector for delivery. Conversely, in the STEP study (HVTN 502) where human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) was used, strong immune responses were induced but vaccination was more associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition than protection in vaccinees with pre-existing Ad5 immunity. The possibility that pre-existing immunity to a highly promising delivery vector may alter the natural course of HIV to increase acquisition risk is quite worrisome and a huge setback for HIV vaccine development. Thus, HIV vaccine development efforts are now geared toward delivery platforms which attain superior immunogenicity while concurrently limiting potential catastrophic effects likely to arise from pre-existing immunity or vector-related immuno-modulation. However, it still remains unclear whether it is poor immunogenicity of HIV antigens or substandard immunological potency of the safer delivery vectors that has limited the success of HIV vaccines. This article discusses some of the promising delivery vectors to be harnessed for improved HIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice O Ondondo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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15
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Design of vaccine adjuvants incorporating TNF superfamily ligands and TNF superfamily molecular mimics. Immunol Res 2014; 57:303-10. [PMID: 24198065 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
TNF superfamily ligands play a critical role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, including the costimulation of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. This costimulation could potentially be exploited for the development of prophylactic vaccines and immunotherapy. Despite this, there have been only a limited number of reports on the use of this family of molecules as gene-based adjuvants to enhance DNA and/or viral vector vaccines. In addition, the molecule latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a viral mimic of the TNF superfamily receptor CD40, provides an alternative approach for the design of novel molecular adjuvants. Here, we discuss advances in the development of recombinant TNF superfamily ligands as adjuvants for HIV vaccines and as cancer immunotherapy, including the use of LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 chimeric fusion proteins to mimic constitutive CD40 signaling.
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16
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Felber BK, Valentin A, Rosati M, Bergamaschi C, Pavlakis GN. HIV DNA Vaccine: Stepwise Improvements Make a Difference. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:354-79. [PMID: 26344623 PMCID: PMC4494255 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient DNA delivery methods and low expression of plasmid DNA have been major obstacles for the use of plasmid DNA as vaccine for HIV/AIDS. This review describes successful efforts to improve DNA vaccine methodology over the past ~30 years. DNA vaccination, either alone or in combination with other methods, has the potential to be a rapid, safe, and effective vaccine platform against AIDS. Recent clinical trials suggest the feasibility of its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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17
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Enhanced immunogenicity of an HIV-1 DNA vaccine delivered with electroporation via combined intramuscular and intradermal routes. J Virol 2014; 88:6959-69. [PMID: 24719412 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00183-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is accepted that an effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is likely to have the greatest impact on viral transmission rates. As previous reports have implicated DNA-priming, protein boost regimens to be efficient activators of humoral responses, we sought to optimize this regimen to further augment vaccine immunogenicity. Here we evaluated single versus concurrent intradermal (i.d.) and intramuscular (i.m.) vaccinations as a DNA-priming strategy for their abilities to elicit humoral and cellular responses against a model HIV-1 vaccine antigen, CN54-gp140. To further augment vaccine-elicited T and B cell responses, we enhanced cellular transfection with electroporation and then boosted the DNA-primed responses with homologous protein delivered subcutaneously (s.c.), intranasally (i.n.), i.m., or transcutaneously (t.c.). In mice, the concurrent priming regimen resulted in significantly elevated gamma interferon T cell responses and high-avidity antigen-specific IgG B cell responses, a hallmark of B cell maturation. Protein boosting of the concurrent DNA strategy further enhanced IgG concentrations but had little impact on T cell reactivity. Interestingly protein boosting by the subcutaneous route increased antibody avidity to a greater extent than protein boosting by either the i.m., i.n., or t.c. route, suggesting that this route may be preferential for driving B cell maturation. Using an alternative and larger animal model, the rabbit, we found the concurrent DNA-priming strategy followed by s.c. protein boosting to again be capable of eliciting high-avidity humoral responses and to also be able to neutralize HIV-1 pseudoviruses from diverse clades (clades A, B, and C). Taken together, we show that concurrent multiple-route DNA vaccinations induce strong cellular immunity, in addition to potent and high-avidity humoral immune responses. IMPORTANCE The route of vaccination has profound effects on prevailing immune responses. Due to the insufficient immunogenicity and protection of current DNA delivery strategies, we evaluated concurrent DNA delivery via simultaneous administration of plasmid DNA by the i.m. and i.d. routes. The rationale behind this study was to provide clear evidence of the utility of concurrent vaccinations for an upcoming human clinical trial. Furthermore, this work will guide future preclinical studies by evaluating the use of model antigens and plasmids for prime-boost strategies. This paper will be of interest not only to virologists and vaccinologists working in the HIV field but also to researchers working in other viral vaccine settings and, critically, to the wider field of vaccine delivery.
