1
|
Pollok B, Depperschmidt C, Koester M, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Krause V. Cathodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the left ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) interferes with conscious error correction. Behav Brain Res 2023; 454:114661. [PMID: 37696453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Precise motor timing requires the ability to flexibly adapt one's own movements with respect to changes in the environment. Previous studies suggest that the correction of perceived as compared to non-perceived timing errors involves at least partially distinct brain networks. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dPFC) has been linked to the correction of perceived timing errors and evidence for a contribution of the ventrolateral PFC (vPFC) specifically to the correction of non-perceived errors exists. The present study aimed at clarifying the functional contribution of the left vPFC for the correction of timing errors by adopting high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Twenty-one young healthy volunteers synchronized their right index finger taps with respect to an isochronous auditory pacing signal. Perceivable and non-perceivable step-changes of the metronome were interspersed, and error correction was analyzed by means of the phase-correction response (PCR). In subsequent sessions anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS was applied to the left vPFC to establish a brain-behavior relationship. Sham stimulation served as control condition. Synchronization accuracy as well as error correction were determined immediately prior to and after HD-tDCS. The analysis suggests a detrimental effect of cathodal HD-tDCS distinctively on error correction in trials with perceived timing errors. The data support the significance of the left vPFC for error correction in the temporal domain but contradicts the view of a role in the correction of non-perceived errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pollok
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Carina Depperschmidt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koester
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt-Wilcke
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; Center of Neurology, District Hospital Mainkofen, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Krause
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropsychology, Mauritius Hospital and Neurorehabilitation Center Meerbusch, 40670 Meerbusch, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A Method for the Study of Cerebellar Cognitive Function—Re-Cognition and Validation of Error-Related Potentials. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091173. [PMID: 36138909 PMCID: PMC9497277 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar region has four times as many brain cells as the brain, but whether the cerebellum functions in cognition, and how it does so, remain unexplored. In order to verify whether the cerebellum is involved in cognition, we chose to investigate whether the cerebellum is involved in the process of error judgment. We designed an experiment in which we could activate the subject’s error-related potentials (ErrP). We recruited 26 subjects and asked them to wear EEG caps with cerebellar regions designed by us to participate in the experiment so that we could record their EEG activity throughout the experiment. We successfully mitigated the majority of noise interference after a series of pre-processing of the data collected from each subject. Our analysis of the preprocessed data revealed that our experiment successfully activated ErrP, and that the EEG signals, including the cerebellum, were significantly different when subjects made errors compared to when they made correct judgments. We designed a feature extraction method that requires selecting channels with large differences under different classifications, firstly by extracting the time-frequency features of these channels, and then screening these features with sequence backward feature (SBS) selection. We use the extracted features as the input and different event types in EEG data as the labels for multiple classifiers to classify the data in the executive and feedback segments, where the average accuracy for two-class classification of executive segments can reach 80.5%. The major contribution of our study is the discovery of the presence of ErrP in cerebellar regions and the extraction of an effective feature extraction method for EEG data.
Collapse
|
3
|
Takagi S, Hori H, Yamaguchi T, Ochi S, Nishida M, Maruo T, Takahashi H. Motor Functional Characteristics in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:1679-1695. [PMID: 35971415 PMCID: PMC9375548 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s369845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has various influences on physical abilities. Identification of specific physical abilities of people with ADHD/ASDs as biomarkers for diagnosing these conditions is necessary. Therefore, in the present review, we aimed firstly to extract the difference in physical abilities of people with ADHD or ASDs compared to those of normal individuals. Secondly, we aimed to extract the specific physical ability characteristics for identifying potential diagnostic biomarkers in people with ADHD/ASDs. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed. The databases were searched for relevant articles on motor function deficits and characteristics of ADHD or ASD. RESULTS Forty-one cross-sectional studies and three randomized controlled trials were identified, comprising 33 studies of ADHD, 10 studies of ASDs, and 1 study of both ADHD and ASDs. The quality of studies varied. Three types of physical activities/exercises were identified, including coordinated movement, resistance-type sports, and aerobic-type sports. People with ADHD/ASDs generally exhibited poorer physical abilities for all types of activities, possibly because of low levels of physical activity. Specifically, we found temporal discoordination of movement in ADHD and integration or synchronization of separate movements in ASDs. CONCLUSION Specific deficits in physical ability may be attributed to ADHD/ASDs. However, there is not enough research on the physical abilities of people with ADHD and ASDs to clarify the specific deficits. Investigation of specific motor functions that characterize ADHD/ASDs should be facilitated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takagi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hori
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamaguchi
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishida
- Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soto-Leon V, Alonso-Bonilla C, Peinado-Palomino D, Torres-Pareja M, Mendoza-Laiz N, Mordillo-Mateos L, Onate-Figuerez A, Arias P, Aguilar J, Oliviero A. Effects of fatigue induced by repetitive movements and isometric tasks on reaction time. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 73:102679. [PMID: 32980590 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The understanding of fatigue of the human motor system is important in the fields of ergonomics, sport, rehabilitation and neurology. In order to understand the interactions between fatigue and reaction time, we evaluated the effects of two different fatiguing tasks on reaction time. METHODS 83 healthy subjects were included in a case-control study with three arms where single and double choice reaction time tasks were performed before and after 2 min fatiguing task (an isometric task, a finger tapping task and at rest). RESULTS After an isometric task, the right-fatigued hand was slower in the choice component of a double choice reaction time task (calculated as the individual difference between single and double choice reaction times); also, the subjects that felt more fatigued had slower choice reaction time respect to the baseline assessment. Moreover, in relationship to the performance decay after two minutes, finger tapping task produces more intense fatigability perception. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that two minutes of isometric or repetitive tasks are enough to produce fatigue. The fatigue perception is more intense for finger tapping tasks in relation to the performance decay. We therefore confirmed that the two fatiguing tasks produced two different kind of fatigue demonstrating that with a very simple protocol it is possible to test subjects or patients to quantify different form of fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Soto-Leon
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Diego Peinado-Palomino
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla- La Mancha, UCLM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Torres-Pareja
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla- La Mancha, UCLM, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Arias
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group, NEUROcom, Department of Medicine, University of Coruna and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruna (INIBIC), A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Juan Aguilar
- Experimental Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abeles D, Amit R, Tal-Perry N, Carrasco M, Yuval-Greenberg S. Oculomotor inhibition precedes temporally expected auditory targets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3524. [PMID: 32665559 PMCID: PMC7360783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movements are inhibited prior to the onset of temporally-predictable visual targets. This oculomotor inhibition effect could be considered a marker for the formation of temporal expectations and the allocation of temporal attention in the visual domain. Here we show that eye movements are also inhibited before predictable auditory targets. In two experiments, we manipulate the period between a cue and an auditory target to be either predictable or unpredictable. The findings show that although there is no perceptual gain from avoiding gaze-shifts in this procedure, saccades and blinks are inhibited prior to predictable relative to unpredictable auditory targets. These findings show that oculomotor inhibition occurs prior to auditory targets. This link between auditory expectation and oculomotor behavior reveals a multimodal perception action coupling, which has a central role in temporal expectations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dekel Abeles
