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Kang S, Chen EC, Cifuentes H, Co JY, Cole G, Graham J, Hsia R, Kiyota T, Klein JA, Kroll KT, Nieves Lopez LM, Norona LM, Peiris H, Potla R, Romero-Lopez M, Roth JG, Tseng M, Fullerton AM, Homan KA. Complex in vitromodels positioned for impact to drug testing in pharma: a review. Biofabrication 2024; 16:042006. [PMID: 39189069 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad6933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the creation and popularization of various complexin vitromodels (CIVMs), such as organoids and organs-on-chip, as a technology with the potential to reduce animal usage in pharma while also enhancing our ability to create safe and efficacious drugs for patients. Public awareness of CIVMs has increased, in part, due to the recent passage of the FDA Modernization Act 2.0. This visibility is expected to spur deeper investment in and adoption of such models. Thus, end-users and model developers alike require a framework to both understand the readiness of current models to enter the drug development process, and to assess upcoming models for the same. This review presents such a framework for model selection based on comparative -omics data (which we term model-omics), and metrics for qualification of specific test assays that a model may support that we term context-of-use (COU) assays. We surveyed existing healthy tissue models and assays for ten drug development-critical organs of the body, and provide evaluations of readiness and suggestions for improving model-omics and COU assays for each. In whole, this review comes from a pharma perspective, and seeks to provide an evaluation of where CIVMs are poised for maximum impact in the drug development process, and a roadmap for realizing that potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serah Kang
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Eugene C Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Helen Cifuentes
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Julia Y Co
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Cole
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Jessica Graham
- Product Quality & Occupational Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of Americaica
| | - Rebecca Hsia
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Jessica A Klein
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Katharina T Kroll
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Lenitza M Nieves Lopez
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Leah M Norona
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Heshan Peiris
- Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Ratnakar Potla
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Monica Romero-Lopez
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Julien G Roth
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Min Tseng
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Aaron M Fullerton
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A Homan
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
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2
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Russell LE, Yadav J, Maldonato BJ, Chien HC, Zou L, Vergara AG, Villavicencio EG. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions: regulatory guidelines, in vitro and in vivo methodologies and translation, special populations, and the blood-brain barrier. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38967415 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2364591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This review, part of a special issue on drug-drug interactions (DDIs) spearheaded by the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX) New Investigators, explores the critical role of drug transporters in absorption, disposition, and clearance in the context of DDIs. Over the past two decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the clinical relevance of these transporters. Current knowledge on key uptake and efflux transporters that affect drug disposition and development is summarized. Regulatory guidelines from the FDA, EMA, and PMDA that inform the evaluation of potential transporter-mediated DDIs are discussed in detail. Methodologies for preclinical and clinical testing to assess potential DDIs are reviewed, with an emphasis on the utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. This includes the application of relative abundance and expression factors to predict human pharmacokinetics (PK) using preclinical data, integrating the latest regulatory guidelines. Considerations for assessing transporter-mediated DDIs in special populations, including pediatric, hepatic, and renal impairment groups, are provided. Additionally, the impact of transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) on the disposition of CNS-related drugs is explored. Enhancing the understanding of drug transporters and their role in drug disposition and toxicity can improve efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Continued research is essential to bridge remaining gaps in knowledge, particularly in comparison with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Russell
- Department of Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Maldonato
- Department of Nonclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana G Vergara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erick G Villavicencio
- Department of Biology-Discovery, Imaging and Functional Genomics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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3
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Zuchowska A, Frojdenfal S, Trzaskowski M, Jastrzebska E. Advanced three-dimensional in vitro liver models to study the activity of anticancer drugs. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400159. [PMID: 38896414 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The liver is one of the most important organs in the human body. It performs many important functions, including being responsible for the metabolism of most drugs, which is often associated with its drug-induced damage. Currently, there are no ideal pharmacological models that would allow the evaluation of the effect of newly tested drugs on the liver in preclinical studies. Moreover, the influence of hepatic metabolism on the effectiveness of the tested drugs is rarely evaluated. Therefore, in this work we present an advanced model of the liver, which reflects most of the morphologically and metabolically important features of the liver in vivo, namely: three-dimensionality, cellular composition, presence of extracellular matrix, distribution of individual cell types in the structure of the liver model, high urea and albumin synthesis efficiency, high cytochrome p450 activity. In addition, the work, based on the example of commonly used anticancer drugs, shows how important it is to take into account hepatic metabolism in the effective assessment of their impact on the target organ, in this case cancer. In our research, we have shown that the most similar to liver in vivo are 3D cellular aggregates composed of three important liver cells, namely hepatocytes (HepG2), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs). Moreover, we showed that the cells in 3D aggregate structure need time (cell-cell interactions) to improve proper liver characteristic. The triculture model additionally showed the greatest ability to metabolize selected anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Frojdenfal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland
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4
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Mizoi K, Okada R, Mashimo A, Masuda N, Itoh M, Ishida S, Yamazaki D, Ogihara T. Novel Screening System for Biliary Excretion of Drugs Using Human Cholangiocyte Organoid Monolayers with Directional Drug Transport. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:427-433. [PMID: 38369341 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that cholangiocyte organoids can be established from primary human hepatocytes. The purpose of this study was to culture the organoids in monolayers on inserts to investigate the biliary excretory capacity of drugs. Cholangiocyte organoids prepared from hepatocytes had significantly higher mRNA expression of CK19, a bile duct epithelial marker, compared to hepatocytes. The organoids also expressed mRNA for efflux transporters involved in biliary excretion of drugs, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The subcellular localization of each protein was observed. These results suggest that the membrane-cultured cholangiocyte organoids are oriented with the upper side being the apical membrane side (A side, bile duct lumen side) and the lower side being the basolateral membrane side (B side, hepatocyte side), and that each efflux transporter is localized to the apical membrane side. Transport studies showed that the permeation rate from the B side to the A side was faster than from the A side to the B side for the substrates of each efflux transporter, but this directionality disappeared in the presence of inhibitor of each transporter. In conclusion, the cholangiocyte organoid monolayer system has the potential to quantitatively evaluate the biliary excretion of drugs. The results of the present study represent an unprecedented system using human cholangiocyte organoids, which may be useful as a screening model to directly quantify the contribution of biliary excretion to the clearance of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mizoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Ryo Okada
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation
| | - Arisa Mashimo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Kendai Translational Research Center (KTRC)
| | - Norio Masuda
- MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES CO., LTD. (MBL)
| | - Manabu Itoh
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Daiju Yamazaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
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5
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Abstract
Major advances in scientific discovery and insights that stem from the development and use of new techniques and models can bring remarkable progress to conventional toxicology. Although animal testing is still considered as the "gold standard" in traditional toxicity testing, there is a necessity for shift from animal testing to alternative methods regarding the drug safety testing owing to the emerging state-of-art techniques and the proposal of 3Rs (replace, reduce, and refine) towards animal welfare. This review describes some recent research methods in drug discovery toxicology, including in vitro cell and organ-on-a-chip, imaging systems, model organisms (C. elegans, Danio rerio, and Drosophila melanogaster), and toxicogenomics in modern toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Tang
- PTC Therapeutics Inc, South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | - Vijay More
- PTC Therapeutics Inc, South Plainfield, NJ, USA
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6