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18
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Jalah R, Kulkarni V, Patel V, Rosati M, Alicea C, Bear J, Yu L, Guan Y, Shen X, Tomaras GD, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Prattipati R, Pinter A, Bess J, Lifson JD, Reed SG, Sardesai NY, Venzon DJ, Valentin A, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. DNA and protein co-immunization improves the magnitude and longevity of humoral immune responses in macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91550. [PMID: 24626482 PMCID: PMC3953433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the concept of combining DNA with protein to improve anti-HIV Env systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses. Rhesus macaques were vaccinated with DNA, DNA&protein co-immunization or DNA prime followed by protein boost, and the magnitude and mucosal dissemination of the antibody responses were monitored in both plasma and mucosal secretions. We achieved induction of robust humoral responses by optimized DNA vaccination delivered by in vivo electroporation. These responses were greatly increased upon administration of a protein boost. Importantly, a co-immunization regimen of DNA&protein injected in the same muscle at the same time induced the highest systemic binding and neutralizing antibodies to homologous or heterologous Env as well as the highest Env-specific IgG in saliva. Inclusion of protein in the vaccine resulted in more immunized animals with Env-specific IgG in rectal fluids. Inclusion of DNA in the vaccine significantly increased the longevity of systemic humoral immune responses, whereas protein immunization, either as the only vaccine component or as boost after DNA prime, was followed by a great decline of humoral immune responses overtime. We conclude that DNA&protein co-delivery in a simple vaccine regimen combines the strength of each vaccine component, resulting in improved magnitude, extended longevity and increased mucosal dissemination of the induced antibodies in immunized rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vainav Patel
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rajasekhar Prattipati
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Julian Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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19
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Tian Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Mao L, Chen W, Zhu Z, Liu W, Zheng W, Zhao Y, Kong D, Yang Z, Zhang W, Shao Y, Jiang X. A peptide-based nanofibrous hydrogel as a promising DNA nanovector for optimizing the efficacy of HIV vaccine. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1439-45. [PMID: 24564254 DOI: 10.1021/nl404560v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This report shows that a nanovector composed of peptide-based nanofibrous hydrogel can condense DNA to result in strong immune responses against HIV. This nanovector can strongly activate both humoral and cellular immune responses to a balanced level rarely reported in previous studies, which is crucial for HIV prevention and therapy. In addition, this nanovector shows good biosafety in vitro and in vivo. Detailed characterizations show that the nanofibrous structure of the hydrogel is critical for the dramatically improved immune responses compared to existing materials. This peptide-based nanofibrous hydrogel shows great potential for efficacious HIV DNA vaccines and can be potentially used for delivering other vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology , No., 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Hanke T. Conserved immunogens in prime-boost strategies for the next-generation HIV-1 vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:601-16. [PMID: 24490585 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.885946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective vaccines are the best solution for stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Their development and in-depth understanding of pathogen-host interactions rely on technological advances. AREAS COVERED Rational vaccine development can be effectively approached by conceptual separation of, on one hand, design of immunogens from improving their presentation to the immune system and, on the other, induction of antibodies from induction of killer CD8(+) T cells. The biggest roadblock for many vaccines is the pathogens' variability. This is best tackled by focusing both antibodies and T cells on the functionally most conserved regions of proteins common to many variants, including escape mutants. For vectored vaccines, these 'universal' subunit immunogens are most efficiently delivered using heterologous prime-boost regimens, which can be further optimised by adjuvantation and route of delivery. EXPERT OPINION Development of vaccines against human diseases has many features in common. Acceleration of vaccine discovery depends on basic research and new technologies. Novel strategies should be safely, but rapidly tested in humans. While out-of-the-box thinking is important, vaccine success largely depends on incremental advances best achieved through small, systematic, iterative clinical studies. Failures are inevitable, but the end rewards are huge. The future will be exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ , UK
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21
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McLinden RJ, LaBranche CC, Chenine AL, Polonis VR, Eller MA, Wieczorek L, Ochsenbauer C, Kappes JC, Perfetto S, Montefiori DC, Michael NL, Kim JH. Detection of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a human CD4⁺/CXCR4⁺/CCR5⁺ T-lymphoblastoid cell assay system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77756. [PMID: 24312168 PMCID: PMC3842913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive assays are needed to meaningfully assess low levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that may be important for protection against the acquisition of HIV-1 infection in vaccine recipients. The current assay of choice uses a non-lymphoid cell line (TZM-bl) that may lack sensitivity owing to over expression of CD4 and CCR5. We used transfection of a human CD4+/CXCR4+/α4β7+ T-lymphoblastoid cell line (A3.01) with a CMV IE promoter-driven CCR5neo vector to stably express CCR5. The resulting line, designated A3R5, is permissive to a wide range of CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1, including HIV-1 molecular clones containing a Tat-inducible Renilla luciferase reporter gene and expressing multiple Env subtypes. Flow cytometric analysis found CCR5 surface expression on A3R5 cells to be markedly less than TZM-bl but similar to CD3.8 stimulated PBMC. More importantly, neutralization mediated by a diverse panel of monoclonal antibodies, HIV-1 positive polyclonal sera and sCD4 was consistently greater in A3R5 compared to TZM-bl cells. The A3R5 cell line provides a novel approach to guide the development and qualification of promising new HIV-1 vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. McLinden
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke U. Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Agnès-Laurence Chenine
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Eller
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stephen Perfetto
- Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke U. Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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22
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Robust neutralizing antibodies elicited by HIV-1 JRFL envelope glycoprotein trimers in nonhuman primates. J Virol 2013; 87:13239-51. [PMID: 24067980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01247-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell-mediated proteolytic cleavage of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp160 precursor glycoprotein into gp120 and gp41 subunits is required to generate fusion-competent envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes. The gp120-directed broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNabs) isolated from HIV-infected individuals efficiently recognize fully cleaved JRFL Env spikes; however, nonneutralizing gp120-directed monoclonal antibodies isolated from infected or vaccinated subjects recognize only uncleaved JRFL spikes. Therefore, as an immunogen, cleaved spikes that selectively present desired neutralizing epitopes to B cells may elicit cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. Accordingly, we inoculated nonhuman primates (NHPs) with plasmid DNA encoding transmembrane-anchored, cleaved JRFL Env or by electroporation (EP). Priming with DNA expressing soluble, uncleaved gp140 trimers was included as a comparative experimental group of NHPs. DNA inoculation was followed by boosts with soluble JRFL gp140 trimers, and control NHPs were inoculated with soluble JRFL protein trimers without DNA priming. In the TZM-bl assay, elicitation of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 tier 1 isolates was robust following the protein boost. Neutralization of tier 2 isolates was detected, but only in animals primed with plasmid DNA and boosted with trimeric protein. Using the more sensitive A3R5 assay, consistent neutralization of both clade B and C tier 2 isolates was detected from all regimens assessed in the current study, exceeding levels achieved by our previous vaccine regimens in primates. Together, these data suggest a potential advantage of B cell priming followed by a rest interval and protein boosting to present JRFL Env spikes to the immune system to better generate HIV-1 cross-clade neutralizing antibodies.