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Roy Amit
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Noam Tal-Perry
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suarez I, De Los Reyes Aragón C, Diaz E, Iglesias T, Barcelo E, Velez JI, Casini L. How Is Temporal Processing Affected in Children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder? Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:246-261. [PMID: 32412304 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1764566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We compared the performance of children with ADHD and typically developing children on two temporal tasks, a bisection task and a reproduction task, in auditory and visual modalities. Children with ADHD presented a larger variability when performing auditory and visual temporal tasks. Moreover, they overestimated the durations in bisection tasks and underproduced duration intervals in the visual reproduction task. In the context of the pacemaker-accumulator model, these results suggest that temporal deficits might result from a dysfunction in the switch and/or memory impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Suarez
- Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla, Colombia.,UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS , Marseille, France
| | | | - Elisa Diaz
- Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla, Colombia.,Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Universidad de la Costa , Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Ernesto Barcelo
- Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Universidad de la Costa , Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Laurence Casini
- UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS , Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nani A, Manuello J, Liloia D, Duca S, Costa T, Cauda F. The Neural Correlates of Time: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1796-1826. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, our inner sense of time has been repeatedly studied with the help of neuroimaging techniques. These investigations have suggested the specific involvement of different brain areas in temporal processing. At least two distinct neural systems are likely to play a role in measuring time: One is mainly constituted of subcortical structures and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals below the 1-sec range (subsecond timing tasks), and the other is mainly constituted of cortical areas and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals above the 1-sec range (suprasecond timing tasks). Tasks can then be performed in motor or nonmotor (perceptual) conditions, thus providing four different categories of time processing. Our meta-analytical investigation partly confirms the findings of previous meta-analytical works. Both sub- and suprasecond tasks recruit cortical and subcortical areas, but subcortical areas are more intensely activated in subsecond tasks than in suprasecond tasks, which instead receive more contributions from cortical activations. All the conditions, however, show strong activations in the SMA, whose rostral and caudal parts have an important role not only in the discrimination of different time intervals but also in relation to the nature of the task conditions. This area, along with the striatum (especially the putamen) and the claustrum, is supposed to be an essential node in the different networks engaged when the brain creates our sense of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nani
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Jordi Manuello
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Donato Liloia
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Sergio Duca
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Tommaso Costa
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Franco Cauda
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neural substrates of internally-based and externally-cued timing: An activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 96:197-209. [PMID: 30316722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic interplay exists between Internally-Based (IBT) and Externally-Cued (ECT) time processing. While IBT processes support the self-generation of context-independent temporal representations, ECT mechanisms allow constructing temporal representations primarily derived from the structure of the sensory environment. We performed an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on 177 fMRI experiments, from 79 articles, to identify brain areas involved in timing; two individual ALEs tested the hypothesis of a neural segregation between IBT and ECT. The general ALE highlighted a network involving supplementary motor area (SMA), intraparietal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), insula (INS) and basal ganglia. We found evidence of a partial dissociation between IBT and ECT. IBT relies on a subset of areas also involved in ECT, however ECT tasks activate SMA, right IFG, left precentral gyrus and INS in a significantly stronger way. Present results suggest that ECT involves the detection of environmental temporal regularities and their integration with the output of the IBT processing, to generate a representation of time which reflects the temporal metric of the environment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Reduced functional connectivity of fronto-parietal sustained attention networks in severe childhood abuse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188744. [PMID: 29190830 PMCID: PMC5708742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is associated with attention deficits. We examined the effect of childhood abuse and abuse-by-gene (5-HTTLPR, MAOA, FKBP5) interaction on functional brain connectivity during sustained attention in medication/drug-free adolescents. Functional connectivity was compared, using generalised psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, between 21 age-and gender-matched adolescents exposed to severe childhood abuse and 27 healthy controls, while they performed a parametrically modulated vigilance task requiring target detection with a progressively increasing load of sustained attention. Behaviourally, participants exposed to childhood abuse had increased omission errors compared to healthy controls. During the most challenging attention condition abused participants relative to controls exhibited reduced connectivity, with a left-hemispheric bias, in typical fronto-parietal attention networks, including dorsolateral, rostromedial and inferior prefrontal and inferior parietal regions. Abuse-related connectivity abnormalities were exacerbated in individuals homozygous for the risky C-allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs3800373 of the FK506 Binding Protein 5 (FKBP5) gene. Findings suggest that childhood abuse is associated with decreased functional connectivity in fronto-parietal attention networks and that the FKBP5 genotype moderates neurobiological vulnerability to abuse. These findings represent a first step towards the delineation of abuse-related neurofunctional connectivity abnormalities, which hopefully will facilitate the development of specific treatment strategies for victims of childhood maltreatment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Carlisi CO, Norman L, Murphy CM, Christakou A, Chantiluke K, Giampietro V, Simmons A, Brammer M, Murphy DG, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Disorder-Specific and Shared Brain Abnormalities During Vigilance in Autism and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:644-654. [PMID: 29167833 PMCID: PMC5685008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are often comorbid and share similarities across some cognitive phenotypes, including certain aspects of attention. However, no functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have compared the underlying neural mechanisms contributing to these shared phenotypes. METHODS Age- and IQ-matched boys (11-17 years old) with ASD (n = 20), boys with OCD (n = 20), and healthy control boys (n = 20) performed a parametrically modulated psychomotor vigilance functional magnetic resonance imaging task. Brain activation and performance were compared among adolescents with OCD, adolescents with ASD, and control adolescents. RESULTS Whereas boys with ASD and OCD were not impaired on task performance, there was a significant group by attention load interaction in several brain regions. With increasing attention load, left inferior frontal cortex/insula and left inferior parietal lobe/pre/post-central gyrus were progressively less activated in boys with OCD relative to the other two groups. In addition, boys with OCD showed progressively increased activation with increasing attention load in rostromedial prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex relative to boys with ASD and control boys. Shared neurofunctional abnormalities between boys with ASD and boys with OCD included increased activation with increasing attention load in cerebellum and occipital regions, possibly reflecting increased default mode network activation. CONCLUSIONS This first functional magnetic resonance imaging study to compare boys with ASD and OCD showed shared abnormalities in posterior cerebellar-occipital brain regions. However, boys with OCD showed a disorder-specific pattern of reduced activation in left inferior frontal and temporo-parietal regions but increased activation of medial frontal regions, which may potentially be related to neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive and clinical phenotypes of OCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina O. Carlisi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, London
| | - Luke Norman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, London
| | - Clodagh M. Murphy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, London
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Anastasia Christakou
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kaylita Chantiluke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, London
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London