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Maji S, Lee M, Lee J, Lee J, Lee H. Development of lumen-based perfusable 3D liver in vitro model using single-step bioprinting with composite bioinks. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100723. [PMID: 37502830 PMCID: PMC10368928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic sinusoids are uniquely organized structures that help maintain a spectrum of hepatic functions. Although several in vitro liver models have been developed to replicate liver sinusoids, most of these platforms require complex, multi-step fabrication methods making it difficult to achieve truly three-dimensional (3D) channel geometries. In this study, a single-step bioprinting technique was demonstrated to simultaneously print a chip platform and develop a perfusable vascularized liver sinusoid in vitro model. The integrated system uses a co-axial-based bioprinting approach to develop a liver sinusoid-like model that consists of a sacrificial core compartment containing a perfusable pre-vascular structure and an alginate-collagen-based shell compartment containing hepatocytes. The lumen-based perfusable 3D liver sinusoid-on-a-chip (LSOC-P) demonstrated significantly better hepatocyte viability, proliferation, and liver-specific gene and protein expression compared to a 3D hepatocyte-based core/shell model with static media and the standard hepatocyte-based 2D sandwich culture system. A drug toxicity evaluation of hepatotoxins highlighted the comparatively higher sensitivity of the LSOC system with a close estimation of the therapeutic range of safe drug concentrations for humans. In conclusion, the current findings indicate that the combinatorial single-step co-axial bioprinting technique is a promising fabrication approach for the development of a perfusable LSOC platform for drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Maji
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyoung Lee
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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7
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McDuffie D, Barr D, Agarwal A, Thomas E. Physiologically relevant microsystems to study viral infection in the human liver. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999366. [PMID: 36246284 PMCID: PMC9555087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver disease and mortality. Infection can occur acutely or chronically, but the mechanisms that govern the clearance of virus or lack thereof are poorly understood and merit further investigation. Though cures for viral hepatitis have been developed, they are expensive, not readily accessible in vulnerable populations and some patients may remain at an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) even after viral clearance. To sustain infection in vitro, hepatocytes must be fully mature and remain in a differentiated state. However, primary hepatocytes rapidly dedifferentiate in conventional 2D in vitro platforms. Physiologically relevant or physiomimetic microsystems, are increasingly popular alternatives to traditional two-dimensional (2D) monocultures for in vitro studies. Physiomimetic systems reconstruct and incorporate elements of the native cellular microenvironment to improve biologic functionality in vitro. Multiple elements contribute to these models including ancillary tissue architecture, cell co-cultures, matrix proteins, chemical gradients and mechanical forces that contribute to increased viability, longevity and physiologic function for the tissue of interest. These microsystems are used in a wide variety of applications to study biological phenomena. Here, we explore the use of physiomimetic microsystems as tools for studying viral hepatitis infection in the liver and how the design of these platforms is tailored for enhanced investigation of the viral lifecycle when compared to conventional 2D cell culture models. Although liver-based physiomimetic microsystems are typically applied in the context of drug studies, the platforms developed for drug discovery purposes offer a solid foundation to support studies on viral hepatitis. Physiomimetic platforms may help prolong hepatocyte functionality in order to sustain chronic viral hepatitis infection in vitro for studying virus-host interactions for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McDuffie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - David Barr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ashutosh Agarwal,
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Emmanuel Thomas,
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8
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Saran C, Fu D, Ho H, Klein A, Fallon JK, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. A novel differentiated HuH-7 cell model to examine bile acid metabolism, transport and cholestatic hepatotoxicity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14333. [PMID: 35995956 PMCID: PMC9395349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cell lines serve as economical and reproducible alternatives for primary human hepatocytes. However, the utility of hepatic cell lines to examine bile acid homeostasis and cholestatic toxicity is limited due to abnormal expression and function of bile acid-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and the absence of canalicular formation. We discovered that culturing HuH-7 human hepatoma cells with dexamethasone (DEX) and 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for two weeks, with Matrigel overlay after one week, resulted in a shorter and improved differentiation process. These culture conditions increased the expression and function of the major bile acid uptake and efflux transporters, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and the bile salt export pump (BSEP), respectively, in two-week cultures of HuH-7 cells. This in vitro model was further characterized for expression and function of bile acid-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and cellular bile acids. Differentiated HuH-7 cells displayed a marked shift in bile acid composition and induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1, CYP8B1, CYP3A4, and bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) mRNAs compared to control. Inhibition of taurocholate uptake and excretion after a 24-h treatment with prototypical cholestatic drugs suggests that differentiated HuH-7 cells are a suitable model to examine cholestatic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Saran
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dong Fu
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henry Ho
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abigail Klein
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside enhances the hepatotoxicity of emodin in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2022; 365:74-85. [PMID: 35753641 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herb-induced liver injury results from the interplay between the herb and host with the herbal components serving as the major origin for hepatotoxicity. Although Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has been frequently reported to induce liver injury, contributions of its major components such as emodin, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, physcion and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (TSG) towards its hepatotoxicity have not been clearly identified. Our initial cytotoxicity screenings of the major PMR components using rat hepatocytes identified emodin as the most toxic. Subsequently, the bile acid homeostasis-related mechanisms of emodin and its combination treatment with TSG in PMR-associated liver injury were explored in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) and verified in rats. In SCRH, emodin was found to be able to induce total bile acid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. In both SCRH and rats, the presence of TSG significantly enhanced the hepatotoxicity of emodin via i) increasing its hepatic exposure by inhibiting its glucuronidation mediated metabolism; ii) enhancing its disruption on bile acid homeostasis through amplifying its inhibition on bile acid efflux transporters and its up-regulation on bile acids synthesis enzymes; iii) enhancing its apoptosis. Our study for the first time demonstrated the critical role of the combination treatment with emodin and TSG in PMR-induced liver injury.
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10
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Liao FC, Wang YK, Cheng MY, Tu TY. A Preliminary Investigation of Embedding In Vitro HepaRG Spheroids into Recombinant Human Collagen Type I for the Promotion of Liver Differentiation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091923. [PMID: 35567092 PMCID: PMC9103061 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In vitro three-dimensional (3D) hepatic spheroid culture has shown great promise in toxicity testing because it better mimics the cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions found in in vivo conditions than that of the traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture. Despite embedding HepaRG spheroids with collagen type I (collagen I) extracellular matrix (ECM) revealed a much better differentiation capability, almost all the collagen utilized in in vitro hepatocytes cultures is animal-derived collagen that may limit its use in human toxicity testing. Method: Here, a preliminary investigation of HepaRG cells cultured in different dimensionalities and with the addition of ECM was performed. Comparisons of conventional 2D culture with 3D spheroid culture were performed based on their functional or structural differences over 7 days. Rat tail collagen (rtCollagen) I and recombinant human collagen (rhCollagen) I were investigated for their ability in promoting HepaRG spheroid differentiation. Results: An immunofluorescence analysis of the hepatocyte-specific functional protein albumin suggested that HepaRG spheroids demonstrated better hepatic function than spheroids from 2D culture, and the function of HepaRG spheroids improved in a time-dependent manner. The fluorescence intensities per unit area of spheroids formed by 1000 cells on days 7 and 10 were 25.41 and 45.38, respectively, whereas almost undetectable fluorescence was obtained with 2D cells. In addition, the embedding of HepaRG spheroids into rtCollagen and rhCollagen I showed that HepaRG differentiation can be accelerated relative to the differentiation of spheroids grown in suspension, demonstrating the great promise of HepaRG spheroids. Conclusions: The culture conditions established in this study provide a potentially novel alternative for promoting the differentiation of HepaRG spheroids into mature hepatocytes through a collagen-embedded in vitro liver spheroid model. This culture method is envisioned to provide insights for future drug toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Chun Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (F.-C.L.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Yang-Kao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Yang Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (F.-C.L.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Ting-Yuan Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (F.-C.L.); (M.-Y.C.)