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23
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Buglione-Corbett R, Pouliot K, Marty-Roix R, West K, Wang S, Lien E, Lu S. Serum cytokine profiles associated with specific adjuvants used in a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74820. [PMID: 24019983 PMCID: PMC3760864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, heterologous prime-boost vaccines have been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for generating protective immunity, consisting of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against a variety of pathogens including HIV-1. Previous reports of preclinical and clinical studies have shown the enhanced immunogenicity of viral vector or DNA vaccination followed by heterologous protein boost, compared to using either prime or boost components alone. With such approaches, the selection of an adjuvant for inclusion in the protein boost component is expected to impact the immunogenicity and safety of a vaccine. In this study, we examined in a mouse model the serum cytokine and chemokine profiles for several candidate adjuvants: QS-21, Al(OH)3, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant, in the context of a previously tested pentavalent HIV-1 Env DNA prime-protein boost formulation, DP6-001. Our data revealed that the candidate adjuvants in the context of the DP6-001 formulation are characterized by unique serum cytokine and chemokine profiles. Such information will provide valuable guidance in the selection of an adjuvant for future AIDS vaccine development, with the ultimate goal of enhancing immunogenicity while minimizing reactogenicity associated with the use of an adjuvant. More significantly, results reported here will add to the knowledge on how to include an adjuvant in the context of a heterologous prime-protein boost vaccination strategy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Buglione-Corbett
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Pouliot
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robyn Marty-Roix
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kim West
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Egil Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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24
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A brief history of the global effort to develop a preventive HIV vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:3502-18. [PMID: 23707164 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Soon after HIV was discovered as the cause of AIDS in 1983-1984, there was an expectation that a preventive vaccine would be rapidly developed. In trying to achieve that goal, three successive scientific paradigms have been explored: induction of neutralizing antibodies, induction of cell mediated immunity, and exploration of combination approaches and novel concepts. Although major progress has been made in understanding the scientific basis for HIV vaccine development, efficacy trials have been critical in moving the field forward. In 2009, the field was reinvigorated with the modest results obtained from the RV144 trial conducted in Thailand. Here, we review those vaccine development efforts, with an emphasis on events that occurred during the earlier years. The goal is to provide younger generations of scientists with information and inspiration to continue the search for an HIV vaccine.