| | - Andrew Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (AS), Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London
| | - Declan G. Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | | | - David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience(DM-C), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, London
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carlisi CO, Norman L, Murphy CM, Christakou A, Chantiluke K, Giampietro V, Simmons A, Brammer M, Murphy DG, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Comparison of neural substrates of temporal discounting between youth with autism spectrum disorder and with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2513-2527. [PMID: 28436342 PMCID: PMC5964452 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share abnormalities in hot executive functions such as reward-based decision-making, as measured in the temporal discounting task (TD). No studies, however, have directly compared these disorders to investigate common/distinct neural profiles underlying such abnormalities. We wanted to test whether reward-based decision-making is a shared transdiagnostic feature of both disorders with similar neurofunctional substrates or whether it is a shared phenotype with disorder-differential neurofunctional underpinnings. METHODS Age and IQ-matched boys with ASD (N = 20), with OCD (N = 20) and 20 healthy controls, performed an individually-adjusted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) TD task. Brain activation and performance were compared between groups. RESULTS Boys with ASD showed greater choice-impulsivity than OCD and control boys. Whole-brain between-group comparison revealed shared reductions in ASD and OCD relative to control boys for delayed-immediate choices in right ventromedial/lateral orbitofrontal cortex extending into medial/inferior prefrontal cortex, and in cerebellum, posterior cingulate and precuneus. For immediate-delayed choices, patients relative to controls showed reduced activation in anterior cingulate/ventromedial prefrontal cortex reaching into left caudate, which, at a trend level, was more decreased in ASD than OCD patients, and in bilateral temporal and inferior parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS This first fMRI comparison between youth with ASD and with OCD, using a reward-based decision-making task, shows predominantly shared neurofunctional abnormalities during TD in key ventromedial, orbital- and inferior fronto-striatal, temporo-parietal and cerebellar regions of temporal foresight and reward processing, suggesting trans-diagnostic neurofunctional deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. O. Carlisi
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
| | - L. Norman
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
| | - C. M. Murphy
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism
Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic
Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust,
London, UK
| | - A. Christakou
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and
Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of
Reading, Reading, UK
| | - K. Chantiluke
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
| | - V. Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - A. Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS
Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and
Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical
Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - M. Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - D. G. Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism
Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic
Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust,
London, UK
| | | | - D. Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,
Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neurofunctional Abnormalities during Sustained Attention in Severe Childhood Abuse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165547. [PMID: 27832090 PMCID: PMC5104469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is associated with adverse affective and cognitive consequences including impaired emotion processing, inhibition and attention. However, the majority of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in childhood maltreatment have examined emotion processing, while very few studies have tested the neurofunctional substrates of cognitive functions and none of attention. This study investigated the association between severe childhood abuse and fMRI brain activation during a parametric sustained attention task with a progressively increasing load of sustained attention in 21 medication-naïve, drug-free young people with a history of childhood abuse controlling for psychiatric comorbidities by including 19 psychiatric controls matched for psychiatric diagnoses, and 27 healthy controls. Behaviorally, the participants exposed to childhood abuse showed increased omission errors in the task which correlated positively trend-wise with the duration of their abuse. Neurofunctionally, the participants with a history of childhood abuse, but not the psychiatric controls, displayed significantly reduced activation relative to the healthy controls during the most challenging attention condition only in typical attention regions including left inferior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula and temporal areas. We therefore show for the first time that severe childhood abuse is associated with neurofunctional abnormalities in key ventral frontal-temporal sustained attention regions. The findings represent a first step towards the delineation of abuse-related neurofunctional abnormalities in sustained attention, which may help in the development of effective treatments for victims of childhood abuse.
Collapse
|
13
|
Coull JT. Getting the timing right: experimental protocols for investigating time with functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 829:237-64. [PMID: 25358714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is an effective tool for identifying brain areas and networks implicated in human timing. But fMRI is not just a phrenological tool: by careful design, fMRI can be used to disentangle discrete components of a timing task and control for the underlying cognitive processes (e.g. sustained attention and WM updating) that are critical for estimating stimulus duration in the range of hundreds of milliseconds to seconds. Moreover, the use of parametric designs and correlational analyses allows us to better understand not just where, but also how, the brain processes temporal information. In addition, by combining fMRI with psychopharmacological manipulation, we can begin to uncover the complex relationship between cognition, neurochemistry and anatomy in the healthy human brain. This chapter provides an overview of some of the key findings in the functional imaging literature of both duration estimation and temporal prediction, and outlines techniques that can be used to allow timing-related activations to be interpreted more unambiguously. In our own studies, we have found that estimating event duration, whether that estimate is provided by a motor response or a perceptual discrimination, typically recruits basal ganglia, SMA and right inferior frontal cortex, and can be modulated by dopaminergic activity in these areas. By contrast, orienting attention to predictable moments in time in order to optimize behaviour, whether that is to speed motor responding or improve perceptual accuracy, recruits left inferior parietal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, Cedex 3, France,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
One of the oldest models of schizophrenia is based on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as mescaline, psilocybin, and (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which act through the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor. These compounds produce a 'model psychosis' in normal individuals that resembles at least some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on these similarities, and because evidence has emerged that the serotonergic system plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients, animal models relevant to schizophrenia have been developed based on hallucinogen effects. Here we review the behavioural effects of hallucinogens in four of those models, the receptor and neurochemical mechanisms for the effects and their translational relevance. Despite the difficulty of modelling hallucinogen effects in nonverbal species, animal models of schizophrenia based on hallucinogens have yielded important insights into the linkage between 5-HT and schizophrenia and have helped to identify receptor targets and interactions that could be exploited in the development of new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
15
|
Christakou A, Murphy CM, Chantiluke K, Cubillo AI, Smith AB, Giampietro V, Daly E, Ecker C, Robertson D, Murphy DG, Rubia K. Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and with autism. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:236-44. [PMID: 22290121 PMCID: PMC3554878 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are often comorbid and share behavioural-cognitive abnormalities in sustained attention. A key question is whether this shared cognitive phenotype is based on common or different underlying pathophysiologies. To elucidate this question, we compared 20 boys with ADHD to 20 age and IQ matched ASD and 20 healthy boys using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a parametrically modulated vigilance task with a progressively increasing load of sustained attention. ADHD and ASD boys had significantly reduced activation relative to controls in bilateral striato-thalamic regions, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and superior parietal cortex. Both groups also displayed significantly increased precuneus activation relative to controls. Precuneus was negatively correlated with the DLPFC activation, and progressively more deactivated with increasing attention load in controls, but not patients, suggesting problems with deactivation of a task-related default mode network in both disorders. However, left DLPFC underactivation was significantly more pronounced in ADHD relative to ASD boys, which furthermore was associated with sustained performance measures that were only impaired in ADHD patients. ASD boys, on the other hand, had disorder-specific enhanced cerebellar activation relative to both ADHD and control boys, presumably reflecting compensation. The findings show that ADHD and ASD boys have both shared and disorder-specific abnormalities in brain function during sustained attention. Shared deficits were in fronto-striato-parietal activation and default mode suppression. Differences were a more severe DLPFC dysfunction in ADHD and a disorder-specific fronto-striato-cerebellar dysregulation in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Christakou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, London, UK