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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11
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Takezawa T, Uzu M. HepG2-NIAS cells, a new subline of HepG2 cells that can enhance not only CYP3A4 activity but also expression of drug transporters and form bile canaliculus-like networks by the oxygenation culture via a collagen vitrigel membrane. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:39-50. [PMID: 34987140 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We reported the enhanced liver-specific function and structure of HepG2 cells by the oxygenation culture via a collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM). The cells were conditioned in our laboratory for a long period, so their characteristics may change from the original HepG2 cells registered in RIKEN cell bank (RCB) with the number of 1648 (HepG2-RCB1648 cells). We named the conditioned HepG2-RCB1648 cells in our laboratory as HepG2-NIAS cells. Here, we clarified the features of HepG2 cells with three different culture histories by analyzing their morphology and viability, CYP3A4 activity, the potential to form bile canaliculus-like structures, and the expression of drug transporters. On plastic, HepG2-NIAS cells grew as a monolayer without the formation of large aggregates involving dead cells that were observed in HepG2-RCB1648 cells and HepG2-RCB1886 cells. In the oxygenation culture via a CVM, the CYP3A4 activity of HepG2-NIAS cells increased to almost half level in direct comparison to that of differentiated HepaRG cells cultured on a collagen-coated plate; however, that of HepG2-RCB1648 cells and HepG2-RCB1886 cells was almost not detected. HepG2-NIAS cells formed bile canaliculus-like networks in which fluorescein was accumulated after the exposure of fluorescein diacetate, although HepG2-RCB1648 cells and HepG2-RCB1886 cells did not possess the potential. Also, immunohistological observations revealed that HepG2-NIAS cells remarkably enhanced the expression of drug transporters, NTCP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BSEP, MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP. These results suggest that HepG2-NIAS cells are a new subline of HepG2 cells useful for drug development studies. HepG2-NIAS cells were registered in RCB with the number of 4679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takezawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Miaki Uzu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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12
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Gill MW, Murphy BJ, Cheng PP, Sivaraman L, Davis M, Lehman-McKeeman L. Mechanism of hepatobiliary toxicity of the LPA1 antagonist BMS-986020 developed to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Contrasts with BMS-986234 and BMS-986278. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 438:115885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Morita A, Yamada M, Utoh R, Momiyama K, Iwadate H, Seki M. Formation of 3D tissues of primary hepatocytes using fibrillized collagen microparticles as intercellular binders. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:265-272. [PMID: 34903469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous attempts have been made to organize isolated primary hepatocytes into functional three-dimensional (3D) constructs, but technologies to introduce extracellular matrix (ECM) components into such assemblies have not been fully developed. Here we report a new approach to forming hepatocyte-based 3D tissues using fibrillized collagen microparticles (F-CMPs) as intercellular binders. We created thick tissues with a thickness of ∼200 μm simply by mixing F-CMPs with isolated primary rat hepatocytes and culturing them in cell culture inserts. Owing to the incorporated F-CMPs, the circular morphology of the formed tissues was stabilized, which was strong enough to be manually manipulated and retrieved from the chamber of the insert. We confirmed that the F-CMPs dramatically improved the cell viability and hepatocyte-specific functions such as albumin production and urea synthesis in the formed tissues. The presented approach provides a versatile strategy for hepatocyte-based tissue engineering, and will have a significant impact on biomedical applications and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kanta Momiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwadate
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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14
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Segovia-Zafra A, Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, López-Gómez C, Pérez-Valdés Z, García-Fuentes E, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Preclinical models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI): Moving towards prediction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3685-3726. [PMID: 35024301 PMCID: PMC8727925 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) encompasses the unexpected harms that prescription and non-prescription drugs, herbal and dietary supplements can cause to the liver. iDILI remains a major public health problem and a major cause of drug attrition. Given the lack of biomarkers for iDILI prediction, diagnosis and prognosis, searching new models to predict and study mechanisms of iDILI is necessary. One of the major limitations of iDILI preclinical assessment has been the lack of correlation between the markers of hepatotoxicity in animal toxicological studies and clinically significant iDILI. Thus, major advances in the understanding of iDILI susceptibility and pathogenesis have come from the study of well-phenotyped iDILI patients. However, there are many gaps for explaining all the complexity of iDILI susceptibility and mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need to optimize preclinical human in vitro models to reduce the risk of iDILI during drug development. Here, the current experimental models and the future directions in iDILI modelling are thoroughly discussed, focusing on the human cellular models available to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the most used in vivo animal iDILI models. We also comment about in silico approaches and the increasing relevance of patient-derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Zeus Pérez-Valdés
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Platform ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos, UICEC-IBIMA, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
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15
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Utoh R, Enomoto S, Yamada M, Yamanaka K, Yajima Y, Furusawa K, Seki M. Polyanion-induced, microfluidic engineering of fragmented collagen microfibers for reconstituting extracellular environments of 3D hepatocyte culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112417. [PMID: 34579926 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artificial biological scaffolds made of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as type I collagen, provide ideal physicochemical cues to various cell culture platforms. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate micrometer-sized ECM materials with precisely controlled morphologies that could reconstitute the 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironments surrounding cells. In the present study, we proposed a unique process to fabricate fragmented collagen microfibers using a microfluidic laminar-flow system. The continuous flow of an acidic collagen solution was neutralized to generate solid fibers, which were subsequently fragmented by applying a gentle shear stress in a polyanion-containing phosphate buffer. The morphology of the fiber fragment was controllable in a wide range by changing the type and/or concentration of the polyanion and by tuning the applied shear stress. The biological benefits of the fragmented fibers were investigated through the formation of multicellular spheroids composed of primary rat hepatocytes and microfibers on non-cell-adhesive micro-vessels. The microfibers enhanced the survival and functions of the hepatocytes and reproduced proper cell polarity, because the fibers facilitated the formation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions while modulating the close packing of cells. These results clearly indicated that the microengineered fragmented collagen fibers have great potential to reconstitute extracellular microenvironments for hepatocytes in 3D culture, which will be of significant benefit for cell-based drug testing and bottom-up tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sakiko Enomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Keigo Yamanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuya Yajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuya Furusawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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16
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Rizki-Safitri A, Tokito F, Nishikawa M, Tanaka M, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Sakai Y. Prospect of in vitro Bile Fluids Collection in Improving Cell-Based Assay of Liver Function. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:657432. [PMID: 35295147 PMCID: PMC8915818 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.657432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in the clearance of drugs. Reliable assays for liver function are crucial for various metabolism investigation, including toxicity, disease, and pre-clinical testing for drug development. Bile is an aqueous secretion of a functioning liver. Analyses of bile are used to explain drug clearance and related effects and are thus important for toxicology and pharmacokinetic research. Bile fluids collection is extensively performed in vivo, whereas this process is rarely reproduced as in the in vitro studies. The key to success is the technology involved, which needs to satisfy multiple criteria. To ensure the accuracy of subsequent chemical analyses, certain amounts of bile are needed. Additionally, non-invasive and continuous collections are preferable in view of cell culture. In this review, we summarize recent progress and limitations in the field. We highlight attempts to develop advanced liver cultures for bile fluids collection, including methods to stimulate the secretion of bile in vitro. With these strategies, researchers have used a variety of cell sources, extracellular matrix proteins, and growth factors to investigate different cell-culture environments, including three-dimensional spheroids, cocultures, and microfluidic devices. Effective combinations of expertise and technology have the potential to overcome these obstacles to achieve reliable in vitro bile assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tokito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (IQB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Tabernilla A, dos Santos Rodrigues B, Pieters A, Caufriez A, Leroy K, Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Gomes AR, Arnesdotter E, Gijbels E, Vinken M. In Vitro Liver Toxicity Testing of Chemicals: A Pragmatic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5038. [PMID: 34068678 PMCID: PMC8126138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the most frequently targeted organs by noxious chemicals of diverse nature. Liver toxicity testing using laboratory animals not only raises serious ethical questions, but is also rather poorly predictive of human safety towards chemicals. Increasing attention is, therefore, being paid to the development of non-animal and human-based testing schemes, which rely to a great extent on in vitro methodology. The present paper proposes a rationalized tiered in vitro testing strategy to detect liver toxicity triggered by chemicals, in which the first tier is focused on assessing general cytotoxicity, while the second tier is aimed at identifying liver-specific toxicity as such. A state-of-the-art overview is provided of the most commonly used in vitro assays that can be used in both tiers. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay as well as overall practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (A.T.); (B.d.S.R.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.L.); (R.V.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.G.); (E.A.); (E.G.)