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25
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Eugene HS, Pierce-Paul BR, Cragio JK, Ross TM. Rhesus macaques vaccinated with consensus envelopes elicit partially protective immune responses against SHIV SF162p4 challenge. Virol J 2013; 10:102. [PMID: 23548077 PMCID: PMC3637437 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a preventative HIV/AIDS vaccine is challenging due to the diversity of viral genome sequences, especially in the viral envelope (Env₁₆₀). Since it is not possible to directly match the vaccine strain to the vast number of circulating HIV-1 strains, it is necessary to develop an HIV-1 vaccine that can protect against a heterologous viral challenge. Previous studies from our group demonstrated that a mixture of wild type clade B Env(gp160s) were able to protect against a heterologous clade B challenge more effectively than a consensus clade B Envg(p160) vaccine. In order to broaden the immune response to other clades of HIV, in this study rhesus macaques were vaccinated with a polyvalent mixture of purified HIV-1 trimerized consensus Envg(p140) proteins representing clades A, B, C, and E. The elicited immune responses were compared to a single consensus Env(gp140) representing all isolates in group M (Con M). Both vaccines elicited anti- Env(gp140) IgG antibodies that bound an equal number of HIV-1 Env(gp160) proteins representing clades A, B and C. In addition, both vaccines elicited antibodies that neutralized the HIV-1(SF162) isolate. However, the vaccinated monkeys were not protected against SHIV(SF162p4) challenge. These results indicate that consensus Env(gp160) vaccines, administered as purified Env(gp140) trimers, elicit antibodies that bind to Env(gp160s) from strains representing multiple clades of HIV-1, but these vaccines did not protect against heterologous SHIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermancia S Eugene
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 9047 BST3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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26
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Jin K, Wang S, Zhang C, Xiao Y, Lu S, Huang Z. Protective antibody responses against Clostridium difficile elicited by a DNA vaccine expressing the enzymatic domain of toxin B. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 9:63-73. [PMID: 23143772 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA vaccination approach was used in the current study to screen for the immunogenicity of different fragments of toxin A and toxin B from Clostridium difficile. With this approach, protein antigens do not need to be produced in vitro and the immunogenicity of candidate C. difficile antigens can be identified directly in animals. Codon optimized toxin gene fragments were individually cloned into the DNA vaccine vector and tested in mice and rabbits for their ability to elicit C. difficile toxin-specific antibody responses. Only a subset of the C. difficile toxin fragments, including the C-terminal receptor binding domain of toxin A and a novel N-terminal enzymatic domain of toxin B, were able to elicit protective antibody responses as determined by protection of target cells in a cytotoxicity assay or by preventing death of mice in a passive antibody protection study. Significantly, antibodies elicited by the novel N-terminus of the toxin B DNA vaccine were able to increase the level of protection when used in combination with anti-toxin A antibodies in a toxin challenge model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, China
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27
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhang C, Hong K, Shao Y, Huang Z, Wang S, Lu S. DNA prime-protein boost using subtype consensus Env was effective in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses against subtype BC HIV-1 viruses circulating in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1630-7. [PMID: 23111170 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that DNA prime-protein boost is effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against randomly selected HIV-1 isolates. Given the genetic diversity of HIV-1 viruses and the unique predominant subtypes in different geographic regions, it is critical to test the DNA prime-protein boost approach against circulating viral isolates in key HIV endemic areas. In the current study, the same DNA prime-protein boost vaccine was used as in previous studies to investigate the induction of NAb responses against HIV-1 clade BC, a major subtype circulating in China. A codon optimized gp120-BC DNA vaccine, based on the consensus envelope (Env) antigen sequence of clade BC, was constructed and a stable CHO cell line expressing the same consensus BC gp120 protein was produced. The immunogenicity of this consensus gp120-BC was examined in New Zealand White rabbits by either DNA prime-protein boost or protein alone vaccination approaches. High levels of Env-specific antibody responses were elicited by both approaches. However, DNA prime-protein boost but not the protein alone immune sera contained significant levels of NAb against pseudotyped viruses expressing HIV-1 BC Env antigens. Furthermore, high frequencies of CD4 binding site-targeted antibodies were found in the DNA prime- protein boost rabbit sera indicating that the positive NAb may be the result of antibodies against conformationally sensitive epitopes on HIV-1 Env. The findings support that DNA prime-protein boost was effective in eliciting NAb against a key HIV-1 virus subtype in China. This result may lead to the development of regional HIV vaccines through this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshun Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, China
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28
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A DNA-based candidate HIV vaccine delivered via in vivo electroporation induces CD4 responses toward the α4β7-binding V2 loop of HIV gp120 in healthy volunteers. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1557-9. [PMID: 22837097 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00327-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Administration of a clade C/B' candidate HIV-1 DNA vaccine, ADVAX, by in vivo electroporation (EP) was safe and more immunogenic than intramuscular administration without EP. The breadth and specificity of T-cell responses to full-length Env were mapped. Responses to multiple Env regions were induced, with most focusing on V3/C4 and V2 regions, including the α4β7 integrin-binding domain. The breadth of responses induced by this DNA vaccine regimen was comparable to that of viral-vectored vaccine regimens.