| | - C M Murphy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Department of Forensic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Chantiluke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A I Cubillo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A B Smith
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Daly
- Department of Forensic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Robertson
- Department of Forensic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - D G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Department of Child Psychiatry/MRC Center for Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP), PO46, Institute of Psychiatry, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Timing deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Evidence from neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:235-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Droit-Volet S. Time perception in children: a neurodevelopmental approach. Neuropsychologia 2012; 51:220-34. [PMID: 22999968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss behavioral studies on time perception in healthy children that suggest the existence of a primitive "sense" of time in infants as well as research that has revealed the changes in time judgments that occur throughout childhood. Moreover, a distinction is made between implicit and explicit time judgments in order to take account of the different types of temporal judgments that emerge across ages. On the basis of both the neurobiological model of the internal clock proposed by Matell and Meck (2000), and of results of imaging studies in human adults, we then try to identify which of the neural structures underlying this primitive sense of time mature faster and which mature more slowly in order to explain the age-related variance in time judgments. To this end, we also present the small number of timing studies conducted among typically and non-typically developing children that have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as well as those that have assessed the cognitive capacities of such children on the basis of various neuropsychological tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (CNRS, UMR 6024), Université Blaise Pascal, 34 avenue Carnot, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carver FW, Elvevåg B, Altamura M, Weinberger DR, Coppola R. The neuromagnetic dynamics of time perception. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42618. [PMID: 22912714 PMCID: PMC3422225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining real-time cortical dynamics is crucial for understanding time perception. Using magnetoencephalography we studied auditory duration discrimination of short (<.5 s) versus long tones (>.5 s) versus a pitch control. Time-frequency analysis of event-related fields showed widespread beta-band (13–30 Hz) desynchronization during all tone presentations. Synthetic aperture magnetometry indicated automatic primarily sensorimotor responses in short and pitch conditions, with activation specific to timing in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus. In the long condition, a right lateralized network was active, including lateral prefrontal cortices, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and secondary auditory areas. Activation in this network peaked just after attention to tone duration was no longer necessary, suggesting a role in sustaining representation of the interval. These data expand our understanding of time perception by revealing its complex cortical spatiotemporal signature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W. Carver
- MEG Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brita Elvevåg
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mario Altamura
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Coppola
- MEG Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Agrillo C, Piffer L. Musicians outperform nonmusicians in magnitude estimation: evidence of a common processing mechanism for time, space and numbers. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2012; 65:2321-32. [PMID: 22559141 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.680895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that time, space, and numbers may be computed by a common magnitude system. Even though several behavioural and neuroanatomical studies have focused on this topic, the debate is still open. To date, nobody has used the individual differences for one of these domains to investigate the existence of a shared cognitive system. Musicians are known to outperform nonmusicians in temporal discrimination tasks. We therefore observed professional musicians and nonmusicians undertaking three different tasks: temporal (participants were required to estimate which of two tones lasted longer), spatial (which line was longer), and numerical discrimination (which group of dots was more numerous). If time, space, and numbers are processed by the same mechanism, it is expected that musicians will have a greater ability, even in nontemporal dimensions. As expected, musicians were more accurate with regard to temporal discrimination. They also gave better performances in both the spatial and the numerical tasks, but only outside the subitizing range. Our data are in accordance with the existence of a common magnitude system. We suggest, however, that this mechanism may not involve the whole numerical range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agrillo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aupperle RL, Melrose AJ, Stein MB, Paulus MP. Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:686-94. [PMID: 21349277 PMCID: PMC4719148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological approaches represent an important avenue for identifying susceptibility and resiliency factors relating to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms post-trauma. This review will summarize results from prospective longitudinal and retrospective cross-sectional studies investigating executive function associated with PTSD. This research points specifically towards subtle impairments in response inhibition and attention regulation that may predate trauma exposure, serve as risk factors for the development of PTSD, and relate to the severity of symptoms. These impairments may be exacerbated within emotional or trauma-related contexts, and may relate to dysfunction within dorsal prefrontal networks. A model is presented concerning how such impairments may contribute to the clinical profile of PTSD and lead to the use of alternative coping styles such as avoidance. Further neuropsychological research is needed to identify the effects of treatment on cognitive function and to potentially characterize mechanisms of current PTSD treatments. Knowledge gained from cognitive and neuroscientific research may prove valuable for informing the future development of novel, more effective, treatments for PTSD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Aupperle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 8939 Villa La Jolla Dr., Suite 200, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Klahr NJ, Wright P, Lu G, Merlo L, Zhang Y, He G, Gold MS, Liu Y. Investigating the effects of low dose alcohol on neural timing using functional MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34:1045-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
22
|
Functional relevance of pre-supplementary motor areas for the choice to stop during Stop signal task. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Davalos DB, Rojas DC, Tregellas JR. Temporal processing in schizophrenia: effects of task-difficulty on behavioral discrimination and neuronal responses. Schizophr Res 2011; 127:123-30. [PMID: 20674279 PMCID: PMC4105224 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in temporal judgment in schizophrenia have been observed in behavioral and electrophysiological studies for years. The functional neuroanatomy of temporal judgment in schizophrenia is, however, poorly understood. Recent neurophysiological research suggests that timing deficits in this population may not be widespread across all timing tasks, but specifically associated with high levels of difficulty. We evaluated differences between individuals with schizophrenia (N=16) and healthy subjects (N=18) during a temporal discrimination task at two levels of difficulty. Subjects were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3T while discriminating tone durations. Behaviorally, the schizophrenia group performed worse than the control group at both levels of difficulty. Similarly, group differences in patterns of brain activation were observed across both difficulty conditions. In the easy condition, individuals with schizophrenia showed less activation in the supplementary motor area and insula/opercula, regions known to be involved in temporal processing. These group differences increased in the difficult condition. In addition, the striatum was less active in individuals with schizophrenia in the difficult condition. Comparing the difficult to easy conditions revealed robust differences in the bilateral striatum and the insula/opercula, suggesting that the striatum plays a key role in temporal processing deficits in schizophrenia, especially under difficult conditions. These observations suggest that temporal judgment deficits reflect widespread neuroanatomical network involvement in schizophrenia, some of which are not directly related to task difficulty. These findings shed light on disparate findings in the timing literature regarding the role of task difficulty in temporal judgment deficits in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deana B. Davalos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, 13001 E. 17 Place, Box F546, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