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18
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Advancements in practical and scientific bioanalytical approaches to metabolism studies in drug development. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:913-930. [PMID: 33961500 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in metabolism profiling approaches and bioanalytical techniques has been revolutionized over the last two decades. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches along with advanced bioanalytical techniques are enabling the accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites. This review summarizes various modern in vitro and in vivo approaches for executing metabolism studies with special emphasis on the recent advancement in the field. Advanced bioanalytical techniques, which can be employed in metabolism studies, have been discussed suggesting their particular application based on specific study objectives. This article can efficiently guide the researchers to scientifically plan metabolism studies and their bioanalysis during drug development programs taking advantage of a detailed understanding of instances of failure in the past.
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19
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Assessment of long-term functional maintenance of primary human hepatocytes to predict drug-induced hepatoxicity in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2431-2442. [PMID: 33852043 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the main cell components of the liver and perform metabolic, detoxification, and endocrine functions. Functional hepatocytes are of great value in drug development, toxicity evaluation, and cell therapy for liver diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of in vitro models have been developed to screen drugs and test their toxicity. However, maintaining hepatocyte function in vitro for a long time is a serious challenge. Even freshly isolated liver cells cultured for a short time may lose function via spontaneous dedifferentiation. Thus, novel cell culture systems allowing extended hepatocyte maintenance and more predictive long-term in vitro studies are required. In this study, we developed a conditioned culture system composed of a small-molecule combination that can maintain hepatocyte morphology and functions over the long term. Two-month culture of primary human hepatocytes showed that the conditioned medium was able to stably preserve hepatic functions such as albumin and α-antitrypsin secretion, hepatic transport activity, urea synthesis, and ammonia elimination. Furthermore, this culture model can be used to assess drug-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. In summary, our work suggests a feasible approach to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro and proposes a promising model for long-term toxicological studies and drug development.
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20
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Liang X, Lai Y. Overcoming the shortcomings of the extended-clearance concept: a framework for developing a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to select drug candidates involving transporter-mediated clearance. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:869-886. [PMID: 33793347 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1912012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:Human pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction can be a significant challenge to drug candidates undergoing transporter-mediated clearance, when only animal data and in vitro human parameters are available in the drug discovery stage.Areas covered:The extended clearance concept (ECC) that incorporates the processes of hepatic uptake, passive diffusion, metabolism and biliary secretion has been adapted to determine the rate-determining process of hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, since the ECC is derived from the well-stirred model and does not consider the liver as a drug distribution organ to reflect the time-dependent variation of drug concentrations between the liver and plasma, it can be misused for compound selection in drug discovery.Expert opinion:The PBPK model consists of a set of differential equations of drug mass balance, and can overcome the shortcomings of the ECC in predicting human PK. The predictability, relevance and reliability of the model and the scaling factors for IVIVE must be validated using either the measured liver concentrations or DDI data with known transporter inhibitors, or both, in monkeys. A human PBPK model that incorporates in vitro human data and SFs obtained from the validated monkey PBPK model can be used for compound selection in the drug discovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
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21
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22
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Altered integrity of hepatocyte tight junctions in rats with triptolide-induced cholestasis. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:188-194. [PMID: 33781452 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), an active component of Tripterygium wilfordiiHook. f. (TWHF), has been widely used for centuries as a traditional Chinese medicine. However, the clinical application of TP has been restricted due to multitarget toxicity, such as hepatotoxicity. In this study, 28 days of oral TP administration (100, 200, or 400 μg·kg-1·d-1) induced the occurrence of cholestasis in female Wistar rats, as evidenced by increased serum levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hepatic total bile acids (TBAs). In addition, the heptocyte polarity associated with the strcture of tight junctions (TJs) was disrupted in both rats and sandwich-cultured primary hepatocytes. Immunoblotting revealed decreased expression of the TJ-associated proteins occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens protein (ZO-1), and downregulated mRNA levels of these TJs was also detected by real-time PCR. An immunofluorescence analysis showed abnormal subcellular localization of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1, which was also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the concentration of FITC-dextran, a marker of paracellular penetration, was found to increase rapidly in bile increased rapidly (within 6 minutes) after treatment with TP, which indicated the functional impairment of TJs. Taken together, these results suggest that the administration of TP for 28 consecutive days to rats could induce cholestatic injury in the liver, and the increased paracellular permeability might play an important role in these pathological changes.
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23
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Chothe PP, Pemberton R, Hariparsad N. Function and Expression of Bile Salt Export Pump in Suspension Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:314-321. [PMID: 33472814 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition is not well established in suspension human hepatocytes (SHH) because of the limited information on the expression and function of bile salt export protein (BSEP) in this system. We investigated the transport function of BSEP in SHH using a method involving in situ biosynthesis of bile salts from their precursor bile acids, cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Our data indicated that glycine- and taurine-conjugated CA and CDCA were generated efficiently and transported out of hepatocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. We also observed that the membrane protein abundance of BSEP was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Furthermore, known cholestatic agents significantly inhibited G-CA and G-CDCA efflux in SHH. Interestingly, cyclosporine A, troglitazone, itraconazole, loratadine, and lovastatin inhibited G-CA efflux more potently than G-CDCA efflux (3- to 5-fold). Because of these significant differential effects on G-CA and G-CDCA efflux inhibition, we determined the IC50 values of troglitazone for G-CA (9.9 µM) and for G-CDCA (43.1 µM) efflux. The observed discrepancy in the IC50 was attributed to the fact that troglitazone also inhibits organic anion transporting polypeptides and Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide in addition to BSEP. The hepatocyte uptake study suggested that both active uptake and passive diffusion contribute to the liver uptake of CA, whereas CDCA primarily undergoes passive diffusion into the liver. In summary, these data demonstrated the expression and function of BSEP and its major role in transport of bile salts in cryopreserved SHH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: BSEP transport function and protein abundance was evident in SHH in the present study. The membrane abundance of BSEP protein was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. The study also illustrated the major role of BSEP relative to basolateral MRP3 and MRP4 in transport of bile salts in SHH. Understanding of BSEP function in SHH may bolster the utility of this platform in mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition and potentially in the assessment of drugs for BSEP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Pemberton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
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25
