1
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Qu D, Zhang P, Liu J, Xu Y, Zussman E, Wei B. Twist elastic constant of chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystals determined by tactoid reconfiguration in electric field. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122650. [PMID: 39245509 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Lyotropic chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted significant attention and great progress has been made. Investigating their physical parameters, especially the twist elastic constant (K22), is pivotal for advancing our comprehension of fundamental viscoelastic property of chiral nematic phase. In this study, we demonstrate a straightforward method to simultaneously estimate K22 and helical twisting power (Kt) of chiral nematic CNCs. This method involves analyzing rheology properties and electro-response of CNCs, focusing on the rotational dynamics and structural reconfiguration of CNC tactoids under an electric field. By examining the rotation dynamics of CNC tactoids under an electric field, together with the viscosity characterization, the anisotropic dielectric susceptibility (∆χ) of chiral nematic CNC along the helix axis was determined. Subsequently, K22/∆χn was extracted by analyzing CNC tactoid pitch evolution under an electric field, employing the de Gennes model. The K22 for different concentrated CNCs is finally estimated by integrating experimental results and theory. It is shown that the chiral nematic CNCs present concentration-dependent K22, ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 pN, while Kt spans from 0.06 to 0.14 pN/μm. This study offers a comprehensive understanding of the CNC fundamental viscoelastic property and opens up new avenues for K22 measurement in other lyotropic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qu
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, PR China.
| | - Peijun Zhang
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, PR China
| | - Jiaolong Liu
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Eyal Zussman
- NanoEngineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Bing Wei
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, PR China.
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2
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Farooq A, Islam SR, Al-Amin M, Patoary MK, Hossain MT, Khawar MT, Wang Z, Tian M. From farm to function: Exploring new possibilities with jute nanocellulose applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 342:122423. [PMID: 39048207 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Recent scientific interest has surged in the application of bioresources within nanotechnology, primarily because of their eco-friendly nature, wide availability, and cost-effectiveness. Jute is globally recognized as the second most prevalent source of natural cellulose fibers, and it produces a significant quantity of jute sticks as a byproduct. Nanocellulose (NC), which includes cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), exhibits exceptional properties such as high strength, toughness, crystallinity, thermal stability, and stiffness. These attributes enable its versatile use across various sectors. The extensive surface areas and abundant hydroxyl groups of nanocellulose allow for diverse surface modifications, facilitating the design of advanced functional materials. This comprehensive review provides an overview of recent advancements in the synthesis, characterization, and potential applications of nanocellulose derived from jute. As a versatile natural fiber, jute holds immense potential across various research domains, including nanocellulose synthesis, scaffold fabrication, nanocarbon material preparation, life sciences, electronics and energy storage devices, drug delivery systems, nanomaterial synthesis, food packaging and paper industries. Additionally, its use extends to polymeric nanocomposites, sensors, and coatings. This study summarizes the extensive utilization of jute, emphasizing its versatility and potential across diverse research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Farooq
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, China; School of Textile and Garment, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | | | - Md Al-Amin
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Mohammed Kayes Patoary
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Md Tanjim Hossain
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Muhammad Tauseef Khawar
- Department of Clothing, School of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zongqian Wang
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- School of Textile and Garment, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
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3
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de Ávila Gonçalves S, da Fonsêca JHL, d'Ávila MA, Vieira RP. Synthesis of thermally and pH-responsive poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-based hydrogel reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals for sustained drug release. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134168. [PMID: 39067729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely employed in biomedical applications due to their high swelling potential, tailored mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and ability to incorporate drugs to modify their release behavior. This study explored the synthesis of dual stimuli-responsive composite hydrogels by combining poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with 4, 8, and 12 % (w/w) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) through in-situ free-radical polymerization, modifying their properties for topical anti-inflammatory release. Although PDMAEMA-based hydrogels have been known for their responsiveness to pH and temperature stimuli, which are useful for modulating the release profile of drugs, their use as a matrix for anti-inflammatory topical applications remains unexplored. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of CNC concentration's impact on PDMAEMA-based hydrogel structure and physicochemical properties is provided. The incorporation of ibuprofen as an anti-inflammatory model was assessed, providing insights into the potential of these composite hydrogels for sustained drug delivery applications. Overall, the hydrogels exhibited homogenous CNC dispersion, with gel fraction higher than 70 % and ibuprofen load higher than 90 %. The rise in CNC concentration led to an increase hydrogel stiffness. Finally, the CNC incorporation also modified the ibuprofen release to a more sustained profile, following the Peppas-Sahlin model, which may be attractive for developing pharmaceutical devices for different therapeutical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeny de Ávila Gonçalves
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Heline Lopes da Fonsêca
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Akira d'Ávila
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mandin S, Metilli L, Karrouch M, Blésès D, Lancelon-Pin C, Sailler P, Chèvremont W, Paineau E, Putaux JL, Hengl N, Jean B, Pignon F. Multiscale study of the chiral self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals during the frontal ultrafiltration process. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39320948 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02840f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The structural organization of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions at the membrane surface during frontal ultrafiltration has been characterized, for the first time, at the nano- and microscale by in situ small-angle X-ray and light scattering (SAXS and SALS, respectively). During filtration, the particles assembled at the membrane surface and formed the so-called concentration polarization layer (CPL), which contains CNCs arranged in a chiral nematic (cholesteric) helicoidal structure, with the long axis of the CNCs oriented parallel to the membrane surface, and the helical axis of the cholesteric structure oriented perpendicular to the membrane surface. The self-organization of CNCs in the form of oriented cholesteric structures was further characterized by a pitch gradient in the CPL. The structure of the CPL was also investigated upon release of the transmembrane pressure. SAXS data revealed a relaxation process associated with a diffusion of the CNCs from the membrane surface towards the bulk, while SALS measurements revealed a re-organization of the cholesteric phase that was preserved all along the deposit. The preservation of the observed structure after 14 days of continuous filtration followed by air-drying was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, demonstrating the feasibility of the process scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Lorenzo Metilli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Karrouch
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Didier Blésès
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Pierre Sailler
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - William Chèvremont
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Erwan Paineau
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 1 rue Nicolas Appert, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Hengl
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Pignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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Park S, Song Y, Ryu B, Song YW, Lee H, Kim Y, Lim J, Lee D, Yoon H, Lee C, Yun C. Highly Conductive Ink Based on Self-Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Inter-Fiber Sliding in Cellulose Fibril Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402854. [PMID: 39193666 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), owing to their superior electrical and mechanical properties, are a promising alternative to nonmetallic electrically conducting materials. In practice, cellulose as a low-cost sustainable matrix has been used to prepare the aqueous dispersion of cellulose-CNT (C-CNT) nanocomposites. However, the compatibility with conventional solution-processing and structural rearrangement for improving conductivity has yet to be determined. Herein, a straightforward route to prepare a conductive composite material from single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) and natural pulp is reported. High-power shaking realizes the self-alignment of individual SWCNTs in a cellulose matrix, resulting from the structural change in molecular orientations owing to countless collisions of zirconia beads in the aqueous mixture. The structural analysis of the dried C-CNT films confirms that the entanglement and dispersion of C-CNT nanowires determine the mechanical and electrical properties. Moreover, the rheological behavior of C-CNT inks explains their coating and printing characteristics. By controlling shaking time, the electrical conductivity of the C-CNT films with only 9 wt.% of SWCNTs from 0.9 to 102.4 S cm-1 are adjusted. the optimized C-CNT ink is highly compatible with the conventional coating and printing processes on diverse substrates, thus finding potential applications in eco-friendly, highly flexible, and stretchable electrodes is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejung Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Song
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Boeun Ryu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woong Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju, 61012, Republic of Korea