,
Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Donald C. Rojas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, 13001 E. 17 Place, Box F546, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, 13001 E. 17 Place, Box F546, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ortuño F, Guillén-Grima F, López-García P, Gómez J, Pla J. Functional neural networks of time perception: challenge and opportunity for schizophrenia research. Schizophr Res 2011; 125:129-35. [PMID: 21041067 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the double objective of searching for a physiological brain circuit concerned with time estimation and establishing whether this circuit is dysfunctional in schizophrenia patients, we carried out an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis of published functional neuroimaging studies. Our results reproduce the previous finding of a neurophysiological cortico-cerebellar-thalamic circuit related with time estimation in healthy individuals. In schizophrenia patients, the analysis indicates significantly lower activation of most right hemisphere regions of the circuit, suggesting that it may be subject to a pattern of disconnectivity. The ALE-meta-analysis approach is useful and further studies could elucidate how the timing circuit is connected with other cognitive tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ortuño
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Navarra, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maturation of limbic corticostriatal activation and connectivity associated with developmental changes in temporal discounting. Neuroimage 2011; 54:1344-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
26
|
Merchant H, Bartolo R, Méndez JC, Pérez O, Zarco W, Mendoza G. What Can Be Inferred from Multiple-task Psychophysical Studies about the Mechanisms for Temporal Processing? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21478-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
|
27
|
Hurks PPM, Hendriksen JGM. Retrospective and Prospective Time Deficits in Childhood ADHD: The Effects of Task Modality, Duration, and Symptom Dimensions. Child Neuropsychol 2010; 17:34-50. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2010.514403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
28
|
Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Harral EM, Sweeney JA. Enhanced prefrontal function with pharmacotherapy on a response inhibition task in adolescent bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71:1526-34. [PMID: 20816040 PMCID: PMC2994986 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.09m05504yel] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study is to determine whether pharmacotherapy normalizes cognitive circuitry function supporting voluntary behavioral inhibition in adolescent bipolar disorder. METHOD Healthy controls and unmedicated patients with DSM-IV adolescent bipolar disorder in manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes were matched on demographics and IQ (n = 13 per group; mean age = 14.4 ± 2.4 years). Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed at baseline and after 14 weeks, during which time patients with adolescent bipolar disorder were treated initially with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) followed by lamotrigine monotherapy. The primary outcome measure was a Response Inhibition Task, which involved a planned motor response, already "on the way" to execution, that had to be voluntarily inhibited by the subjects in the trials in which a stop signal was presented. There were 6 blocks, each with a predominant rate of either "go" or "stop" trials. The study was conducted from June 2006 through July 2009. RESULTS All patients showed significant improvement (P < .001) in both the manic and depressive symptoms from baseline. Behavioral data showed that accuracy improved over 14 weeks in patients and healthy controls. Significant time by group interaction effects for the difference between stop versus go blocks showed greater increases of activation in prefrontal (left inferior and middle frontal gyri and medial frontal gyrus bilaterally) and temporal (left superior temporal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus) regions and greater decreases in activation in right putamen and bilateral thalamus at follow-up in the adolescent bipolar disorder group than in healthy controls. Increased ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function was related to clinical treatment response. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with SGAs followed by lamotrigine monotherapy enhanced prefrontal and temporal lobe activity during a Response Inhibition Task demonstrating the reversal of disorder-relevant neural circuitry dysfunction in patients with adolescent bipolar disorder. Patient performance was not slowed down with this treatment regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00176228.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani N Pavuluri
- Institute for Juvenile Research and Center for Cognitive Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 South Wood St (M/C 913), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Albrecht J, Burke M, Haegler K, Schöpf V, Kleemann AM, Paolini M, Wiesmann M, Linn J. Potential impact of a 32-channel receiving head coil technology on the results of a functional MRI paradigm. Clin Neuroradiol 2010; 20:223-9. [PMID: 20857080 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-010-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors investigated the potential of a 32-channel (32ch) receiving head coil for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) compared to a standard eight-channel (8ch) coil using a motor task. MATERIAL AND METHODS Brain activation was analyzed in 14 healthy right-handed subjects performing finger tapping with the right index finger (block design) during two experimental sessions, one with the 8ch and one with the 32ch coil (applied in a pseudorandomized order). Additionally, a phantom study was performed to compare signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of both coils. RESULTS During both fMRI sessions, analysis of motor conditions resulted in an activation of the left "hand knob" (precentral gyrus). Application of the 32ch coil obtained additional activation clusters in the right cerebellum, left superior frontal gyrus (SMA), left supramarginal gyrus, and left postcentral gyrus. The phantom study revealed a significantly higher SNR for the 32ch coil compared to the 8ch coil in superficial cortical areas located near the surface of the brain. CONCLUSION The 32ch technology has a potential impact on fMRI studies, especially in paradigms that result in activation of cortical areas located near the surface of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Albrecht
- Department of Neuroradiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wencil EB, Coslett HB, Aguirre GK, Chatterjee A. Carving the clock at its component joints: neural bases for interval timing. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:160-8. [PMID: 20457861 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00029.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of time perception often describe an "internal clock" that involves at least two components: an accumulator and a comparator. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that distinct distributed neural networks mediate these components of time perception. Subjects performed a temporal discrimination task that began with a visual stimulus (S1) that varied parametrically in duration of presentation. A varying interstimulus interval was followed by a second visual stimulus (S2). After the S2 offset, the subject indicated whether S2 was longer or shorter than S1. We reasoned that neural activity that correlated with S1 duration would represent accumulator networks. We also reasoned that neural activity that correlated with the difficulty of comparisons for each paired-judgment would represent comparator networks. Using anatomically defined regions of interest, we found duration of S1 significantly correlated with left inferior frontal, supplementary motor area (SMA) and superior temporal regions. Furthermore, task difficulty correlated with activity within bilateral inferior frontal gyri. Therefore accumulator and comparator functioning of the internal clock are mediated by distinct as well as partially overlapping neural regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine B Wencil
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wiener M, Turkeltaub P, Coslett H. The image of time: A voxel-wise meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2010; 49:1728-40. [PMID: 19800975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
32
|
Callan AM, Osu R, Yamagishi Y, Callan DE, Inoue N. Neural correlates of resolving uncertainty in driver's decision making. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2804-12. [PMID: 19117274 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural correlates of driving and of decision making have been investigated separately, but little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms of decision making in driving. Previous research discusses two types of decision making: reward-weighted decision making and cost-weighted decision making. There are many reward-weighted decision making neuroimaging studies but there are few cost-weighted studies. Considering that driving involves serious risk, it is assumed that decision making in driving is cost weighted. Therefore, neural substrates of cost-weighted decision making can be assessed by investigation of driver's decision making. In this study, neural correlates of resolving uncertainty in driver's decision making were investigated. Turning right in left-hand traffic at a signalized intersection was simulated by computer graphic animation based videos. When the driver's view was occluded by a big truck, the uncertainty of the oncoming traffic was resolved by an in-car video assist system that presented the driver's occluded view. Resolving the uncertainty reduced activity in a distributed area including the amygdala and anterior cingulate. These results implicate the amygdala and anterior cingulate as serving a role in cost-weighted decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko M Callan