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Sohail MI, Dönmez-Cakil Y, Szöllősi D, Stockner T, Chiba P. The Bile Salt Export Pump: Molecular Structure, Study Models and Small-Molecule Drugs for the Treatment of Inherited BSEP Deficiencies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E784. [PMID: 33466755 PMCID: PMC7830293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) is responsible for the transport of bile salts from hepatocytes into bile canaliculi. Malfunction of this transporter results in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2), benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (BRIC2) and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Over the past few years, several small molecular weight compounds have been identified, which hold the potential to treat these genetic diseases (chaperones and potentiators). As the treatment response is mutation-specific, genetic analysis of the patients and their families is required. Furthermore, some of the mutations are refractory to therapy, with the only remaining treatment option being liver transplantation. In this review, we will focus on the molecular structure of ABCB11, reported mutations involved in cholestasis and current treatment options for inherited BSEP deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaprak Dönmez-Cakil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Maltepe, 34857 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Dániel Szöllősi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse, 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse, 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse, 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Ozawa S, Miura T, Terashima J, Habano W, Ishida S. Recent Progress in Prediction Systems for Drug-induced Liver Injury Using in vitro Cell Culture. Drug Metab Lett 2020; 14:25-40. [PMID: 33267768 DOI: 10.2174/1872312814666201202112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to avoid drug-induced liver injury (DILI), in vitro assays, which enable the assessment of both metabolic activation and immune reaction processes that ultimately result in DILI, are needed. OBJECTIVE In this study, the recent progress in the application of in vitro assays using cell culture systems is reviewed for potential DILI-causing drugs/xenobiotics and a mechanistic study on DILI, as well as for the limitations of in vitro cell culture systems for DILI research. METHODS Information related to DILI was collected through a literature search of the PubMed database. RESULTS The initial biological event for the onset of DILI is the formation of cellular protein adducts after drugs have been metabolically activated by drug metabolizing enzymes. The damaged peptides derived from protein adducts lead to the activation of CD4+ helper T lymphocytes and recognition by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which destroy hepatocytes through immunological reactions. Because DILI is a major cause of drug attrition and drug withdrawal, numerous in vitro systems consisting of hepatocytes and immune/inflammatory cells, or spheroids of human primary hepatocytes containing non-parenchymal cells have been developed. These cellular-based systems have identified DILIinducing drugs with approximately 50% sensitivity and 90% specificity. CONCLUSION Different co-culture systems consisting of human hepatocyte-derived cells and other immune/inflammatory cells have enabled the identification of DILI-causing drugs and of the actual mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ozawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Toshitaka Miura
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Jun Terashima
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Wataru Habano
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba. Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki. Japan
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Natarajan P, Tomich JM. Understanding the influence of experimental factors on bio-interactions of nanoparticles: Towards improving correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 694:108592. [PMID: 32971033 PMCID: PMC7503072 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bionanotechnology has developed rapidly over the past two decades, owing to the extensive and versatile, functionalities and applicability of nanoparticles (NPs). Fifty-one nanomedicines have been approved by FDA since 1995, out of the many NPs based formulations developed to date. The general conformation of NPs consists of a core with ligands coating their surface, that stabilizes them and provides them with added functionalities. The physicochemical properties, especially the surface composition of NPs influence their bio-interactions to a large extent. This review discusses recent studies that help understand the nano-bio interactions of iron oxide and gold NPs with different surface compositions. We discuss the influence of the experimental factors on the outcome of the studies and, thus, the importance of standardization in the field of nanotechnology. Recent studies suggest that with careful selection of experimental parameters, it is possible to improve the positive correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies. This provides a fundamental understanding of the NPs which helps in assessing their potential toxic side effects and may aid in manipulating them further to improve their biocompatibility and biosafety.
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Application of the DILIsym® Quantitative Systems Toxicology drug-induced liver injury model to evaluate the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104788. [PMID: 33153971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) initiated a review of the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen. The objective of the analysis herein was to inform this review by assessing whether variability in patient baseline characteristics (e.g. baseline glutathione (GSH) levels, pharmacokinetics, and capacity of hepatic antioxidants) leads to potential differences in carcinogenic hazard potential at different dosing schemes: maximum labeled doses of 4 g/day, repeated doses above the maximum labeled dose (>4-12 g/day), and acute overdoses of acetaminophen (>15 g). This was achieved by performing simulations of acetaminophen exposure in thousands of diverse virtual patients scenarios using the DILIsym® Quantitative Systems Toxicology (QST) model. Simulations included assessments of the dose and exposure response for toxicity and mode of cell death based on evaluations of the kinetics of changes of: GSH, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI), protein adducts, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatic cell death. Results support that, at therapeutic doses, cellular GSH binds to NAPQI providing sufficient buffering capacity to limit protein adduct formation and subsequent oxidative stress. Simulations evaluating repeated high-level supratherapeutic exposures or acute overdoses indicate that cell death precedes DNA damage that could result in carcinogenicity and thus acetaminophen does not present a carcinogenicity hazard to humans at any dose.
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Wright KM, Magana AA, Laethem RM, Moseley CL, Banks TT, Maier CS, Stevens JF, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A. Centella asiatica Water Extract Shows Low Potential for Cytochrome P450-Mediated Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1053-1063. [PMID: 32581050 PMCID: PMC7543484 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica (CA) shows considerable promise for development as a botanical drug for cognitive decline. Its primary bioactive components include triterpene glycosides asiaticoside and madecassoside and their corresponding aglycones asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Exploration of the bioactivity of CA's caffeoylquinic acids is ongoing. In this study, an aqueous extract of CA (CAW-R61J) was evaluated for drug interaction potential through inhibition or induction of P450 enzymes, as required by the US Food and Drug Administration. CAW-R61J was assessed for induction potential of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 using transporter-certified cryopreserved human hepatocytes in sandwich culture. Gene expression of these target P450s was quantified, and enzyme activities were determined to confirm gene expression results. No induction was observed up to 16.7 µg/ml CAW-R61J (equivalent to 1.1 µM asiaticoside, 0.8 µM madecassoside, 0.09 µM asiatic acid, and 0.12 µM madecassic acid). Reversible and time-dependent inhibitory effects of CAW-R61J on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 were evaluated using human liver microsomes. CAW-R61J showed weak reversible inhibition of most of the P450 forms tested, with the strongest being CYP2C9 (IC50 of 330 µg/ml). CAW-R61J (≤1000 µg/ml) was not a time-dependent inhibitor of any of these P450 enzymes. In summary, CAW-R61J had no, or only a weak impact, on P450 induction and inhibition in vitro. The clinical relevance of these results will depend on the in vivo concentration of CAW-R61J components achieved in humans. Plasma triterpene concentrations measured in our recent clinical studies suggest minimal risk of P450-mediated drug interactions by these components. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A preparation of Centella asiatica is currently under clinical development for the prevention or treatment of cognitive decline. The US Food and Drug Administration required an evaluation of its potential for drug interactions mediated through drug-metabolizing enzymes. This in vitro study revealed minimal induction or inhibition of a range of P450 enzymes, including CYP3A4, by the C. asiatica extract, suggesting a low potential for drug interactions modulated by P450 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Wright
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Armando Alcazar Magana
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Ronald M Laethem
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Caroline L Moseley
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Troy T Banks
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.M.W., J.F.Q., A.S.); Departments of Chemistry (A.A.M., C.S.M.) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.F.S.) and Linus Pauling Institute (A.A.M., J.F.S.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; BioIVT, Durham, North Carolina (R.M.L., C.L.M., T.T.B.); and Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, Oregon (J.F.Q.)