| | - Haney Lee
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsub Lim
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju, 61012, Republic of Korea
| | - Doojin Lee
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkee Lee
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yun
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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Mandin S, Metilli L, Karrouch M, Lancelon-Pin C, Putaux JL, Chèvremont W, Paineau E, Hengl N, Jean B, Pignon F. Chiral nematic nanocomposites with pitch gradient elaborated by filtration and ultraviolet curing of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122162. [PMID: 38710556 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
An innovative method combining frontal filtration with ultraviolet (UV) curing has been implemented to design cellulosic nanocomposite films with controlled anisotropic textures from nanometric to micrometric length scales. Namely, an aqueous suspension containing poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate polymer (PEGDA) as a photocurable polymer and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at a 70/30 mass ratio was processed by frontal filtration, followed by in-situ UV-curing in a dedicated cell. This procedure allowed designing nanocomposite films with highly oriented and densely-packed CNCs, homogeneously distributed in a PEGDA matrix over a thickness of ca. 500 μm. The nanocomposite films were investigated with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), by raster-scanning along their height with a 25 μm vertically-collimated X-ray beam. The CNCs exhibited a high degree of orientation, with their director aligned parallel to the membrane surface, combined with an increase in the degree of alignment as concentration increased towards the membrane surface. Scanning electron microscopy images of fractured films showed the presence of regularly spaced bands lying perpendicular to the applied transmembrane pressure, highlighting the presence of a chiral nematic (cholesteric) organization of the CNCs with a pitch gradient that increased from the membrane surface to the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - L Metilli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M Karrouch
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Lancelon-Pin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J-L Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - W Chèvremont
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - E Paineau
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - N Hengl
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - B Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Pignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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Li J, Wang Z, Wang P, Tian J, Liu T, Guo J, Zhu W, Khan MR, Xiao H, Song J. On rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121764. [PMID: 38368079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The rheological properties of a substance depend greatly on its morphology, and rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (RCNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been extensively studied for their rheological properties. Nevertheless, the rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (DCNCs) with crystalline allomorph II derived from mercerized cellulose remain unknown yet. This work investigated the DCNCs' rheological properties in depth using steady-shear and oscillation measurements. At the same concentration, DCNC's suspension viscosity is lower than that of RCNC; RCNC has an instinct viscosity of 258.2, while DCNC has 187.9. Comparing RCNC suspensions with cellulose nanorods, DCNC has a lower aspect ratio and exhibits a distinct steady shear behavior. Under polarized film, DCNC suspension cannot self-assemble into chiral or liquid crystal phases, and with increasing concentrations, the system transitions from an isotropic phase to a gel phase. Oscillation sweeps demonstrate that the gel transition occurs at 7 %-8 %. Based on thixotropic recovery sweep outcomes, the high-stress oscillations enhance the network structure of DCNC suspensions, which is significantly different from that of RCNC suspensions. Results demonstrate the unique properties of DCNC, highlighting its application as a rheological modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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8
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Pignon F, Guilbert E, Mandin S, Hengl N, Karrouch M, Jean B, Putaux JL, Gibaud T, Manneville S, Narayanan T. Orthotropic organization of a cellulose nanocrystal suspension realized via the combined action of frontal ultrafiltration and ultrasound as revealed by in situ SAXS. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:914-925. [PMID: 38219310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) exhibit significant potential as building blocks for creating uniform, sustainable materials. However, a critical hurdle lies in the need to enhance existing or devise novel processing that provides improved control over the alignment and arrangement of CNCs across a wide spatial range. Specifically, the challenge is to achieve orthotropic organization in a single-step processing, which entails creating non-uniform CNC orientations to generate spatial variations in anisotropy. EXPERIMENTS A novel processing method combining frontal ultrafiltration (FU) and ultrasound (US) has been developed. A dedicated channel-cell was designed to simultaneously generate (1) a vertical acoustic force thanks to a vibrating blade at the top and (2) a transmembrane pressure force at the bottom. Time-resolved in situ small-angle X-ray scattering permitted to probe the dynamical structural organization/orientation of CNCs during the processing. FINDINGS For the first time, a typical three-layer orthotropic structure that resembles the articular cartilage organization was achieved in one step during the FU/US process: a first layer composed of CNCs having their director aligned parallel to the horizontal membrane surface, a second intermediate isotropic layer, and a third layer of CNCs with their director vertically oriented along the direction of US wave propagation direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Emilie Guilbert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Mandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Hengl
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Karrouch
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Gibaud
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Manneville
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
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9
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Xu Y, Gilbert EP, Sokolova A, Stokes JR. Phase transition and gelation in cellulose nanocrystal-based aqueous suspensions studied by SANS. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:660-670. [PMID: 38134674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) form a re-entrant liquid crystal (LC) phase with increasing salinity. Phase separation occurs in this LC state leading to a biphasic gel with a flow programmable structure that can be used to form anisotropic soft materials. We term this state a Liquid Crystal Hydroglass (LCH). Defining the mechanisms by which the LCH forms requires detailed structural analysis at the mesoscopic length scale. EXPERIMENTS By utilising Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), we investigated the microstructure transitions in CNC suspensions, with a particular focus on the unique LC re-entrancy and gelation into the biphasic LCH. FINDINGS Scattering from LCH gels comprises contributions from a dispersed liquid state and static heterogeneity, characterised using a Lorentzian-Gaussian model of inhomogeneity. This conceptually supports a gelation mechanism (spinodal decomposition) in CNC suspensions towards a biphasic structure of the LCH. It also demonstrates that, with increasing salinity, the non-monotonic variation in effective volume fraction of CNC rods fundamentally causes the LC re-entrancy. This work provides the first experimental characterisation of the LC-re-entrancy and formation of an anisotropic LCH gel. The proposed mechanism can be extended to understanding the general behaviour of anisotropic colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Elliot P Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, 2234, Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, 2234, Australia
| | - Jason R Stokes
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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10
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Woods MB, Beidaghi M, Davis VA. Phase Behavior and Rheological Properties of Size-Fractionated MXene (Ti 3C 2T x) Dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38286809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the dispersion behavior of MXenes is interesting from a fundamental colloid science perspective and critical to enabling the fluid-phase manufacturing of MXene devices with controlled microstructures and properties. However, the polydispersity, irregular shape, and charged surfaces of MXenes result in a complex phase behavior that is difficult to predict through theoretical calculations. As two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, MXenes can form lyotropic liquid crystal phases, gels, and aggregates. This work aims to elucidate the effects of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) sheet size on their phase behavior and associated rheological properties. Aqueous dispersions of large sheets with an average lateral dimension of 3.0 μm, small sheets with an average lateral dimension of 0.3 μm, and a bimodal mixture of the two sizes were investigated by using cross-polarized optical microscopy and rheology. At low concentrations, the large MXene dispersions exhibited lyotropic liquid crystal behavior and extended aligned textures, but increasing concentration resulted in the formation of dense flocs. Dispersions of small sheets formed small birefringent domains with increasing concentration but lacked long-range ordering. A bimodal mixture of these sizes enabled the formation of liquid crystalline phases with extended aligned textures with less floc formation. These results provide insights into using polydispersity to tune dispersion microstructure and rheological properties that can be applied to designing dispersions for fluid-phase manufacturing methods, such as direct ink writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie B Woods
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Majid Beidaghi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Virginia A Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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11
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Ren ZF, Lin KY, Yu SS. The Effect of Temperature and Shear on the Gelation of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:248-257. [PMID: 38110336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