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29
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Valley-Omar Z, Meyers AE, Shephard EG, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Abrogation of contaminating RNA activity in HIV-1 Gag VLPs. Virol J 2011; 8:462. [PMID: 21975161 PMCID: PMC3204299 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 Gag virus like particles (VLPs) used as candidate vaccines are regarded as inert particles as they contain no replicative nucleic acid, although they do encapsidate cellular RNAs. During HIV-1 Gag VLP production in baculovirus-based expression systems, VLPs incorporate the baculovirus Gp64 envelope glycoprotein, which facilitates their entry into mammalian cells. This suggests that HIV-1 Gag VLPs produced using this system facilitate uptake and subsequent expression of encapsidated RNA in mammalian cells - an unfavourable characteristic for a vaccine. Methods HIV-1 Gag VLPs encapsidating reporter chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) RNA, were made in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. The presence of Gp64 on the VLPs was verified by western blotting and RT-PCR used to detect and quantitate encapsidated CAT RNA. VLP samples were heated to inactivate CAT RNA. Unheated and heated VLPs incubated with selected mammalian cell lines and cell lysates tested for the presence of CAT protein by ELISA. Mice were inoculated with heated and unheated VLPs using a DNA prime VLP boost regimen. Results HIV-1 Gag VLPs produced had significantly high levels of Gp64 (~1650 Gp64 molecules/VLP) on their surfaces. The amount of encapsidated CAT RNA/μg Gag VLPs ranged between 0.1 to 7 ng. CAT protein was detected in 3 of the 4 mammalian cell lines incubated with VLPs. Incubation with heated VLPs resulted in BHK-21 and HeLa cell lysates showing reduced CAT protein levels compared with unheated VLPs and HEK-293 cells. Mice inoculated with a DNA prime VLP boost regimen developed Gag CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to GagCAT VLPs which also boosted a primary DNA response. Heating VLPs did not abrogate these immune responses but enhanced the Gag CD4 T cell responses by two-fold. Conclusions Baculovirus-produced HIV-1 Gag VLPs encapsidating CAT RNA were taken up by selected mammalian cell lines. The presence of CAT protein indicates that encapsidated RNA was expressed in the mammalian cells. Heat-treatment of the VLPs altered the ability of protein to be expressed in some cell lines tested but did not affect the ability of the VLPs to stimulate an immune response when inoculated into mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyaad Valley-Omar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, University Ave, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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31
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Vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1464-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Antunes DA, Rigo MM, Silva JP, Cibulski SP, Sinigaglia M, Chies JA, Vieira GF. Structural in silico analysis of cross-genotype-reactivity among naturally occurring HCV NS3-1073-variants in the context of HLA-A*02:01 allele. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1461-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Du SX, Xu L, Zhang W, Tang S, Boenig RI, Chen H, Mariano EB, Zwick MB, Parren PWHI, Burton DR, Wrin T, Petropoulos CJ, Ballantyne JA, Chambers M, Whalen RG. A directed molecular evolution approach to improved immunogenicity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20927. [PMID: 21738594 PMCID: PMC3126809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A prophylactic vaccine is needed to slow the spread of HIV-1 infection. Optimization of the wild-type envelope glycoproteins to create immunogens that can elicit effective neutralizing antibodies is a high priority. Starting with ten genes encoding subtype B HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins and using in vitro homologous DNA recombination, we created chimeric gp120 variants that were screened for their ability to bind neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Hundreds of variants were identified with novel antigenic phenotypes that exhibit considerable sequence diversity. Immunization of rabbits with these gp120 variants demonstrated that the majority can induce neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1. One novel variant, called ST-008, induced significantly improved neutralizing antibody responses when assayed against a large panel of primary HIV-1 isolates. Further study of various deletion constructs of ST-008 showed that the enhanced immunogenicity results from a combination of effective DNA priming, an enhanced V3-based response, and an improved response to the constant backbone sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X. Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Wenge Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca I. Boenig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Ellaine B. Mariano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Paul W. H. I. Parren
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Robert G. Whalen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
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Girard MP, Osmanov S, Assossou OM, Kieny MP. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunopathogenesis and vaccine development: a review. Vaccine 2011; 29:6191-218. [PMID: 21718747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a safe, effective and globally affordable HIV vaccine offers the best hope for the future control of the HIV-1 pandemic. Since 1987, scores of candidate HIV-1 vaccines have been developed which elicited varying degrees of protective responses in nonhuman primate models, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vectored recombinant vaccines and various prime-boost combinations. Four of these candidate vaccines have been tested for efficacy in human volunteers, but, to the exception of the recent RV144 Phase III trial in Thailand, which elicited a modest but statistically significant level of protection against infection, none has shown efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection or in controlling virus replication and delaying progression of disease in humans. Protection against infection was observed in the RV144 trial, but intensive research is needed to try to understand the protective immune mechanisms at stake. Building-up on the results of the RV144 trial and deciphering what possibly are the immune correlates of protection are the top research priorities of the moment, which will certainly accelerate the development of an highly effective vaccine that could be used in conjunction with other HIV prevention and treatment strategies. This article reviews the state of the art of HIV vaccine development and discusses the formidable scientific challenges met in this endeavor, in the context of a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Girard
- University Paris 7, French National Academy of Medicine, 39 rue Seignemartin, FR 69008 Lyon, France.
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35
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Oral and nasal DNA vaccines delivered by attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induce a protective immune response against infectious bronchitis in chickens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1041-5. [PMID: 21593235 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00034-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that intramuscular injection of DNA vaccines against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) induces protective immune responses. In the present study, we developed oral and nasal DNA vaccines that carried the S1 gene and N gene of IBV delivered by attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains SL/pV-S1 and SL/pV-N, respectively. The safety and stability of recombinant Salmonella vaccine were evaluated. Following oral and nasal administration to chickens, the serum and mucosal samples were collected and antibodies against IBV were measured. Chickens were then challenged with IBV strain M41 by the nasal-ocular route 3 weeks after boosting. The results showed that oral and nasal immunization with coadministered SL/pV-S1 and SL/pV-N elicited significant IBV-specific humoral and mucosal immune responses and conferred protective efficacy against IBV challenge higher than that in chickens immunized only with SL/pV-S1. The current study shows that novel DNA vaccines delivered by attenuated S. Typhimurium may be promising candidates for the prevention of infectious bronchitis (IB).These vaccines are efficacious, easily produced economically, and able to be delivered orally and nasally rather than injected. Coadministration of SL/pV-S1 and SL/pV-N may represent an effective mucosal vaccination regimen.