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Hafey MJ, Houle R, Tanis KQ, Knemeyer I, Shang J, Chen Q, Baudy A, Monroe J, Sistare FD, Evers R. A Two-Tiered In Vitro Approach to De-Risk Drug Candidates for Potential Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition Liabilities in Drug Discovery. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1147-1160. [PMID: 32943412 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular accumulation of bile salts by inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) may result in cholestasis and is one proposed mechanism of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). To understand the relationship between BSEP inhibition and DILI, we evaluated 64 DILI-positive and 57 DILI-negative compounds in BSEP, multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP3, and MRP4 vesicular inhibition assays. An empirical cutoff (5 μM) for BSEP inhibition was established based on a relationship between BSEP IC50 values and the calculated maximal unbound concentration at the inlet of the human liver (fu*Iin,max, assay specificity = 98%). Including inhibition of MRP2-4 did not increase DILI predictivity. To further understand the potential to inhibit bile salt transport, a selected subset of 30 compounds were tested for inhibition of taurocholate (TCA) transport in a long-term human hepatocyte micropatterned co-culture (MPCC) system. The resulting IC50 for TCA in vitro biliary clearance and biliary excretion index (BEI) in MPCCs were compared with the compound's fu*Iin,max to assess potential risk for bile salt transport perturbation. The data show high specificity (89%). Nine out of 15 compounds showed an IC50 value in the BSEP vesicular assay of <5μM, but the BEI IC50 was more than 10-fold the fu*Iin,max, suggesting that inhibition of BSEP in vivo is unlikely. The data indicate that although BSEP inhibition measured in membrane vesicles correlates with DILI risk, that measurement of this assay activity is insufficient. A two-tiered strategy incorporating MPCCs is presented to reduce BSEP inhibition potential and improve DILI risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes a two-tiered in vitro approach to de-risk compounds for potential bile salt export pump inhibition liabilities in drug discovery utilizing membrane vesicles and a long-term human hepatocyte micropatterned co-culture system. Cutoffs to maximize specificity were established based on in vitro data from a set of 121 DILI-positive and -negative compounds and associated calculated maximal unbound concentration at the inlet of the human liver based on the highest clinical dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hafey
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Robert Houle
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Keith Q Tanis
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jackie Shang
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Qing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Andreas Baudy
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - James Monroe
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Frank D Sistare
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Raymond Evers
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
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Guo C, Brouwer KR, Stewart PW, Mosley C, Brouwer KLR. Probe Cocktail to Assess Transporter Function in Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020; 22:567-575. [PMID: 31804919 DOI: 10.18433/jpps30706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Probe substrates are used routinely to assess transporter function in vitro. Administration of multiple probe substrates together as a "cocktail" in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) could increase the throughput of transporter function assessment in a physiologically-relevant in vitro system. This study was designed to compare transporter function between cocktail and single agent administration in SCHH. METHODS Rosuvastatin, digoxin, and metformin were selected as probe substrates of hepatic transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BCRP, P-gp, and OCT1. Total accumulation (Cells+Bile) and biliary excretion index (BEI) values derived from administration of the cocktail were compared to values obtained after administration of single agents in the absence and presence of a model inhibitor, erythromycin estolate. RESULTS For rosuvastatin and metformin accumulation, the ratio of means [90% confidence interval (CI)] for cocktail to single agent administration was 100% [94%, 106%] and 90% [82%, 99%], respectively. Therefore, the cocktail and single-agent mode of administration were deemed equivalent per standard equivalence criterion of 80-120% for rosuvastatin and metformin accumulation, but not for digoxin accumulation (77% [62%, 92%]). The ratio of means [90% CI] for rosuvastatin BEI values between the two administration modes (105% [97%, 114%]) also was deemed equivalent. The ratio for digoxin BEI values between the two administration modes was 99% [78%, 120%]. In the presence of erythromycin estolate, the two administration modes were deemed equivalent for evaluation of rosuvastatin, digoxin, and metformin accumulation; the ratio of means [90% CI] was 104% [94%, 115%], 94% [82%, 105%], and 100% [88%, 111%], respectively. However, rosuvastatin and digoxin BEI values were low and quite variable in the presence of the inhibitor, so the BEI results were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that rosuvastatin and metformin can be administered as a cocktail to evaluate the function of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BCRP, and OCT1 in SCHH, and that digoxin may not be an ideal component of such a cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Guo
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Baghdasaryan A, Ofner-Ziegenfuß L, Lackner C, Fickert P, Resch B, Morris NM, Deutschmann A. Histological demonstration of BSEP/ABCB11 inhibition in transient neonatal cholestasis: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:340. [PMID: 32646411 PMCID: PMC7346433 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic or transient neonatal cholestasis (TNC) represents a group of cholestatic disorders with unidentified origin and remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Dysfunction of hepatobiliary transporters mediating excretion of biliary constituents from hepatocytes may play a central role in the pathogenesis of cholestasis. Despite variants of bile salt (BS) export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) have already been described in TNC, the pathogenic role of BSEP dysfunction in TNC remained so far elusive. CASE PRESENTATION We report on a newly-identified heterozygous ABCB11 missense variant (c.1345G > A, p.Glu449Lys) which was associated with prolonged cholestasis in a term infant after a complicated neonatal period. Moreover, we show for the first time almost completely abolished BSEP expression on the hepatocellular membrane in TNC. CONCLUSION This report demonstrates for the first time a close association between the prolonged cholestasis in infancy and impaired BSEP expression on the hepatocyte canalicular membrane in a heterozygous carrier of newly-identified ABCB11 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34/2, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Resch
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas Mark Morris
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Deutschmann
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34/2, 8036, Graz, Austria
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Kenna JG, Taskar KS, Battista C, Bourdet DL, Brouwer KLR, Brouwer KR, Dai D, Funk C, Hafey MJ, Lai Y, Maher J, Pak YA, Pedersen JM, Polli JW, Rodrigues AD, Watkins PB, Yang K, Yucha RW. Can Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition Testing in Drug Discovery and Development Reduce Liver Injury Risk? An International Transporter Consortium Perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 104:916-932. [PMID: 30137645 PMCID: PMC6220754 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition has emerged as an important mechanism that may contribute to the initiation of human drug‐induced liver injury (DILI). Proactive evaluation and understanding of BSEP inhibition is recommended in drug discovery and development to aid internal decision making on DILI risk. BSEP inhibition can be quantified using in vitro assays. When interpreting assay data, it is important to consider in vivo drug exposure. Currently, this can be undertaken most effectively by consideration of total plasma steady state drug concentrations (Css,plasma). However, because total drug concentrations are not predictive of pharmacological effect, the relationship between total exposure and BSEP inhibition is not causal. Various follow‐up studies can aid interpretation of in vitro BSEP inhibition data and may be undertaken on a case‐by‐case basis. BSEP inhibition is one of several mechanisms by which drugs may cause DILI, therefore, it should be considered alongside other mechanisms when evaluating possible DILI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunal S Taskar
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services Inc., a Simulations Plus Company, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Bourdet
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David Dai
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research and Development Sciences, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoph Funk
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Hafey
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Y Anne Pak
- Lilly Research Laboratory, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jenny M Pedersen
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joseph W Polli
- Mechanistic Safety and Drug Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services Inc., a Simulations Plus Company, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert W Yucha
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Sanoh S, Tamura Y, Fujino C, Sugahara G, Yoshizane Y, Yanagi A, Kisoh K, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Changes in Bile Acid Concentrations after Administration of Ketoconazole or Rifampicin to Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1366-1375. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yuka Tamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Chieri Fujino
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuji Ishida
- R&D Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University
| | - Chise Tateno
- R&D Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Wakayama Medical University
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Khatri R, Fallon JK, Rementer RJB, Kulick NT, Lee CR, Smith PC. Targeted quantitative proteomic analysis of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by nano LC-MS/MS in the sandwich cultured human hepatocyte model. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106590. [PMID: 31158457 PMCID: PMC6701468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHHs) are the most common in vitro hepatocyte model used for studying hepatic drug disposition and hepatotoxicity. Targeted quantification of key DME and transporter protein expression is useful for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of drug and xenobiotic clearance and developing corresponding PBPK models. However, established methods for comprehensive quantification of drug metabolizing enzyme (DMEs) and transporter expression in SCHHs are lacking. In this study, a targeted quantitative proteomic isotope dilution nanoLC-MS/MS method developed in our laboratory was adapted to quantify a panel of phase I & II DMEs and transporter proteins in SCHHs under basal and induced conditions. METHODS SCHHs were treated with known inducers of DMEs (Rifampin: PXR activator, CITCO: CAR activator) and transporters (CDCA: FXR activator) or with vehicle control (DMSO) for 72 h. Membrane protein was isolated from the SCHHs using a membrane extraction kit and 30 μg membrane protein was digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were analyzed by isotope dilution nanoLC-MS/MS to quantify the DMEs and transporters. RESULTS Using the method, we could quantify fourteen phase I and ten phase II DMEs, and twelve uptake/efflux transporters, under basal and induced conditions in the SCHHs. Analysis showed donor to donor variation in basal protein levels of CYP450s, UGTs and transporters, and that basal protein expression of CYP450s and UGTs was higher than that of transporters. In addition, induction of key proteins in response to rifampin, CITCO and CDCA was observed. DISCUSSION We have successfully quantified protein abundance of multiple phase I and II DMEs and uptake and efflux transporters in SCHHs using a method previously developed in our laboratory. Our method is sufficiently sensitive to quantify inter-donor differences in protein concentrations at the basal level as well as changes in protein expression in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Khatri
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J B Rementer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Natasha T Kulick
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Craig R Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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Evaluation of Drug Biliary Excretion Using Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:13-30. [PMID: 30167999 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of hepatobiliary transport of drugs is an important challenge, notably during the development of new molecular identities. In this context, sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) have been proposed as an interesting and integrated tool for predicting in vitro biliary excretion of drugs. The present review was therefore designed to summarize key findings about SCHH, including their establishment, their main functional features and their use for the determination of canalicular transport and the prediction of in vivo biliary clearance and hepatobiliary excretion-related drug-drug interactions. Reviewed data highlight the fact that SCHH represent an original and probably unique holistic in vitro approach to predict biliary clearance in humans, through taking into account sinusoidal drug uptake, passive drug diffusion, drug metabolism and sinusoidal and canalicular drug efflux. Limits and proposed refinements for SCHH-based analysis of drug biliary excretion, as well as putative human alternative in vitro models to SCHH are also discussed.