With the flourishing development of 3D printing technology, the demand for printing materials has been increasing rapidly in recent years. In particular, physical gels formed by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) exhibit suitable shear-thinning behavior, high storage moduli, and high yield stresses for extrusion-based printing. While most studies use water as the dispersing medium to form CNC percolated gels, the dispersing behavior of CNCs in alternative solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), has not been fully explored. Especially, DESs have low volatility and good ionic conductivity to form functional ionogels. Precise control of the rheological properties and selection of suitable dispersion processes continue to pose significant challenges. In light of this, we have devised a novel dispersion process employing thermal and shear treatments to facilitate the gelation of CNCs within DESs. A crude dispersion of CNCs in the DES underwent thermal treatment to partially remove the surface sulfate ester on CNCs. As a result, the repulsive force between CNCs decreases. A second shear then significantly increases the strength of CNC/DES gels potentially because of the increased rod-rod contacts. This approach enables the formation of high-strength gels at low concentrations of CNCs. Both thermal treatment and a second shear are crucial to forming strong percolated CNC gels. In short, we showed a simple strategy to facilitate the dispersion and gelation of CNCs for direct ink writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fan Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Program on Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing, Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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12
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Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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13
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Sutliff BP, Farrell C, Martin SM, Bortner MJ. Flow induced attrition of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121252. [PMID: 37739516 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
To study the potential impacts of shear stress on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a microcapillary rheometer was employed to repeatedly shear approximately 10 mL of 6 wt% aqueous CNC suspension at 25 °C and rates ranging from 1,000 s-1 to 501,000 s-1. A 9 wt% CNC suspension was also tested at 316,000 s-1 for comparison of concentration effects on the behavior of the suspensions. After monitoring viscosity for 25 steady shear measurements, the suspensions processed at 1,000 s-1 decreased in viscosity by approximately 20 %. Higher shear rates produced smaller changes in viscosity, while increasing the concentration produced higher general viscosities. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) probed physical changes between the neat and sheared CNC samples. AFM images showed up to a 24 % reduction in length after shearing, but an insignificant reduction in cross-section. XRD showed a slight increase in the ratio of amorphous to crystalline fractions of the CNCs. Additionally, conductometric titration showed insignificant differences between neat and sheared samples. These findings suggest that viscosity changes in CNC suspensions during steady shear flow arise from physical fracturing of the CNCs perpendicular to their length, and not significantly from chemical degradation or reduction in residual amorphous content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Sutliff
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Connor Farrell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Stephen M Martin
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michael J Bortner
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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14
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Tarhanlı İ, Senses E. Cellulose nanocrystal and Pluronic L121-based thermo-responsive composite hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121281. [PMID: 37739496 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a promising sustainable material with its biocompatibility, high aspect ratio, and mechanical strength. CNC-based systems have potential applications in various fields including biosensors, packaging, coating, energy storage, and pharmaceuticals. However, turning CNC into smart systems remains a challenge due to the lack of stimuli-responsiveness, limitation in compatibility with hydrophobic matrices, and their agglomeration tendency. In this work, a thermo-responsive nanocomposite system is constructed with CNCs and polymersome forming Pluronic L121 (L121), and its phase behavior and mechanical properties are investigated in detail. Two different CNC concentration (4 % and 5 %) is studied by changing the L121 concentration (1-20 %) to understand the effect of unimers and polymersomes on the CNC network. At dilute L121 concentrations (1-5 %), the composite system becomes softer but more fragile below the transition temperature. However, it becomes much stronger at higher L121 concentrations (10-20 %), and a gel network is obtained above the transition temperature. Interestingly, the elastically reinforced CNC gels exhibit greater resistance to microstructural breakdown at large strains due to the soft and deformable nature of the large polymersomes. It is also found that the gelation temperature for hydrogels is tunable with increasing L121 concentration, and the nanocomposite hydrogels displayed thermo-reversible rheological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlayda Tarhanlı
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Erkan Senses
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Koc University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Boron and Advanced Materials Application and Research Center (KUBAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
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15
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Wojno S, Ahlinder A, Altskär A, Stading M, Abitbol T, Kádár R. Percolation and phase behavior in cellulose nanocrystal suspensions from nonlinear rheological analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 308:120622. [PMID: 36813332 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We examine the influence of surface charge on the percolation, gel-point and phase behavior of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions in relation to their nonlinear rheological material response. Desulfation decreases CNC surface charge density which leads to an increase in attractive forces between CNCs. Therefore, by considering sulfated and desulfated CNC suspensions, we are comparing CNC systems that differ in their percolation and gel-point concentrations relative to their phase transition concentrations. The results show that independently of whether the gel-point (linear viscoelasticity, LVE) occurs at the biphasic - liquid crystalline transition (sulfated CNC) or at the isotropic - quasi-biphasic transition (desulfated CNC), the nonlinear behavior appears to mark the existence of a weakly percolated network at lower concentrations. Above this percolation threshold, nonlinear material parameters are sensitive to the phase and gelation behavior as determined in static (phase) and LVE conditions (gel-point). However, the change in material response in nonlinear conditions can occur at higher concentrations than identified through polarized optical microscopy, suggesting that the nonlinear deformations could distort the suspensions microstructure such that for example a liquid crystalline phase (static) suspension could show microstructural dynamics similar to a biphasic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wojno
- Chalmers University of Technology, Industrial and Materials Science, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid Ahlinder
- RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Agriculture and Food, SE-412 76 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Altskär
- RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Agriculture and Food, SE-412 76 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Stading
- Chalmers University of Technology, Industrial and Materials Science, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Agriculture and Food, SE-412 76 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- EPFL, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Kádár
- Chalmers University of Technology, Industrial and Materials Science, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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16
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Liu B, Cheng L, Yuan Y, Hu J, Zhou L, Zong L, Duan Y, Zhang J. Liquid-crystalline assembly of spherical cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124738. [PMID: 37169056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), also called cellulose nanorods (CNRs), possess anisotropic properties that allow for their self-organization into chiral nematic liquid crystals. Interestingly, spherical cellulose nanocrystals (cellulose nanospheres, CNSs) have also been shown to form a chiral liquid-crystalline phase in recent years. Herein, to understand how the similar assembly takes places as particle dimension changes, the organization features of CNSs were investigated. Results of this study demonstrate that above a critical concentration in suspension, CNSs organize into a liquid-crystal phase consisting of periodically parallel-aligned layer structures. This structure persists after suspension drying. In comparison with CNRs, the alignment of CNSs exhibits a shorter layer distance, lower order degree, and weaker long-range orientation. To explain the early stages of tactoid formation, a "caterpillar-like" model was proposed, which was captured by freezing the CNS suspension in an intermediate aggregation state. This structure serves as the fundamental unit for further liquid-crystal assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Jian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lu Zong
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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17
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Singh S, Bhardwaj S, Meda RS, Verma C, Chhajed M, Ghosh K, Maji PK. Insights into thermal degradation kinetics and liquid crystalline behavior of cellulose nanocrystals from the waste of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124507. [PMID: 37100324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are essential for advancing nanotechnology and modern science. This work used the Cajanus cajan stem, an agricultural waste, as a lignocellulosic mass, which can serve as a supply of CNCs. After extraction from the Cajanus cajan stem, CNCs have been thoroughly characterized. FTIR (Infrared Spectroscopy) and ssNMR (solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) successfully validated eliminating additional components from the waste stem. The ssNMR and XRD (X-ray diffraction) were utilized to compare the crystallinity index. For structural analysis, the XRD of cellulose Iβ was simulated to compare with the extracted CNCs. Various mathematical models inferred thermal stability and its degradation kinetics to ensure its high-end applications. Surface analysis established the rod-like shape of the CNCs. Rheological measurements were performed to gauge the liquid crystalline properties of CNC. The anisotropic liquid crystalline CNCs' birefringence proves that the Cajanus cajan stem is a promising resource for making CNCs for cutting-edge applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Shakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Radheesh Sharma Meda
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Chhavi Verma
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Monika Chhajed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India.