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36
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Vaine M, Duenas-Decamp M, Peters P, Liu Q, Arthos J, Wang S, Clapham P, Lu S. Two closely related Env antigens from the same patient elicited different spectra of neutralizing antibodies against heterologous HIV-1 isolates. J Virol 2011; 85:4927-36. [PMID: 21411542 PMCID: PMC3126169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00081-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of immunogens capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against HIV-1 is a major goal toward the development of an AIDS vaccine. Despite significant progress in understanding the structural features of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the discovery of multiple broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies with defined antigenic structures, the design of optimal Env immunogens to elicit broad NAbs remains a major challenge. As the structural determinants of Env immunogenicity remain unclear, we assessed two closely related Env antigens isolated from the same HIV-1-infected patient with different phenotypic features to identify what may result in a favorable immunogenic profile. One Env, B33, isolated from brain, was highly macrophage tropic with a high CD4 affinity, while the other, LN40, isolated from the lymph nodes, was poorly macrophage tropic with a low CD4 affinity. Using a DNA prime-protein boost approach, rabbits primed with LN40 Env antigen had a NAb response against heterologous primary isolates, while B33 Env antigens were capable of eliciting NAbs against only homologous and sensitive viral isolates. Further analysis revealed that the specificity of NAbs elicited by the LN40 antigen mapped to limited residues within or flanking the CD4 binding site. Certain key structural determinants were identified that could differentiate primary Env immunogens based on their potential to elicit broader NAbs. This progress will facilitate the rational design of effective HIV-1 vaccine formulations with optimal Env antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Duenas-Decamp
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Paul Peters
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | | | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Paul Clapham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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37
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Broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 patients with undetectable viremia. J Virol 2011; 85:5804-13. [PMID: 21471239 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02482-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have identified HIV-infected patients able to produce a broad neutralizing response, and the detailed analyses of their sera have provided valuable information to improve future vaccine design. All these studies have excluded patients on antiretroviral treatment and with undetectable viral loads, who have an improved B cell profile compared to untreated patients. To better understand the induction of neutralizing antibodies in patients on antiretroviral treatment with undetectable viremia, we have screened 508 serum samples from 364 patients (173 treated and 191 untreated) for a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response using a new strategy based on the use of recombinant viruses. Sera able to neutralize a minipanel of 6 recombinant viruses, including envelopes from 5 different subtypes, were found in both groups. After IgG purification, we were able to confirm the presence of IgG-associated broadly neutralizing activity in 3.7% (7 of 191) of untreated patients with detectable viremia and 1.7% (3 of 174) of aviremic patients receiving antiretroviral treatment. We thus confirm the possibility of induction of a broad IgG-associated neutralizing response in patients on antiretroviral treatment, despite having undetectable viremia. This observation is in stark contrast to the data obtained from long-term nonprogressors, whose little neutralizing activity has been attributed to the low levels of viral replication.
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38
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Abstract
A major hurdle in the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine is viral diversity. For close to three decades, HIV vaccine development has focused on either the induction of T cell immune responses or antibody responses, and only rarely on both components. After the failure of the STEP trial, the scientific community concluded that a T cell-based vaccine would likely not be protective if the T cell immune responses were elicited against only a few dominant epitopes. Similarly, for vaccines focusing on antibody responses, one of the main criticisms after VaxGen's failed Phase III trials was on the limited antigen breadth included in the two formulations used. The successes of polyvalent vaccine approaches against other antigenically variable pathogens encourage implementation of the same approach for the design of HIV-1 vaccines. A review of the existing HIV-1 vaccination approaches based on the polyvalent principle is included here to provide a historical perspective for the current effort of developing a polyvalent HIV-1 vaccine. Results summarized in this review provide a clear indication that the polyvalent approach is a viable one for the future development of an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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39
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Raska M, Takahashi K, Czernekova L, Zachova K, Hall S, Moldoveanu Z, Elliott MC, Wilson L, Brown R, Jancova D, Barnes S, Vrbkova J, Tomana M, Smith PD, Mestecky J, Renfrow MB, Novak J. Glycosylation patterns of HIV-1 gp120 depend on the type of expressing cells and affect antibody recognition. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20860-9. [PMID: 20439465 PMCID: PMC2898351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.085472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry is mediated by the interaction between a variably glycosylated envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and host-cell receptors. Approximately half of the molecular mass of gp120 is contributed by N-glycans, which serve as potential epitopes and may shield gp120 from immune recognition. The role of gp120 glycans in the host immune response to HIV-1 has not been comprehensively studied at the molecular level. We developed a new approach to characterize cell-specific gp120 glycosylation, the regulation of glycosylation, and the effect of variable glycosylation on antibody reactivity. A model oligomeric gp120 was expressed in different cell types, including cell lines that represent host-infected cells or cells used to produce gp120 for vaccination purposes. N-Glycosylation of gp120 varied, depending on the cell type used for its expression and the metabolic manipulation during expression. The resultant glycosylation included changes in the ratio of high-mannose to complex N-glycans, terminal decoration, and branching. Differential glycosylation of gp120 affected envelope recognition by polyclonal antibodies from the sera of HIV-1-infected subjects. These results indicate that gp120 glycans contribute to antibody reactivity and should be considered in HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Raska