- Cognitive Information Science Laboratories, ATR International, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim J, Jung AH, Byun J, Jo S, Jung MW. Inactivation of medial prefrontal cortex impairs time interval discrimination in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2009; 3:38. [PMID: 19915730 PMCID: PMC2776483 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.08.038.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of prefrontal cortex in time interval estimation. The underlying neural processes are poorly understood, however, in part because of the paucity of physiological studies. The goal of this study was to establish an interval timing task for physiological recordings in rats, and test the requirement of intact medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for performing the task. We established a temporal bisection procedure using six different time intervals ranging from 3018 to 4784 ms that needed to be discriminated as either long or short. Bilateral infusions of muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist) into the mPFC significantly impaired animal's performance in this task, even when the animals were required to discriminate between only the longest and shortest time intervals. These results show the requirement of intact mPFC in rats for time interval discrimination in the range of a few seconds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neural bases of individual differences in beat perception. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1894-903. [PMID: 19376241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
35
|
Spadoni AD, Bazinet AD, Fryer SL, Tapert SF, Mattson SN, Riley EP. BOLD response during spatial working memory in youth with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:2067-76. [PMID: 19740135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure has been consistently linked to neurocognitive deficits and structural brain abnormalities in affected individuals. Structural brain abnormalities observed in regions supporting spatial working memory (SWM) may contribute to observed deficits in visuospatial functioning in youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response in alcohol-exposed individuals during a SWM task. There were 22 young subjects (aged 10-18 years) with documented histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC, n = 10), and age- and sex-matched controls (CON, n = 12). Subjects performed a SWM task during fMRI that alternated between 2-back location matching (SWM) and simple attention (vigilance) conditions. RESULTS Groups did not differ on task accuracy or reaction time to the SWM condition, although CON subjects had faster reaction times during the vigilance condition (617 millisecond vs. 684 millisecond, p = 0.03). Both groups showed similar overall patterns of activation to the SWM condition in expected regions encompassing bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal lobes and parietal areas. However, ALC subjects showed greater BOLD response to the demands of the SWM relative to the vigilance condition in frontal, insular, superior, and middle temporal, occipital, and subcortical regions. CON youth evidenced less increased brain activation to the SWM relative to the vigilance task in these areas (p < 0.05, clusters > 1,664 microl). These differences remained significant after including Full Scale IQ as a covariate. Similar qualitative results were obtained after subjects taking stimulant medication were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSIONS In the context of equivalent performance to a SWM task, the current results suggest that widespread increases in BOLD response in youth with FASDs could either indicate decreased efficiency of relevant brain networks, or serve as a compensatory mechanism for deficiency at neural and/or cognitive levels. In context of existing fMRI evidence of heightened prefrontal activation in response to verbal working memory and inhibition demands, the present findings may indicate that frontal structures are taxed to a greater degree during cognitive demands in individuals with FASDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Spadoni
- San Diego State University/University of California-San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rubia K, Halari R, Christakou A, Taylor E. Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1919-31. [PMID: 19487194 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We argue that impulsiveness is characterized by compromised timing functions such as premature motor timing, decreased tolerance to delays, poor temporal foresight and steeper temporal discounting. A model illustration for the association between impulsiveness and timing deficits is the impulsiveness disorder of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD have deficits in timing processes of several temporal domains and the neural substrates of these compromised timing functions are strikingly similar to the neuropathology of ADHD. We review our published and present novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data to demonstrate that ADHD children show dysfunctions in key timing regions of prefrontal, cingulate, striatal and cerebellar location during temporal processes of several time domains including time discrimination of milliseconds, motor timing to seconds and temporal discounting of longer time intervals. Given that impulsiveness, timing abnormalities and more specifically ADHD have been related to dopamine dysregulation, we tested for and demonstrated a normalization effect of all brain dysfunctions in ADHD children during time discrimination with the dopamine agonist and treatment of choice, methylphenidate. This review together with the new empirical findings demonstrates that neurocognitive dysfunctions in temporal processes are crucial to the impulsiveness disorder of ADHD and provides first evidence for normalization with a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry/MRC Center for Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP), Institute of Psychiatry, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The striking diversity of psychological and neurophysiological models of 'time perception' characterizes the debate on how and where in the brain time is processed. In this review, the most prominent models of time perception will be critically discussed. Some of the variation across the proposed models will be explained, namely (i) different processes and regions of the brain are involved depending on the length of the processed time interval, and (ii) different cognitive processes may be involved that are not necessarily part of a core timekeeping system but, nevertheless, influence the experience of time. These cognitive processes are distributed over the brain and are difficult to discern from timing mechanisms. Recent developments in the research on emotional influences on time perception, which succeed decades of studies on the cognition of temporal processing, will be highlighted. Empirical findings on the relationship between affect and time, together with recent conceptualizations of self- and body processes, are integrated by viewing time perception as entailing emotional and interoceptive (within the body) states. To date, specific neurophysiological mechanisms that would account for the representation of human time have not been identified. It will be argued that neural processes in the insular cortex that are related to body signals and feeling states might constitute such a neurophysiological mechanism for the encoding of duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wittmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-9116A, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Coslett HB, Shenton J, Dyer T, Wiener M. Cognitive timing: neuropsychology and anatomic basis. Brain Res 2008; 1254:38-48. [PMID: 19046948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report data from 31 subjects with focal hemisphere lesions (15 left hemisphere) as well as 16 normal controls on a battery of tasks assessing the estimation, production and reproduction of time intervals ranging from 2-12 s. Both visual and auditory stimuli were employed for the estimation and production tasks. First, ANOVAs were performed to assess the effect of stimulus modality on estimation and production tasks; a significant effect of stimulus modality was observed for the production but not the estimation task. Second, accuracy was significantly different for the 2 s interval as compared to longer intervals. Subsequent analyses of the data from 4-12 s stimuli demonstrated that patients with brain lesions were more variable than controls on the estimation and reproduction tasks. Additionally, patients with brain lesions but not controls exhibited significant differences in performance on the different tasks; patients with brain lesions under-produced but over-estimated time intervals of 4-12 s but performed relatively well on the reproduction task, a pattern of performance consistent with a "fast clock". There was a significant correlation between impaired performance and lesions of the parietal lobe but there was no effect of laterality of lesion or correlation between lateral frontal lobe lesions and impairment on any task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Branch Coslett