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18
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Abbasi Moud A, Abbasi Moud A. Flow and assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC): A bottom-up perspective - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123391. [PMID: 36716841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic sources, such as lignocellulose-rich biomass, can be mechanically or acid degraded to produce inclusions called cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). They have several uses in the sectors of biomedicine, photonics, and material engineering because of their biodegradability, renewability, sustainability, and mechanical qualities. The processing and design of CNC-based products are inextricably linked to the rheological behaviour of CNC suspension or in combination with other chemicals, such as surfactants or polymers; in this context, rheology offers a significant link between microstructure and macro scale flow behaviour that is intricately linked to material response in applications. The flow behaviour of CNC items must be properly specified in order to produce goods with value-added characteristics. In this review article, we provide new research on the shear rheology of CNC dispersion and CNC-based hydrogels in the linear and nonlinear regime, with storage modulus values reported to range from ~10-3 to 103 Pa. Applications in technology and material science are also covered simultaneously. We carefully examined the effects of charge density, aspect ratio, concentration, persistence length, alignment, liquid crystal formation, the cause of chirality in CNCs, interfacial behaviour and interfacial rheology, linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity of CNC suspension in bulk and at the interface using the currently available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Abbasi Moud
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Department, AmirKabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875/4413, PC36+P45 District 6, Tehran, Tehran Province 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Aliyeh Abbasi Moud
- Biomedical Engineering Department, AmirKabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875/4413, PC36+P45 District 6, Tehran, Tehran Province 1591634311, Iran
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19
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Davis VA. Anisotropic Nanomaterial Liquid Crystals: From Fiber Spinning to Additive Manufacturing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3829-3836. [PMID: 36897798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There have long been synergistic relationships among the discovery of new anisotropic materials, advancements in liquid crystal science, and the production of manufactured goods with exciting new properties. Ongoing progress in understanding the phase behavior and shear response of lyotropic liquid crystals comprised of one-dimensional and two-dimensional nanomaterials, coupled with advancements in extrusion-based manufacturing methods, promises to enable the scalable production of solid materials with outstanding properties and controlled order across multiple length scales. This Perspective highlights progress in using anisotropic nanomaterial liquid crystals in two extrusion-based manufacturing methods: solution spinning and direct ink writing. It also describes current challenges and opportunities at the interface of nanotechnology, liquid crystalline science, and manufacturing. The intent is to inspire additional transdisciplinary research that will enable nanotechnology to fulfill its potential for producing advanced materials with precisely controlled morphologies and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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20
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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21
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Concentration Scaling on Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Cellular Suspensions and Effects of Equilibrium Phase Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044107. [PMID: 36835519 PMCID: PMC9961039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentration scaling on linear viscoelastic properties of cellular suspensions has been studied by rheometric characterisation of Phormidium suspensions and human blood in a wide range of volume fraction under small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments. The rheometric characterisation results are analysed by the time-concentration superposition (TCS) principle and show a power law scaling of characteristic relaxation time, plateau modulus and the zero-shear viscosity over the concentration ranges studied. The results show that the concentration effect of Phormidium suspensions on their elasticity is much stronger than that of human blood due to its strong cellular interactions and a high aspect ratio. For human blood, no obvious phase transition could be observed over the range of hematocrits studied here and with respect to a high-frequency dynamic regime, only one concentration scaling exponent could be identified. For Phormidium suspensions with respect to a low-frequency dynamic regime, three concentration scaling exponents in the volume fraction Region I (0.36≤ϕ/ϕref≤0.46), Region II (0.59≤ϕ/ϕref≤2.89) and Region III (3.11≤ϕ/ϕref≤3.44) are identified. The image observation shows that the network formation of Phormidium suspensions occurs as the volume fraction is increased from Region I to Region II; the sol-gel transition takes place from Region II to Region III. In combination with analysis of other nanoscale suspensions and liquid crystalline polymer solutions reported in the literature, it is revealed that such a power law concentration scaling exponent depends on colloidal or molecular interactions mediated with solvent and is sensitive to the equilibrium phase behaviour of complex fluids. The TCS principle is an unambiguous tool to give a quantitative estimation.