- From the Departments of Immunology and
- the Departments of Microbiology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jana Vrbkova
- Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc 77100, Czech Republic
| | | | - Phillip D. Smith
- Medicine, and
- the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, and
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- the Departments of Microbiology
- Medicine, and
- the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 12108
| | - Matthew B. Renfrow
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Repeated DNA therapeutic vaccination of chronically SIV-infected macaques provides additional virological benefit. Vaccine 2010; 28:1962-74. [PMID: 20188252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that therapeutic immunization by intramuscular injection of optimized plasmid DNAs encoding SIV antigens effectively induces immune responses able to reduce viremia in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated SIVmac251-infected Indian rhesus macaques. We subjected such therapeutically immunized macaques to a second round of therapeutic vaccination using a combination of plasmids expressing SIV genes and the IL-15/IL-15 receptor alpha as molecular adjuvant, which were delivered by the more efficacious in vivo constant-current electroporation. A very strong induction of antigen-specific responses to Gag, Env, Nef, and Pol, during ART (1.2-1.6% of SIV-specific T cells in the circulating T lymphocytes) was obtained with the improved vaccination method. Immunological responses were characterized by the production of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha either alone, or in combination as double or triple cytokine positive multifunctional T cells. A significant induction of CD4(+) T cell responses, mainly targeting Gag, Nef, and Pol, as well as of CD8(+) T cells, mainly targeting Env, was found in both T cells with central memory and effector memory markers. After release from ART, the animals showed a virological benefit with a further approximately 1 log reduction in viremia. Vaccination with plasmid DNAs has several advantages over other vaccine modalities, including the possibility for repeated administration, and was shown to induce potent, efficacious, and long-lasting recall immune responses. Therefore, these data support the concept of adding DNA vaccination to the HAART regimen to boost the HIV-specific immune responses.
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41
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Long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses and mucosal dissemination after intramuscular DNA immunization. Vaccine 2010; 28:4827-36. [PMID: 20451642 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Naïve Indian rhesus macaques were immunized with a mixture of optimized plasmid DNAs expressing several SIV antigens using in vivo electroporation via the intramuscular route. The animals were monitored for the development of SIV-specific systemic (blood) and mucosal (bronchoalveolar lavage) cellular and humoral immune responses. The immune responses were of great magnitude, broad (Gag, Pol, Nef, Tat and Vif), long-lasting (up to 90 weeks post third vaccination) and were boosted with each subsequent immunization, even after an extended 90-week rest period. The SIV-specific cellular immune responses were consistently more abundant in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) than in blood, and were characterized as predominantly effector memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in BAL and as both central and effector memory T cells in blood. SIV-specific T cells containing Granzyme B were readily detected in both blood and BAL, suggesting the presence of effector cells with cytolytic potential. DNA vaccination also elicited long-lasting systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses, including the induction of Gag-specific IgA. The combination of optimized DNA vectors and improved intramuscular delivery by in vivo electroporation has the potential to elicit both cellular and humoral responses and dissemination to the periphery, and thus to improve DNA immunization efficacy.
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42
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Doria-Rose NA. HIV neutralizing antibodies: clinical correlates and implications for vaccines. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:981-3. [PMID: 20170372 DOI: 10.1086/651143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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43
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DNA vaccines: developing new strategies against cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:174378. [PMID: 20368780 PMCID: PMC2846346 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their rapid and widespread development, DNA vaccines have entered into a variety of human clinical trials for vaccines against various diseases including cancer. Evidence that DNA vaccines are well tolerated and have an excellent safety profile proved to be of advantage as many clinical trials combines the first phase with the second, saving both time and money. It is clear from the results obtained in clinical trials that such DNA vaccines require much improvement in antigen expression and delivery methods to make them sufficiently effective in the clinic. Similarly, it is clear that additional strategies are required to activate effective immunity against poorly immunogenic tumor antigens. Engineering vaccine design for manipulating antigen presentation and processing pathways is one of the most important aspects that can be easily handled in the DNA vaccine technology. Several approaches have been investigated including DNA vaccine engineering, co-delivery of immunomodulatory molecules, safe routes of administration, prime-boost regimen and strategies to break the immunosuppressive networks mechanisms adopted by malignant cells to prevent immune cell function. Combined or single strategies to enhance the efficacy and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines are applied in completed and ongoing clinical trials, where the safety and tolerability of the DNA platform are substantiated.
In this review on DNA vaccines, salient aspects on this topic going from basic research to the clinic are evaluated. Some representative DNA cancer vaccine studies are also discussed.
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44
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Rational antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine design: current approaches and future directions. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:358-66. [PMID: 20299194 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many antiviral vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies as a correlate of protection. For HIV, given the huge variability of the virus, it is widely believed that the induction of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response will be crucial in a successful vaccine against the virus. Unfortunately, despite many efforts, the development of an immunogen that elicits bNAbs remains elusive. However, recent structural studies of HIV-1 Env proteins, generation of novel bNAbs, maturation of technologies for the isolation of further antibodies, insights into the requirements for antibody-mediated protection, and novel vaccination approaches are providing grounds for renewed optimism.