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Smith AB, Taylor E, Brammer M, Halari R, Rubia K. Reduced activation in right lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus in medication-naïve adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during time discrimination. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008; 49:977-85. [PMID: 18759938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) under-perform when discriminating between durations differing by several hundred milliseconds. This function involves right prefrontal and anterior cingulate (AC) brain regions, which are structurally and functionally compromised in this patient group during executive tasks. We investigated the neuro-anatomical substrates mediating fine temporal discrimination in adolescents with ADHD compared with controls, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS Twenty-one male medication-naïve adolescents aged 10-15 years with a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD (combined subtype) and without comorbid Axis I disorders (except conduct disorder) were compared to a group of 17 age- and IQ-matched healthy adolescents. Using fMRI on a 1.5T scanner, we compared brain activation and performance between adolescents with ADHD and controls during a time discrimination task contrasted with a temporal order task. RESULTS Despite comparable performance, patients with ADHD showed decreased activation in right dorsolateral and inferior prefrontal cortex and AC during time discrimination compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Right hemispheric fronto-cingulate abnormalities in ADHD, previously observed during inhibitory and executive functions, are also associated with temporal perception. Furthermore, recruitment of medication-naïve patients precludes the possibility that deficits are attributable to stimulant exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Smith
- Centre for Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jaffard M, Longcamp M, Velay JL, Anton JL, Roth M, Nazarian B, Boulinguez P. Proactive inhibitory control of movement assessed by event-related fMRI. Neuroimage 2008; 42:1196-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
41
|
Carrion VG, Garrett A, Menon V, Weems CF, Reiss AL. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and brain function during a response-inhibition task: an fMRI study in youth. Depress Anxiety 2008; 25:514-26. [PMID: 17598145 DOI: 10.1002/da.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth who experience interpersonal trauma and have posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) can exhibit difficulties in executive function and physiological hyperarousal. Response inhibition has been identified as a core component of executive function. In this study, we investigate the functional neuroanatomical correlates of response inhibition in youth with PTSS. Thirty right-handed medication-naïve youth between the ages of 10 and 16 years underwent a 3-Tesla Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan during a response-inhibition (Go/No-Go) task. Youth with PTSS (n = 16) were age and gender matched to a control group of healthy youth (n = 14). Between-groups analyses were conducted to identify brain regions of greater activation in the No/Go-Go contrasts. PTSS and control youth performed the task with similar accuracy and response times. Control subjects had greater middle frontal cortex activation when compared with PTSS subjects. PTSS subjects had greater medial frontal activation when compared with control subjects. A sub-group of youth with PTSS and a history of self-injurious behaviors demonstrated increased insula and orbitofrontal activation when compared with those PTSS youth with no self-injurious behaviors. Insula activation correlated positively with PTSS severity. Diminished middle frontal activity and enhanced medial frontal activity during response-inhibition tasks may represent underlying neurofunctional markers of PTSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Carrion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5719, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Disruption of temporal processing in a subject with probable frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:1927-39. [PMID: 18329055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that the frontal lobes are essential for temporal processing. We report a patient, MN, with probable frontotemporal dementia (FTD) who was tested on a battery of timing tasks with stimuli in the sub- and supra-second range. MN demonstrated a substantial over-estimation and under-production of target intervals on estimation and production tasks respectively but was as accurate as controls on a reproduction task. Furthermore, this deficit was markedly different for auditory and visual stimuli on production and estimation tasks; estimates of the duration of auditory stimuli were three to four times longer than for comparable visual stimuli. She performed normally on a task requiring her to judge whether a stimulus was longer or shorter than a standard duration with both sub- and supra-second stimuli. She performed well on control tasks involving estimation, production and reproduction of line lengths suggesting that her deficits were not attributable to a generalized cognitive impairment or an inability to make magnitude judgments. These data suggest that bifrontal pathology disrupts the "clock" or memory for time.
Collapse
|
43
|
Rubia K, Smith AB, Brammer MJ, Taylor E. Temporal lobe dysfunction in medication-naïve boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during attention allocation and its relation to response variability. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:999-1006. [PMID: 17585887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically show fronto-striatal abnormalities during functions of cognitive control. In this study we investigate whether medication-naïve children with ADHD are impaired in temporo-parietal neural networks that mediate purely perceptual attention allocation to a behaviorally neutral oddball task. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between the neural substrates of attention allocation and response variability, typically increased in patients. METHOD Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare brain activation of 17 medication-naïve boys with ADHD with that of 18 handedness- and IQ-matched healthy comparison boys during a visual oddball task that required the same response to oddball and standard trials. Furthermore, to explore the relationship between behavioral dispersion and attention networks, regression analyses were conducted between response variability and brain activation networks. RESULTS Patients showed significantly reduced brain activation in left and right superior temporal lobes, basal ganglia, and posterior cingulate during the oddball versus standard contrast. The activation differences in superior temporal lobes correlated inversely with response variability in control subjects but not in patients with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Brain abnormalities in patients with ADHD are not confined to fronto-striatal networks mediating executive functions but are also observed in temporo-striatal and cingulate regions during perceptive visual attention processes. Furthermore, temporal lobe dysfunction in the context of perceptual attention might be related to their behavioral problems with response variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rubia K, Smith AB, Taylor E, Brammer M. Linear age-correlated functional development of right inferior fronto-striato-cerebellar networks during response inhibition and anterior cingulate during error-related processes. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:1163-77. [PMID: 17538951 PMCID: PMC6871440 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory and performance-monitoring functions have been shown to develop throughout adolescence. The developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature on inhibitory control, however, has been relatively inconsistent with respect to functional development of prefrontal cortex in the progression from childhood to adulthood. Age-related performance differences between adults and children have been shown to be a confound and may explain inconsistencies in findings. The development of error-related processes has not been studied so far using fMRI. The aim of this study was to investigate the neural substrates of the development of inhibitory control and error-related functions by use of an individually adjusted task design that forced subjects to fail on 50% of trials, and therefore controlled for differences in task difficulty and performance between different age groups. Event-related fMRI was used to compare brain activation between 21 adults and 26 children/adolescents during successful motor inhibition and inhibition failure. Adults compared with children/adolescents showed increased brain activation in right inferior prefrontal cortex during successful inhibition and in anterior cingulate during inhibition failure. A whole-brain age-regression analysis between 10 and 42 years showed progressive age-related changes in activation in these two brain regions, with additional changes in thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum. Age-correlated brain regions correlated with each other and with inhibitory performance, suggesting they form developing fronto-striato-thalamic and fronto-cerebellar neural pathways for inhibitory control. This study shows developmental specialization of the integrated function of right inferior prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum for inhibitory control and of anterior cingulate gyrus for error-related processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B. Smith
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Taylor
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brammer
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Müller K, Aschersleben G, Schmitz F, Schnitzler A, Freund HJ, Prinz W. Inter- versus intramodal integration in sensorimotor synchronization: a combined behavioral and magnetoencephalographic study. Exp Brain Res 2007; 185:309-18. [PMID: 17932661 PMCID: PMC2755785 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the temporal occurrence of the pacing signal is predictable in sensorimotor synchronization tasks, normal subjects perform on-the-beat-tapping to an isochronous auditory metronome with an anticipatory error. This error originates from an intermodal task, that is, subjects have to bring information from the auditory and tactile modality to coincide. The aim of the present study was to illuminate whether the synchronization error is a finding specific to an intermodal timing task and whether the underlying cortical mechanisms are modality-specific or supramodal. We collected behavioral data and cortical evoked responses by magneto-encephalography (MEG) during performance of cross- and unimodal tapping-tasks. As expected, subjects showed negative asynchrony in performing an auditorily paced tapping task. However, no asynchrony emerged during tactile pacing, neither during pacing at the opposite finger nor at the toe. Analysis of cortical signals resulted in a three dipole model best explaining tap-contingent activity in all three conditions. The temporal behavior of the sources was similar between the conditions and, thus, modality independent. The localization of the two earlier activated sources was modality-independent as well whereas location of the third source varied with modality. In the auditory pacing condition it was localized in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex, during tactile pacing it was localized in contralateral posterior parietal cortex. In previous studies with auditory pacing the functional role of this third source was contradictory: A special temporal coupling pattern argued for involvement of the source in evaluating the temporal distance between tap and click whereas subsequent data gave no evidence for such an interpretation. Present data shed new light on this question by demonstrating differences between modalities in the localization of the third source with similar temporal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Müller