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Gijbels E, Vilas-Boas V, Deferm N, Devisscher L, Jaeschke H, Annaert P, Vinken M. Mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1169-1186. [PMID: 30972450 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis underlies one of the major manifestations of drug-induced liver injury. Drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity is a complex process, as it can be triggered by a variety of factors that induce 2 types of biological responses, namely a deteriorative response, caused by bile acid accumulation, and an adaptive response, aimed at removing the accumulated bile acids. Several key events in both types of responses have been characterized in the past few years. In parallel, many efforts have focused on the development and further optimization of experimental cell culture models to predict the occurrence of drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity in vivo. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Current Research Method in Transporter Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:203-240. [PMID: 31571166 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. In recent years, various in vitro, in situ/ex vivo, and in vivo methods have been established for studying transporter function and drug-transporter interaction. In this chapter, the major types of in vitro models for drug transport studies comprise membrane-based assays, cell-based assays (such as primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines), and transporter-transfected cell lines with single transporters or multiple transporters. In situ/ex vivo models comprise isolated and perfused organs or tissues. In vivo models comprise transporter gene knockout models, natural mutant animal models, and humanized animal models. This chapter would be focused on the methods for the study of drug transporters in vitro, in situ/ex vivo, and in vivo. The applications, advantages, or limitations of each model and emerging technologies are also mentioned in this chapter.
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Gijbels E, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M. Establishment of Sandwich Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1981:325-333. [PMID: 31016664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9420-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes and their adherent cultures are still considered as the golden standard in the field of liver-based in vitro modeling. However, they cope with progressive deterioration of their in vivo-like morphological and functional phenotype. Among the various strategies that are used to counteract this dedifferentiation process is the seeding and cultivation of freshly isolated or cryopreserved hepatocytes between two layers of extracellular matrix scaffolds. This so-called sandwich culture system allows to restore cell-extracellular matrix interactions and thereby to delay dedifferentiation. The practical setup of the sandwich culture system of primary hepatocytes is described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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40
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Characterization of hepatocyte-based in vitro systems for reliable toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2981-2986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Petrov PD, Fernández-Murga ML, López-Riera M, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Jover R. Predicting drug-induced cholestasis: preclinical models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:721-738. [PMID: 29888962 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1487399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In almost 50% of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), the bile flow from the liver to the duodenum is impaired, a condition known as cholestasis. However, this toxic response only appears in a small percentage of the treated patients (idiosyncrasy). Prediction of drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is challenging and emerges as a safety issue that requires attention by professionals in clinical practice, regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions. Area covered: The current synopsis focuses on the state-of-the-art in preclinical models for cholestatic DILI prediction. These models differ in their goal, complexity, availability, and applicability, and can widely be classified in experimental animals and in vitro models. Expert opinion: Drugs are a growing cause of cholestasis, but the progress made in explaining mechanisms and differences in susceptibility is not growing at the same rate. We need reliable models able to recapitulate the features of DIC, particularly its idiosyncrasy. The homogeneity and the species-specific differences move animal models away from a fair predictability. However, in vitro human models are improving and getting closer to the real hepatocyte phenotype, and they will likely be the choice in the near future. Progress in this area will not only need reliable predictive models but also mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mireia López-Riera
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Battista C, Howell BA, Siler SQ, Watkins PB. An Introduction to DILIsym® Software, a Mechanistic Mathematical Representation of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Guo C, LaCerte C, Edwards JE, Brouwer KR, Brouwer KLR. Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists Obeticholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid Increase Bile Acid Efflux in Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes: Functional Evidence and Mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:413-421. [PMID: 29487110 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in bile acid homeostasis. FXR agonists, obeticholic acid (OCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), increase mRNA expression of efflux transporters in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). This study evaluated the effects of OCA and CDCA treatment on the uptake, basolateral efflux, and biliary excretion of a model bile acid, taurocholate (TCA), in SCHH. In addition, changes in the protein expression of TCA uptake and efflux transporters were investigated. SCHH were treated with 1 µM OCA, 100 µM CDCA, or vehicle control for 72 hours followed by quantification of deuterated TCA uptake and efflux over time in Ca2+-containing and Ca2+-free conditions (n = 3 donors). A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model was fit to the TCA mass-time data to obtain estimates for total uptake clearance (CLUptake), total intrinsic basolateral efflux clearance (CLint,BL), and total intrinsic biliary clearance (CLint,Bile). Modeling results revealed that FXR agonists significantly increased CLint,BL by >6-fold and significantly increased CLint,Bile by 2-fold, with minimal effect on CLUptake Immunoblotting showed that protein levels of the basolateral transporter subunits organic solute transporter α and β (OSTα and OSTβ) in FXR agonist-treated SCHH were significantly induced by >2.5- and 10-fold, respectively. FXR agonist-mediated changes in the expression of other TCA transporters in SCHH were modest. In conclusion, this is the first report demonstrating that OCA and CDCA increased TCA efflux in SCHH, which contributed to reduced intracellular TCA concentrations. Increased basolateral efflux of TCA was consistent with increased OSTα/β protein expression in OCA- and CDCA-treated SCHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Guo
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Carl LaCerte
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Jeffrey E Edwards
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Kenneth R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
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Thacker SE, Nautiyal M, Otieno MA, Watkins PB, Mosedale M. Optimized Methods to Explore the Mechanistic and Biomarker Potential of Hepatocyte-Derived Exosomes in Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:92-100. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Thacker
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Manisha Nautiyal
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Monicah A Otieno
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Ballester-Beltrán J, Trujillo S, Alakpa EV, Compañ V, Gavara R, Meek D, West CC, Péault B, Dalby MJ, Salmerón-Sánchez M. Confined Sandwichlike Microenvironments Tune Myogenic Differentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1710-1718. [PMID: 28824958 PMCID: PMC5558191 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sandwichlike (SW) cultures are engineered as a multilayer technology to simultaneously stimulate dorsal and ventral cell receptors, seeking to mimic cell adhesion in three-dimensional (3D) environments in a reductionist manner. The effect of this environment on cell differentiation was investigated for several cell types cultured in standard growth media, which promotes proliferation on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces and avoids any preferential differentiation. First, murine C2C12 myoblasts showed specific myogenic differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) of adipose and bone marrow origin, which can differentiate toward a wider variety of lineages, showed again myodifferentiation. Overall, this study shows myogenic differentiation in normal growth media for several cell types under SW conditions, avoiding the use of growth factors and cytokines, i.e., solely by culturing cells within the SW environment. Mechanistically, it provides further insights into the balance between integrin adhesion to the dorsal substrate and the confinement imposed by the SW system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ballester-Beltrán
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow. Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Trujillo
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow. Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Enateri V. Alakpa
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow. Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Escuela
Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de
Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Rafael Gavara
- Instituto
de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Investigación: Conservación y Calidad
de Alimentos,Calle Agustín
Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Dominic Meek
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow. Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C. West
- Centre for
Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh. 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Bruno Péault
- Centre for
Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh. 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow. Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow. Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
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Cheng Y, Chen S, Freeden C, Chen W, Zhang Y, Abraham P, Nelson DM, Humphreys WG, Gan J, Lai Y. Bile Salt Homeostasis in Normal and Bsep Gene Knockout Rats with Single and Repeated Doses of Troglitazone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017. [PMID: 28645914 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interference of bile acid secretion through bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition is one of the mechanisms for troglitazone (TGZ)-induced hepatotoxicity. Here, we investigated the impact of single or repeated oral doses of TGZ (200 mg/kg/day, 7 days) on bile acid homoeostasis in wild-type (WT) and Bsep knockout (KO) rats. Following oral doses, plasma exposures of TGZ were not different between WT and KO rats, and were similar on day 1 and day 7. However, plasma exposures of the major metabolite, troglitazone sulfate (TS), in KO rats were 7.6- and 9.3-fold lower than in WT on day 1 and day 7, respectively, due to increased TS biliary excretion. With Bsep KO, the mRNA levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), Mrp3, Mrp4, Mdr1, breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, small heterodimer partner, and Sult2A1 were significantly altered in KO rats. Following seven daily TGZ treatments, Cyp7A1 was significantly increased in both WT and KO rats. In the vehicle groups, plasma exposures of individual bile acids demonstrated variable changes in KO rats as compared with WT. WT rats dosed with TGZ showed an increase of many bile acid species in plasma on day 1, suggesting the inhibition of Bsep. Conversely, these changes returned to base levels on day 7. In KO rats, alterations of most bile acids were observed after seven doses of TGZ. Collectively, bile acid homeostasis in rats was regulated through bile acid synthesis and transport in response to Bsep deficiency and TGZ inhibition. Additionally, our study is the first to demonstrate that repeated TGZ doses can upregulate Cyp7A1 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Shenjue Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Chris Freeden
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Pamela Abraham
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - David M Nelson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - W Griffith Humphreys
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
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47
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Tetsuka K, Ohbuchi M, Tabata K. Recent Progress in Hepatocyte Culture Models and Their Application to the Assessment of Drug Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity in Drug Discovery: The Value of Tissue Engineering for the Successful Development of a Microphysiological System. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2302-2311. [PMID: 28533121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology has provided many useful culture models. This article reviews the merits of this technology in a hepatocyte culture system and describes the applications of the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model in drug discovery. In addition, we also review recent investigations of the utility of the 3-dimensional bioprinted human liver tissue model and spheroid model. Finally, we present the future direction and developmental challenges of a hepatocyte culture model for the successful establishment of a microphysiological system, represented as an organ-on-a-chip and even as a human-on-a-chip. A merit of advanced culture models is their potential use for detecting hepatotoxicity through repeated exposure to chemicals as they allow long-term culture while maintaining hepatocyte functionality. As a future direction, such advanced hepatocyte culture systems can be connected to other tissue models for evaluating tissue-to-tissue interaction beyond cell-to-cell interaction. This combination of culture models could represent parts of the human body in a microphysiological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tetsuka
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohbuchi
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tabata
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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48
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Thakkar N, Slizgi JR, Brouwer KLR. Effect of Liver Disease on Hepatic Transporter Expression and Function. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2282-2294. [PMID: 28465155 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease can alter the disposition of xenobiotics and endogenous substances. Regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency recommend, if possible, studying the effect of liver disease on drugs under development to guide specific dose recommendations in these patients. Although extensive research has been conducted to characterize the effect of liver disease on drug-metabolizing enzymes, emerging data have implicated that the expression and function of hepatobiliary transport proteins also are altered in liver disease. This review summarizes recent developments in the field, which may have implications for understanding altered disposition, safety, and efficacy of new and existing drugs. A brief review of liver physiology and hepatic transporter localization/function is provided. Then, the expression and function of hepatic transporters in cholestasis, hepatitis C infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, human immunodeficiency virus infection, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis are reviewed. In the absence of clinical data, nonclinical information in animal models is presented. This review aims to advance the understanding of altered expression and function of hepatic transporters in liver disease and the implications of such changes on drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Thakkar
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jason R Slizgi
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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49
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Kimoto E, Bi YA, Kosa RE, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS. Hepatobiliary Clearance Prediction: Species Scaling From Monkey, Dog, and Rat, and In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes Using 17 Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2795-2804. [PMID: 28456723 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary elimination can be a major clearance pathway dictating the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Here, we first compared the dose eliminated in bile in preclinical species (monkey, dog, and rat) with that in human and further evaluated single-species scaling (SSS) to predict human hepatobiliary clearance. Six compounds dosed in bile duct-cannulated (BDC) monkeys showed biliary excretion comparable to human; and the SSS of hepatobiliary clearance with plasma fraction unbound correction yielded reasonable predictions (within 3-fold). Although dog SSS also showed reasonable predictions, rat overpredicted hepatobiliary clearance for 13 of 24 compounds. Second, we evaluated the translatability of in vitro sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHHs) to predict human hepatobiliary clearance for 17 drugs. For drugs with no significant active uptake in SCHH studies (i.e., with or without rifamycin SV), measured intrinsic biliary clearance was directly scalable with good predictability (absolute average fold error [AAFE] = 1.6). Drugs showing significant active uptake in SCHH, however, showed improved predictability when scaled based on extended clearance term (AAFE = 2.0), which incorporated sinusoidal uptake along with a global scaling factor for active uptake and the canalicular efflux clearance. In conclusion, SCHH is a useful tool to predict human hepatobiliary clearance, whereas BDC monkey model may provide further confidence in the prospective predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Rachel E Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340.
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50
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Model Systems for Studying the Role of Canalicular Efflux Transporters in Drug-Induced Cholestatic Liver Disease. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2295-2301. [PMID: 28385542 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation is a key function of the liver. Disturbance of bile flow may lead to liver disease and is called cholestasis. Cholestasis may be inherited, for example, in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis or acquired, for example, by drug-mediated inhibition of bile salt export from hepatocytes into the canaliculi. The key transport system for exporting bile salts into the canaliculi is the bile salt export pump. Inhibition of the bile salt export pump by drugs is a well-established cause of drug-induced cholestasis. Investigation of the role of the multidrug resistance protein 3, essential for biliary phospholipid secretion, is emerging now. This overview summarizes current concepts and methods with an emphasis on in vitro model systems for the investigation of drug-induced cholestasis in the general context of drug-induced liver injury.
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