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22
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Nyamayaro K, Mehrkhodavandi P, Hatzikiriakos SG. Impact of counterion valency on the rheology of sulfonated cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120378. [PMID: 36604056 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A systematic rheological study on the influence of valency of different counterions on the properties of CNC hydrogels was carried out. Rheo-polarized microscopy was used to prove that preshear of 500 s-1 for 1 min is adequate to completely breakdown agglomerates in the suspension. Furthermore, a rest period of 30 min is sufficient to recover the equilibrium structure of hydrogels. Changing counterions from monovalent (Na+, K+, Li+), to divalent (Mg2+, Ca2+) and to trivalent (Al3+) influenced the network formation. CNC suspensions with monovalent counterions are isotropic at 3 wt%, anisotropic with chiral nematic structures at 5 wt% and form birefringent gels at 7 wt%. Conversely, divalent and trivalent counterions facilitate network formation, leading to gel like behavior at all concentrations. Sonication of CNC samples with monovalent counterions lowers the viscosity by two orders of magnitude while the opposite is true for multivalent counterions due to the formation of strong networks. The varying rheological properties displayed from CNCs with different counter ions may influence the use of CNC as rheological modifiers in fluid-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Savvas G Hatzikiriakos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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23
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Guo M, Li Q, Xiao R, Liu D, Cai Y, Peng J, Xue Y, Song T. Macroscopic Spiral Patterns of Cholesteric Cellulose Nanocrystals Induced by Chiral Doping and Vortex Flowing. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:640-651. [PMID: 36689602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Negatively surface-charged sulfate cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are always slowly self-assembled into left-handed cholesteric mesophases. In this work, macroscopic spiral patterns induced by counterclockwise vortex flowing or chiral doping were investigated. Results show that iridescent patterns of the arithmetic spiral, rose spiral, or latitude ripples were generated under the vortex rotation, indicating a severe microphase separation of CNCs. Moreover, the spiral pattern and rotational symmetry were highly correlated to the twisting and flowability of CNCs as well as chiral dopants. Alternatively, the cholesteric pitch and maximum reflective wavelength (λmax) of CNCs were strongly increased by sinistral dopants other than the dextral ones, indicating an enhanced torsion of left-handed CNC mesophases by the dextral dopants. In addition, macroscopic spiral patterns distinctly existed in dextrally doped CNCs owing to a synergistic chiral enhancement. Therefore, the mechanochiral or chemical chiral transition from microscopic twisting to macroscopic spiral provides a potential inspiration for chiral self-organization of biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu210044, China
| | - Qin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu210044, China
| | - Ruimin Xiao
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
| | - Dagang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu210044, China
| | - Yongqing Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu210044, China
| | - Jinnan Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu210044, China
| | - Yongjun Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu210044, China
| | - Tianyou Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu210044, China
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24
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Dumont PJJ, Gupta S, Martoïa F, Orgéas L. Elongational behaviour of electrostatically stabilised and concentrated CNF and CNC hydrogels: Experiments and modelling. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120168. [PMID: 36876783 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hydrogels or cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) hydrogels can now be obtained at high concentrations (>10 wt%) and used to fabricate biobased materials and structures. Thus, it is required to control and model their rheology in process-induced multiaxial flow conditions using 3D tensorial models. For that purpose, it is necessary to investigate their elongational rheology. Thus, concentrated TEMPO-oxidized CNF and CNC hydrogels were subjected to monotonic and cyclic lubricated compression tests. These tests revealed for the first time that the complex compression rheology of these two electrostatically stabilised hydrogels combines viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity. The effect of their nanofibre content and aspect ratio on their compression response was clearly emphasised and discussed. The ability of a non-linear elasto-viscoplastic model to reproduce the experiments was assessed. Even if some discrepancies were observed at low or high strain rates, the model was consistent with the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J J Dumont
- Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - S Gupta
- Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR Lab, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Martoïa
- Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - L Orgéas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR Lab, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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25
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Carvajal-Barriga EJ, Putaux JL, Martín-Ramos P, Simbaña J, Portero-Barahona P, Martín-Gil J. Opportunities for Ivory Nut Residue Valorization as a Source of Nanocellulose Colloidal Suspensions. Gels 2022; 9:32. [PMID: 36661799 PMCID: PMC9857895 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivory nut seeds have been traditionally exploited in Central and South America for obtaining vegetable ivory. The residues from this industry are susceptible to valorization as a source of fatty acids (by organic extraction) and mannans (by alkaline dissolution and regeneration). Nonetheless, cellulose may also be recovered at the end of this fractionation process by acid hydrolysis and functionalization, with associated advantages over other lignocellulosic sources due to the absence of lignin in the endospermic tissue. In this work, various experimental parameters (sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, and hydrolysis time) were investigated to optimize the processing conditions for preparing stable nanocellulose suspensions after ultrasonication. The most stable nanocellulose gel (1 wt% solid content) was obtained after 4-h hydrolysis at 60 °C with 8 M H2SO4 and was characterized by using complementary tech-niques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), nano-fibril sulfation measurements, vibrational and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C-NMR) spectroscopies, and thermal analysis. This nanocellulose hydrogel is susceptible to further utilization in various applications and fields, e.g., in agricul-ture for controlling the release of agrochemicals, in pharmaceutics for developing new dosage forms, and in the treatment of wastewater from the textile and paper industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Javier Carvajal-Barriga
- Neotropical Center for the Biomass Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito 170523, Ecuador
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), EPS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte s/n, 22071 Huesca, Spain
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jennifer Simbaña
- Neotropical Center for the Biomass Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito 170523, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Portero-Barahona
- Neotropical Center for the Biomass Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito 170523, Ecuador
| | - Jesús Martín-Gil
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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26
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Tom C, Narayana Sangitra S, Kumar Pujala R. Rheological Fingerprinting and Applications of Cellulose Nanocrystal Based Composites: A Review. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Dufresne A. Preparation and Applications of Cellulose Nanomaterials. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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28
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Johns MA, Abu-Namous J, Zhao H, Gattrell M, Lockhart J, Cranston ED. Autofluorescence spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of cellulose nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16883-16892. [PMID: 36315248 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04823j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to determine the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, such as cellulose nanocrystals, in suspension is critically important to maximize their potential. Currently, various techniques are required to ascertain different properties, which results in a laborious analysis procedure. Here, autofluorescence arising from the cluster-triggered emission (CTE) photoluminescence mechanism is utilized as an analytical spectroscopic tool to determine multiple properties from one data acquisition sequence. This study confirms that key properties - including the nanoparticle concentration in suspension, the critical concentration for liquid crystal formation, and the surface charge content - can be obtained simultaneously. Measured values are accurate to within 10% of conventional techniques with average residual errors of 0.4 wt% for the critical concentration, and 11 mmol kg-1 CNC for the surface charge content. This charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor-based methodology is rapid and does not require the addition of further chemicals. These results support the theory behind CTE and represent a new opportunity for quantitatively analysing non-aromatic, heteroatom-containing nanoparticles in flow based on understanding their inter- and intra-particle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Johns
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
| | - Jude Abu-Namous
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Hongying Zhao
- BC Research Inc., 12920 Mitchell Road, Richmond, BC, Canada V6V 1M8
| | - Michael Gattrell
- BC Research Inc., 12920 Mitchell Road, Richmond, BC, Canada V6V 1M8
| | - James Lockhart
- BC Research Inc., 12920 Mitchell Road, Richmond, BC, Canada V6V 1M8
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
- UBC BioProducts Institute, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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29
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Singh S, Bhardwaj S, Verma C, Chhajed M, Balayan K, Ghosh K, Maji PK. Elliptically birefringent chemically tuned liquid crystalline nanocellulose composites for photonic applications. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Calabrese V, György C, Haward SJ, Neal TJ, Armes SP, Shen AQ. Microstructural Dynamics and Rheology of Worm-like Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticle Dispersions under a Simple Shear and a Planar Extensional Flow. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10031-10042. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calabrese
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Csilla György
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Simon J. Haward
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Thomas J. Neal
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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31
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Nanocellulose-based hydrogels as versatile drug delivery vehicles: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:830-843. [PMID: 36179866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels designed with nanocellulose (i.e. cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial cellulose (BC)) have significant advantages as drug carriers due to their environmentally-benign features and excellent properties. Nanocellulose hydrogels have been demonstrated to sustainably deliver various kinds of drugs via different routes of administration, in which nanocellulose significantly improves the hydrogel properties and tunes the drug releasing profile. This article comprehensively summarizes the recent research progress on nanocellulose hydrogels in drug delivery. We carefully assessed the gelation methods for nanocellulose hydrogel design and highlighted the influence of nanocellulose on hydrogel properties and drug release behaviors. In particular, it is the first time to summarize the research on nanocellulose hydrogel-based drug carriers regarding specific routes of administration. This work provides a critical review of nanocellulose-based hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles, and also underlines the outlook in this field, with the objective to inspire/prompt future work, especially the practical applications of nanocellulose hydrogels in designing controlled drug delivery systems.