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wittmann M, Leland DS, Churan J, Paulus MP. Impaired time perception and motor timing in stimulant-dependent subjects. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 90:183-92. [PMID: 17434690 PMCID: PMC1997301 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant-dependent individuals (SDI) have abnormal brain metabolism and structural changes involving dopaminergic target areas important for the processing of time. These individuals are also more impulsive and impaired in working memory and attention. The current study tested whether SDI show altered temporal processing in relation to impulsivity or impaired prefrontal cortex functioning. We employed a series of timing tasks aimed to examine time processing from the milliseconds to multiple seconds range and assessed cognitive function in 15 male SDI and 15 stimulant-naïve individuals. A mediation analysis determined the degree to which impulsivity or executive dysfunctions contributed to group differences in time processing. SDI showed several abnormal time processing characteristics. SDI needed larger time differences for effective duration discrimination, particularly for intervals of around 1s. SDI also accelerated finger tapping during a continuation period after a 1Hz pacing stimulus was removed. In addition, SDI overestimated the duration of a relatively long time interval, an effect which was attributable to higher impulsivity. Taken together, these data show for the first time that SDI exhibit altered time processing in several domains, one which can be explained by increased impulsivity. Altered time processing in SDI could explain why SDI have difficulty delaying gratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wittmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-9116A, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Danckert J, Ferber S, Pun C, Broderick C, Striemer C, Rock S, Stewart D. Neglected Time: Impaired Temporal Perception of Multisecond Intervals in Unilateral Neglect. J Cogn Neurosci 2007; 19:1706-20. [PMID: 17854283 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRecent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have suggested that the right hemisphere, particularly frontal regions, is important for the perception of the passage of time. We examined the ability to estimate durations of up to 60 sec in a group of eight patients with unilateral neglect. When estimating multisecond intervals, neglect patients grossly underestimated all durations. On average, healthy controls (HC) demonstrated reasonably accurate estimates of all durations tested. Although the right hemisphere lesioned control patients without neglect also tended to underestimate durations, these underestimations were significantly better than the performance of the neglect group. These findings suggest a pivotal role for a right hemisphere fronto-parietal network in the accurate perception of multisecond durations. Furthermore, these findings add to a growing body of literature suggesting that neglect cannot be understood simply in terms of a bias in orienting attention to one side of space. Additional deficits of the kind demonstrated here are likely to be crucial in determining the nature and extent of the loss of conscious awareness for contralesional events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gontier E, Le Dantec C, Leleu A, Paul I, Charvin H, Bernard C, Lalonde R, Rebaï M. Frontal and parietal ERPs associated with duration discriminations with or without task interference. Brain Res 2007; 1170:79-89. [PMID: 17706619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine fronto-parietal networks underlying visual duration discriminations. Two types of interference tasks were used to augment cognitive load: line orientation associated with the right hemisphere and multiplication with the left. Both subtasks deteriorated duration discriminations, more severely for line orientation. Relative to the condition without interference, the dual task paradigm decreased amplitudes of the contingent negative variation (CNV) wave, predominant at frontal sites, and the P300 wave, predominant at parietal sites. Inversely, amplitudes of a later appearing positive component (LPC) and its parietal counterpart of opposite polarity (LNC) increased with spatial or numeric task interference. These results are concordant with the view that fronto-parietal networks underlying duration discriminations act in a concerted fashion, with the LPC/LNC waves acting as a warning signal to mitigate errors during high cognitive load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Gontier
- Université de Rouen, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurosciences de la Cognition (EA1780), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Rouen Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stevens MC, Kiehl KA, Pearlson G, Calhoun VD. Functional neural circuits for mental timekeeping. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:394-408. [PMID: 16944489 PMCID: PMC6871423 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories of mental timekeeping suggest frontostriatal networks may mediate performance of tasks requiring precise timing. We assessed whether frontostriatal networks are functionally integrated during the performance of timing tasks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 31 healthy adults were collected during performance of several different types of discrete interval timing tasks. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to examine functional connectivity within frontostriatal circuits. ICA identifies groups of spatially discrete brain regions sharing similar patterns of hemodynamic signal change over time. The results confirm the existence of a frontostriatal neural timing circuit that includes anterior cingulate gyrus, supplementary motor area, bilateral anterior insula, bilateral putamen/globus pallidus, bilateral thalamus, and right superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus. Several other distinct neural circuits were identified that may represent the neurobiological substrates of different information processing stages of mental timekeeping. Small areas of right cerebellum were engaged in several of these circuits, suggesting that cerebellar function may be important in, but not the primary substrate of, the mental timing tasks used in this experiment. These findings are discussed within the context of current biological and information processing models of neural timekeeping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bassett DS, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Achard S, Duke T, Bullmore E. Adaptive reconfiguration of fractal small-world human brain functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19518-23. [PMID: 17159150 PMCID: PMC1838565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606005103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain function depends on adaptive self-organization of large-scale neural assemblies, but little is known about quantitative network parameters governing these processes in humans. Here, we describe the topology and synchronizability of frequency-specific brain functional networks using wavelet decomposition of magnetoencephalographic time series, followed by construction and analysis of undirected graphs. Magnetoencephalographic data were acquired from 22 subjects, half of whom performed a finger-tapping task, whereas the other half were studied at rest. We found that brain functional networks were characterized by small-world properties at all six wavelet scales considered, corresponding approximately to classical delta (low and high), , alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. Global topological parameters (path length, clustering) were conserved across scales, most consistently in the frequency range 2-37 Hz, implying a scale-invariant or fractal small-world organization. Dynamical analysis showed that networks were located close to the threshold of order/disorder transition in all frequency bands. The highest-frequency gamma network had greater synchronizability, greater clustering of connections, and shorter path length than networks in the scaling regime of (lower) frequencies. Behavioral state did not strongly influence global topology or synchronizability; however, motor task performance was associated with emergence of long-range connections in both beta and gamma networks. Long-range connectivity, e.g., between frontal and parietal cortex, at high frequencies during a motor task may facilitate sensorimotor binding. Human brain functional networks demonstrate a fractal small-world architecture that supports critical dynamics and task-related spatial reconfiguration while preserving global topological parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Bassett
- *Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- Biological and Soft Systems, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Sophie Achard
- *Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Duke
- Biological and Soft Systems, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Bullmore
- *Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|