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45
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Brown SA, Surman SL, Sealy R, Jones BG, Slobod KS, Branum K, Lockey TD, Howlett N, Freiden P, Flynn P, Hurwitz JL. Heterologous Prime-Boost HIV-1 Vaccination Regimens in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials. Viruses 2010; 2:435-467. [PMID: 20407589 PMCID: PMC2855973 DOI: 10.3390/v2020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are more than 30 million people infected with HIV-1 and thousands more are infected each day. Vaccination is the single most effective mechanism for prevention of viral disease, and after more than 25 years of research, one vaccine has shown somewhat encouraging results in an advanced clinical efficacy trial. A modified intent-to-treat analysis of trial results showed that infection was approximately 30% lower in the vaccine group compared to the placebo group. The vaccine was administered using a heterologous prime-boost regimen in which both target antigens and delivery vehicles were changed during the course of inoculations. Here we examine the complexity of heterologous prime-boost immunizations. We show that the use of different delivery vehicles in prime and boost inoculations can help to avert the inhibitory effects caused by vector-specific immune responses. We also show that the introduction of new antigens into boost inoculations can be advantageous, demonstrating that the effect of `original antigenic sin' is not absolute. Pre-clinical and clinical studies are reviewed, including our own work with a three-vector vaccination regimen using recombinant DNA, virus (Sendai virus or vaccinia virus) and protein. Promising preliminary results suggest that the heterologous prime-boost strategy may possibly provide a foundation for the future prevention of HIV-1 infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mail: (S.A.B.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Robert Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Karen S. Slobod
- Early Development, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 350 Mass Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; E-Mail: (K.S.S.)
| | - Kristen Branum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Timothy D. Lockey
- Department of Therapeutics, Production and Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mail: (T.D.L.)
| | - Nanna Howlett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Patricia Flynn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mail: (S.A.B.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; E-Mails: (S.L.S.); (R.S.); (B.G.J.); (K.B.); (N.H.); (P.F.); (P.F.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Breadth of human immunodeficiency virus-specific neutralizing activity in sera: clustering analysis and association with clinical variables. J Virol 2009; 84:1631-6. [PMID: 19923174 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01482-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of antibodies that neutralize a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates is a major goal of vaccine development. To study natural examples of broad neutralization, we analyzed sera from 103 HIV-1-infected subjects. Among progressor patients, 20% of sera neutralized more than 75% of a panel of 20 diverse viral isolates. Little activity was observed in sera from long-term nonprogressors (elite controllers). Breadth of neutralization was correlated with viral load, but not with CD4 count, history of past antiretroviral use, age, gender, race/ethnicity, or route of exposure. Clustering analysis of sera by a novel method identified a statistically robust subgrouping of sera that demonstrated broad and potent neutralization activity.
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47
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Vaine M, Lu S, Wang S. Progress on the induction of neutralizing antibodies against HIV type 1 (HIV-1). BioDrugs 2009; 23:137-53. [PMID: 19627166 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200923030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, is one of the most catastrophic pandemics to affect human healthcare in the latter 20th century. The best hope of controlling this pandemic is the development of a successful prophylactic vaccine. However, to date, this goal has proven to be exceptionally elusive. The recent failure of an experimental vaccine in a phase IIb study, named the STEP trial, intended solely to elicit cell-mediated immune responses against HIV-1, has highlighted the need for a balanced immune response consisting of not only cellular immunity but also a broad and potent humoral antibody response that can prevent infection with HIV-1. This article reviews the efforts made up to this point to elicit such antibody responses, especially with regard to the use of a DNA prime-protein boost regimen, which has been proven to be a highly effective platform for the induction of neutralizing antibodies in both animal and early-phase human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaine
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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48
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Haut LH, Ertl HCJ. Obstacles to the successful development of an efficacious T cell-inducing HIV-1 vaccine. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:779-93. [PMID: 19597003 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious vaccine to HIV-1 is direly needed to stem the global pandemic. Immunogens that elicit broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 remain elusive, and thus, most HIV-1 vaccine efforts are focusing on induction of T cells. The notion that T cells can mediate protection against HIV-1 has been called into question by the failure of the STEP trial, which was designed to test this concept by the use of an E1-deleted Ad vaccine carrier. Lack of efficacy of the STEP trial vaccine underscores our limited knowledge about correlates of immune protection against HIV-1 and stresses the need for an enhanced commitment to basic research, including preclinical and clinical vaccine studies. In this review, we discuss known correlates of protection against HIV-1 and different vaccine strategies that have been or are being explored to induce such correlates, focusing on T cell-inducing vaccines and particularly on Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Herkenhoff Haut
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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49
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Lu S. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:346-51. [PMID: 19500964 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An effective vaccine usually requires more than one time immunization in the form of prime-boost. Traditionally the same vaccines are given multiple times as homologous boosts. New findings suggested that prime-boost can be done with different types of vaccines containing the same antigens. In many cases such heterologous prime-boost can be more immunogenic than homologous prime-boost. Heterologous prime-boost represents a new way of immunization and will stimulate better understanding on the immunological basis of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- China-US Vaccine Research Center and Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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50
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Intramuscular delivery of a cholera DNA vaccine primes both systemic and mucosal protective antibody responses against cholera. Vaccine 2009; 27:3821-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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