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32
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Abbasi Moud A. Advanced cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) aerogels: Bottom-up assembly perspective for production of adsorbents. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1-29. [PMID: 36156339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The most common and abundant polymer in nature is the linear polysaccharide cellulose, but processing it requires a new approach since cellulose degrades before melting and does not dissolve in ordinary organic solvents. Cellulose aerogels are exceptionally porous (>90 %), have a high specific surface area, and have low bulk density (0.0085 mg/cm3), making them suitable for a variety of sophisticated applications including but not limited to adsorbents. The production of materials with different qualities from the nanocellulose based aerogels is possible thanks to the ease with which other chemicals may be included into the structure of nanocellulose based aerogels; despite processing challenges, cellulose can nevertheless be formed into useful, value-added products using a variety of traditional and cutting-edge techniques. To improve the adsorption of these aerogels, rheology, 3-D printing, surface modification, employment of metal organic frameworks, freezing temperature, and freeze casting techniques were all investigated and included. In addition to exploring venues for creation of aerogels, their integration with CNC liquid crystal formation were also explored and examined to pursue "smart adsorbent aerogels". The objective of this endeavour is to provide a concise and in-depth evaluation of recent findings about the conception and understanding of nanocellulose aerogel employing a variety of technologies and examination of intricacies involved in enhancing adsorption properties of these aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Abbasi Moud
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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33
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Abbasi Moud A. Chiral Liquid Crystalline Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Fundamentals and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30673-30699. [PMID: 36092570 PMCID: PMC9453985 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
By using an independent self-assembly process that is occasionally controlled by evaporation, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) may create films (pure or in conjunction with other materials) that have iridescent structural colors. The self-forming chiral nematic structures and environmental safety of a new class of photonic liquid crystals (LCs), referred to as CNCs and CNC-embedded materials, make them simple to make and treat. The structure of the matrix interacts with light to give structural coloring, as opposed to other dye pigments, which interact with light by adsorption and reflection. Understanding how CNC self-assembly constructs structures is vital in several fields, including physics, science, and engineering. To constructure this review, the colloidal characteristics of CNC particles and their behavior during the formation of liquid crystals and gelling were studied. Then, some of the recognized applications for these naturally occurring nanoparticles were summarized. Different factors were considered, including the CNC aspect ratio, surface chemistry, concentration, the amount of time needed to produce an anisotropic phase, and the addition of additional substances to the suspension medium. The effects of alignment and the drying process conditions on structural changes are also covered. The focus of this study however is on the optical properties of the films as well as the impact of the aforementioned factors on the final transparency, iridescent colors, and versus the overall response of these bioinspired photonic materials. Control of the examined factors was found to be necessary to produce reliable materials for optoelectronics, intelligent inks and papers, transparent flexible support for electronics, and decorative coatings and films.
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34
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Zhang X, Xu Y, Valenzuela C, Zhang X, Wang L, Feng W, Li Q. Liquid crystal-templated chiral nanomaterials: from chiral plasmonics to circularly polarized luminescence. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:223. [PMID: 35835737 PMCID: PMC9283403 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chiral nanomaterials with intrinsic chirality or spatial asymmetry at the nanoscale are currently in the limelight of both fundamental research and diverse important technological applications due to their unprecedented physicochemical characteristics such as intense light-matter interactions, enhanced circular dichroism, and strong circularly polarized luminescence. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art advances in liquid crystal-templated chiral nanomaterials. The chiroptical properties of chiral nanomaterials are touched, and their fundamental design principles and bottom-up synthesis strategies are discussed. Different chiral functional nanomaterials based on liquid-crystalline soft templates, including chiral plasmonic nanomaterials and chiral luminescent nanomaterials, are systematically introduced, and their underlying mechanisms, properties, and potential applications are emphasized. This review concludes with a perspective on the emerging applications, challenges, and future opportunities of such fascinating chiral nanomaterials. This review can not only deepen our understanding of the fundamentals of soft-matter chirality, but also shine light on the development of advanced chiral functional nanomaterials toward their versatile applications in optics, biology, catalysis, electronics, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China.
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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35
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Qiao H, Li M, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhou H. Progress, Challenge and Perspective of Fabricating Cellulose. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200208. [PMID: 35809256 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose as the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, presents appealing performance in mechanical properties, thermal management, and versatile functionalization. The development of fabrication methods closely relates to enrich its functionality and reduce manufacture cost. However, cellulose is hard to be dissolved by most common solvents or melt due to its recalcitrant property. Herein, the recent progress of fabricating cellulose is summarized. First, the unique hierarchical structure of cellulose is fully investigated and the resulted processability is highlighted in directions of down to nanocellulose, dissolution, and thermoplastic processing. Then, the reported fabrication methods are summarized in three aspects: (1) self-assembly from nano/micro cellulose suspensions, especially the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals; (2) dissolution-regeneration-drying, covering spinning and solvent infusion processing; and (3) thermoplastic processing, focusing on analysis of the setup and the morphology changes of the prepared products. In each aspect, the flowchart of the fabrication process, the behind mechanism, fabricated products, and effects of processing parameters are explored. Finally, this review provides a perspective on the further direction of fabricating cellulose, especially the challenges toward mass production of cellulose. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Qiao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Maoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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36
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Momeni A, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Using rotation to organize cellulose nanocrystals inside a fiber. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7613-7620. [PMID: 35545099 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time that continuous rotation of a mixture of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and monomer in a capillary tube results in well-organized structures. In the experiments, a capillary tube charged with an aqueous suspension of CNCs and hydroxyethyl acrylate was continuously rotated, then the structure was fixed in place by UV-initiated polymerization. The organization of the liquid crystalline structure that forms inside the tube depends on the rotation conditions and is captured in the polymer resin. The effects of rotation speed, rotation angle and CNC concentration were evaluated and are discussed based on fluid dynamic models. We demonstrate that it is possible to develop a core-shell fiber through this technique based on secondary Dean flow. The outer shell of the fiber shows well-ordered concentric rings with chiral nematic structure, while the inner core remains isotropic. Such fibers have potential applications in the field of optics. Overall, we demonstrate that rotation could be applied as a novel method to organize liquid crystals in a confined environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group, Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence, FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- UBC BioProducts Institute, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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37
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Matsumoto K, Ogiwara Y, Iwata N, Furumi S. Rheological Properties of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal with Visible Reflection from an Etherified Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Derivative. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102059. [PMID: 35631940 PMCID: PMC9144066 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical properties of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) derivatives have been widely investigated for their ability to exhibit cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) phase. However, there are only a limited number of studies on their rheological properties even though they are quite important for the applications of such HPC derivatives to the versatile CLC photonic devices. In this article, we report on the optical and rheological properties of an HPC derivative possessing pentyl ether groups in the side-chains. The etherified HPC derivative exhibited thermotropic CLC phase with light reflection in the temperature range between 25 °C and 120 °C. After the HPC derivative was heated once at isotropic phase, followed by being cooled to the CLC phase, the reflection peak could not be observed, even at the CLC phase. At this stage, the HPC derivative exhibited solid-like rheological responses compared to that of sheared at a constant shear rate of 1.0 s−1. Such differences in the optical and rheological properties of the HPC derivative can be ascribed to the difference in CLC orientation state. From the rheological results, the etherified HPC derivative showed liquid-like behavior rather than the esterified HPC derivatives. This evidence provides a promising clue for fabricating high-quality CLC devices by the facile CLC orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naoto Iwata
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (S.F.); Tel.: +81-3-3260-4271 (N.I & S.F.)
| | - Seiichi Furumi
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (S.F.); Tel.: +81-3-3260-4271 (N.I & S.F.)
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Hu X, Zhang L, Yan L, Tang L. Recent Advances in Polysaccharide-Based Physical Hydrogels and Their Potential Applications for Biomedical and Wastewater Treatment. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200153. [PMID: 35584011 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides have been widely employed to fabricate hydrogels owing to their intrinsic properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustainability, and easy modification. However, a considerable amount of polysaccharide-based hydrogels are prepared by chemical crosslinking method using organic solvents or toxic crosslinkers. The presence of reaction by-products and residual toxic substances in the obtained materials cause a potential secondary pollution risk and thus severely limited their practical applications. In contrast, polysaccharide-based physical hydrogels are preferred over chemically derived hydrogels and can be used to address existing drawbacks of chemical hydrogels. The polysaccharide chains of such hydrogel are typically crosslinked by dynamic non-covalent bonds, and the co-existence of multiple physical interactions stabilize the hydrogel network. This review focuses on providing a detailed outlook for the design strategies and formation mechanisms of polysaccharide-based physical hydrogels as well as their specific applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and wastewater treatment. The main preparation principles, future challenges, and potential improvements are also outlined. The authors hope that this review could provide valuable information for the rational fabrication of polysaccharide-based physical hydrogel. The specific research works listed in the review will provide a systematic and solid research basis for the reliable development of polysaccharide-based physical hydrogel. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, 210042, China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Linlin Yan
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, 210042, China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, 210042, China
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39
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Kim M, Kim T, Kim H. Rheological analysis of physical states of cellulose nanocrystal suspension and synergetic effect of aligned gel state. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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40
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Wang C, Song F, Wang XL, Wang YZ. A cellulose nanocrystal templating approach to synthesize size-controlled gold nanoparticles with high catalytic activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:464-471. [PMID: 35413315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced templating methods have shown precise regulation of the micro/nanostructures of inorganic catalysts. Here, on the basis of controlled self-assembly and micro-structures of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a new bio-mass-mediated templating approach is proposed to control the growth of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The catalytic performance of the as-prepared Au NPs was evaluated using p-nitrophenol as a model pollutant. TEM, POM, zeta-potential, and rheological measurements were conducted to investigate the structure and catalytic activity of the nano-materials. By regulating the chiral nematic liquid crystal texture formed by the self-assembly of CNCs, the size of Au NPs could be adjusted at the nanoscale dimension, from 1.38 ± 0.38 nm to 4.25 ± 1.24 nm. Depending on the Au size, a high catalytic effect, namely, 98.0% conversion rate, was obtained within 30 min. The conversion rate was maintained at 97.0% even after 3-run cyclic application. Such findings demonstrate the potential of using CNCs as a bio-template to control the growth of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, s, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fei Song
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, s, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, s, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, s, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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41
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Das R, Lindström T, Sharma PR, Chi K, Hsiao BS. Nanocellulose for Sustainable Water Purification. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8936-9031. [PMID: 35330990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NC) are nature-based sustainable biomaterials, which not only possess cellulosic properties but also have the important hallmarks of nanomaterials, such as large surface area, versatile reactive sites or functionalities, and scaffolding stability to host inorganic nanoparticles. This class of nanomaterials offers new opportunities for a broad spectrum of applications for clean water production that were once thought impractical. This Review covers substantial discussions based on evaluative judgments of the recent literature and technical advancements in the fields of coagulation/flocculation, adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration for water decontamination through proper understanding of fundamental knowledge of NC, such as purity, crystallinity, surface chemistry and charge, suspension rheology, morphology, mechanical properties, and film stability. To supplement these, discussions on low-cost and scalable NC extraction, new characterizations including solution small-angle X-ray scattering evaluation, and structure-property relationships of NC are also reviewed. Identifying knowledge gaps and drawing perspectives could generate guidance to overcome uncertainties associated with the adaptation of NC-enabled water purification technologies. Furthermore, the topics of simultaneous removal of multipollutants disposal and proper handling of post/spent NC are discussed. We believe NC-enabled remediation nanomaterials can be integrated into a broad range of water treatments, greatly improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasel Das
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Priyanka R Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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42
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Esmaeili M, George K, Rezvan G, Taheri-Qazvini N, Zhang R, Sadati M. Capillary Flow Characterizations of Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2192-2204. [PMID: 35133841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studying the flow-induced alignment of anisotropic liquid crystalline materials is of major importance in the 3D printing of advanced architectures. However, in situ characterization and quantitative measurements of local orientations during the 3D printing process are challenging. Here, we report a microfluidic strategy integrated with polarized optical microscopy (POM) to perform the in situ characterization of the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) under the shear-flow condition of the 3D printer's nozzle in the direct ink writing process. To quantify the alignment, we exploited birefringence measurements under white and monochromatic light. We show that the flow-induced birefringence patterns are significantly influenced by the initial structure of the aqueous CNC suspensions. Depending on the CNC concentration and sonication treatment, various structures can form in the CNC suspensions, such as isotropic, chiral nematic (cholesteric), and nematic (gel-like) structures. In the chiral nematic phase, in particular, the shear flow in the microfluidic capillary has a distinct effect on the alignment of the CNC particles. Our experimental results, complemented by hydrodynamic simulations, reveal that at high flow rates (Er ≈ 1000), individual CNC particles align with the flow exhibiting a weak chiral structure. In contrast, at lower flow rates (Er ≈ 241), they display the double-twisted cylinder structure. Understanding the flow effect on the alignment of the chiral liquid crystal can pave the way to designing 3D printed architectures with internal chirality for advanced mechanical and smart photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Kyle George
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gelareh Rezvan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Nader Taheri-Qazvini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Monirosadat Sadati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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43
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Ait Benhamou A, Kassab Z, Boussetta A, Salim MH, Ablouh EH, Nadifiyine M, Qaiss AEK, Moubarik A, El Achaby M. Beneficiation of cactus fruit waste seeds for the production of cellulose nanostructures: Extraction and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:302-311. [PMID: 35104469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cactus fruit waste seeds (CWS) are a by-product of the cactus fruit processing industry. Until now, CWS are not recoverable in any sector. The valorization of these residues may reduce their volume in the environment and transform them into valuable products. In this work, CWS have been identified for the first time as a sustainable lignocellulosic source. Cellulose microfibers (CMFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully produced via alkali and bleaching treatments followed by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. It was found that the extracted CMFs showed an average diameter of 11 μm, crystallinity of 72%, and a yield of 25%. The as-produced CNCs exhibited a needle-like shape with a diameter of 13 ± 3 nm and length of 419 ± 48 nm, giving rise to an aspect ratio of 30.7, with a zeta potential value of - 30 mV and a charge content of sulfate groups of 287.8 mmol·kg-1. Herein, the obtained cellulosic derivatives with excellent properties from this underutilized waste can draw the attention of researchers towards CWS as a new type of biomass with virtually no hemicellulose, which could be of great interest to isolate and study the effects of how lignin interacts with cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anass Ait Benhamou
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco; Materials Science and Process Optimization Laboratory, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; Chemical Processes and Applied Materials Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, 23000 Beni-Mellal, Morocco.
| | - Zineb Kassab
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.
| | - Abdelghani Boussetta
- Chemical Processes and Applied Materials Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, 23000 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hamid Salim
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - El-Houssaine Ablouh
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Nadifiyine
- Materials Science and Process Optimization Laboratory, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abou El Kacem Qaiss
- Composites and Nanocomposites Center (CNC), Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amine Moubarik
- Chemical Processes and Applied Materials Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, 23000 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mounir El Achaby
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.
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44
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Kaur P, Sharma N, Munagala M, Rajkhowa R, Aallardyce B, Shastri Y, Agrawal R. Nanocellulose: Resources, Physio-Chemical Properties, Current Uses and Future Applications. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.747329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing environmental concerns due to the excessive use of non-renewable petroleum based products have raised interest for the sustainable synthesis of bio-based value added products and chemicals. Recently, nanocellulose has attracted wide attention because of its unique properties such as high surface area, tunable surface chemistry, excellent mechanical strength, biodegradability and renewable nature. It serves wide range of applications in paper making, biosensor, hydrogel and aerogel synthesis, water purification, biomedical industry and food industry. Variations in selection of source, processing technique and subsequent chemical modifications influence the size, morphology, and other characteristics of nanocellulose and ultimately their area of application. The current review is focused on extraction/synthesis of nanocellulose from different sources such as bacteria and lignocellulosic biomass, by using various production techniques ranging from traditional harsh chemicals to green methods. Further, the challenges in nanocellulose production, physio-chemical properties and applications are discussed with future opportunities. Finally, the sustainability of nanocellulose product as well as processes is reviewed by taking a systems view. The impact of chemicals, energy use, and waste generated can often negate the benefit of a bio-based product. These issues are evaluated and future research needs are identified.
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46
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Saddique A, Cheong IW. Recent advances in three-dimensional bioprinted nanocellulose-based hydrogel scaffolds for biomedical applications. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Girard M, Bertrand F, Tavares JR, Heuzey MC. Rheological insights on the evolution of sonicated cellulose nanocrystal dispersions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 78:105747. [PMID: 34534796 PMCID: PMC8449047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are promising biomaterials, but their tendency to agglomerate when dried limits their use in several applications. Ultrasonication is commonly used to disperse CNCs in water, bringing enough energy to the suspension to break agglomerates. While the optimized parameters for sonication are now well defined for small volumes of low concentration CNC suspensions, a deeper understanding of the influence of the dispersing process is needed to work with larger volumes, at higher concentrations. Herein, rheology is used to define the distribution and dispersion states upon ultrasonication of a 3.2 wt% CNC suspension. After considering the importance of the measurement sampling volume, the behavior of a more concentrated suspension (6.4 wt%) is examined and compared with a never-dried suspension of the same concentration to validate the dispersion state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Girard
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; Research Center for Industrial Flow Processes (URPEI), Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - François Bertrand
- Research Center for Industrial Flow Processes (URPEI), Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jason R Tavares
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Heuzey
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada.
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48
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Kocaman C, Bukusoglu E, Culfaz-Emecen PZ. Controlling Ultrafiltration Membrane Rejection via Shear-Aligned Deposition of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Aqueous Suspensions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36548-36557. [PMID: 34283581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) of 180 nm length and 8 nm diameter were deposited on porous supports by tangential flow filtration followed by salt permeation to form ultrafiltration membranes. At a high enough shear rate on the support surface, CNCs aligned in the direction of flow, showing a nematic order. The shear rates for transition to the nematic phase determined from rheology analysis, polarized optical microscopy, and membrane performance were consistent with one another, at ca. 10 s-1. Permeating an AlCl3 solution through the shear-aligned CNC deposit stabilized the CNC layer by screening repulsive electrostatic interactions, and the stable CNC layer was obtained. On changing the surface shear rate from 10 to 50 s-1, the order parameter of CNCs increased from 0.17 to 0.7 and the rejection for Blue Dextran (5 kDa) increased from 80.4 to 92.7% and that for β-lactoglobulin (18 kDa) increased from 89.6 to 95.4%. Hence, a simple and scalable method for controlling rejection properties of ultrafiltration membranes is developed, which uses aqueous CNC suspensions to form the selective layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kocaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupinar Bulvari No:1 Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupinar Bulvari No:1 Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - P Zeynep Culfaz-Emecen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupinar Bulvari No:1 Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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49
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Delepierre G, Vanderfleet OM, Niinivaara E, Zakani B, Cranston ED. Benchmarking Cellulose Nanocrystals Part II: New Industrially Produced Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8393-8409. [PMID: 34250804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand for industrially produced cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has been growing since 2012, when CelluForce Inc. opened its inaugural demonstration plant with a production capacity of 1 tonne per day. Currently, there are 10 industrial CNC producers worldwide, each producing a unique material. Thus, academic researchers and commercial users alike must consider the properties of all available CNCs and carefully select the material which will optimize the performance of their desired application. To support these efforts, this article presents a thorough characterization of four new industrially produced CNCs including sulfated CNCs from NORAM Engineering and Constructors Ltd. (in cooperation with InnoTech Alberta and Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc.) and Melodea Ltd., as well as carboxylated CNCs from Anomera Inc. and Blue Goose Biorefineries Inc. These materials were benchmarked against typical lab-made, sulfated CNCs. While all CNCs were similar in size, shape, crystallinity, and suspension quality, the sulfated CNCs had a higher surface charge density than their carboxylated counterparts, leading to higher colloidal stability. Additionally, significant differences in the rheological profiles of aqueous CNC suspensions, as well as CNC thermal stability and self-assembly behavior, were observed. As such, this article highlights both the subtle and significant differences between five CNC types and acts as a guide for end-users looking to optimize the performance of CNC-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delepierre
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Oriana M Vanderfleet
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Behzad Zakani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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50
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Pritchard CQ, Navarro F, Roman M, Bortner MJ. Multi-axis alignment of Rod-like cellulose nanocrystals in drying droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:450-458. [PMID: 34214721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Radial capillary flow in evaporating droplets carry suspended nanoparticles to its periphery where they are deposited and form a coffee-ring. Rod-like nanoparticles seeking to minimize their capillary energy will align with their long-axis parallel to the contact line. Particles exhibiting electrostatic repulsion, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), establish a competition between capillary flow-induced impingement against a growing coffee-ring and entropic minimization leading to enhanced particle mobility. Therefore, balancing these effects by manipulating the local particle concentration in drying droplets should result in deposition with a controlled orientation of CNCs. EXPERIMENTS The dynamic local order in aqueous suspensions of CNCs in evaporating sessile droplets was investigated through time-resolved polarized light microscopy. The spatial distribution of alignment in deposited CNCs was explored as a function of nanoparticle concentration, droplet volume, initial degree of anisotropy, and substrate hydrophobicity. Computational analysis of the rotational Péclet number during evaporation was also investigated to evaluate any effects of shear-induced alignment. FINDINGS Multiple modes of orientation were identified suggesting local control over CNC orientation and subsequent properties can be attained via droplet-based patterning methods. Specifically, high local particle concentrations led to tangential alignment and lower local particle concentrations resulted in new evidence for radial alignment near the center of dried droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailean Q Pritchard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
| | - Fernando Navarro
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Maren Roman
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
| | - Michael J Bortner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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